ritter-weiss-jams

JOURNAL OF THE
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

Volume 24, Number 4, October 2011, Pages 1015–1050
S 0894-0347(2011)00704-2
Article electronically published on May 13, 2011
ON THE “MAIN CONJECTURE”

OF EQUIVARIANT IWASAWA THEORY
JÜRGEN RITTER AND ALFRED WEISS
The “main conjecture” of equivariant Iwasawa theory concerns the situation

where
• l is a fixed odd prime number and K/k is a Galois extension of totally real
number fields with k/Q and K/k∞ finite, where k∞ /k is the cyclotomic
Zl -extension (we set G = G(K/k) and Γk = G(k∞ /k)),
• S is a fixed finite set (which will normally be suppressed in the notation)
of primes of k containing all primes which ramify in K and all archimedean
primes, and M is the maximal abelian l-extension of K unramified outside
S (we set X = G(M/K)).
It asserts that a canonical refinement 0 = 0S of the Iwasawa module X is de-
termined by the Iwasawa L-function LK/k = LK/k,S of K/k. The data 0 and
LK/k (and Hom∗ (Rl (G), (Qc Γk )× ) below) have been defined in [RW2, pp. 562–563,
p. 568]1 ; we will not repeat the definitions now (only in §1) but will briefly explain
how LK/k should determine 0.
Denote by ΛG, QG the completed group ring Zl [[G]] of G over Zl and its total
ring of fractions, respectively. The localization sequence of K-theory
∂
→ K1 (ΛG) → K1 (QG) → K0 T (ΛG) → K0 (QG) →
has 0 in K0 T (ΛG).
The reduced norms of the Wedderburn components of the semisimple algebra
QG induce the map
Det : K1 (QG) → Hom∗ (Rl (G), (Qc Γk )× ).
The Iwasawa L-function LK/k of K/k is derived from the S-truncated l-adic Artin
L-functions and belongs to the above group Hom∗ .
The equivariant “main conjecture” asserts that there is a unique element Θ ∈
K1 (QG) satisfying Det(Θ) = LK/k and, moreover, that this Θ has ∂(Θ) = 0. In
other words, Θ is the non-abelian generalization to K/k of the pseudomeasure of
an abelian field extension.
THEOREM. If Iwasawa’s μ-invariant μK/k vanishes, then the “main conjecture”
of equivariant Iwasawa theory for K/k holds, up to its uniqueness statement.
Received by the editors June 29, 2010 and, in revised form, March 28, 2011, and April 11,
2011.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11R23, 11R42, 11S40.
The authors acknowledge financial support provided by DFG and NSERC.
1 Where 0 is denoted 0̃.
2011
c American Mathematical Society
Reverts to public domain 28 years from publication
1015
1016 JÜRGEN RITTER AND ALFRED WEISS
Our motivation for formulating a “main conjecture” is discussed in [RW1, §4]:

the Lifted Root Number Conjecture suggested a refinement of the Main Conjecture
of classical Iwasawa theory. Of course, we should add that the paper is strongly
based on classical work on totally real fields as done by, e.g., Iwasawa, Kubota
Leopoldt, Greenberg, Ferrero Washington, and Mazur Wiles.
There are now much more general conjectures on non-abelian Iwasawa theory,
especially in [FK]2 and [Kt1], which also have extensive bibliographies. For more
recent related work see [Kt2], [Kk], [Ha1], and [Ha2].
The proof of the THEOREM depends on our previous work, which we summarize
below and, in more detail, in §1.
The hypothesis μK/k = 0, as conjectured by Iwasawa3 , allows us to work in
the localization Λ• G of ΛG obtained by inverting all central elements which are
regular modulo l.4 We then can investigate the structure of K1 (Λ• G) via the
def
integral logarithm L : K1 (Λ∧ G) → T (Q∧ G) ( = Q∧ G/[Q∧ G, Q∧ G] ) where Λ∧ G =
lim Λ• G/l n Λ• G is the completion of Λ• G and Q∧ G is the total ring of fractions of
←
n
Λ∧ G (see (1.D1) in §1). Proposition 1.1 restates the THEOREM by bringing in
K1 (Λ∧ G). However, we lose the uniqueness assertion of the conjecture; we accepted
this because uniqueness would follow from SK1 (QG) = 1, as conjectured by Suslin
(see [RW2, Remark E]). Note that 0 no longer appears in Proposition 1.1. This is
a consequence of the Main Conjecture of classical Iwasawa theory, proved by Wiles
[Wi].
Proposition 1.1 needs to be verified only for l-elementary extensions K/k, i.e.,
those for which G(K/k) = z × G[l] is a direct product of a finite cyclic group z
of order |z| prime to l and a pro-l group G[l] (see Proposition 1.2).5
Diagram (1.D1) also yields a logarithmic interpretation of the Iwasawa L-function
LK/k , the logarithmic pseudomeasure tK/k ∈ T (Q∧ G). Now LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G)
if tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G), by Proposition 1.3, the proof of which requires certain torsion
congruences between abelian pseudomeasures to be verified in the special case when
G(K/k) has an abelian subgroup of index l. The validity of these congruences is
deduced from the work of Deligne and Ribet [DR] in [RW7].
Combining the three propositions of §1 we obtain
Theorem 1. The THEOREM is true if and only if tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G(K/k)) for all
l-elementary extensions K/k.
In the special case when G(K/k) has an abelian subgroup of index l this inte-
grality of the logarithmic pseudomeasure has already been proved in [RW8], which
contains most of the ideas of the present paper in embryonic form. They concern
the Wall congruence (see Theorem 2), the torsion congruence (see Theorem 3), and
G : T (Q∧ G) → T (Q∧ U ) for open subgroups
a new ingredient, the restriction ResU
U ≥ z of G. Indeed, parts of the proof of Theorem 4, in §5, are easier versions
of arguments appearing already in [RW8] but repeated here for the convenience of
the reader.
2 It may be useful to mention that in [FK] the role of 0 is played by invariants of complexes
involving naturally occurring étale cohomology.

3 I.e., the ΛΓ-module X has μ-invariant 0 for some open subgroup Γ ≤ G isomorphic to Z .
l
4 Compare also Remark 1.1 in §1.
5 Actually, the uniqueness assertion of the “main conjecture” can also be reduced to l-
elementary K/k; see [La, Chapter 4].

ON THE “MAIN CONJECTURE” OF EQUIVARIANT IWASAWA THEORY 1017
From now on, K/k is always l-elementary if not otherwise implied.

Let μQ denote the Möbius function of the partially ordered set of subgroups of
the finite l-group Q. Recall that μ = μQ is defined by

μ(1) = 1, μ(Q ) = − μ(Q ) for 1 = Q ≤ Q.
1≤Q <Q
Theorem 2 (Möbius-Wall). Let A be an abelian normal open subgroup of G =

G(K/k) so that Q = G/A is a finite l-group. If is a unit of Λ∧ G, then

μQ (U/A)verAU (res G ) ≡ 0 mod trQ (Λ∧ A).
U
A≤U≤G
Here verA
U : Λ∧ U → Λ∧ A extends the group transfer U → U ab → A to a ring
homomorphism between their Iwasawa algebras in the customary way6 . Theorem
2 is proved in §2.
Let S denote the set of all non-archimedean primes of S and let k ⊆ f ⊂ K with
[f : k] < ∞. The pseudomeasure λf = λf,S of [Se] is associated to the maximal
abelian S -ramified extension fS of f . We extend this notation to intermediate
G(F/f )
fields F of fS /f∞ with [F : f∞ ] < ∞ by defining λF/f = deflG(f /f ) λf in the
S
sense of Lemma 4.1. Now we can state
Theorem 3. Using notation as in Theorem 2,

μQ (U/A)verAU ab (λK [U,U ] /K U ) ≡ 0 mod trQ (Λ∧ A).
A≤U≤G
This is proved in §4. It is a consequence of Theorem 5, which is stated in §3,

and thus of relations between constant terms of Hilbert modular forms which can
be studied by means of the q-expansion principle of Deligne and Ribet [DR].
The statement and proof of Theorem 5 in §3 depend on the methods of [RW7]
which combine those of [DR] and [Se]: therefore the language of §3 continues the
same compromise between that of [DR], [Se] as in [RW7] except that the Latin K
of the latter becomes the calligraphic K of §3. We stress that it is not the language
of the other sections of this paper (compare the first paragraph of §4).
Note that the congruence of Theorem 3 is a necessary condition for the “main
conjecture” of equivariant Iwasawa theory, for it implies Det() = LK/k for some
∈ K1 (Λ∧ G), by Proposition 1.1, and substituting this in Theorem 2 yields
Theorem 3. Conversely, fusing Theorems 2 and 3 leads to a partial generalization
of the proof of [RW8, Theorem] and finally to
Theorem 4. Let A ≥ z be an abelian normal open subgroup of G = G(K/k) and
let C be a central subgroup of exponent l contained in A. If tK C /k is integral, i.e.,
G/C
tK C /k ∈ T (Λ∧ G/C), then there exists a ξ ∈ T (Λ∧ G) with deflG ξ = tK C /k and
ResAG ξ = tK/K A .
Theorems 2, 3, and 4, can be viewed as generalizing [RW8]. The real strength of

Theorem 4 is that it serves as a catalyst for the proof of the THEOREM in §6 by
making suitable modifications in T (Λ∧ G) of the element ξ provided by Theorem 4.
6 The inverse system of Zl -linear extensions Zl [U/V ] → Zl [A/V ] of the group transfer U/V →
A/V , where V runs through the normal open subgroups of U contained in A, gives rise to the
transfer ΛU → ΛA, which is a ring homomorphism that can be localized and completed. Note
U ab
that verA A
U = verU ab deflU factors through U ab .
Section 7 contains the necessary extension of the integral logarithm to l-

elementary groups. This is based on using projections to the integral logarithm
for pro-l groups with unramified coefficients, which is already in [RW3]. It also
discusses ‘Res’ and the l-elementary ingredients of the proof of Proposition 1.3 in
§1.
Finally, in a short appendix, we take the opportunity to correct the proof of
[RW2, Proposition 12]. In it we have referred to [RWt] where, however, Leopoldt’s
conjecture is assumed to hold. In the appendix we now outline an argument7 which
is not based on this conjecture.
This paper combines arXiv:1001.2091 and 1004.2578 [math.NT].
Added in proof. While this paper was with the referee, the authors learned about
D. Burns’s paper On main conjectures in non-commutative Iwasawa theory and
related conjectures (December 2010; submitted for publication) as well as the one
by M. Kakde, The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory for totally real fields
(arXiv:1008.0142 [math.NT]). The first describes various applications of the THE-
OREM to the equivariant Tamagawa number and other conjectures; it also shows
how it implies the main conjecture of non-commutative Iwasawa theory for Tate
motives over compact l-adic Lie extensions of totally real fields of arbitrary finite
rank [FK]. The second gives an alternative proof of the THEOREM with respect
to the localized K1 of [FK].
1. “Proof” of Theorem 1
We begin by quickly recalling some basic definitions.
(1) 0: The Galois group sequence X G(M/k) G is turned into a canon-
ical ΛG-module sequence which is the bottom row of
ΛG = ΛG
ψ ˇ↓ ψ ˇ↓
aug
X Y → ΛG Zl .
In it Y has projective dimension ≤ 1 and ψ has aug ◦ ψ = 0.
Clearly, the cokernels of ψ and ψ are torsion of finite projective dimen-
sion which permits us to set 0 = [coker ψ] − [coker ψ ] in K0 T (ΛG); 0 is
independent of the choice of ψ , ψ. (See [RW1, §1] and [RW2, pp. 562–563].)
(2) LK/k : Choosing a topological generator γk of Γk gives a u ∈ 1 + lZl so
that ζlγ∞k = ζlu∞ . By [Ca], [DR], [Gr], and [Wi] the S-truncated l-adic
Artin L-functions Ll,S (s, χ) of K/k for characters χ of irreducible Ql c -
representations of G with open kernel admit a representation Ll,S (1−s, χ) =
Gχ,S (us −1)
Hχ (us −1) with Gχ,S (T ) ∈ Zl [[T ]] and Hχ (T ) = 1 or = χ(γk )(1 + T ) − 1
c
G (γ −1) ×
according to res H G χ = 1 or = 1. Set LK/k (χ) = Hχ (γk −1) in (Q Γk ) =
8 χ,S k c
(Ql c ⊗Ql QΓk )× ; this is independent of the choice of γk . (See [RW2, pp. 563,
571].)
7 As the referee has pointed out to us, the descent property discussed in the appendix could
also be deduced from interpreting 0 in terms of the compactly supported étale cohomology of
Zl (1).
8 Z c denotes the integers in a fixed algebraic closure Q c of Q and H = ker(G Γ ).
l l l k
(3) Hom∗ (Rl (G), (Qc Γk )× ): Here Rl (G) is the character ring of all the χ
above and Hom∗ consists of all f : Rl (G) → (Qc Γk )× satisfying f (χσ ) =
f (χ)σ for σ ∈ G(Ql c /Ql ) and f (χ ⊗ ρ) = ρ (f (χ)) for all irreducible charac-
ters ρ with H ⊂ ker ρ, where ρ is the Ql c -automorphism of Qc Γk induced
by ρ (γk ) = ρ(γk )γk . (Compare also [RW2, p. 558].)
(4) HOM: This notation adds the further condition f (χ)l ≡ Ψ(f (ψl χ))
mod lΛc Γk to Hom∗ , with Λc Γk = Zl c ⊗Zl ΛΓk , ψl the l-th Adams operation
on Rl (G) (so (ψl χ)(g) = χ(g l ) for g ∈ G) and Ψ the ring endomorphism of
ΛΓk induced by γk → γkl . (See [RW3, p. 37].)
We are now in a position to explain the main ingredients of the proof of Theorem
1.
Proposition 1.1. The THEOREM holds if and only if LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G).
Proof. For pro-l extensions K/k this is Theorem A in [RW3] which is reduced via
the classical Main Conjecture, as in [RW3, §1], to the stronger form of Theorem
B in [RW3, §6]. It is here that the logarithm L appears first; it is defined by the
commutative square (see [RW3, Proposition 11])
L
K1 (Λ∧ G) → T (Q∧ G)
(1.D1) Det ↓ Tr ↓
Hom∗ (Rl (G), Qc∧ Γk ),
L
HOM(Rl (G), (Λc∧ Γk )× ) →
with T (R) = R/[R, R] for any ring R, where [R, R] is the additive subgroup gen-
erated by all Lie commutators [a, b] = ab − ba, a, b ∈ R, and with the isomorphism
l
‘Tr’ induced by the reduced trace of Q∧ G. Above, (Lf )(χ) = 1l log Ψ(ff (χ)
(ψl χ)) . Note
that every f ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) satisfies the extra congruence for HOM; note also that
LK/k ∈ HOM [RW3, pp. 34, 42].
The second basic tool in the proof of [RW3, Theorem B] is the Wall congruence
(i.e., the special case |Q| = l of Theorem 2); see [RW3, Lemma 12]. It also plays
an important role later.
The generalization to arbitrary extensions K/k is carried out in [RW4, Theorems
(A) and (B)] by the induction techniques there.
The logarithm L is called integral when it takes values in T (Λ∧ G) ⊆ T (Q∧ G). We
should stress that (1.D1) is available to define L for arbitrary groups G = G(K/k).
This also applies to much of [RW3], in which the pro-l hypothesis is needed only
in §1, Theorem 8, Proposition 11, and §6 of [RW3] (where it is explicitly stated)9 .
The main exception is the integrality property, L(K1 (Λ∧ G)) ⊆ T (Λ∧ G), which
nevertheless holds when G is l-elementary. This will be discussed in §7.
As a direct consequence, there is a unique element tK/k ∈ T (Q∧ G), the loga-
rithmic pseudomeasure of K/k, such that Tr(tK/k ) = L(LK/k ). In the l-elementary
case, by (1.D1) and (i) of Lemma 7.1 in §7, LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) implies tK/k ∈
T (Λ∧ G), which is the easy implication in Proposition 1.3 below.
Proposition 1.2. If LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) holds whenever K/k is l-elementary,
then LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) for arbitrary extensions K/k.
Proof. This is [RW4, Theorem (C)].
9μ = 0 is not needed for Theorem 9 of [RW3], but only for its corollary.
Proposition 1.3. If K/k is l-elementary, then ‘LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G)’ and ‘tK/k ∈
T (Λ∧ G)’ are equivalent.
Proof. It remains to discuss the implication ‘tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G) =⇒ LK/k ∈

DetK1 (Λ∧ G)’, which is proved in [RW5], [RW7] for pro-l extensions K/k. Indeed,
[RW5, Proposition 2.4] yields a unique torsion element w ∈ HOM(Rl (G), (Λc∧ Γk )× )
ab
deflating to 1 on applying deflG G such that wLK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G); this is extended
to the l-elementary case in (i) of Lemma 7.3. Then, provided that tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G),
[RW5, Theorem, p. 1096] reduces the question of whether LK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) to
the analogous one for (all intermediate) Galois extensions K/k with G = G(K/k)
having an abelian subgroup of index l: this carries over to the l-elementary case
without change. In order to deduce that w = 1, we may thus assume that G has
an abelian subgroup A of index l and then apply the extension in Lemma 7.3(ii) of
[RW5, Proposition 3.2] to l-elementary groups to obtain the equivalence
(1.1) w = 1 ⇐⇒ ver(λK [G,G] /k ) ≡ λK/K A mod trG/A (Λ∧ A).
Here, λF/f is the pseudomeasure for the extension F/f and ver : Λ∧ Gab → Λ∧ A is
induced by the group transfer Gab → A. Note that the proof of [RW5, Proposition
3.2] depends on the Wall congruence mentioned above. This torsion congruence (the
right-hand side of (1.1)) is proved in [RW7] (or §3) by interpreting the methods of
[DR] as in [Se].
We point out right away that the validity of the torsion congruence persists for
l-elementary extensions in Theorem 3 because every open subgroup of index l in G
contains z; since K ⊂ L+ S (in the notation of the first paragraph of §4), we can
specialize the group HS+ there to our A.
Theorem 1 is now a direct consequence of the three propositions.

We close this section by displaying a commutative diagram which was the moti-
vation for the definition of ResU G : T (Q∧ G) → T (Q∧ U ) for open subgroups U of
G and which will be important in the discussions in §§5 and 6:
L
Hom∗ (Rl (G), Qc∧ Γk )
Tr
K1 (Λ∧ G) → T (Q∧ G) →
(1.D2) G ↓
res U G ↓
ResU G ↓
ResU
L
Hom∗ (Rl (U ), Qc∧ ΓK U ).
Tr
K1 (Λ∧ U ) → T (Q∧ U ) →
∗
G (f ), f ∈ Hom (Rl (G), Q∧ Γk ),
Provided that G is pro-l, the actual formula for ResU c
is in [RW8, §1 and Appendix]; its extension to pairs (G, U ) with l-elementary G

and open U ≤ G containing z is again in §7; see Lemma 7.2.
Remark 1.1. For the convenience of the reader, it should perhaps be added that
Λ• G = Σ−1 ΛG with Σ = ΛΓ \ l · ΛΓ for any central open subgroup Γ Zl of an
arbitrary G = G(K/k). Note that Σ−1 ΛΓ has the unique maximal ideal lΣ−1 ΛΓ.
So it suffices to show that every element c ∈ Σ−1 ΛG, which is (left) regular modulo
·c
l, is a unit of Σ−1 ΛG. For this consider right multiplication Σ−1 ΛG −→ Σ−1 ΛG
by c. Since Σ−1 ΛG/l is a finite-dimensional Σ−1 ΛΓ/l-vector space, c mod l has a
(left) inverse in Σ−1 ΛG/l, and hence c has a left inverse b in Σ−1 ΛG by Nakayama’s
lemma. Since b mod l is now also (left) regular modulo l, the same argument
provides a ∈ Σ−1 ΛG with ab = 1. Then a = abc = c, so c is a unit.
2. Proof of Theorem 2

Fix a set of coset representatives rq of A in G, whence G = ˙ q∈Q rq A, q = rq A,
and rq1 rq2 = rq1 q2 aq1 ,q2 with aq1 ,q2 ∈ A a 2-cocycle, so aq1 ,q2 q3 aq2 ,q3 = aq1 q2 ,q3 aqq31 ,q2 .
Further, let Σ = Sym(Q) denote the symmetric group on the elements of Q. It
carries the natural (right) Q-action
π q (q1 ) = π(q1 q −1 )q, q, q1 ∈ Q, π ∈ Σ,
satisfying (π1 π2 ) =q
π1q π2q .
For V ≤ Q, the set of fixed points ΣV of V in Σ is thus
a subgroup of Σ. Note that π ∈ ΣV has π(qv) = π(q)v for all q ∈ Q, v ∈ V .
Lemma 2.1. Let U be a subgroup of G containing A, set V = U/A, and fix a
section κ : Q/V → Q, so (κs)V = sV for s ∈ Q/V . Let = q∈Q rq eq , with

eq ∈ Λ∧ A, be a unit in Λ∧ G = q∈Q rq · Λ∧ A. Then
κ(s)
verA U
U res G = sgn(π) aπ(q)q−1 ,q verA
U (eπ(κs)κ(s)−1 ) .
π∈ΣV q∈Q s∈Q/V

Proof. Writing Λ∧ G = s∈Q/V rκ(s) Λ∧ U , then

rv a−1
κ(s1 )
rκ(s1 ) = rκ(s2 ) κ(s2 ),v aκ(s2 )vκ(s1 ) ,κ(s1 ) · eκ(s )vκ(s
−1 −1
2 1)
s2 ∈Q/V v∈V
U : Λ∧ U →
(with the term in parentheses in Λ∧ U ). The ring homomorphism verA
× det
Λ∧ A induces the map verA U : K1 (Λ∧ U ) → K1 (Λ∧ A) = (Λ∧ A) , and we compute
A U A
verU res G by applying verU to the matrix of the action of on the right Λ∧ U -
module Λ∧ G to get
verA U
U res G
−1 κ(s)

= sgn(σ) U (rv aκ(σs),v aκ(σs)vκ(s)−1 ,κ(s) · eκ(σs)vκ(s)−1 )
verA
σ∈Sym(Q/V ) s∈Q/V v∈V

−1 κ(s)
= sgn(σ) U rf (s) aκ(σs),f (s) aκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 ,κ(s) · eκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1
verA
σ∈Sym(Q/V ) f s∈Q/V
where f varies over all functions Q/V → V ; hence

(2.a) verA U
U res G

= sgn(σ) af (s),v a−v v
κ(σs),f (s) aκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 ,κ(s)
σ∈Sym(Q/V ) f s∈Q/V v∈V
κ(s)
× verA
U (eκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 )
s∈Q/V
verA = v∈V af (s),v and verA v∈V a for a ∈ A.

v
because U (rf (s) ) Ua =
We next simplify the above double product for a fixed f : Q/V → V to get
(2.b) s∈Q/V v∈V aκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 ,κ(s)v .
Namely, the cocycle relation for the triple (κ(σs), f (s), v),
af (s),v a−v −1
κ(σs),f (s) = aκ(σs),f (s)v aκ(σs)f (s),v ,
turns the double product into

a−1 v
κ(σs),f (s)v aκ(σs)f (s),v aκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 ,κ(s) ,
s∈Q/V v∈V
and from the triple (κ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 , κ(s), v) it then becomes

a−1
κ(σs),f (s)v aκ(s),v aκ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 ,κ(s)v .
s∈Q/V v∈V
Now the substitutions v f (s)−1 v, s σ −1 (s) yield

aκ(σs),f (s)v = aκ(s),v
s∈Q/V v∈V s∈Q/V v∈V
confirming (2.b). We continue by reparametrising the maps f : Q/V → V in (2.a)

in terms of the kernel ΣV0 of the group homomorphism
∼
ΣV → Sym(Q/V ), π → π̃, π̃(qV ) = π(q)V.
Claim 2.A. (1) For every σ ∈ Sym(Q/V ) there is a unique σκ ∈ ΣV with σκ κ = κσ.
The map σ → σκ : Sym(Q/V ) → ΣV is a group homomorphism splitting ∼.
(2) There is a bijection τ ↔ f between ΣV0 and {f : Q/V → V } given by
τ (κ(s)v) = κ(s)f (s)v, f (s) = κ(s)−1 τ (κ(s)).
(3) sgn(σκ ) = sgn(σ)|V | = sgn(σ) and sgn(τ ) = 1 for all τ ∈ ΣV0 .
Proof. If σκ ∈ ΣV exists, then σκ (q) = σκ (κ(qV )κ(qV )−1 q) = (σκ κ)(qV )κ(qV )−1 q
= κ(σ(qV ))κ(qV )−1 q as κ(qV )−1 q ∈ V , and conversely. Finally, sgn(σκ ) = sgn(σ)|V |
since {si : i mod b} a cycle of σ implies {κ(si )v : i mod b} is a cycle of σκ for each
v ∈ V ; and sgn(τ ) = s∈Q/V sgn(τ on κ(s)V ) = s∈Q/V sgn(v → f (s)v on V ) =
|V |−[V : f (s) ]
s∈Q/V (−1) = 1.
Note that every q ∈ Q is a unique product q = κ(s)v with s ∈ Q/V, v ∈ V ,

and every π ∈ ΣV is a unique product π = σκ τ with σ ∈ Sym(Q/V ), τ ∈ ΣV0 .
Substituting (2.b) for the double product in (2.a) and using (2) and (3) of Claim
2.A,
κ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 = σκ (κ(s))f (s)κ(s)−1 = σκ (κ(s)f (s))κ(s)−1
= σκ (τ (κ(s)))κ(s)−1 = (σκ τ )(κ(s))κ(s)−1 = (σκ τ )(κ(s)v)(κ(s)v)−1
= π(q)q −1 ,
we obtain the assertion of Lemma 2.1.
def
If, as before, A ≤ U ≤ G has V = U/A, then, for e ∈ Λ∧ A, vrV (e) =
verAU (e) defines a ring endomorphism of Λ∧ A satisfying vrV (a) =
v
v∈V a for all
a ∈ A. This condition determines vrV uniquely, as A ‘generates’ Λ∧ A additively:

˙
indeed, picking a central open Γ Z l in A and writing A = a aΓ, Λ∧ A = a a ·
Λ∧ Γ, the element e becomes e =
a aca with unique ca ∈ Λ∧ Γ and vrV (e) =
a vrV (a)ΨV (ca ) with ΨV : Λ∧ Γ → Λ∧ Γ the ring homomorphism induced by
γ → γ |V | for γ ∈ Γ. In particular, we have
(2.c) vrV (e)q = vrV q (eq ) for V ≤ Q, e ∈ Λ∧ A, q ∈ Q,
q
because vrV (a)q = v∈V avq = v∈V aqv = aqw = vrV q (aq ) for all a ∈ A.
w∈V q

Lemma 2.2. For all Q ≤ Q and all e ∈ Λ∧ A, μQ (V ) vrV (es ) ≡ 0
V ≤Q s∈Q /V
mod trQ (Λ∧ A), where s runs over a set of left coset representatives of V in Q ;

i.e., Q = ˙ s sV .
Proof. We first observe that this holds for all a ∈ A because vrV (as ) = v∈V asv , so
q

q ∈Q a is independent of V ≤ Q , and
s
s∈Q /V vrV (a ) = V ≤Q μQ (V ) = 0.
It therefore suffices to prove additivity of the left side of the claimed congruence,
i.e.,

μQ (V ) vrV ((e0 + e1 )s )
V ≤Q s∈Q /V

≡ μQ (V ) vrV (es0 ) + μQ (V ) vrV (es1 )mod trQ (Λ∧ A).
V ≤Q s∈Q /V V ≤Q s∈Q /V

We proceed by induction on |Q |; the case Q = 1 is trivial.
Let F = F (Q ) denote the set of maps f from Q to F2 , with Q -action (f q )(x) =
f (x(q )−1 ) for all x ∈ Q . Then

(e0 + e1 )s = esf (s) ,
s∈Q /V f ∈F V s∈Q /V
because the set of fixed points F V of V on F is the set of all f : Q /V → F2 .

Defining F = F(Q ) = {(V, f ) : V ≤ Q , f ∈ F V }, we have

μQ (V ) vrV ((e0 + e1 )s )
V ≤Q s∈Q /V

= μQ (V ) vrV (esf (s) ) = μ̃(V, f )
V ≤Q f ∈F V s∈Q /V (V,f )∈F
where μ̃(V, f ) = μQ (V ) s∈Q /V vrV (esf (s) ).

q
Since f ∈ F implies f q ∈ F V , F becomes a Q -set by (V, f )q = (V q , f q ),
V
and we obtain that

μ̃((V, f ))q = μ̃((V, f )q )
since, by (2.c),

μ̃(V, f )q = μQ (V ) s∈Q /V vrV q (esq q
f (s) ) = μQ (V )

s1 ∈Q /V q vrV q (es(f1 q )(s1 ) )

= μ̃(V q , f q ),
as s1 = sq has (f q )(s1 ) = f (s).
We have thus reduced the claimed congruence to

μ̃(V, f ) ≡ μ̃(V, 0) + μ̃(V, 1) mod trQ (Λ∧ A)
(V,f )∈F

where F = F(Q ) and 0, 1 denote the obvious constant functions.
It now suffices to analyze, for a fixed f ∈ F , the Q -orbit sums over (V, f ) ∈ F.

Set W = StQ (f ). Note that W = Q occurs only for f ∈ F Q = {0, 1}, and then
in the same way on both sides. Thus we may assume W < Q from now on.
Set e∗ = x∈Q /W exf(x) ∈ Λ∧ A for a fixed choice of coset representatives x of W
in Q . The V ≤ Q for which (V, f ) are in F are those with f ∈ F V , i.e., V ≤ W .
Observe that (V1 , f ) and (V2 , f ) are in the same Q -orbit if and only if V1 and V2
are conjugate subgroups of W . So our sum of Q -orbits involving (V, f ) is10

trQ /StQ (V,f ) (μ̃(V, f ))
V W
−1
10 tr
Q /V (e) = s∈Q /V es , V ≤ Q , e ∈ (Λ∧ A)V .
where means that V runs through a set of representatives of conjugacy classes

of subgroups of W . Since StQ (V, f ) = StNQ (V ) (f ) = W ∩ NQ (V ) = NW (V ), it
follows that

(2.d) trQ /StQ (V,f ) (μ̃(V, f )) = trQ /W ( trW/NW (V ) (μ̃(V, f )).
V W V W

We next analyze μ̃(V, f ) for each V ≤ W . Decomposing W as W = ˙ y yV ,

hence Q = ˙ xyV , we obtain
x,y

esf (s) = exy
f (xy) =
˙ ( exf(x) )y = ey∗
s∈Q /V x,y y x y
˙ due to f y −1 = f . Thus
with =

μ̃(V, f ) = μQ (V ) vrV (esf (s) ) = μW (V ) vrV (es∗ );
s∈Q /V s∈W/V
hence
−1
trW/NW (V ) μ̃(V, f ) = μ̃(V, f )t
t∈W/NW (V )
−1 −1
=
˙ μ̃(V t , f ) = μW (V t ) vrV t−1 (es∗ )
t∈W/NW (V ) t∈W/NW (V ) s∈W/V t−1
˙ by f t−1 = f .
with =
We substitute this into our sum (2.d) to get

trQ /W ( trW/NW (V ) (μ̃(V, f ))
V W

= trQ /W ( μW (V ) vrV (es∗ ))
V ≤W s∈W/V
∈ trQ /W (trW (Λ∧ A))d = trQ (Λ∧ A),
by the induction hypothesis as W = Q . Thus, Lemma 2.2 is verified.
We now turn to the proof of Theorem 2.
Proof. In terms of the map vrV : Λ∧ A → Λ∧ A (where V = U/A and A ≤ U ≤ G),

Lemma 2.1 becomes

verA U
U res G = r̃(π) vrV (esπ(s)s−1 )
π∈ΣV s∈Q/V
with r̃(π) = sgn(π) q∈Q aπ(q)q−1 ,q ∈ Λ∧ A. Multiplying this by μQ (V ) and sum-

ming over V ≤ Q, we obtain

(2.e) V ≤Q μQ (V )verA U
U res G = π∈Σ r̃(π) V ≤StQ (π) μQ (V ) s∈Q/V vrV (esπ(s)s−1 )
because [ π ∈ ΣV ⇐⇒ V ≤ StQ (π) ]. We consider the action of conjugation of Q

on this sum, starting with
Claim 2.B. r̃(π)q = r̃(π q ) for all q ∈ Q.

Proof. First, sgn(π q ) = sgn(π) holds since {xi : i mod b} a cycle of π implies
{xi q : i mod b} is a cycle of π q . Second,
q
a−1
1
( aπ(q1 )q−1 ,q1 )q = aπ(q )q−1 ,q = aπ(q1 )q−1 ,q1 q π(q1 ),q aq1 ,q
1 1 1 1 1
q1 q1 q1 q1 q1
2
3

= aπ(q1 )q−1 ,q1 q = aπ(q1 q−1 )qq−1 ,q1 = aπq (q1 )q−1 ,q1
1 1 1
q1 q1 q1
1 2 3
with = due to the cocycle relation, = to π permuting the q1 , and = to the
substitution q1 q1 q −1 .
Continuing with the proof of Theorem 2, the right-hand side of (2.e) is in

trQ (Λ∧ A) if

s∈Q/V vrV (eπ(s)s−1 ) ≡ 0 mod trStQ (π) (Λ∧ A)
s
(2.f) V ≤StQ (π) μQ (V )
holds for all π ∈ Σ. Namely, assuming (2.f), its left side can be written as trStQ (π) (α)
for some α ∈ Λ∧ A. Since r̃(π) ∈ (Λ∧ A)StQ (π) , it follows that
trQ/StQ (π) (r̃(π)trStQ (π) (α)) = trQ (r̃(π)α)
is the orbit sum of π in (2.e), by Claim 2.B.
We next observe that (2.f) is a consequence of Lemma 2.2. To see this, let
π ∈ ΣV be given and set Q = StQ (π) and e = x∈Q/Q exπ(x)x−1 ∈ Λ∧ A, where

Q = ˙ xQ . Setting Q = ˙ yV , then Q = ˙ xyV and the V -term in (2.f) is
x y x,y

μQ (V ) vrV (exy
π(xy)(xy)−1 ) =
˙ μQ (V ) vrV (exy
π(x)x−1 ) = μQ (V )
vrV (ey )
x,y x,y y∈Q /V
where = ˙ results from π y = π.

Collecting everything so far, we see that Theorem 2 follows from (2.f) and that
this holds because of Lemma 2.2.
3. Congruences between abelian pseudomeasures, II

This section is a sequel to [RW7]. As much as possible we continue with the
notation used there (except that K there becomes K here).
Let p be a fixed prime number, K a totally real number field finite over Q,
L a totally real finite Galois extension of K of p-power degree with Galois group
Σ = G(L/K), and S a fixed finite set of non-archimedean primes of K containing all
primes above p and those which ramify in L. Further, denote by KS the maximal
abelian extension of K which is unramified (at all non-archimedean primes) outside
S and set GS = G(KS /K). Serre’s pseudomeasure λK = λK,S has the property
that (1 − g)λK is in the completed group ring Zp [[GS ]] for all g ∈ GS [Se].
Letting F run through the intermediate fields of L/K, we denote by
• FS the maximal abelian extension of F unramified outside the primes of F
above S,
• FS+ its maximal totally real subfield (hence F ⊂ FS+ ),
• λF ,S Serre’s pseudomeasure with respect to F and S,
• HS = G(LS /L), HS+ = G(L+ S /L).
Note that G(LS /F)ab = G(FS /F) and, for F ⊆ F , that G(LS /F ) is an open
subgroup of G(LS /F). This yields the transfer map G(FS /F) → G(FS /F ), and
in particular,
verF L L L F
K : GS → G(FS /F), verF : G(FS /F) → HS , verK = verF ◦ verK : GS → HS .
We recall that the Möbius function μ = μΣ of the poset of subgroups of the finite
group Σ is defined by

μ(1) = 1, μ(Σ ) = − μ(Σ ) for 1 = Σ ≤ Σ.
1≤Σ <Σ
For K ⊆ F ⊆ L and g ∈ GS set λ̃F = 2−[F :Q] λF ,S and λ̃gF = (1 − gF )λ̃F , where
gF = verF
K g. Moreover, denote the Galois group of the cyclotomic Zp -extension
F∞ /F by ΓF .
Theorem 5. There exists g ∈ GS so that gF has non-trivial image in ΓF for
K ⊆ F ⊆ L and the image of

μΣ (G(L/F))verL
F (λ̃gF ),
K⊆F ⊆L
Σ
under Zp [[HS ]] → Zp [[HS+ ]], is in the trace ideal trΣ (Zp [[HS+ ]]) of Zp [[HS+ ]] .
The organization of the proof parallels [RW7]. The new ingredient is the identi-
fication of the congruence (3.4) of Lemma 3.4 as the difference of constant terms
of q-expansions at two cusps of a Hilbert modular form of Eisenstein type. This
modular form is exhibited in §3.2 and then studied via the q-expansion principle of
Deligne and Ribet; the hypothesis of Lemma 3.4 is deduced, in Lemma 3.6, from a
property of Möbius coefficients in [HIO]. The proof, in §3.3, of the main result of
this section, Theorem 5, is then a computation of constant terms of q-expansions
at the “special cusps” of Lemma 3.5.
Our special cusps are a simple device to avoid comparing constant coefficients
of q-expansions of F and F|k Uβ at arbitrary cusps in [RW7, Lemma 6]. Having
overlooked the need for this comparison in [RW7] implies that we now have its
Theorem only for special g = gK ∈ GS , i.e., those in Lemma 3.7: this can be
deduced from Theorem 5 for odd p by [RW7, Lemma 5]. However, Theorem 5 is
better suited for the application to equivariant Iwasawa theory; see Remark 4.1.
3.1. A sufficient condition for a pseudomeasure congruence. For a coset x
of an open subgroup U of G(FS /F) set δ (x) (g) = 1 or 0 according as g ∈ x or not.
Then, for even integers k ≥ 1, define ζ̃F (1 − k, δ (x) ) = 2−[F :Q] ζF ,S (1 − k, δ (x) ) ∈ Q
to be 2−[F :Q] times the value at 1 − k of the partial ζ-function for the set of integral
ideals a of F prime to S with Artin symbol (a, FS /F) in x. Note that the definition
of ζ̃F (1 − k, δ (x) ) extends linearly to locally constant functions ε on G(FS /F) with
values in a Q-vector space and gives values ζ̃F (1 − k, ε) in that vector space, as
usual.
Let N = NF ,p : G(FS /F) → Zp × be that continuous character whose value on
(a, FS /F) for an integral ideal a of F prime to S is its absolute norm NF a. For
g ∈ G(FS /F), k ≥ 1, and ε a locally constant Qp -valued function on G(FS /F) we
define, following [DR],
Δ̃g (1 − k, ε) = ζ̃F (1 − k, ε) − N (g)k ζ̃F (1 − k, εg ) ∈ Qp ,
where εg (g ) = ε(gg ) for g ∈ G(FS /F).
Theorem (0.4) of [DR]. Let ε1 , ε2 , . . . be a finite sequence of locally constant func-

k−1
tions G(FS /F) → Qp so that k≥1 εk (g )(N g ) ∈ Zp for all g ∈ G(FS /F).
Then
Δ̃g (1 − k, εk ) ∈ Zp for all g ∈ G(FS /F).11
k≥1
Call an open subgroup U of G(FS /F) admissible if N (U ) ⊂ 1 + pZp and define

mF (U ) ≥ 1 by N (U ) = 1 + pmF (U) Zp .
Lemma 3.1. If U runs through the cofinal system of admissible open subgroups of
G(FS /F), then Zp [[G(FS /F)]] = lim
←
Zp [G(FS /F)/U ]/pmF (U) Zp [G(FS /F)/U ].
U
Proof. See [RW7, Lemma 1].

Lemma 3.2. For h ∈ G(FS /F) there is a unique element λ̃h ∈ Zp [[G(FS /F)]],
independent of k, whose image in Zp [G(FS /F)/U ]/pmF (U) is

Δ̃h (1 − k, δ (x) )N (x)−k x mod pmF (U) Zp [G(FS /F)/U ]
x∈G(FS /F )/U
for all admissible U , where N here also denotes the homomorphism G(FS /F)/U →
(Zp /pm(U) )× induced by our previous N . Moreover, if λ̃F is 2−[F :Q] times the
pseudomeasure of [Se], then (1 − h)λ̃F = λ̃h .
Proof. The lemma follows from the theorem above; see [RW7, Proposition 2].
−1
Lemma 3.3. (1) Let V be an admissible open subgroup of HS . If U ≤ (verL F) (V ),
then mF (U ) ≥ mL (V ) − eF where [L : F] = p .eF
(2) Let s ∈ G(LS /K) be an extension of σ ∈ Σ. Then (F σ )S = (FS )s and, setting

gF = verFK (g) for g ∈ GS , gF = gF σ . Moreover, verF (λ̃gF ) = verF σ (λ̃gF σ ).
s L s L
Proof. Statement (1) is due to NL (verL F g) = NF (g)

[L:F ]
for g ∈ G(FS /F) . For
(2), the first claim follows from (FS ) ⊇ F = F and G((FS )s /F s ) = G(FS /F)s ,
s s σ
−1
the latter implying (FS )s ⊆ (F σ )S and then FS ⊆ (F σ )sS ⊆ FS , hence equality
everywhere.
The second claim is a direct consequence of the definition of group transfer ‘ver’.
Namely verF K (g) is a certain product built with respect to coset representatives
of G(LS /F) in G(LS /K), which s takes to coset representatives of G(LS /F σ ) in
G(LS /K), whence the multiplicativity of s yields verF Fσ s
K (g) = verK (g ). But g ∈
s
GS = G(LS /K)ab implies g s = g.

Finally, concerning the last claimed equality, by Lemma 3.2 and NF σ (xs ) =
NF (x) it suffices to show
(xs ) (x)
Δ̃gF σ (1 − k, δF σ ) = Δ̃gF (1 − k, δF )
for x a coset of any admissible open G(L/F)-stable subgroup U of G(FS /F). Thus
it suffices to show
(xs ) (x)
ζ̃F σ (1 − k, δF σ ) = ζ̃F (1 − k, δF )
(xs ) (g −1 xs ) ((g −1 x)s ) (x) (g −1 x)
for all such x, since12 (δF σ )gF σ = δF σF σ = δF σF and (δF )gF = δF F .
(x)
Viewing δF as a complex-valued function on G(FS /F)/U and writing it as a C-
linear combination of the (abelian) characters χ of G(FS /F)/U , it now suffices
11 For p = 2 compare [RW7, §5] and [RoW].
12 Recall our convention εg (g ) = ε(gg ).
to check that ζ̃F (1 − k, χ) = ζ̃F σ (1 − k, χs ), and this follows from the compati-
bility of the Artin L-functions with inflation and induction. Indeed, inflating χ
from G(FS /F)/U to G(FS /F) and further to G(LS /F) and then inducing up to
G(LS /K), and analogously with χ, F, U replaced by χs , F σ , U s (note that U s is
well-defined), we have
G(L /K) G(L /F ) G(L /K) G(L /F σ )
ind G(LSS /F ) inflG(FSS /F )/U (χ) = ind G(LSS /F σ ) inflG(FSs /F σ )/U (χs ).
S
Lemma 3.3 is established.

Set ΣF = G(L/F), and, for any set X carrying a natural Σ-action, denote the
stabilizer subgroup of x ∈ X in Σ by StΣ (x) = {σ ∈ Σ : σ(x) = x}. Also, Z(p) ⊂ Q
is the localization of Z at its prime ideal pZ.
Lemma 3.4. For g ∈ GS set gF = verFK g for all K ⊆ F ⊆ L. Then

(3.4) μΣ (ΣF )Δ̃gF (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verL
F ) ≡ 0 mod |StΣ (εL )|Z(p) ,
K⊆F ⊆L
for all even locally constant Z(p) -valued functions εL on HS , implies that
def

sg = μΣ (ΣF )verL
F (λ̃gF )
F
has image, under the map Zp [[HS ]] → Zp [[HS+ ]], in trΣ (Zp [[HS+ ]]).
Proof. For the proof of the lemma we first recall that a locally constant function
εL on HS is even if εL (cw h) = εL (h) for all h ∈ HS and all ‘Frobenius elements’
cw at the archimedean primes w of L, i.e., at the restrictions cw ∈ HS of complex
conjugation with respect to the embeddings LS → C inducing w on L. We denote
by C the group generated by the cw ’s, so HS+ = HS /C.
We next observe that sg ∈ Zp [[HS ]]Σ . Namely, verL s L s
F (λ̃gF ) = verF σ (λ̃gF ) =
L
verF σ (λ̃gF σ ), by (2) of Lemma 3.3. Moreover, μΣ (ΣF ) = μΣ (ΣF σ ).
Turning finally to the image of sg under the map Zp [[HS ]] → Zp [[HS+ ]], we first
replace the diagram in [RW7, p. 718] by the diagram below, in which N = ker verL F:
Zp [[G(FS /F]] → lim

←
Zp [G(FS /F)/U ]/pmF (U)
U ≥N
F ↓
verL ↓

Zp [[HS ]] → lim
←
Zp [HS /V ]/pmL (V )−eF .
Σ − stable V
Recall here that the right vertical map takes (xU )U to (yV )V by means of
ver
Ξ: Zp [G(FS /F)/U ]/pmF (U) −→ Zp [HS /V ]/pmF (U) → Zp [HS /V ]/pmL (V )−eF ,
−1
whenever U ≤ (verL F) (V ).13
Since the mL (V )’s are unbounded, there are admissible open Σ-stable V ≤ HS
with mL (V ) − eF ≥ eK ( ∀ F ). For any such V then Zp [HS /V ]/pmL (V )−eF maps
onto Zp [HS /V ]/|Σ| and we write the image of sg here as c y. Because Σ
y∈HS /V y
fixes sg , cyσ = cy for all σ. Since σ∈Σ mod StΣ (y) cyσ y σ = cy y σ , it follows that
sg will be in trΣ (Zp [HS /V ]) + |Σ|Zp [HS /V ] provided that
cy ≡ 0 mod |StΣ (y)|.
13 Note that ‘ver’ is the Zp -linear map induced by the group homomorphism obtained by
verL
factoring G(FS /F ) →F HS → HS /V through G(FS /F ) → G(FS /F )/U .
We compute the coefficient cy of the image of sg . By Lemma 3.2 with U =

−1
(verL
F) (V ) (compare [RW7, (ii) on p. 719] noting that any k is allowed), verL
F (λ̃gF )
has image

Δ̃gF (1 − |ΣF |k, δF )NF (x)−|ΣF |k verL
(x)
F (x),
x∈G(FS /F )/U
(x)
where δF is the characteristic function of the coset x ⊆ G(FS /F).
verL −1
Since G(FS /F) →F HS → HS /V has kernel U = (verL
F) (V ), either y is not in
L L (F )
the image of verF or y = verF (x ) for a unique x (F )
∈ G(FS /F)/U . Note
(y) (x(F ) )
that δL verL F is = 0 in the first case and = δF in the second, when also
NF (x(F ) )−|ΣF |k = NL (verL
F (x
(F ) −k
)) . Thus, Möbius-summing over F, we obtain
(y) −k
cy = ( μΣ (ΣF )Δ̃gF (1 − |ΣF |k, δL verL
F ) )NL (y) .
F
Our hypothesis (3.4) now implies that sg is in trΣ (Zp [HS /V ]) + |Σ|Zp [HS /V ] for
(y)
all V ≥ C (recall that δL is even when V ≥ C and y ∈ HS /V ). Since sg is fixed
by Σ and |Σ|Zp [HS /V ] ⊆ trΣ (Zp [HS /V ]), it follows that sg ∈ trΣ (Zp [HS /V ]).
Σ
This finishes the proof of Lemma 3.4.

3.2. Applying the q-expansion principle of [DR]. Given an even integer k and
an even locally constant Z(p) -valued function εL on HS , choose an open subgroup
V of HS so that εL is constant on each coset HS /V and let f ⊂ |Σ|oK be an integral
ideal, with all its prime factors contained in S, so that, for all K ⊆ F ⊆ L, foF is
−1
a multiple of the conductor of the field fixed by (verL F) (V ) acting on FS .
As in [DR, p. 229] we write K̂ for the ring of ‘finite’ adèles of K and let j : K̂× →
GS , ψ : K̂× → lim
← Gf , with f running over the multiples of f that have all their
f
prime divisors in S, be the maps defined in [DR, p. 243].
Lemma 3.5. There exist γ ∈ K̂× so that
(a) γ and γ −1 are in 1 + f̂ and
(b) the image g ∈ GS of γ under j : K̂× → GS has verF
K (g) ∈ G(FS /F) not in
the kernel of G(FS /F) → ΓF , for all K ⊆ F ⊆ L.
Proof. Choose f > 0 in Z ∩ f, and let α ∈ Q̂× be the ‘finite’ idèle with components
1 + f (respectively 1) at primes q|f (respectively q f ). Then α and α−1 belong to
1 + Zf . For every extension Q → F let αF be the image of α under the diagonal
inclusion Q̂× → F̂ × . We use lim
← Gf = GS , on identifying the inverse limit of ray
f
class groups with the one of the corresponding Galois groups, as is conventional in
[DR, p. 240]; so j = ψ = (ψf )f by [DR, 2.33].
Now ψf (αK ) = ψf ((1 + f )−1 αK ), since 1 + f ∈ K is totally positive, and (1 +
f ) αK has q-component 1 (respectively (1 + f )−1 ) when q|f (respectively q f), so
−1
that the (fractional) ideal of o = oK ‘generated’ by (1 + f )−1 αK is a = (1 + f )−1 o,

which is coprime to f.
Recall that KS contains the Zp -cyclotomic extension K∞ of K. By [Se, 2.2],
g = ψ(αK ) ∈ GS acts on p-power roots of unity as g = (a, KS /K), i.e., by raising
them to the power N (a) = (1 + f )−[K:Q] . It follows that the image of g under
GS → ΓK acts non-trivially, so (a) holds for αK and also (b) when K = F.
The argument for F is the same with K, f, S replaced by F, foF , SF and shows
that ψF (αF ) acts on p-power roots of unity by (1 + f )−[F :Q] . Note also that
ψF (αF ) = verF
K (g) by the usual relation between inclusion and transfer. Setting
γ = αK , we then get (a) and (b).
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.5.
The next three results, Lemmas 6 and 7 and Proposition 8 of [RW7], concern
Hilbert modular forms with emphasis on their q-expansions. [RW7, Lemma 6]
constructs a Hecke operator Uβ on Mk (Γ00 (f), C), [RW7, Lemma 7] discusses re-
striction res K
F : Mk (Γ00 (foF ), C) → M[F :K]k (Γ00 (f), C) for field extensions F/K,
and [RW7, Proposition 8] is our bridge to [DR].
With k, εL , and f as at the beginning of the section and any g ∈ GS , we next
exhibit a Hilbert modular form E in M|Σ|k (Γ00 (f), C) with the constant term of

F μΣ (ΣF )Δ̃gF (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verF ) (compare
L
its standard q-expansion equal to
(3.4)).
First, by [DR, (6.1)], in the form of [RW7, Proposition 8], there are modular
forms
def
EF = G|ΣF |k,εL verLF ∈ M|ΣF |k (Γ00 (foF ), C)
of weight |ΣF |k with standard q-expansion

|ΣF |k−1 μ
ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verL
F) + εL verL
F (a)NF (a) qF .
μ0 μ∈a⊆oF
μ∈oF a prime to S
Appealing to [RW7, Lemmas 7 and 6], we apply res K F and the Hecke operator U[F :K]
to the modular form EF displayed above and obtain, for each F, the new modular
form
EF = (res K
F EF )|[F :K]||ΣF |k U[F :K]
of weight |Σ|k in M|Σ|k (Γ00 (f), C) and with standard q-expansion

ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verL
F) + εL (aF oL )NF (aF )[L:F ]k−1 qK
α
,
α0 [α]F
α∈oK
where, for K ⊆ F ⊆ L, [α]F denotes the set of all pairs (αF , aF ) satisfying
0 αF ∈ aF ⊆ oF , aF prime to S, trF /K (αF ) = [F : K]α.
Here we have used (εL ◦ verL
F )(aF ) = (εL verF )(aF , FS /F) = εL (aF oL ).
L
We Möbius-sum all these EF and arrive at the modular form

def

E = μΣ (ΣF )EF
K⊆F ⊆L
in M|Σ|k (Γ00 (f), C) whose standard q-expansion has constant coefficient

F μΣ (ΣF )ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verF )
(3.0) L
and higher coefficients

[L:F ]k−1
(3.α) F μΣ (ΣF ) [α]F εL (aF oL )NF (aF ) ,
at 0 α ∈ oK .
Lemma 3.6. Assume that k is an even positive integer and εL is an even locally
constant Zp -valued function on HS . Then

μΣ (ΣF ) εL (aF oL )NF (aF )[L:F ]k−1 ≡ 0 mod |StΣ (εL )|Z(p) .
K⊆F ⊆L [α]F
Proof. Utilizing the natural action of Σ on the set

[α]L = {(αL , aL ) : 0 αL ∈ aL ⊆ oL , aL prime to S, trL/K (αL ) = [L : K]α},
given by (αL , aL )σ = (αL
σ
, aσL ), we identify the set [α]F with the subset [α]Σ
L
F
of
ΣF -fixed points in [α]L by means of the map
ιF : [α]F → [α]L , (αF , aF ) → (αF , aF oL ).
Indeed, ιF is obviously injective and has image [α]Σ F
L because
• αL ∈ F if αL = αL for all σ ∈ ΣF ,
σ
• aL = aσL for all σ ∈ ΣF implies aL = aF oL for some integral ideal aF of F,

since aL is prime to S and whence every prime divisor of aL is unramified
in L/K.
As a first consequence, formula (3.α) can be rewritten as
k− 1
(3.α ) μΣ (ΣF ) εL (b)NL (b) |ΣF | ,
K⊆F ⊆L ΣF
(β,b)∈[α]L
as NL (aF oL ) = NF (aF )[L:F ] .

We isolate the part of the sum (3.α ) that belongs to a fixed (β, b) ∈ [α]L . It is
k− 1
μΣ (ΣF )εL (b)NL (b) |ΣF | ,
F so ΣF ≤StΣ (β,b)
and correspondingly, with (β, b) replaced by (β, b)σ ,

k− 1
μΣ (ΣF )εL (bσ )NL (bσ ) |ΣF | .
F so ΣF ≤StΣ (β,b)σ
−1
The group Σ acts on HS and so on εL by εL σ (h) = εL (hσ ). We now consider the
part of the sum (3.α ) that belongs to the StΣ (εL )-orbit of (β, b):
− 1
(i) εL (b)NL (b)k μΣ (ΣF )NL (b) |ΣF | .
σ∈[StΣ (εL )∩StΣ (β,b)\StΣ (εL )] F so ΣF ≤StΣ (β,b)σ
Here, [StΣ (εL )∩StΣ (β, b)\StΣ (εL )] is a set of right coset representatives of StΣ (εL )∩
StΣ (β, b) in StΣ (εL ). Note that the sum (3.α ) is the sum of all such orbit sums (i).
Because of
• ΣF ≤ StΣ (β, b)σ ⇐⇒ ΣF σ−1 ≤ StΣ (β, b) (as StΣ (β, b)σ = (StΣ (β, b))σ
−1
and ΣσF = ΣF σ−1 ),
• μΣ (ΣF ) = μΣ (ΣF σ−1 ) (a direct consequence of the definition of the Möbius
function), and
• |ΣF | = |ΣF σ−1 |,
the inner sums of (i) are independent of σ. Hence, if we can show
− 1
(ii) μΣ (ΣF )NL (b) |ΣF | ≡ 0 mod |StΣ (εL ) ∩ StΣ (β, b)|Z(p) ,
F so ΣF ≤StΣ (β,b)
then sum (i) is ≡ 0 mod |StΣ (εL )|Z(p) and the proof of the proposition will be
complete.
For (ii), we first shorten the notation by setting P = StΣ (β, b) ≤ Σ and
− 1
r = NL (b) |StΣ (β,b)| which is a unit in Z(p) because b = aM oL if ΣM = P (com-
pare with the proof of (3.α ) above). This turns the left-hand side of (ii) into
[P :P ]
1≤P ≤P μP (P )r , as obviously μΣ (P ) = μP (P ). Applying now Claim 3.A
below we obtain

μP (P )r [P :P ] ≡ 0 mod |P |Z(p) ,
1≤P ≤P
which is even stronger than (ii).

Claim 3.A. Let P be a finite p-group and r a unit in Z(p) . Then

μP (P )r [P :P ] ≡ 0 mod |P |Z(p) .
1≤P ≤P
Proof. Let z ∈ Zp satisfy z p−1 = 1 and r ≡ z mod p; hence

n n
rp ≡ z p = z mod pn+1 , for n ≥ 0.
From [HIO, Corollary 3.5] we obtain |P | pμP (P ), for P ≤ P . Therefore, and as

μP (P ) = μP (P ), μP (P )r [P :P ] ≡ μP (P )z mod |P |Zp . Consequently,

μP (P )r [P :P ] ≡ z · μP (P ) = 0 mod |P |Zp ,
1≤P ≤P 1≤P ≤P

as μP (P ) = 0, by the definition of the Möbius function.
1≤P ≤P
Since Q ∩ Zp = Z(p) , this proves Claim 3.A and also ends the proof of Lemma
3.6.
Choosing γ ∈ K̂× with j(γ) = g and denoting by Eγ the q-expansion of E at

def
the cusp determined by γ, set E(γ) = NK (γp )−|Σ|k Eγ (so E(1) is the standard
q-expansion of E). Then [DR, (0.3)] implies that
the constant term of E(1) − E(γ) is contained in pn Z(p) , provided
that E(1) has all non-constant coefficients contained in pn Z(p) ,
and, by Lemma 3.6, this applies with pn = |StΣ (εL )|, so the constant term of
E(1) − E(γ) is in |StΣ (εL )|Z(p) .
3.3. Conclusion of the proof: Special cusps. By what has been said at the
end of the previous subsection we need to compute the constant coefficients of E(γ)
and E(1) − E(γ). We do this for the γ’s of Lemma 3.5 and then prove Theorem 5.
Lemma 3.7. Setting g = j(γ), with γ as in Lemma 3.5, the constant term of E(γ)
is

NK (g)|Σ|k · ( μΣ (ΣF )ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, (εL verL
F )gF ) ).
F
Proof. We first show that res K

F EF has constant term
NK ((γ))|Σ|k ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k,(εL verL

F ) gF )
at the cusp determined by γ ∈ K̂× . By (2) of [RW7, Lemma 7], this constant term
of res K ×
F EF is equal to the one of EF at the cusp determined by γ ∈ F̂ , whence,
by (2) of [RW7, Proposition 8], equals
NF ((γ)F )|ΣF |k ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, (εL verL
F )gF ) = NK ((γ))
|Σ|k
ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, (εL verL
F )gF ),
because (γ)F = (γ)K oF .

We next check that (res K K
F EF )||Σ|k U[F :K] and res F EF have the same constant
def γ 0
term at the cusp determined by γ ∈ K̂× . By (a) of Lemma 3.5, M = 0 γ −1 is in

Γ 00 (f), so M = M1 M2 with M2 = I in the notation of [DR, p. 262]; hence, by [DR,
5.8], the constant terms referred to above are the constant terms of the standard
q-expansions of ((res K K K
F )||Σ|k U[F :K] )|M2 = (res F )||Σ|k U[F :K] and (res F EF )|M2 =
K
res F EF , which agree by [RW7, Lemma 6].
Möbius-summing, we have shown that Eγ has constant term

NK ((γ))|Σ|k μΣ (ΣF )ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, (εL verL
F )gF );
F
hence E(γ) has the required constant term, because NK (γp )−1 NK ((γ)) = NK,p (g),
by (3) of [RW7, Proposition 8].
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.7.
We can now complete the proof of Theorem 5. It follows from equation (3.0) and
Lemma 3.7 that for such γ the constant term of E(1) − E(γ) is

|Σ|k
μΣ (ΣF )[ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verL
F ) − NK (g) ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k, (εL verL
F )gF )]
F

= μΣ (ΣF )Δ̃gF (1 − |ΣF |k, εL verL
F ),
F
the latter since NF (verF K g) = NK (g)

[F :K]
.

F μΣ (ΣF )Δ̃gF (1−|ΣF |k, εL verF ), which
L
Note at this stage that it is this sum,
is referred to in (3.4). The last sentence of §3.2 now implies that this sum is ≡ 0
mod |StΣ (εL )|Z(p) , for every even locally constant εL , thus verifying the hypothesis
of Lemma 3.4.
Theorem 5 is now the conclusion of Lemma 3.4.
4. Deriving Theorem 3 from §3

For Theorem 3 we identify the (Deligne-Ribet) prime number p occurring in
the preceding section with the given (Iwasawa) prime number l, the fields K, L
of §3 with our field k and the fixed field K A of the given abelian normal open
subgroup A in G = G(K/k), respectively; so L is a Galois extension of k with
group Q (the Σ in §3) and the intermediate fields f in L/k (the F in §3) correspond
to the subgroups U/A of Q. Moreover, the set S of §3 gets replaced by the set
S of all non-archimedean primes of the set S fixed in the introduction14 . Set
GS = G(kS /k), HS = G(LS /L).15 Note that the cyclotomic Zl -extension L∞ of
L is contained in L+S and abbreviate G(L∞ /L) by ΓL .
14 Hence our K here is contained in LS .

15 If Leopoldt’s conjecture fails, then these groups are not of our type, though abelian.
Let λ be a pseudomeasure on H S in the language of [Se], i.e., an element of

the total ring of fractions of the commutative ring Zl [[H S ]] so that (1 − h)λ is in
Zl [[H S ]] for all h ∈ H S .
Lemma 4.1. There is a unique pseudomeasure λA on A so that (1 − a)λA is the
image, under H S A, of (1−h)λ for every h ∈ H S with image a ∈ A. Moreover,
λA is in Λ• A.
We call λA the deflation deflAH S (λ) of the pseudomeasure λ. Note that if λ is
Serre’s pseudomeasure λL , then λA
L = λK/L .
Proof. Pick an element h ∈ H S with non-trivial image under H S → ΓL . Let Γh

be the subgroup of H S topologically generated by h and let Mh−1 Zl [[H S ]] be the
localization of Zl [[H S ]] by inverting the multiplicative set Mh = Zl [[Γh ]] \ lZl [Γh ]].
Then λ ∈ Mh−1 Zl [[H S ]] because (1 − h)λ ∈ Zl [[H S ]]. The natural map deflA H S :
−1 η
Zl [[H S ]] Zl [[A]] = ΛA induces deflA
H S : Mh Zl [[H S ]] → Λ• A. Note that Λ• A
h
is independent, as a subring of QA, of the choice of h, by Remark 1.1.

Then ηh (λ) ∈ Λ• A is independent of the choice of h as above, for if h is another,
then, with a the image of h under H S A,
(1 − a)ηh (λ) = ηh ((1 − h)λ) =
˙ ηh ((1 − h)λ) = (1 − a)ηh (λ),
with =˙ due to (1 − a)λ ∈ Zl [[H S ]]. Thus ηh (λ) = ηh (λ) because 1 − a ∈ (Λ• A)× .
This common image is λA .
Finally, λA is a pseudomeasure on A for, if a ∈ A, then, choosing a preimage
b ∈ H S for a, we have (1 − b)λ ∈ Zl [[H S ]] mapping to ηh ((1 − b)λ) = (1 − a)λA in
ΛA for any h as above. Thus, Lemma 4.1 is shown.
Theorem 5 says that there exists a g ∈ GS , with gf having image = 1 in Γf for
k ⊆ f ⊆ L, so that
L
(4.a) k⊆f ⊆L μQ (G(L/f ))verf (λ̃gf )
H+
has image in trQ (Zl [[HS+ ]]), under deflHSS : Zl [[H S ]] → Zl [[HS+ ]].
We first remove the ˜ on λgf in (4.a). Recall that λ̃f = 2−[f :Q] λf implies
λ̃gf = 2−[f :Q] λgf . So it suffices to show that
μQ (G(L/f ))2−[f :Q] ≡ μQ (G(L/f ))2−[L:Q] mod |Q|,
and this congruence in turn is a consequence of |Q| being a power of l = 2 and

μQ (G(L/f ))(2−[f :Q] − 2−[L:Q] ) = 2−[L:Q] μQ (G(L/f )) (2[L:f ]−1 )[f :Q] − 1 ,
2[L:f ]−1 ≡ 1 mod l by 2l ≡ 2 mod l, so (2[L:f ]−1 )[f :Q] ≡ 1 mod l[f : Q],
so it now suffices to show that μQ (G(L/f ))l[f : Q] is divisible by |Q| = [L : k]. Due
to [HIO, Corollary 3.5], μQ (G(L/f ))l is divisible by [L : f ], whence μQ (G(L/f ))l[f :
Q] by [L : f ][f : Q] = [L : Q].
f
Next, setting h = verL k g = verf verk g = verf gf , we have (1 − gf )λf = λgf ∈
L L
Zl [[G(f S /f )]] implying that

λf ∈ Mg−1
f
Zl [[G(f S /f )]]
(in the notation of the proof of Lemma 4.1); hence
−1
f (λf ) ∈ Mh Zl [[H S ]]
verL
S H S H
because verL
f = verG(LS /f )ab = verG(f S /f ) . Thus

μQ (G(L/f ))verL f ((1 − gf )λf ) = (1 − h) μQ (G(L/f ))verL
f (λf )
k⊆f ⊆L k⊆f ⊆L
implies that every term of the second sum is in Mh−1 Zl [[H S ]]. Applying deflA
H S =
H+
deflA
H+
deflHSS to (4.a) then yields that
S

(4.b) k⊆f ⊆L μQ (G(L/f ))deflA L
H S verf (λf )
H+
is in deflA
H+
(trQ (Mh−1
+ Zl [[H S ]])) = trQ (Λ• A), where h
+
= deflHSS h.
S
In order to derive Theorem 3 from this, we set U = G(K/f ) and show that
H ab
S
(4.c) deflA L A
H S verf = deflH S verG(f = verA U
U ab deflG(f S /f ) .
S /f )
Here, the second equality follows from the commutative diagram

G(LS /K) G(LS /f ) G(K/f )
∪ ∪
G(LS /K) G(LS /L) G(K/L)
allowing transfers to be computed by using corresponding coset representatives,
giving
G(K/L) G(L /L) G(K/L) G(K/f )
deflG(L verG(LS /f ) = verG(K/f ) deflG(L .
S /L) S S /f )
Factoring the transfers through the abelianisations

G(K/L) G(L /L) G(L /f )ab G(K/L) G(K/f )ab G(K/f )
deflG(L /L) verG(LS /f )ab deflG(LS /f ) = verG(K/f )ab deflG(K/f ) deflG(L
S S S S /f )
G(K/L) G(K/f )ab G(L /f )ab

= verG(K/f )ab deflG(f deflG(LS /f )
S /f ) S
and cancelling the (surjective) maps on the right gives (4.c).

Combining (4.b) with the commutative square
H
S
verG(f
/f )
Mg−1
f
Zl [[G(f S /f )]] →S Mh−1 Zl [[H S ]]
U ab
deflG(f S /f ) ↓ H S ↓
deflA
verA
U ab
Λ• U ab → Λ• A,
which follows from (4.c), we get the statement of Theorem 3, by applying Lemma
4.1 and U ab = G(K [U,U] /K U ).
Remark 4.1. Consider the localization Zl [[HS+ ]]• of [RW7, bottom of p. 715], which
results from inverting the multiplicative set of elements of Zl [[HS+ ]] whose image in
|z|−1
Zl [[ΓL ]] is not in lZl [[ΓL ]]. Observe that if A ≥ z and z = 1, then ẑ = i=0 z i has
image |z| in Zl [[ΓL ]] and so is not in lZl [[ΓL ]]; hence ẑ ∈ Zl [[HS+ ]]×
• and ẑ(z −1) = 0
imply z = 1 in Zl [[HS ]]• . It follows that specializing HS+ to A induces a map
from Zl [[HS+ ]]• to the Λ• A of the current paper only when A is a pro-l group. In
particular, the application of Theorem 5 in §3 to equivariant Iwasawa theory is
different from that proposed in [RW7, pp. 715–716].
5. Proof of Theorem 4
We fix some notation. A is an abelian normal open subgroup of G = G(K/k) =
z×G[l] containing z with factor group Q = G/A, and Γ, C are central subgroups
of G contained in A, with Γ Zl open and C of exponent l. Further, U ≤ G is
open and contains C and z.
Recall that ResU G satisfies diagram (1.D2) and is discussed in §7 and [RW8,
Proposition A]. In particular, we know that ‘Res’ is additive and transitive and that
it preserves integrality. Also, if g ∈ G, then conjugation by g canonically induces
maps Λ∧ U → Λ∧ U g and T (Λ∧ U ) → T (Λ∧ U g ), the latter by τU (u)g = τU g (ug ) for
u ∈ U .16
Lemma 5.1. (1) If [G : U ] = l and α ∈ Λ∧ Γ, g ∈ G, we have

α x∈G/U τU (g x ) if g ∈ U,
ResU (ατ G (g)) =
G
Ψ(α)τU (g l ) if g ∈
/ U,
where Ψ : Λ∧ Γ → Λ∧ Γ is the continuous Zl -linear ring homomorphism induced by
γ → γ l for γ ∈ Γ.
(2) For g ∈ G, c ∈ C, and α ∈ Λ∧ Γ,

G (ατG (g(c − 1))) = α
ResU τ̇U (g x (c − 1))
x∈G/U

with x ∈ G/U meaning G = ˙ x xU and τ̇U : Λ∧ G → T (Λ∧ U ) defined by extending
τU to take the value 0 outside of Λ∧ U .
(3) Let V ≤ U be open subgroups of G containing z and let g ∈ G, w ∈ T (Λ∧ G).
g
Then (ResVU w)g = ResVU g (wg ).
Proof. For α ∈ Γ the claimed formula (1) is already given at the bottom of [RW8,
p. 127]; additivity and continuitythen imply it in general.
For (2), we first remark that x∈G/U τ̇ (g x (c − 1)) is independent of a special
choice of coset representatives x of U in G and on replacing g by g s for s ∈ G. We
proceed by induction on [G : U ]. If U < G, choose U ≤ G < G, [G : G ] = l, so
G G. Then

G (ατG (g(c − 1))) = ResG ResG (ατG (g(c − 1)))
ResU U G

α x
x ∈G/G τG (g (c − 1)) if g ∈ G ,
= ResU G

Ψ(α)τG ((g c) − (g ) )
x l x l
ifg ∈
/G

x ∈G/G ResG ατG (g (c − 1)) if g ∈ G ,
U x
=
0 if g ∈/ G .
In the first case, the induction hypothesis turns this into

α τ̇U (g x x (c − 1)) = α τ̇U (g x (c − 1)),
x ∈G/G x ∈G /U x∈G/U
as required. In the second case, when g ∈ / G , we must show that the right-hand
side of the assertion is zero, which however is clear since g x ∈ U implies g x ∈ G ;
hence g ∈ G . This finishes the proof of (2).
16 τ
U : Λ∧ U → T (Λ∧ U ) is the natural map.
For (3), choose a sequence of subgroups V = V0 < V1 < · · · < Vn = U with

[Vi+1 : Vi ] = l, 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, and then combine transitivity of ‘Res’ with induction
on n to arrive at
g g g g
! V
(ResVU w)g = (ResVV1 (ResVU1 w))g = ResVV g ((ResVU1 w)g ) = ResVV g (ResU1g wg ) = ResVU g (wg ),
1 1
!
in which the equality = still needs to be verified. However, here we are in the
index l case, so V g V1g , and we can apply (1).
Lemma 5.1 is established.
Lemma 5.2. Denote the map G → G/C by and define a = ker(Λ∧ G → Λ∧ G),
b = ker(Λ∧ A → Λ∧ A), so a Λ∧ G Λ∧ G and b Λ∧ A Λ∧ A are exact.
Then
(i) bQ /trQ b → (Λ∧ A)Q /trQ (Λ∧ A) is injective,
(ii) τG (a) T (Λ∧ G) T (Λ∧ G) is exact and ResAG τG (a) = trQ b.
Proof. Applying Tate cohomology to the sequence defining b, we see that the
claimed injectivity (i) is a consequence of H −1 (Q, Λ∧ A) = 0. In order to see
this vanishing, choose a central open Γ Zl of G contained in A and pick Q-orbit
representatives ai Γ of A/Γ. Set Qi = stabQ (ai Γ). For qi ∈ Qi , aiqi −1 ∈ Γ has finite
order; hence aqi i = ai , i.e., Qi = stabQ (ai ). Hence we have a set of representatives
of Γ in A consisting of Q-orbits Qi \Q for some Qi ≤ Q and consequently, [RW3,
Lemma 5],

H −1 (Q, Λ∧ A) = H −1 (Q, ind Q
Qi (Λ∧ Γ)) = H −1 (Qi , Λ∧ Γ) = 0,
i i
as Λ∧ Γ has Zl -torsion = 0.
For the first claim in (ii) we only need to check exactness at the middle, or, more

precisely, that deflG G τG (v) = 0 implies τG (v) ∈ τG (a). Now, deflG (v) =
G
i [w i , xi ]

with wi , xi ∈ Λ∧ G implies that v − i [wi , xi ] ∈ ker deflG G = a, so apply τG and
arrive at τG (v) ∈ τG (a).
Regarding the second claim of (ii), the elements of a are Λ∧ Γ-linear combinations

of τG (g(c − 1)). By (2) of Lemma 5.1, ResA G of this equals x∈G/A τ̇A (g (c − 1)) =
x
trQ (g(c − 1)) if g ∈ A and 0 if g ∈

/ A; note that the g(c − 1), g ∈ A, c ∈ C generate
b as Λ∧ Γ-module.
This finishes the proof of the lemma.
Lemma 5.3. Using notation as in Lemma 5.2, we have L(1 + trQ b) ⊂ trQ (Λ∧ A).

Proof. Let β = a∈A,c∈C βa,c a(c − 1) be an element in b, where βa,c ∈ Λ∧ Γ for
some central open Γ Zl contained in A. Now
1 (1 + trQ β)l
L(1 + trQ β) = log ,
l Ψ(1 + trQ β)
by the argument given in [RW3, pp. 39–40], which also works in the situation when
G is l-elementary and the unit u to which L is applied (see [RW3, p. 39, (∗)]) is in
Λ∧ A rather than in ΛΓ (the ring O there is Zl here, so the Frobenius automorphism
Fr is trivial). The point is that [RW3, p. 40, (∗∗)] applies to an abelian situation
and so we still need only consider degree 1 characters.
(1+tr β)l
Thus L(1 + trQ β) ∈ trQ (Λ∧ A) if Ψ(1+trQQ β) ≡ 1 mod ltrQ (Λ∧ A). Since (1 +
trQ β)l ≡ 1 + (trQ β)l mod ltrQ (Λ∧ A), it suffices to show that (trQ β)l ≡ Ψ(trQ β)
mod ltrQ (Λ∧ A).
Now, as Ψ(a) = al for a ∈ A [RW3, p. 33], Ψ(trQ β) = a,c Ψ(βa,c )(trQ ((ac)l ) −
trQ (al )) = 0, since (ac)l = alcl = al , and we are left to check
that (trQ β)l ≡ 0
mod ltrQ (Λ∧ A). But trQ β = c κc (c − 1) with κc = trQ ( a βa,c a) ∈ trQ (Λ∧ A),
so
(trQ β)l ≡ κlc (c − 1)l mod ltrQ (Λ∧ A)
c
as trQ (Λ∧ A) is an ideal in (Λ∧ A)Q and c ∈ (Λ∧ A)Q . So (c − 1)l ≡ 0 mod l(Λ∧ A)Q
establishes Lemma 5.3.
We are now in a position to prove Theorem 4.

If U is an open subgroup of G containing z and N is a finite normal subgroup
of U , we write tU/N for tK N /K U ; similarly, we write λA for λK/K A ∈ (Λ∧ A)× =
K1 (Λ∧ A). We recall from [RW8, Lemma 2] and [RW5, Lemma 2.1] that ResU G tG =
U/N
tU , deflU tU = tU/N , in this notation.
As above, set G = G/C and denote the canonical surjection G G by . Also
recall the short exact sequences
a Λ∧ G Λ∧ G, b Λ∧ A Λ∧ A.
For the definitions to follow we use the commutative square
(Λ∧ G)× (Λ∧ G)×

K1 (Λ∧ G) → K1 (Λ∧ G)
in which the (natural) vertical maps are surjective, since Λ∧ G, Λ∧ G are semi-local
rings. Moreover, the top horizontal map is surjective as well, because ker(Λ∧ G →
Λ∧ G) ⊂ rad(Λ∧ G).
By Proposition 1.3, tG ∈ T (Λ∧ G) implies LK C /k = Det θ with θ ∈ K1 (Λ∧ G).
Observe that res A
G
θ = λA , because
Det(res A
G
θ) = res A
G
(Detθ) = res A
G
(LK C /k ) = LK C /K A = DetλA
and SK1 (Λ∧ A) = 1, as Λ∧ A is commutative semilocal [CR, (45.12)].

The above square gives a ϑ ∈ K1 (Λ∧ G) with deflG G ϑ = θ. Define ϑ ∈ K1 (Λ∧ A)
A A
by res G ϑ = λA ϑ ; hence deflA ϑ = 1.
Further define ξ = L(ϑ), ξ = L(ϑ ). Then, using diagrams (1.D1) and (1.D2),
A
ξ ∈ T (Λ∧ G) has deflG A
G ξ = tG , ResG ξ = tA + ξ , and deflA ξ = 0.
The exact sequences displayed above give rise to the commutative diagram
τG (a) T (Λ∧ G) T (Λ∧ G)
↓ G ↓
ResA A
ResG ↓
b Λ∧ A Λ∧ A
with top sequence exact by Lemma 5.1. We need to modify ξ by adding an element
α ∈ τG (a) (so without changing deflGG
ξ) to arrange that ResA
G (ξ + α) = tA ; i.e., we

need to prove that ξ ∈ ResG (τG (a)).
A
Now, λA is Q-invariant, by the proof of [RW5, Lemma 3.1], and res A

G takes Q-
invariant values, whence ϑ ∈ 1 + bQ . We claim that
(5.a) ϑ ∈ 1 + trQ b.
ab

Write deflU U res G ϑ = λU ab ϑU for A ≤ U ≤ G. Then ϑU ∈ K1 (Λ∧ U ) =
U ab
(Λ∧ U ab )× has deflU ab ϑU = 1 because

U/[U,U]·C
ab
(ϑU ) = deflU ab
U/[U,U ]C U/[U,U ]C U/[U,U ]C
λU/[U,U ]C deflU ab deflU U
U res G ϑ = deflU deflU U
U res G ϑ
U/[U,U ]C U/[U,U ]C
= deflU res U G
G deflG ϑ = deflU res U
G θ = λU/[U,U ]C ,
with the last equality by SK1 (Λ∧ U/[U, U ]C) = 1, as before.

Summing up, ϑU ∈ ker( (Λ∧ U ab )× → (Λ∧ U/[U, U ]·C)× ) so ϑU = 1+α where α is
a Λ∧ Γ-linear combination of elements ũ(c̃ − 1) with u ∈ U, c ∈ C, and ˜ : U → U ab
the canonical map (with Γ Zl some central open subgroup of G contained in
A). Then if A < U , verA U ab takes c to c
[U:A]
= 1 and thus ũ(c̃ − 1) to zero, i.e.,
A
verU ab ϑU = 1. As a first result we therefore have
U = A =⇒ verA U A
U res G ϑ = verU ab λU ab .
Now insert ϑ into the “Möbius-Wall” congruence of Theorem 2 and obtain

λA ϑ + μQ (U/A)verAU ab λU ab ≡ 0 mod trQ (Λ∧ A).
A<U≤G
17
Comparing this with the abelian pseudomeasure congruence

μQ (U/A)verAU ab (λU ab ) ≡ 0 mod trQ (Λ∧ A)
A≤U≤G
of Theorem 3 gives ϑ ≡ 1 mod trQ (Λ∧ A), as λA is a unit in (Λ∧ A)Q and trQ (Λ∧ A)
an ideal. Therefore
ϑ ∈ (1 + bQ ) ∩ (1 + trQ (Λ∧ A)) = 1 + (bQ ∩ trQ (Λ∧ A)) = 1 + trQ b,
with the last equality due to Lemma 5.2. This proves (5.a).
Turning back to the proof of Theorem 4, we know that ξ = L(ϑ ) is in bQ . By
(5.a) and Lemma 5.3, we also have ξ ∈ trQ (Λ∧ A), hence ξ ∈ bQ ∩ trQ (Λ∧ A) =
trQ (b) = ResA
G (τG (a)), by Lemma 5.2.
Thus the proof of Theorem 4 is complete.
6. Proof of the THEOREM

Recall the notation of the beginning of §5, so G = G(K/k) = z × G[l] is l-
elementary, with z a finite cyclic group of order prime to l and G[l] a pro-l group,
and A is an abelian normal open subgroup of G containing z.
U by the exact sequence 0 → cU → Λ∧ (U ) → Λ∧ (U/C[U, U ]) → 0.
We define cab ab ab
Lemma 6.1. Let C have order l and let U ≥ A satisfy C ∩ [U, U ] = 1. Denote
the normalizer of U in G by N = NG (U ) and let Y be a set of representatives of
N/U -orbits in U/ΓC[U, U ]. Then trN/U (cab
U ) has Λ∧ Γ-basis
{trN/U (ỹ(c̃ − 1)) : y ∈ Y1 , 1 = c ∈ C}
17 It is only here that Theorems 2 and 3 make their appearance.

where Y1 is the set of y ∈ Y that have preimage ỹ in U/[U, U ] which is fixed by

stabN/U (y), and c̃ is the image of c ∈ C in U/[U, U ].
Proof. For the proof, we use C ∩ [U, U ] = 1 = Γ ∩ [U, U ] to identify C, Γ with their
images in U ab (hence c with c̃). We investigate the N/U -structure of 0 → cab U →
Λ∧ U ab → Λ∧ (U ab /C) → 0 via the Λ∧ Γ-bases coming from the N/U -action on
C U ab /Γ U ab /ΓC by [RW3, Lemma 5].
Now Y is a set of representatives of N/U -orbits on U ab /ΓC. If ŷ is a preimage
of y ∈ Y under U ab /Γ → U ab /ΓC, then stabN/U (y) either fixes ŷ (which will be
referred to as Case 1) or moves ŷ (which will be referred to as Case 2); moreover this
case distinction is independent of the choice of ŷ. This permits us to analyze the
map Λ∧ U ab → Λ∧ (U ab /C) one y ∈ Y at a time in terms of the map of N/U -sets
from the preimage of the N/U -orbit of y to the N/U -orbit of y it induces. This
is because of the permutation Λ∧ Γ-basis given by choosing preimages ỹ of ŷ under
U ab → U ab /Γ with stabN/U (ỹ) = stabN/U (ŷ), as in the proof of Lemma 5.2.

Thus, in Case 1, the preimage of the N/U -orbit of y is ˙ c∈C (N/U -orbit of ŷc),
so l copies of stabN/UN/U (y)
as N/U -sets, and the map is ŷ n c → y n for n ∈ N, c ∈
C. So the kernel on Λ∧ Γ-permutation modules has Λ∧ Γ-basis {ỹ n (c − 1) : n ∈
N/U
stabN/U (y) , 1 = c ∈ C}.
Similarly, in Case 2, the preimage of the N/U -orbit of y is the N/U -orbit of ŷ:
here ŷ z = ŷγy (z), with γy a homomorphism stabN/U (y) C, has stabN/U (ŷ) as
its kernel. Now the kernel on Λ∧ Γ-permutation modules has Λ∧ Γ-basis {ỹ n − ỹ :
n ∈ stabN/U
N/U (ŷ)
}.
Hence cabU has Λ∧ Γ-basis the union of these over y ∈ Y , and trN/U (cU ) has the
ab
claimed Λ∧ Γ-basis since Y1 consists of the y ∈ Y in Case 1 and trN/U (ỹ n − ỹ) = 0
for all y ∈ Y in Case 2. This proves the lemma.
ab
Lemma 6.2. If v ∈ T (Λ∧ G) has deflU U
U ResG v = 0 for all subgroups U of G
containing A, then v = 0.
Proof. The proof is by induction on [G : A]. Fix a central open Γ Zl in A and

an n so that ln ≡ 1 mod |z| and ln is a multiple of the exponent of G[l]/Γ. By the
ab
diagram of (ii) of Lemma 7.1 and deflG G v = 0, there is an ω ∈ K1 (Λ∧ G) so that
ab
L(ω) = v and deflG ab
G ω is a torsion element of K1 (Λ∧ G ).
ab
Consider ResG v with U ≥ A having index l in G. Then deflVV ResVU (ResU
U
G v) =
V ab
deflV ResG v = 0, for all A ≤ V ≤ U , so the induction hypothesis yields ResG v = 0.
V U
Thus L(res U U U U
G ω) = ResG (Lω) = 0 implies L(Det(res G ω)) = Tr(L(res G ω)) = 0;
U l U
hence Det(res G ω)(χ1 ) = Ψ((Det(res G ω))(ψl χ1 ) for all characters χ1 of U , by the
definition of L.
If χ1 is an irreducible character of U with kernel containing Γ, then χ1 = β ⊗
with β, irreducible characters of U with kernels containing U [l], zΓ, respectively.
Note that ψln χ1 = ψln β ⊗ ψln = β ⊗ 1 = β; hence
n
Det(res U
G ω)(χ1 )
l
= Ψn (Det(res U n n U
G ω)(ψl χ1 )) = Ψ ((res G (Detω))(β))
n G
= Ψ ((Detω)(ind U β))

is torsion. This holds because U G l-elementary implies that β = res U G β where

β = inflGab β , hence ind U β = β ind U 1 and ind U 1 = i=1 αi with αi the irre-
G G G G l
G
ducible characters of G having res U G αi = 1; now αi = inflGab αi so
l l
(Detω)(ind G U β) = (Detω)( i=1 β αi ) =
G
i=1 (Detω)(inflGab (β αi ))
l Gab
= i=1 Det(deflG ω)(β αi )
is torsion. Thus (Det(res UG ω))(χ1 ) is torsion for all such χ1 and U ≥ A of index l
in G.
Now if χ is one of the finitely many irreducible characters of G with Γ ⊆
ker(χ), then (by Clifford theory) either χ = ind G U χ1 with U ≥ A of index l
when (Detω)(χ) = (res U G (Detω))(χ 1 ) is torsion or χ = inflG
Gab α when (Detω)(χ) =
Gab
Det(deflG ω)(α) is again torsion. Every irreducible character of G has the form
χ ⊗ ρ with such a χ and ρ of type W 18 ; hence (Detω)(χ ⊗ ρ) = ρ ((Detω)(χ))
is torsion of order at most that of (Detω)(χ). Thus Detω is a torsion element in
HOM(Rl (G), (Λ∧ Γk )× ) and so Tr(v) = Tr(Lω) = L(Detω) = 0 implies v = 0.
Remark 6.1. When G is abelian pro-l, Proposition 5.1 of [RW6] gives a description
of the kernel of L on (Λ∧ G)× . This can be (and originally was) used to prove the
lemma for pro-l groups. The present proof for l-elementary groups is shorter than
extending that proposition from Λ∧ to Λβ∧ (for the notation compare the proof of
Lemma 7.1).
We next state
ab
Lemma 6.3 (Uniqueness Principle). If ξ ∈ T (Λ∧ G) has deflU U
U ResG ξ = tU ab
for all subgroups U of G containing a fixed abelian normal open subgroup A of G,
then ξ = tG . In particular, tG ∈ T (Λ∧ G).
Proof. This holds because ln tG is integral for large enough natural n (see [RW4,
ab
Proposition 9]). Setting v = ln tG − ln ξ, we see that deflU U ResG v = l tU ab −
U n
l tU ab = 0, so v = l (tG − ξ) = 0 by Lemma 6.2. However, T (Λ∧ G) is torsionfree

n n
as Tr : T (Q∧ G) → Hom∗ (Rl (G), Qc∧ Γk ) is injective.
Proof. Now we start the proof of the THEOREM. If it were false, there would exist
a counterexample K/k, with tK/k not in T (Λ∧ G), for which the Galois group G
would have commutator subgroup [G, G] of minimal order; among these groups G
there would be one with centre Z(G) of minimal index [G : Z(G)].
Since [G, G] = 1, by [RW3, Theorem 9], and [G, G] is an l-group, as G is l-
elementary, we may choose a central subgroup C ≤ [G, G] of order l in G and then
a maximal abelian normal subgroup A of G, necessarily containing C and z. We
also fix a central open Γ Zl inside A. Since |[G, G]| < |[G, G]|, Theorem 4 guar-
antees the existence of
(6.1) ξ ∈ T (Λ∧ G) with deflG A
G ξ = tG and ResG ξ = tA ,
where, as before, denotes the canonical surjection G G/C. To defeat the coun-
terexample G it suffices, by the Uniqueness Principle (Lemma 6.3), to find such a
18 I.e., res H
G ρ = 1.
ab
ξ so that deflUU ResG ξ = tU ab for all subgroups U ≥ A of G. Observe that this al-
U
ab
U ab U/C
ready holds for U with [U, U ] ≥ C: for then deflU U
U ResG ξ = deflU/C deflU ResU
Gξ =
ab ab
deflUU
U
ResG deflG U U
G ξ = deflU ResG tG = tU ab .
On the other hand, for U ≥ A with [U, U ] ≥ C, hence C ∩ [U, U ] = 1, then
|[U, U ]| < |[G, G]| implies19 tU ∈ T (Λ∧ U ), by our hypothesis on G, permitting us
to define
ξU = ResUG ξ − tU ∈ T (Λ∧ U )
and to define the support of ξ by
supp(ξ) = {U ≥ A : C ∩ [U, U ] = 1 and ξU = 0}.
Note that supp(ξ) = ∅ for our counterexample G by the Uniqueness Principle
(Lemma 6.3).
To investigate U ∈ supp(ξ), we state
Claim 6.A. (a) If A ≤ V ≤ U and C ∩ [U, U ] = 1, then ResVU ξU = ξV and ξVg = ξV g
for g ∈ G.
(b) G acts on supp(ξ) by conjugation.
(c) A ∈
/ supp(ξ).
Proof. Recall that tU = ResU
G tG . Now (a) results from
G ξ − ResG tG ) = ResG ξ − ResG tG = ξV

ResVU ξU = ResVU (ResU U V V
and g g
ξVg = ResVG (ξ − tG )g = ResVGg (ξ g − tgG ) = ResVG (ξ − tG ) = ξV g ,
by (3) of Lemma 5.1, which at the same time implies (b); (c) follows from (6.1) and
the definition of ‘supp’.
Moreover, we let, as in Lemma 6.1, N = NG (U ) be the normalizer of U in G.
Define cU and cab
U by the exact sequences
0 → cU → Λ∧ (N/[U, U ]) → Λ∧ (U/C[U, U ]) → 0,
0 → cab
U → Λ∧ (U ) → Λ∧ (U/C[U, U ]) → 0.
ab
ab
U ξU ∈ trN/U (cU ).
Claim 6.B. If U ∈ supp(ξ), then deflU ab
Proof. We first note that tN/[U,U] is in T (Λ∧ (N/[U, U ])): for the commutator sub-
group [N, N ]/[U, U ] of N/[U, U ] has smaller order than [G, G] unless [U, U ] = 1 and
[N, N ] = [G, G], in which case A ∈ / supp(ξ) implies N < G, because A is maximal
abelian normal in G; but then Z(G) ≤ N implies [N/[U, U ] : Z(N/[U, U ])] ≤ [N :
Z(N )] ≤ [N : Z(G)] < [G : Z(G)], contrary to the minimality hypothesis on G.
N/[U,U]
Writing deflN G ξ = tN/[U,U] + zU , with zU ∈ T (Λ∧ (N/[U, U ])), and
ResN
τ = τN/[U,U] , we consider the commutative diagram
T (Λ∧ N ) T (Λ∧ N )

τ (cU ) T (Λ∧ (N/[U, U ])) T (Λ∧ (N/C[U, U ])),

with all surjective maps deflations and exact bottom row by (ii) of Lemma 5.2
applied to N/[U, U ] ≥ U/[U, U ] ≥ C[U, U ]/[U, U ] in place of G ≥ A ≥ C; moreover,
ab
we also obtain ResU ab
N/[U,U] τ (cU ) = trN/U (cU ).
19 Recall that tU = tK/K U by the Galois correspondence.

G ξ ∈ T (Λ∧ N ) has deflN ResG ξ = ResG deflG ξ = ResG tG = tN , the

N G
Since ResN N N N
diagram implies zU ∈ τ (cU ). Thus

ab ab
U ξU + tU ab = deflU (ResG ξ − tU ) + tU ab
deflU U U
ab
= deflU U N
U ResN (ResG ξ)
ab N/[U,U]
= ResU
N/[U,U] deflN (ResN
G ξ)
ab ab
= ResU U
N/[U,U] (zU + tN/[U,U] ) = ResN/[U,U] zU + tU ab
ab ab ab
U ξU = ResN/[U,U] zU ∈ ResN/[U,U] τ (cU ). Combining with the previous
implies deflU U U
paragraph yields the claim.
Now continuing with the proof, it follows that the THEOREM holds if we can
modify ξ, subject to (6.1) holding, so that supp(ξ) is empty. Since this is not
possible for our G, by hypothesis, there must exist a ξ for which supp(ξ) has
minimal cardinality = 0.
Since supp(ξ) is non-empty, it contains a U with minimal [U : A]. By Lemma
6.1 we may write
ab
deflU y∈Y1 , 1=c∈C α(y, c)trN/U (ỹ(c̃ − 1))
(6.2) U ξU =
with unique α(y, c) in Λ∧ Γ. As A ∈ / supp(ξ), every V with A ≤ V < U has

C ∩ [V, V ] = 1 and ξV = 0; equivalently, we may restrict our attention to maximal
such V and hence may assume that V has index l in U (so, in particular, [U, U ]V ).
Now
V /[U,U] ab V /[U,U] V /[U,U]
ResU ab (deflU
U ξU ) = deflV ResVU ξU = deflV ξV = 0,
V /[U,U]
by (a) of Claim 6.A. We apply ResU ab to (6.2), observing (by (2) of Lemma 5.1)
V /[U,U]
that, for u ∈ U , ab
ResU ab − 1)) = lu(c̃ − 1) if u ∈ V /[U, U ], and = 0, if not,
(u(c̃
because U ab is abelian. It follows that

0= lα(y, c)trN/U (ỹ(c̃ − 1))
y∈Y1 ∩(V /ΓC[U,U]), c=1
whenever A ≤ V ≤ U, [U : V ] = l, and, therefore, that α(y, c) = 0 unless y ∈ Y1 is

not in V /ΓC[U, U ].
In particular, if U/A is non-cyclic, then every element of U/A is contained in a
ab
maximal V /A for some V ; hence deflU U ξU = 0. But then the Uniqueness Principle
(Lemma 6.3), applied to A U instead of A G, implies that ξU = 0. Thus
U∈ / supp(ξ), contrary to assumption.
It follows that our U with minimal [U : A] in supp(ξ) has U/A cyclic. Then
U/ΓC[U,U]
[U, U ] ≤ A, U/A A/ΓC[U,U] , and
ab
(6.3) deflU
U ξU = α(y, c)trN/U (ỹ(c̃ − 1)),
y∈Y1 , yA =U/A, 1=c∈C
because U/A now has a unique maximal subgroup V /A and so y ∈ Y1 is not in

V /ΓC[U, U ] precisely when yA generates U/A.
Now our THEOREM essentially follows from the next result.
Claim 6.C. Assume that U/A is cyclic. Set, in the notation of (6.3),

ξ = α(y, c)τG (y (c − 1)) in T (Λ∧ G),
y∈Y1 , yA =U/A, 1=c∈C
ab
with preimages y ∈ U of ỹ under deflU
U . Then
ab ab
U
(i) deflU U
U ResG ξ = deflU ξU , and
1
(ii) if A ≤ U1 ≤ G, then ResU
G ξ = 0 implies ∃ g ∈ G : U ≤ U1 .
g
Proof. Recall that the y in the ξ -sum have yA = U/A. Applying (2) of Lemma
5.1 gives

ResUGξ = α(y, c) τ̇U ((y )x (c − 1)).
y∈Y1 , yA =U/A, 1=c x∈G/U
x
Note that (y ) ∈ U implies (yA) ∈ U/A; hence (U/A)x = U/A, i.e., x ∈ N . Now
x
we have

ResU
Gξ = α(y, c) τU ((y )x (c − 1));
y,c x∈N/U
ab
hence applying deflU
gives (i).
U
For (ii) note that y still has yA = U/A, but we now apply (2) of Lemma 5.1

ResG τG (y (c − 1)) in this sum must be = 0,
U1
with U replaced by U1 . Some term
by hypothesis; but this term is τ̇
x1 ∈G/U U1 ((y ) x1
(c − 1)), so we must have a
x1
non-zero term here, i.e., (y ) ∈ U1 for some x1 . Now (U/A)x1 ⊆ U1 /A implies
U x1 ⊆ U1 .
def
We apply Claim 6.C and set ξ = ξ −ξ . Then ResA
G ξ = tA , by (ii) with U1 = A;
moreover, due to the appearance of the elements 1 = c ∈ C in ξ , deflG ξ = tG/C ;
G/C
thus ξ satisfies (6.1). Further, supp(ξ ) ⊆ supp(ξ): for if U1 ∈ supp(ξ ), then

C ∩ [U1 , U1 ] = 1 and ξU 1 = 0; hence ξU1 = ξU 1 + ResU 1
G ξ is non-zero unless
U1
ResG ξ = 0. But in that case U1 ⊇ U for some g ∈ G by (ii); hence Claim
g
g
6.A implies ξU1 = 0, as ResU U1 ξU1 = ξU g = 0 by U ∈ supp(ξ). But now (i)
ab

and (ii) of Claim 6.C imply deflUU ξU = 0 and ξU1 = 0 for A ≤ U1 < U ; hence

ξU = 0 by the Uniqueness Principle (Lemma 6.3). Thus U ∈ / supp(ξ ), which
contradicts the minimal cardinality of supp(ξ) and therefore finishes the proof of
the THEOREM.
7. l-elementary groups
Recall that G = G(K/k) = z × G[l] is l-elementary.
Lemma 7.1. (i) The logarithm L : K1 (Λ∧ G) → T (Q∧ G) of diagram (1.D1) has
image in T (Λ∧ G).
ab
(ii) Let a be the kernel of deflG
G : Λ∧ G Λ∧ Gab . Then the commutative
diagram
1 + a (Λ∧ G)× (Λ∧ Gab )×
L↓ Lab ↓

τG (a) T (Λ∧ G) Λ∧ Gab

has exact rows and surjective left vertical map.
Proof. For (i), abbreviate G[l] as U . Each Ql c -irreducible character β of z induces
a Zl -algebra homomorphism Zl [z] → Zl c with image Zl [β], hence surjective ring
homomorphisms
def
Ql [z] Ql (β), Λ∧ G Zl [β] ⊗Zl Λ∧ U = Λβ∧ U, Q∧ G Qβ∧ U.
Applying the functors K1 and T gives the southeast and southwest arrows of the
diagram (with Γ, RG, RU short for Γk , Rl (G), Rl (U ), respectively):
K1 (Λ∧ G) −→ T (Q∧ G)

K1 (Λβ
∧ U) → T (Qβ
∧ U)
| ↓ ↓ |
↓ ↓
HOM(β) (RU,(Λc∧ Γ)× ) → Hom(β) (RU,Qc∧ Γ)

HOM(RG,(Λc∧ Γ)× ) −→ Hom∗ (RG,Qc∧ Γ)
with large square from diagram (1.D1) of §1 and small square [RW3, 2. of Proposi-
tion 11] with unramified coefficients Zl [β], which are abbreviated by the superscript
β. The northwest and northeast arrows f → f β are defined by f β () = f (β ⊗ ).
To see that the left quadrilateral commutes20 let H = H ∩ U (recalling that
H is the kernel of G → Γk ), hence H = z × H , and let β(x) denote the image
of x ∈ Λ∧ G in Λβ∧ U . We must check that (Detx)β () = (Detβ(x))(), i.e.,21
detQc∧ Γk (x | Vβ⊗ ) = det(β(x) | V ). Here,
V = HomQl c [H ] (V , Ql c ⊗Ql (β) Qβ∧ U ) = HomQl c [H ] (V , Qc∧ U )
and
Vβ⊗ = HomQl c [H] (Vβ⊗ , Qc∧ G)
= HomQl c [ z ]⊗Ql c Ql c [H ] (Vβ ⊗Ql c V , Ql c [z] ⊗Ql c Qc∧ U )
= HomQl c [H ] (Vβ ⊗Ql c V , Vβ ⊗Ql c Qc∧ U ).
Then h → 1 ⊗ h is an isomorphism V → Vβ⊗ of vector spaces over Qc∧ Γk and
one checks that (1 ⊗ h)x = 1 ⊗ h · β(x).
The same argument, with T, Tr rather than K1 , Det, yields the commutativity of
the right quadrilateral, and the commutativity of the bottom quadrilateral follows
from the formula [RW3, p. 37] for L by ψl (β) = β Fr . The diagram now implies that
the top quadrilateral commutes.
Recall that, [RW3, Proposition 11], the logarithm Lβ : K1 (Λβ∧ U ) → T (Qβ∧ U ) is
integral for all β. It thus suffices to show that if x ∈ T (Q∧ G) has image in T (Λβ∧ U )
under the southwest arrow for every β, then x ∈ T (Λ∧ G).
Letting β run through a set of representatives of the G(Ql c /Ql )-action on the
Ql -irreducible characters of z, we get an isomorphism Zl [z] → β Zl [β]. This
c

induces isomorphisms T (Λ∧ G) → β T (Λβ∧ U ) and T (Q∧ G) → β T (Qβ∧ U ). The
first of these provides an x ∈ T (Λ∧ G) with the same images as x for all β, and the
second gives x = x ∈ T (Λ∧ G).
We now prove (ii). The exact sequence defining a gives the top row since a ⊆
rad(Λ∧ G), as [G, G] is an l-group. The bottom row is exact by (ii) of Lemma 5.2. To
20 This can also be obtained from [RW3, Theorem 1].
21 Compare also [RW2, Proposition 6] and [RW3, Lemma 2].
ab
see the vertical surjectivity, write u for the kernel of deflU
U : Λ∧ U Λ∧ U ab (with
β β
U = G[l]); also write uβ for the kernel of Λ∧ U Λ∧ U ab (with β as before). Then
the map 1 + uβ → τU (uβ ) induced by Lβ : (Λβ∧ U )× → T (Λβ∧ U ) is surjective [RW3,
2b. of Proposition 11]. Identifying Λ∧ G and β Λβ∧ U as in the last paragraph of
the proof of (i) (also for the abelianizations) and assembling our asserted diagram
in terms of the β-decomposition, noting that the commutativity of the square below
follows from that of the top quadrangle in (i), we deduce that 1 + a → τG (a) is also
surjective:
β
(Λ∧ G)× → (Λβ∧ U )×
L↓ Lβ ↓
β
T (Λ∧ G) → T (Λβ∧ U ).
Recall that, for a pro-l group G = G(K/k) and an open subgroup G ≤ G,

∗ ∗
G : Hom (Rl (G), Q∧ Γk ) → Hom (Rl (G ), Q∧ Γk )
ResG c c
is defined in [RW8, §1]. We partially extend this definition to l-elementary G.

Lemma 7.2. Let G = z × G[l] be l-elementary. If G is an open subgroup of G
containing z, define for f ∈ Hom∗ (Rl (G), Qc∧ Γk )
Ψr
ResG G
G f = [ χ → f (ind G χ ) + (f (ψlr−1 χ)) ] ∈ Hom∗ (Rl (G ), Qc∧ Γk ),
lr
r≥1
def
where χ ∈ Rl (G ), ψl denotes the l-th Adams operation, χ = ψl (ind G G χ ) −

ind G (ψl χ ), and k = K G . The diagram below, and so diagram (1.D2), com-
G
mutes:
HOM(Rl (G),(Λc∧ Γk )× ) Hom∗ (Rl (G),Qc∧ Γk )
Det L Tr
K1 (Λ∧ G) → → ← T (Q∧ G)

G ↓
res G G ↓
res G G ↓
ResG G ↓
ResG

HOM(Rl (G ),(Λc∧ Γk )× ) Hom (Rl (G ),Qc∧ Γk )
∗
T (Q∧ G ).
Det L Tr
K1 (Λ∧ G ) → → ←

Moreover, ResG G : T (Q∧ G) → T (Q∧ G ) takes T (Λ∧ G) to T (Λ∧ G ) and is transi-
G G G
tive; i.e., ResG = ResG ResG whenever z ≤ G ≤ G ≤ G.
⊂ G for a suitable power lr0 of l; thus
r0
Proof. We first observe that Gl
ψlr0 −1 χ = ψlr0 −1 (ψl (ind G
G χ ) − ind G (ψl χ )) = 0,
G
for all χ ∈ Rl (G ) (compare [RW8, p. 119]): this again follows from

(7.1) χ(g) = t with m(gt )=1 χ (g lt ),

with m(g) = min{r ≥ 0 : g l ∈ G } and G = ˙ t tG . From this, ResG
r
G is well-defined
and the middle square commutes just as in [RW8, p. 120].

The map ResGG on the very right is defined by transporting

∗ ∗
G : Hom (Rl (G), Q∧ Γk ) → Hom (Rl (G ), Q∧ Γk )
ResG c c
to T (Q∧ G) → T (Q∧ G ) by means of the isomorphism ‘Tr’; in particular, the right

square commutes. Also, commutativity of the left square is [RW2, Lemma 9].
Observing that L = Tr−1 LDet, diagram (1.D2) is obtained by arranging columns
1, 4, and 3 with L and Tr as horizontal maps.
Moreover, the rest follows as in [RW8, proof of Proposition A] using (7.1).
We close this section with adjusting the arguments in §1 for the proof of Propo-
sition 1.3 for pro-l groups to l-elementary groups G.
Lemma 7.3. (i) If tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G), then there is a unique torsion w ∈ HOM(Rl (G),
ab
(Λc∧ Γk )× ) with wLK/k ∈ DetK1 (Λ∧ G) and deflGG w = 1.
(ii) Moreover, if G has an abelian subgroup A of index l, then
w = 1 ⇐⇒ verA
Gab λK [G,G] /k ≡ λK/k mod trQ (Λ∧ G )
where k = K A and Q = G/A.
Proof. For (i), using the diagram in (ii) of Lemma 7.1 to replace the one in the
proof of [RW5, Proposition 2.2], there exists a y ∈ (Λ∧ G)× so L(y) = tK/k and
ab
deflG G w = 1. Following the proof of [RW5, Proposition 2.4], one defines w by
ab
wLK/k = Dety and checks that deflG G w = 1 and L(w) = 0. This implies w
is torsion by the indicated argument from [RW3, p. 46] by observing that, while

ψln χ is only a character β of G/G[l] for large n, β = inflG Gab β still implies that
Gab
w(β) = (deflG w)(β ) = 1. The argument for the uniqueness of w still works
because [RW3, Lemma 12] is already proved for Λβ∧ (G[l]), in the notation of Lemma
7.1.
More precisely, in the notation of the proof of (ii) of Lemma 7.1, let x ∈ 1 + a
have Detx torsion. By the commutativity of the left quadrangle in the proof of (i) of
Lemma 7.1, β(x) ∈ 1 + uβ has Detβ(x) torsion, hence we have Detβ(x) = 1, and so
it suffices to observe that HOM(Rl (G), (Λc∧ Γk )× ) → β HOMβ (Rl (U ), (Λc∧ Γk )× )
is injective.
To verify (ii), we can follow the proof of [RW5, equivalence of (1) and (2)
in Proposition 3.2], except that we still need to show that the only torsion unit
e ∈ Λ∧ A congruent to 1 mod trQ (Λ∧ A) is 1, even when G is l-elementary. Decom-
posing the torsion subgroup H of G as H = z × H , we have A = Γ × H with
Γ Γk and Λ∧ A = β (Λβ∧ Γ)[H ]. Now β(e) ≡ 1 mod trQ ((Λβ∧ Γ)[H ]). Hence
β(e) = 1 by Higman’s theorem for (Λβ∧ Γ)[H ]; see [RW3, p. 47]. This holds for all
β; hence e = 1.
Appendix: Deflating 0
The proof of [RW2, Proposition 12(a)] refers to [RWt, Proposition 4.8] which,
however, requires Leopoldt’s conjecture (see [RWt, Lemma 3.4]). We recall the
statement made in [RW2] (suppressing the index ∞ on K and G as well as the ˜
on 0S ):
If N is a finite normal subgroup of G with factor group G and
fixed field K = K N , then deflGG : K0 T (ΛG) → K0 T (ΛG) takes
0S = 0K/k,S to 0S = 0K/k,S .
def
The refinement 0K/k,S of the Iwasawa module X = XK/k,S = G(M/K), with
M the maximal abelian S-ramified l-extension of K, is described in [RW1, §1].
Here is a direct argument for the above claim.
Let M be the maximal abelian S-ramified l-extension of K; hence G(M /K) is the
biggest abelian pro-l quotient of G(M/K). Consider the diagram below, where X̃
is the pushout of i and ver and where the transfer G(M/K) → X N factors through
G(M /K) since X N is abelian pro-l. The bottom row is called the deflation of the
top one in [RWt, §3.2].
X = G(M/K) G(M/k) G(K/k) = G

∩

G(M/K) G(M/k) G(K/k) = G

i
X = G(M /K) G(M /K) G
ver ↓ ↓
XN X̃ G.
By the Appendix 4.A analogue of Lemma 3.2 in [RWt] the translation functor turns
the bottom two rows into22
X Y ΔG
() ↓ ↓
XN YN (ΔG)N
by replacing the bottom one by the equivalent extension given by the ΛG-analogue
of Lemma 3.3 [RWt]. Here we should note that Y has projective dimension ≤ 1 over
ΛG [RW1, Theorem 1]; hence Y has projective dimension ≤ 1 over Zl [N ] [RW1, 2.
of proof of Proposition 4], which does not need M to be finite.
Suppose that we know that ver : G(M /K) → X N is an isomorphism, hence that
the extensions in () are equivalent. If we use, [RW1, §1], X Y → ΛG Zl to
compute 0, then taking N -coinvariants computes the analogous deflG G
(0) for the
bottom row of () (cf. the analogy with [RWt, Lemma 4B.1, p. 41]). By diagram
(), the same procedure for the top row computes 0. Thus deflG G (0) = 0.
ver
Concerning G(M /K) −→ X N , let L be the maximal S-ramified Galois extension
of k or, equivalently, of k∞ . Denote the corresponding Galois groups by G and
H, respectively; so H G Γk is exact. Moreover, set V = G(L/K) and
U = G(L/K), whence V U N .
Assume that we already know scdl (H) = 2. Then we proceed as follows. As
U is open in H, it follows that also scdl (U ) = 2 by [NSW, pp. 139–140]. The
proof of [ (i) =⇒ (ii) ] of [NSW, Theorem 3.6.4, p. 160] gives the isomorphism
cor ver
H 2 (V, Z)(l)N −→ H 2 (U, Z)(l) (see [NSW, 3.3.8, p. 142]) and so (U ab )l −→ (V ab )N
l .
ab ab
Since (U )l = G(M /K) = X, (V )l = G(M/K) = X finishes the proof.
Hence it remains to show scdl (H) = 2. Now, scdl (H) ≤ 2 is a consequence of
the weak Leopoldt conjecture (see [NSW, 10.3.26, p. 549]) and then scdl (H) = 2
results from the remark following it, of which we add a proof: Assume scdl (H) ≤ 1.
Then cdl (H) ≤ 1 and cdl (Γk ) = 1; hence 2 = cdl (G) ≤ cdl (Γk ) + cdl (H) implies
cdl (H) = 1. Note that cdl (G) = 2 by [NSW, 10.9.3, p. 587]. Denoting a Sylow-l
subgroup of H by Hl , we have cdl (Hl ) = 1 = scdl (Hl ) [NSW, 3.3.6, p. 141] and thus
H 2 (Hl , Z)(l) = 0 [NSW, 3.3.4, p. 139]. Hence H 1 (Hl , Ql /Zl ) = 0 and so Hl = 1,
contradicting cdl (Hl ) = 1.
22 Here ΔG denotes the augmentation ideal of ΛG.

References
[Ca] Cassou-Noguès, P., Valeurs aux entiers négatifs des fonctions zêta et fonctions zêta p-
adiques. Invent. Math. 51 (1979), 29–59. MR524276 (80h:12009b)
[CR] Curtis, C. W. and Reiner, I., Methods of Representation Theory, vol. 2. John Wiley &
Sons (1987). MR892316 (88f:20002)
[DR] Deligne, P., and Ribet, K., Values of abelian L-functions at negative integers over totally
real fields. Invent. Math. 59 (1980), 227–286. MR579702 (81m:12019)
[FK] Fukaya, T., and Kato, K., A formulation of conjectures on p-adic zeta functions in non-
commutative Iwasawa theory. Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Mathematical Society,
vol. XII (N. N. Uraltseva, ed.), AMS Translations – Series 2, 219 (2006), 1–86. MR2276851
(2007k:11200)
[Gr] Greenberg, R., On p-adic Artin L-functions. Nagoya Math. J. 89 (1983), 77–87.
MR692344 (85b:11104)
[Ha1] Hara, T. Iwasawa theory of totally real fields for certain non-commutative p-extensions.
Journal of Number Theory 130 (2010), 1068–1097. MR2600423 (2011c:11166)
[Ha2] , Inductive construction of the p-adic zeta functions for non-commutative p-
extensions of totally real fields with exponent p. arXiv:0908.2178v1 [math.NT].
[HIO] Hawkes, T., Isaacs, I. M., and Özaydin, M., On the Möbius function of a finite group.
Rocky Mountain J. of Mathematics 19 (1989), 1003–1033. MR1039540 (90k:20046)
[Kk] Kakde, M., Proof of the main conjecture of noncommutative Iwasawa theory for totally
real number fields in certain cases. J. Algebraic Geometry, posted on April 5, 2011,
PII S 1056-3911(2011)00539-0 (to appear in print).
[Kt1] Kato, K., Iwasawa theory and generalizations. Proc. ICM, Madrid, Spain, 2006; European
Math. Soc. (2007), 335–357. MR2334196 (2008e:11133)
[Kt2] , Iwasawa theory of totally real fields for Galois extensions of Heisenberg type.
Preprint (“Very preliminary version”, 2007).
[La] Lau, I., Algebraic contributions to equivariant Iwasawa theory. Ph.D. thesis, Universität
Augsburg (2010).
[NSW] Neukirch, J., Schmidt, A., and Wingberg, K., Cohomology of Number Fields. Springer
Grundlehren der math. Wiss. 323 (2000). MR1737196 (2000j:11168)
[RWt] Ritter, J., and Weiss, A., The Lifted Root Number Conjecture and Iwasawa theory. Mem-
oirs of the AMS 157/748 (2002). MR1894887 (2003d:11164)
[RW1] , Towards equivariant Iwasawa theory. Manuscripta Math. 109 (2002), 131–146.
MR1935024 (2003i:11161)
[RW2] , Towards equivariant Iwasawa theory, II. Indag. Mathemat. 15 (2004), 549–572.
MR2114937 (2006d:11132)
[RW3] , Towards equivariant Iwasawa theory, III. Math. Ann. 336 (2006), 27–49.
MR2242618 (2007d:11123)
[RW4] , Towards equivariant Iwasawa theory, IV. Homology, Homotopy and Applications
7 (2005), 155–171. MR2205173 (2006j:11151)
[RW5] , Non-abelian pseudomeasures and congruences between abelian Iwasawa L-
functions. Pure and Applied Math. Quarterly 4 (2008), 1085–1106. MR2441694
(2010b:11149)
[RW6] , The integral logarithm in Iwasawa theory: An exercise. Journal de Théorie des
Nombres de Bordeaux 22 (2010), 197–207. MR2675880 (2011f:11144)
[RW7] , Congruences between abelian pseudomeasures. Math. Res. Lett. 15 (2008), 715–
725. MR2424908 (2009m:11183)
[RW8] , Equivariant Iwasawa Theory: An Example. Documenta Math. 13 (2008), 117–
129. MR2420909 (2009h:11183)
[RoW] Roblot, X.-F., and Weiss, A., Numerical evidence toward a 2-adic equivariant “main
conjecture”. Experimental Mathematics 20 (2011), 169-176.
[Se] Serre, J.-P., Sur le résidu de la fonction zêta p-adique d’un corps de nombres., C. R. Acad.
Sci. Paris 287 (1978), Série A, 183–188. MR0506177 (58:22024)
[Wi] Wiles, A., The Iwasawa conjecture for totally real fields. Annals of Math. 131 (1990),
493–540. MR1053488 (91i:11163)
Schnurbeinstrasse 14, 86391 Deuringen, Germany

E-mail address: jr@ritter-maths.de
Department of Mathematics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G1

E-mail address: weissa@ualberta.ca

ritter-weiss-jams

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ritter-weiss-jams

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

JOURNAL OF THE

AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

ON THE “MAIN CONJECTURE”

JÜRGEN RITTER AND ALFRED WEISS

The “main conjecture” of equivariant Iwasawa theory concerns the situation

Our motivation for formulating a “main conjecture” is discussed in [RW1, §4]:

involving naturally occurring étale cohomology.

elementary K/k; see [La, Chapter 4].

From now on, K/k is always l-elementary if not otherwise implied.

Theorem 2 (Möbius-Wall). Let A be an abelian normal open subgroup of G =

This is proved in §4. It is a consequence of Theorem 5, which is stated in §3,

Theorems 2, 3, and 4, can be viewed as generalizing [RW8]. The real strength of

Section 7 contains the necessary extension of the integral logarithm to l-

Proof. It remains to discuss the implication ‘tK/k ∈ T (Λ∧ G) =⇒ LK/k ∈

Theorem 1 is now a direct consequence of the three propositions.

is in [RW8, §1 and Appendix]; its extension to pairs (G, U ) with l-elementary G

where f varies over all functions Q/V → V ; hence

verA = v∈V af (s),v and verA v∈V a for a ∈ A.

turns the double product into

and from the triple (κ(σs)f (s)κ(s)−1 , κ(s), v) it then becomes

Now the substitutions v  f (s)−1 v, s  σ −1 (s) yield

conﬁrming (2.b). We continue by reparametrising the maps f : Q/V → V in (2.a)

Note that every q ∈ Q is a unique product q = κ(s)v with s ∈ Q/V, v ∈ V ,

because the set of ﬁxed points F V of V on F is the set of all f : Q /V → F2 .

where μ̃(V, f ) = μQ (V ) s∈Q /V vrV (esf (s) ).

and we obtain that

where  means that V runs through a set of representatives of conjugacy classes

∈ trQ /W (trW (Λ∧ A))d = trQ (Λ∧ A),

by the induction hypothesis as W = Q . Thus, Lemma 2.2 is veriﬁed.

We now turn to the proof of Theorem 2.

Proof. In terms of the map vrV : Λ∧ A → Λ∧ A (where V = U/A and A ≤ U ≤ G),

with r̃(π) = sgn(π) q∈Q aπ(q)q−1 ,q ∈ Λ∧ A. Multiplying this by μQ (V ) and sum-

because [ π ∈ ΣV ⇐⇒ V ≤ StQ (π) ]. We consider the action of conjugation of Q

Claim 2.B. r̃(π)q = r̃(π q ) for all q ∈ Q.

Continuing with the proof of Theorem 2, the right-hand side of (2.e) is in

where = ˙ results from π y = π.

3. Congruences between abelian pseudomeasures, II

Theorem (0.4) of [DR]. Let ε1 , ε2 , . . . be a ﬁnite sequence of locally constant func-

Call an open subgroup U of G(FS /F) admissible if N (U ) ⊂ 1 + pZp and deﬁne

Proof. See [RW7, Lemma 1].

(2) Let s ∈ G(LS /K) be an extension of σ ∈ Σ. Then (F σ )S = (FS )s and, setting

Proof. Statement (1) is due to NL (verL F g) = NF (g)

GS = G(LS /K)ab implies g s = g.

Lemma 3.3 is established.

Zp [[G(FS /F]] → lim

We compute the coeﬃcient cy of the image of sg . By Lemma 3.2 with U =

This ﬁnishes the proof of Lemma 3.4.

that the (fractional) ideal of o = oK ‘generated’ by (1 + f )−1 αK is a = (1 + f )−1 o,

of weight |Σ|k in M|Σ|k (Γ00 (f), C) and with standard q-expansion

We Möbius-sum all these EF and arrive at the modular form

in M|Σ|k (Γ00 (f), C) whose standard q-expansion has constant coeﬃcient

and higher coeﬃcients

Proof. Utilizing the natural action of Σ on the set

• aL = aσL for all σ ∈ ΣF implies aL = aF oL for some integral ideal aF of F,

as NL (aF oL ) = NF (aF )[L:F ] .

and correspondingly, with (β, b) replaced by (β, b)σ ,

which is even stronger than (ii).

Proof. Let z ∈ Zp satisfy z p−1 = 1 and r ≡ z mod p; hence

From [HIO, Corollary 3.5] we obtain |P  | pμP (P  ), for P  ≤ P . Therefore, and as

Choosing γ ∈ K̂× with j(γ) = g and denoting by Eγ the q-expansion of E at

Proof. We ﬁrst show that res K

NK ((γ))|Σ|k ζ̃F (1 − |ΣF |k,(εL verL

because (γ)F = (γ)K oF .

the latter since NF (verF K g) = NK (g)

Now the substitutions v f (s)−1 v, s σ −1 (s) yield

because the set of ﬁxed points F V of V on F is the set of all f : Q /V → F2 .

where means that V runs through a set of representatives of conjugacy classes

by the induction hypothesis as W = Q . Thus, Lemma 2.2 is veriﬁed.

From [HIO, Corollary 3.5] we obtain |P | pμP (P ), for P ≤ P . Therefore, and as

(Λ∧ U ab )× has deﬂU ab ϑU = 1 because

{trN/U (ỹ(c̃ − 1)) : y ∈ Y1 , 1 = c ∈ C}

Proof. The proof is by induction on [G : A]. Fix a central open Γ Zl in A and

thus ξ satisﬁes (6.1). Further, supp(ξ ) ⊆ supp(ξ): for if U1 ∈ supp(ξ ), then

Recall that, for a pro-l group G = G(K/k) and an open subgroup G ≤ G,

to T (Q∧ G) → T (Q∧ G ) by means of the isomorphism ‘Tr’; in particular, the right