To find a relation F = {{(s, m) : either reflexive nor transitive. Here, fof all lines in a plane. 5 1 mj is symmetric but the relation F in the set 1, Firstly paste a white paper on a piece of plywood. Fix the wires on paper with the help of pins such that some wires are perpendicular to each other, some are parallel to each other and some are inclined at an angle which shows below in figure. s 5 Ss Ss PRESENTATION 1. Lets S,, Sp, Sqy Sq» Sg» Sq are wires which represent the lines on paper. S, is parallel to S,, S, is parallel to S). S, is perpendicular to S,. S, is perpendicular to S,, S, and S,. MS,, S,), (Sz, 8), (Sg Spb (Sys Sa) (Sp Sp} € F Sp, Sq), (Sy, Sq)s (Sy Sa)s (Sor Syl} € Fe yeren boratory Manual in Mathematics-12OBSERVED i symmetric. As no line which i ; i © frntiner reexive nor tenttve 18 Pependsar to ee hereore tery S, is perpendicular to S,. S, is perpendicular to S,. S, is perpendicular to S,. S, is perpendicular to S,. yk wn PROBLEM 1. What is perpendicular to $,? 2. What is parallel to S,? 3. Is this relation reflexive? 4. Is this relation an equivalence relation? 5. Is the relation F is symmetric? APPLICATION This activity can be used to check whether a given relation is an equivalence relation or not. | IMPORTANT POINT 1. This relation is not equivalence relation. : 2. The activity can be repeated taking some more pins in different positions.To find a relation F = ((s, mj; s || mj is an equivalence in a plane the relation in the set X of all lines. /1. Firstly paste a white paper on a piece of plywood. Fix the thread on a paper with the help of pins such that some thread are perpendicular to each other and some are parallel. Some threads are inclined with some angle which shown below in figure. PRESENTATION 1. Lets S,, S,, Sg, S,, Ss, Sg are the threads which represents the lines on paper. 2. S, is parallel to S;, S, is parallel to S,. 8. S, is perpendicular to S,. }. Sz is perpendicular to S,. ES. (Sq, 83), (Sg. 8) ¢ F. The relation F is reflexive relation as every line is parallel to itself. If S, is parallel to S,, then S, is also parallel to S,. If S, is parallel to S,, then S, is also parallel to S.TS 5. This relation is symmetric relation. 6. This relation is transitive relation. 7. This relation is an equivalence relation. APPLICATION i nce relation. This activity is useful in understanding the concept of an equivale: Owa DoceAIM To find a function which is one-one but not onto. PROCEDURE 1. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix two pins in it. Name the pins 1 and 2. 2. Paste the another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix three pins in the plastic strip. Name the pins on the strip as a, b and c. 3. Join pins on the right strip. A PRESENTATION 1. Take the set A = {1, 2}. 2. Take the set B = {a, b, d. 3. Join elements of A to the elements of B. OBSERVED 1, Represent a function from A to B. 2. The image of the element 1 of A in B is b. 3. The image of the element 2 of A in B is c. 4. The function is one-one because every element in A has a unique image in B, 5. The function is not onto because the pre-image of each element of B in A does not exist. APPLICATION This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of one-one and onto function. Laboratory Manual in Mathematics-12 frT=ACTIVITY AIM To find a function which is onto but not one-one. PROCEDURE 1, Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix three pins on it. Name the nails on the strips as a, b, c. 2, Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two pins in the plastic strip. Name the strip as 1 and 2. 3. Join pins on the left strip to the pins on the right side. A A B : , 4 ee 2 2 : i 1. Take the set A = {a, b, 3. 2. Take the set B= {1, 2}. 3. Join (corresponding) elements of A to the element of B. PRESENTATION OBSERVED 1. Represents a function from A > B, ‘The image of the clement a of A in B is 1. The image of the element b of A in B is 2. The image of the element ¢ of A in B is 2. ‘The function is not one-one because every element in A has not a unique image in B. This function is onto because the pre-image of each element of B in A exists. PRP eP A Laboratory Manual in Mathematics”APPLICATION This activity can be used to explain the concept of one-one and onto functions. © Owa DoceLet a function f(x) at x = c, find analytically the limit of a function and continuity the funetion at that point. (feeurtinenn nequineo | PROCEDURE er 1, Consider the function given by 2 eon fag = Sena? **1 2 xel 2, Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of ¢ (= 1) which are near to ° 3. Find the corresponding values of f (x) for each of the points. 4. Record the values of points on the left and right side of cas x and the corresponding values of f (x) in the following of a table, PRESENTATION The values of x and f (x) are as follows: Table 1. For the points on the left of (c = 1) x fla 0.5 15 0.6 1.6 07 17 08 18 0.9 1.9 0.91 1.91 0.99 1.99 0.9999 1.9999Sena Table 2. For the points on the sight of | 21 2.01 2.001 1.00001 2.00001 OBSERVED 1. x gets closer to the 1, corresponding value of fix) also gets closer to 2. Tim fx) + fi). 2. The function is not continuous at x= 1 since fiq + lim fi). APPLICATION This experiment is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a functi at a point.an jerstand the concept to under eal eaeesolute maximum and absolute minimum value of tion in a given closed interval thi Toactaati ,n0cEDURE paste @ white paper on drawing board with the help of board ins. ji pa two perpendicular lines vox wor is xaxis and yoy is y-axis, Graduate these axis. 3, The function fix) = (427 — 9)(x2— 1) tet the interval [-2, 2]. 4, Taking different values of x in [-2, 2] find the value of fix) and plot the ordered pairs (x, fix) 5. Find the graph of the function by joining the plotted points by a free hand curve. and yoy intersecting at o yY 4th i 120. 18 1 | +6. PRESENTATION Table of ordered pairs satisfying fix) is given below. x ° £05 £10 1.25 1.27 £18 #2 fi 9 6 o -1.55 1.56 ° 21 ‘Manual in Mathematics-42 < 35_— OBSERVED 1. The absolute maximum value of f(x) is = 1 at x= + 2. 2. Absolute minimum value of fix) is -1.56 at x = 1.27. APPLICATION This activity is useful for explaining the concept of absolute maximum/minimum value of a function graphically. Consider fix) = (427-9) (2-1) ‘fis = 0 gives the values of x as + 3 and #1. Both these value of x lines in the given closed interval [-2, 2]. Fila) = (422 — 9) 2x + Bx (2-1) = 16 3 - 26x =2 x (8 x 2-13) F109 = 0 gives x= 0, xt PS = #127 These two values of x lie in [-2, 2). ‘The function has local maxima/minima at x = 0 and x = + 1.27 respectively. - ™..-