The previous analysis indicates tha jons ate susceptible tothe effects of Sifertaaes pat iy seting of coals. Thre is evidence, howe Eas sat sis bodes have evolved along a fg ie sent, Several iVEMgOOTS have used the apron of temary utectic in the systems albite-onfoc Gis 3) 1 indcate the evolution of tte pant hase rovard the thermal minimum, oF eutectic, composition et ers have used the same clustering of analyses anodes nisimum t indicate eutectic partial melts of sialic mctns inthe continental erst. Certainly, a eutectic mam cent) rest fom either process. Included in Figure Smo mt cation nom components of the sucessveintsive phases of te Tuolumne Intrusive Series. Note the prope proash ofthese magmas othe eutectic composition slog ten tat follows the decompression eutectic path Whe evs the origin ofthe parental magma in this ase this eng sppeats to have evolved toward the low-pressure thereat ninimum. Harker-type bivariate variation diagrams of ina, sive sequences also indicate evolutionary tends. Batenen and Chappel (1979) interpreted the trends for the Tuolumne Insusive Series to be the result of fractional crystallization Similar fractional erystallization-based interpretations for Sian zoned granitoids have been proposed by Batearos sd Nokelberg (1978) and Noyes eta, (1983). Although the compositional ends may be compatible with fractional cqstlizaton, crystal seting has been considered very problematic in such viscous silicic magmas (Brandeis and 1986; Sparks et al., 1984). Harper et al. (2005), Jaup however, cited viscosity and field criteria supporting crystal secling in hydrous granites. Later in this chapter, we shall explore methods by which fractional crystallization can a r FIGURE 3 Postion of the HjO-saturated ternary eutectic {Minimum melt composition) inthe albite-orthoclase-lica ‘stem at various pressures The shaded portion represents the Composition of most granites. included are the compositions tthe Tuolumne Intrusive Series, with the arrow showing the {Erection ofthe trend from eary to late magma batches. erimental data from Wyllie etal (1876). Magia Diversity Sceur without crystal setting. As we shall see in Section 4, ‘mixing of silicic (crustal melts) and mafic (mantle melts) is popular alternative interpretation to the evolutionary trends in some of these systems. In addition to gravity settling, three other mechanisms ‘may facilitate the separation of crystals and liquid. Filter, Pressing (compaction), mentioned earlier in reference to Partial melting, is also possible in crystal mushes that form. 88 cumulates or crystal suspensions, The amount of trapped intercumulus liquid between cumulate minerals may be as high as 60 vol. % (Irvine, 1980b). With the added weight of further accumulation, the crystal mush may be compacted (McKenzie, 1984), squeezing much of the liquid out into the main magma body. Another method of filter pressing in- volves the movement of a phenocryst-laden crystal mush. ‘Any constriction in the conduit causes the crystals to inter- fere and slow with respect to the liquid. Another similar mechanism by which crystals may be segregated from the liquid occurs when crystal-rich mag- ‘mas flow in a laminar fashion near the walls of the magma body. The process is known as flow segregation (or flow{age} separation, or flow{age] differentiation). The mo- tion of the magma past the stationary walls of country rock Figure 4) creates shear in the viscous liquid as a result of the velocity gradient near the walls. The resulting differen- tial motion forces the magma to flow around phenocrysts, Relative shear Country 3 rock i 6 Grain dispersive pressure Magma 4 FIGURE 4 Flow of magma adjacent to a wall of country rock results in differential motion and shear in the magma ‘Where such shear is constricted, as between adjacent phenocrysts or between phenocrysts and the contact, force (called grain-dispersive pressure) I generated and Pushes the phenocrysts apart and away from the contact. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 217