Unit 5: Chemical Bonding and Shapes of

molecules
Course contents: 9 hrs
Valence shell, valence electron and octet theory, Ionic bond and its
properties, covalent bond and coordinate covalent bond, Properties
of covalent compounds, Lewis dot structure of some common
compounds of s and p block elements, Resonance

VSEPR theory and shapes of some simple molecules ( BeF2, BF3,

CH4, CH3Cl, PCl5, SF6, H2O, NH3, CO2, H2S, PH3), Elementary
idea of Valence Bond Theory, Hybridization involving s and p
orbital only, Bond characteristics: Bond length, Ionic character,
Dipole moment
Vander Waal’s force and molecular solids, Hydrogen bonding and
its application, Metallic bonding and properties of metallic solids.

1
 Introduction
Geometry of the molecules
The specific arrangement of atoms within the molecule
in a space and bond angle determine the shape of the
molecules. Hence the shape of molecules depending on
the specific arrangements of atoms with in a molecule in
space is called geometry of the molecules .

Different modern techniques such as X-ray diffraction,

electron diffraction, spectroscopy etc are use to
determine the geometry of the molecules.

To predict the geometry of the various covalent

molecules or ions, the following theories are employed.
1.Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
2. Valence bond Theory (VBT)
3. Molecular Orbital theory (MOT)

2
Difference between shape and geometry of
molecules
Shape Geometry
• Only bond pairs of electrons • Both lone pairs and bond pairs
around central atoms are of electrons around the central
considered.
atom are considered.
• Shape of NH3 is pyramidal.
• Also called molecular • Geometry of NH3 is
geometry because only bond tetrahedral.
pairs of electrons around the • Also called electronic
central atom are considered.
geometry because Both lone
• Molecules having no lone pairs
of electrons around central pairs and bond pairs of
atom have same molecular electrons around the central
and electronic geometry. For atom are considered.
eg. CH4

3
 Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Proposed by Sidgwick and Powell in 1940 and
further developed by Gillespie and Nyholm in
1957.

 According to this theory, the geometry of the

molecules depends on the number of electron
pairs (both bond pairs and lone pairs) present
in the valence shell of the central atom which
arrange themselves in such a way that there is
minimum repulsion between them so that the
molecule attains maximum stability with
minimum energy .
4
 Some postulates of VSEPR
Theory
1.In covalent molecule there is a central atom
to which all other atoms are attached and the
valence shell of the central atom contains
electron pairs which may be lone pairs and
bond pairs.

2.The total number of valence shell electron

pairs present around the central atom in the
molecule and their repulsion determine the
shape of the molecules. For example covalent
molecules or ions in which the central atom
with 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 electron pairs have linear,
trigonal, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal,
octahedral and pentagonal bipyramidal shape
respectively.
5
6
7
3.Due to repulsion, valence shell electron pairs tend to
keep as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion
between them so that a molecule has maximum
stability with minimum energy.

4.Molecules containing bond pairs only on central

atom have regular geometry but the presence of lone
pairs distorts the regular geometry of the molecule
(because lone pairs concentrate around the single
atom whole bond pairs disperse between the two
atoms).

5.The repulsion between the electron pairs follows the

following orders
l.p - l.p > l.p - b.p > b.p - b.p repulsion

8
6.The magnitude of repulsion
between bonding pairs depends
on electronegetivity (E.N)
difference between central
atom and atoms attached to it.
a. the increase in E.N difference
by the increase in E.N of
central atom increases the
bond angle.
b. the increase in E.N difference
by the increase in E.N of other
atoms attached to central atom
decreases the bond angle.

7.Only the sigma electron pairs

but not the pi electron pairs are
responsible for the shape of
molecules. Hence all electron
pairs of multiple bond are
considered as single electron
pairs for interaction.

9
 Geometry of the molecules based on VSEPR Theory
Molecules having bond pairs of electrons only ( Regular
geometry)
1. Two bonding electron pairs ( eg. 2. Three bonding electron pairs (BH3
BeCl2, BeF2, BeH2 ) ,BCl3 ,BF3)
Linear geometry with bond angle Trigonal planar shape with bond angle
120°
180°

10
3.Four bonding electron pairs
(CH4, CCl4, CH3Cl, NH4+ )
Tetrahedral shape with bond
angle 109.5°
4.Five bonding electron pairs (
PCl5 )
Trigonal bipyramidal shape
with bond angle 90°,120°
11
6.Six electron pairs ( SF6 ) 7.Seven electron pairs( IF7 )
Octahedral shape with bond Pentagonal bipyramidal shape
angle 90° with bond angle 72°,90°

12
 Molecules having bonding as well as lone pairs of electron.
(Irregular geometry)
1. Shape of ammonia (NH3)
• Central atom N has 4 electron pairs (1
l.p + 3 b.p)
• Expected geometry: Tetrahedral with
bond angle 109.5°
• Actual geometry: Distorted
tetrahedral or prismatic or pyramidal
shape with bond angle 107.5°
• Reason: Due to l.p – b.p > b.p – b.p
repulsion, lone pairs exert greater
repulsion on bond pairs so that three
bond pairs come slightly closer. As a
result bond angle decreases from
109.5° to 107.5°.

13
2. Shape of water (H2O)
• Central atom O has 4 electron pairs (2
l.p + 2 b.p)
• Expected geometry: Tetrahedral with
bond angle 109.5°
• Actual geometry: Distorted
tetrahedral or bent or angular shape
with bond angle 104.5°
• Reason: Due to l.p- l.p > l.p – b.p >
b.p – b.p repulsions, two lone pairs
exert greater repulsion on two bond
pairs so that two bond pairs come
slightly closer even closer than in
ammonia. As a result bond angle
decreases from 109.5° to 104.5°.

14
3. Shape of NH3 and PH3

• Both have 4 pairs of elcectrons(1 l.p

+ 3 b.p)
• Both have l.p – b.p > b.p – b.p
repulsion
• Both have distorted tetrahedral or
prismatic shape but bond angles
are different.
• Reasons: Nitrogen is more E.N than
Phosphorus so that bond pairs of
electrons are more strongly pulled
toward N in NH3 than toward P in
PH3. So repulsion between bond
pairs of electrons in NH3 is greater
than that in PH3. So NH3 has bond
angle (107.5°) greater than in PH3
(93.3).

15
4. Shape of NH3 and NCl3
• Both have 4 pairs of elcectrons(1 l.p
+ 3 b.p)
• Both have l.p – b.p > b.p – b.p
repulsion
• Both have distorted tetrahedral or
prismatic shape but bond angles
are different.
• Reasons: Chlorine is more E.N than
hydrogen so that bond pairs of
electrons are more strongly pulled
by Cl in NCl3 than H in NH3. So b.p –
b.p repulsion in NH3 is greater than
b.p – b.p repulsion in NCl3. So NH3
has bond angle (107.5°) greater than
in NCl3 (102°).

16
5. Shape of H2O and H2S ( same
as Shape of NH3 and PH3)

• Both have 4 pairs of elcectrons(2

l.p + 2 b.p)
• Both have l.p- l.p > l.p – b.p > b.p
– b.p repulsion
• Both have distorted tetrahedral
or bent or angular shape but
bond angles are different.
• Reasons: Oxygen is more E.N than
Sulphur so that bond pairs of
electrons are more strongly
pulled toward O in H2O than
toward S in H2S. So repulsion
between bond pairs of electrons
in H2O is greater than that in H2S.
So H2O has bond angle (104.5°)
greater than in H2S (92.5°).
17
6. Shape of H2O and OF2 ( same
as Shape of NH3 and NCl3)

• Both have 4 pairs of electrons(2 l.p

+ 2 b.p)
• Both have l.p- l.p > l.p – b.p > b.p –
b.p repulsion
• Both have distorted tetrahedral or
angular shape but bond angles are
different.
• Reasons: Fluorine is more E.N than
hydrogen so that bond pairs of
electrons are more strongly pulled
by F in OF2 than H in H2O. So b.p –
b.p repulsion in OF2 is lesser than
b.p – b.p repulsion in H2O. So H2O
has bond angle (104.5°) greater
than in OF2 (102°)

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7. Shape of CO2
• Two σ bonds and two π bonds( but π
bonds are not considered in VSEPR
theory
• so two σ bonds i.e two pairs of
electrons.
• linear shape with bond angle 180°

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 Important questions from VSEPR theory
Very short questions( 2 marks each)
1.How would you predict the geometry of ammonia molecule on the basis of VSEPR
theory. (2073 ‘C’,2062, 2057)
2. Why do NH3 and BF3 have dissimilar geometries? (2070 ‘D’)
3. The bond angle at the central atom in NF3 is 107° whereas in BF3 is 120°, what
factor accounts for the difference in bond angles? (2061)
4.Why H-O-H bond angle in water molecule comparatively higher than H-S-H bond
angle in H2S molecule? (2064)
5. Predict the shape of following molecules on the basis of VSEPR theory.
a. BeCl2 b. BF3 c. CH4 d. CCl4 e. PCl5 f. SF6
6. Predict the geometry of the molecules based on VSEPR theory.
a. NH3 b. H2O c. PH3 d. OF2 e. H2S f. HF g. CO2
7. BCl3 is trigonal planar whereas PCl3 is trigonal pyramidal, why?
8. Arrange CH4, NH3 and H2O in the increasing order of their bond angle, on the basis
of VSEPR theory.
9. How do you account for the fact that bond angle in H2O is greater than that in H2S?
10. Predict the shape of following molecules on the basis of VSEPR theory.
a. ClF3( T- shape) b. XeF2(linear) c. XeF4(Square planar) d. XeF6(pentagonal pyramidal)
e. NH4+(tetrahedral) f. ICl2- (linear) g. ICl4-(square planar) h. I3- (linear)
20
Valence bond Theory
This theory was given by Heitler and London in 1927 and was later
modified by Pauling and Slater in 1931. This theory is based on
overlapping of orbitals during formation of covalent bond.

Postulates
• A covalent bond is formed by overlapping of half filled orbital of
valence shell of combining atoms with electrons of opposite spin.
• Completely filled orbitals (having paired electron) don’t take part in
bond formation.
• Overlapping of atomic orbital of two atoms increases the electron
density between the nuclei with opposite spin and lowers the energy
of bonded system thus gives rise to stable covalent bond.
• Greater the extent of overlapping of atomic orbitals, the stronger is
the bond formed
• Overlapping atomic orbitals don’t lose their identity even after the
formation of covalent bond.
21
 Concept of sigma(σ) and pi(π) bond:
Types of covalent bond and types of overlapping:
The formation of covalent bond involves the overlapping of half filled
atomic orbitals. Depending on type of the overlapping, the covalent bond is
of two types.

1. Sigma(σ) bond
2. Pi (π) bond

1. Sigma(σ) bond
The covalent bond formed by end to end or head to head
overlapping of half filled atomic orbitals of the combining atoms along the
inter nuclear axis is known as sigma bond. This type of overlapping is also
called as head on or axial overlapping. The electron cloud formed as a
result of axial overlap is symmetrical about their nuclear axis. The electrons
constituting sigma bonds are called sigma electrons.
Sigma bond is formed when one of the following overlapping takes
place.
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a. S-S overlapping

When half filled s- orbital

of one of the atom overlaps
with half filled s- orbital of
another atom along inter
nuclear axis, then the
overlapping is known as s-s
overlapping and the bond
formed is known as s-s sigma
bond. For example: formation
of H2

23
b. S-P overlapping

The overlapping of half

filled s-orbital of one atom
and half filled p- orbital of
another atom is known as
S-P overlapping and the
bond formed is called as s-
p sigma bond. For
example: formation of HCl,
HF, HI etc.

24
c. P-P overlapping

The overlapping of half

filled p- orbital of one
atom with half filled p-
orbital of another atom
leads to the formation of
p-p sigma bond and the
type of overlapping is
known as p-p overlapping.
For example: formation of
Cl2, F2 ,I2 etc.

25
2. Pi(π) bond

The covalent bond formed

by the lateral or sideways
overlapping of half filled
atomic orbitals of the
combining atoms in the
direction perpendicular to the
inter nuclear axis is called pi
bond. The pi bond consists of
two charged clouds above
and below the plane of atoms
involved in the bond
formation . The electrons
involved in the pi bond
formation are called π
electrons. For example:
Formation of O2 ,N2 etc.

26
Strength of sigma and pi bond
The strength of covalent bond
depends on the extent of
overlapping between atomic
orbitals of combining atoms.
Greater the extent of
overlapping, the more stronger is
the bond. Since extent of
overlapping is more in head to
head overlapping than in lateral Less nuclear repulsion
High nuclear repulsion
overlapping, sigma bond is more Less effective overlap More effective overlap
stronger than pi bond. weaker bond Stronger bond
non-directional in nature directional character
Relative strength of sigma bond
Relative bond strength : s-s <s-p
<p-p sigma bond
Relative strength of pi bond
Size of p-orbitals increases
Extent of pπ- pπ overlap
decreases.
Strength of pi -bond decreases

27
 Difference between sigma and pi bond
Sigma (σ) bond
1.The bond formed by head to head overlapping of half
filled atomic orbitals along inter nuclear axis is called σ
bond.
2. If X-axis is assumed to be inter nuclear axis, then S-S,
S-Px and Px-Px overlaps to produce σ bond.
3. Sigma bond is stronger than pi bond because extent of
overlapping is greater.
4. Since the overlapping orbitals in formation of sigma
bond takes place symmetrically along the inter nuclear
axis ,σ bond consists of one electron cloud
5. It can be rotated.
6. It can be formed alone or along with pi bond.
7. Sigma bond determines the direction of the bond and
bond length
8. S-orbitals take part in the formation of sigma bond.
9. Since electrons of sigma bond aren’t involved in
resonance, σ electrons can’t be delocalized.
Pi (π) bond
1. The bond formed by side ways overlapping of two half
filed atomic orbitals perpendicular to inter nuclear axis is
π bond.
2. If x axis is assumed to be inter nuclear axis then Py-Py
and Pz-Pz overlap to produce π bonds
3. It is weaker than sigma bond as extent of overlapping
is lesser.
4. Since overlapping of orbital take place above and
below the inter nuclear axis pi bond consists of two
electrons cloud.
5. It can’t be rotated.
6. It always occurs along with sigma bond.
7. It doesn’t decide the direction of bond but shortens
the bond length due to multiple bonding.
8. S- orbital never takes part in formation of π bond.
9. Since pi electrons are involved in resonance, π
electrons can be delocalized.
28
 Limitations of VBT

•This theory can’t explain the effect of lone pairs of

electrons during overlapping of two atomic orbitals
•This theory can’t explain the formation of co-
ordinate covalent bond.
•This theory can’t explain the magnetic properties of
compound. It fails to explain paramagnetic behavior
of oxygen molecule. Paramagnetic properties is due
to unpaired electrons.
•This theory doesn’t explain the bonding in electron
deficient molecules.
29
 Hybridization

It is defined as the process of intermixing of

two or more valence atomic orbitals of atoms of
slightly different energies to produce entirely new
set of orbitals called hybrid orbitals of equivalent
energies and indentical shape.

30
 Rules for hybridization
1. Only orbitals of small difference in energy can take part in hybridization.
2. The number of hybrid orbitals formed after hybridization is equal to number
of pure atomic orbitals taking part in hybridization.
3. Most of the hybrid orbitals are equivalent in energies and identical in shape.
They differ from one another in their orientation in space.
4. The hybrid orbital has electron density concentrated in one side of the
nucleus. Thus hybrid orbital has one lobe bigger than other.
5. The hybrid orbitals always form sigma bond and the bonds formed are
stronger than the bond formed by overlapping of pure atomic orbitals
because they can overlap to a greater extent.
6. Generally, the orbitals with unpaired electron undergo hybridization
however sometimes, vacant orbitals and orbitals with paired electrons (e.g.
in NH3, H2O) also take part in hybridization.

31
Types of hybridization
1. sp- hybridization( linear or diagonal
hybridization)
The hybridization that involves the
intermixing of one s and one p orbital of
same shell resulting in the formation of two
equivalent hybrid orbitals is called sp
hybridization and hybrid orbitals are called
sp hybrid orbitals.

Each hybrid orbital has equal s and p

characters i.e 50% s- characters and 50% p-
characters.

The shape of hybrid orbitals is linear as

they are oriented in space at angle of 180˚.

 They overlap with similar orbitals of other

atom to form covalent bonds.

32
a. Formation of BeCl2 molecule
2 2 0
4Be=1S ,2S ,2P
2 2 6 3S2 3px2 3py2 3pz1
17Cl=1S ,2S 2P ,
The electronic configu ration of
Be is 1S2,2S2,2P0.
To account divalency of Be, one
of valence 2s electrons is
promoted to the vacant 2P-
orbital creating two half filled
orbitals. T
These two 2s and 2p orbitals
undergo sp hybridization to give
two sp hybrid orbitals of same
energy and identical shape which
are oriented in a linear geometry
with bond angle 180˚.
In the formation of BeCl2
molecule ,two sp hybrid orbitals of
Be overlap with two half filled 3Pz
orbital of two chlorine atoms
forming linear Cl-Be-Cl molecule
having bond angle 180˚.
33
b. formation of ethyne (Acetylene)

34
c. Formation of CO2 molecule

35
2. sp2 hybridization (Trigonal planar
hybridization)
The hybridization that involves
the intermixing of one s and two p-
orbitals to give three new
equivalent hybrid orbitals is called
sp2 hybridization and hybrid
orbitals are called sp2 hybrid
orbitals .
Each sp2 hybrid orbitals has 33% s-
character and 67% p-character.
The three hybrid orbitals lie on a
plane and directed toward the
corners of an equilateral triangle
making angle of 120˚ with each
other.
So the hybridization is some time
also known as trigonal hybridization.

36
a. Formation of BF3 molecule
(same for BCl3 molecule)

37
b. Formation of ethylene or
ethene (C2H4) molecule:

38
3. Sp3 hybridization( Tetrahedral
hybridization)
The hybridization that involves
the intermixing of one s and three p
orbitals to form the four equivalent
sp3 hybrid orbitals is known as sp3
hybridization.
Each sp3 hybrid orbital contains
25% s-character and 75% p-
character.
The four sp3 hybrid orbitals are
equivalent in energy and identical in
shape.
They are directed towards the
corners of regular tetrahedral
making bond angle 109.5˚.
So the hybridization is also known
as tetrahedral hybridization.
39
a. Formation of methane(CH4)
Since all four sp3 hybrid
orbitals of C -atom are
equivalent in energy and
identical in shape ,they
overlap with half filled 1s
orbitals of four H atoms to give
four C-H σ-bonds which must
be identical to each other i.e.
all four C-H bonds have same
bond length.

40
b. Formation of ethane (C2H6)

41
Distorted tetrahedral
molecules
Formation of ammonia molecule
Because of sp3 hybridization, NH3
molecule is expected to have tetrahedral
shape having H-N-H angle to 109.5˚ but
the bond angle is found to be 107.5˚. This
can be explained on the basis of repulsion
between lone pairs and bond pairs
electrons. Since the repulsion between
lone pairs and bond pairs is greater than
the repulsion between bond pairs and
bond pairs electrons, the lone pairs exert
greater repulsion on three bond pairs so
that two bond pairs come slightly closer.
Hence the tetrahedral geometry of the
molecule gets a little distorted and bond
angle decreases from 109.5˚ to 107.5˚.
Due to this reason, NH3 molecule has
distorted tetrahedral or trigonal
pyramidal shape with bond angle 107.5˚.

42
Formation of water
molecule
Central atom oxygen now contains two lone
pairs and two bond pairs around it. Since the
repulsion between lone pair and lone pair is
greater than lone pair and bond pair which in
turn greater than bond pair and bond pair,
two lone pairs exert more repulsion on two
bond pairs so that two bond pairs come
closer. So that bond angle in water decreases
from 109.5˚ to 104.5˚ and water molecule has
distorted tetrahedral or bent or angular
geometry with bond angle 107.5˚.

43
Summary of Hybridization

44
Formula used to predict the type of hybridization
1
H = ( V + M + A- C )
2
Where H = Number of orbitals involved in hybridization which decides the type
of hybridization.
V = Number of valence electrons in the central atom
M = Number of mono valent atoms
A = Charge on anion
C = Charge on cation
Examples :
1. CH4
1
H= ( V + M + A- C )
2
Where V = 4(C=2,4), M = 4 (Four H atoms), A = 0 (no negative charge) ,C = 0 (no
positive charge)
1
H= (4+4+0-0) = 4, Type of hybridization is sp3 45
2
2. CO2
Where V = 4 (C=2,4), M = 0 (no mono valent atom), A = 0 (no negative charge) ,
C = 0 (no positive charge)

1
H= (4+0+0-0) = 2 = sp hybridization( linear shape)
2

3. SF6
where V = 6 (S=2,8,6), M = 6 ( six F atoms), A = 0 (no negative charge) ,
C = 0 (no positive charge)
1
H= (6+6+0-0) = 6 = sp3d2 hybridization = octahedral shape
2

4. SO3
Where V = 6 (S=2,8,6), M = 0 (no mono valent atom), A = 0 (no negative charge)
C = 0 (no positive charge

1
H= (6+0+0-0) = 3 = sp2hybridization = trigonal planar shape
2 46
5. CO3--
Where V = 4( C=2,4), M = 0 (no mono valent atom), A = 2 (two
negative charge) ,C = 0 ( no positive charge)
1
H = (4+0+2-0) = 3 =sp2 hybridization = trigonal planar shape
2

6. SO4--
Where V = 6 ( S= 2,8,6), M = 0 (no mono valent atom), A = 2 (two
negative charge) ,C = 0 (no positive charge)
1
H = (6+0+2-0) = 4 = sp3 hybridization = tetrahedral shape
2

7. NH4+
Where V= 5 ( N =2,5), M = 4 (four H atoms), A = 0 (no negative
charge) ,C = 1 (one positive charge)
1
H = (5+4+0-1) = 4 = sp3hybridization = tetrahedral shape
2 47
8. ClF3
where V = 7( Cl = 2,8,7), M = 3( three F atoms), A = 0( no negative charge) ,C = 0 (no
positive charge)

1
H= (7+3+0-0)=5= sp3d hybridization = T-shape
2
9. XeF6
where V= 8 (inert gas), M = 6( six F atoms), A = 0 (no negative charge) ,C = 0 (no
positive charge)
1
H = (8+6+0-0)=7 = sp3d3 hybridization= Distorted pentagonal bi pyramidal
2
shape as one axial position is occupied by a lone pair.

10. I3-
Where V= 7 ( center I as halogen), M = 2 (two other I mono valent atoms), A = 1 (one
negative charge) ,C = 0 (no positive charge)

1
H= (7+2+1-0)=5= sp3d hybridization = linear shape
2
48
Another formula used to predict type of hybridization
Number of hybrid orbitals = Number of σ bond pairs + lone pairs
around the central atom.
For example: In NH3 , number of σ electron pair is 3 as there is three
sigma covalent bonds and number of lone pair on N is one.
Number of hybrid orbitals = 3 + 1 = 4 = sp3 hybridization

Important very short questions from sigma and pi bond

1. What is sigma bond? What types of overlapping of orbitals give the
formation of sigma bond?
2. What is π bond? Explain the formation of π bond in ethylene and
acetylene molecules.
3. Differentiate between σ and π bond.
4. Why is σ bond stronger than π bond?
5. What are different types of overlap among s and p orbitals? Give one
example of each type.
49
From sp3 hybridization.
9. Predict the mode of hybridization ii. Oxygen in water. (2075 ‘B’)
10. Which kind of hybridization results into tetrahedral geometry? Mention any one
character of such hybridization. (Supp. 2070)
11. What is the mode of hybridization of the central atom whose molecular geometry is
tetrahedral? And give and example of it. (2066)
12. Ammonia molecule has got trigonal pyramidal geometry even though nitrogen of
ammonia has sp3 hybridization. Give reason. (2073’D’)
13. Nitrogen of ammonia has sp3 hybridization but ammonia molecule has trigonal pyramid
geometry. Give reason. (2069 ‘A’)
14. State the mode of hybridization C of C2H6. (2072 ‘E’)
15. Predict the mode of hybridization in the central atom of the molecules having ii.
Tetrahedral structure with an example of each. (Supp. 2072)
16. Define hybridization and write any two features of tetrahedral hybridization. (2072 ‘C’)
17. What are the features of tetrahedral hybridization. Write an example of it?(2072 ‘D’)
18. Predict the geometry of the molecule having a. sp3 hybridization with an example. (2071
‘C’)
19. Write any two features of sp3 hybrid orbital with an example. (2071 ‘D’)
20. Mention one example of each a. tetrahedral hybridization. (2067)
21. Define hybridization. Draw the orbital picture of a hydrocarbon showing tetrahedral
structure. (2063)
22. How would you interpret that all four C-H bonds of methane are identical? (2060)
23. Identify the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following molecules c. N in
NH3.(2053)
24. Predict the structure of methane based on hybridization. (2052) 50
From sp2 hybridization
25. How would you confirm that B in BF3 gets sp2 hybridization. (2076 ‘B’)
26. Predict the mode of hybridization of B in BF3. Mention any two features of this
hybridization. (2075 ‘A’, 069 ‘B’, 065)
27. What kinds of hybridization results into trigonal planar geometry? Give example of it.
(Supp. 2073)
28. State the mode of hybridization in B in BF3. (2072 ‘E’)
29. Predict the mode of hybridization in the central atom of the molecules having i. trigonal
planar. (Supp. 2072)
30. Mention one example of each b. trigonal hybridization (2067)
31. Draw the molecular orbital picture of ethene. (2059)
32. Draw the shape of sp2 hybrid orbitals. (2056)
33. Identify the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following molecules
b. B in BF3 (2053)
34. What do you understand by sp2- hybridization? Using any example explain the
molecular geometry involved. (2054)
From sp hybridization
35. C in C2H2 gets sp hybridization, why? (2076 ‘C’)
36. Predict the mode of hybridization ii. C in ethyne. (2075 ‘B’, 072 ‘E’)
37. Which kinds of hybridization results into linear geometry. Give an example of such
hybridization. (2074 ‘B’)
38. What is the mode of hybridization in carbon in acetylene? Write any two correct
features of this hybridization. (Supp. 2071, 055)
39. predict the geometry of the molecules having b. sp hybridization with an example of
each. (2071 ‘C’)
51
40. Draw the orbital picture of ethyne indicating σ and π bonds. (2058)