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    6 views26 pages

    DocScanner Jan 9, 2024 12-39

    Uploaded by

    mohamedinamulhasan0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26
    6.6 12. Index Bar or T-frame n the standard in front of the vertical o Index bar is provided o izontal arms. two verniers Cand D at the two ends of horizontal ai The vertical leg of the index bar is provided with a clip screw at y by means of which the altitude bubble can be brought to the centre, 13. Altitude Bubble ; A long sensitive bubble tube is provided on the top of index cs Tr is brought to the centre by the clip screw at the time of observing verti 6.5 READING THE VERNIER THEODOLITE Least count It is the difference between the value of the smallest division of the main s:. and that of the smallest division of the vernier scale. If is the smallest value can be measured by a theodolite. Least count =20” * The position of the arrow mark of the vernier scale coinciding with main scale is observed. That reading is from the main scale. Again the division that exactly coincides with any other main scale di has to be observed and added with the first reading. 6.6 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES There are two methods (i) Repetition method (ii) Reiteration method 6.6.1 Repetition method The angle is readings to get the an umbet Of times the total is divided by the number © Fight positions, "UNS angle is measured clockwise in both face left. qreodolite Surveying 6.7 procedure & oe Set the instrument at find the horizontal angle AOB by method of repetition. + The instrument is centered and levelled set vernier ‘A’ to zero and B to 180° | «The upper clamp is fixed and lower one loosened By turning the telescope, the ranging rod at ‘A’ is bisected with lower clamp screw. Initial Fig. 6.2 Repetition Method in ‘A’=0°. reading | ¢ Upper clamp is loosened, turn the telescope bisect the ranging rod at B j upper clamp is clamped. Read the vernier, for ex 50° ¢ Loosen the lower clamp, turn the telescope anticlockwise, bisect ‘A’, there will not be any change in the reading. * The initial reading for second set is 50° * Lower clamp is tightened, upper clamp is loosened turn the telescope clockwise, bisect the ranging rod ‘B’ mark the vernier readings * The above steps are repeated to’ find the final reading. * Change the face, observe the readings by following the same procedure I angl ZAOB= Accumulated angle no of repetition OZ] OL OSL] O2 | OL} OZ | OL fost} oz} or fost} | oz} or fost] oz | or} oz} o fost] 9 W% J OL} Os | oz | or | oz | or} os }oz}o jos} 1 | oz] of os} oz} o}.oe} ofos| a ol}olololojojojo oy;o}ofo}ofo}ojo}] v \ \ | | sm suonn | aday aday jo aibuy 30 aibuy - OL aiuy yewozyoy | 1° ON ue 8 v reyuozyoy | 2° “ON ueeW a v ay | UU Wequozu0y is | aBuiany ; suy Wer ums, qw6ly se] | yyBlY : WaT :e0e4 | Pome wounaday 1-9 <31ayL | | | c Fig. 6.3 Reiteration Method The method is known as direction method or reiteration method for the measurements of the angles of a group having common vertex point. Several angles ae measured and finally the horizon is closed. Measure the angles AOB, BOC, COD andDOA. Set the instrument at ‘O’, center and level it. Set the vernier ‘A’ to zero bisect the ranging rod at ‘A’ © "Loose the upper clamp and turn the telescope bisect ‘B’. Read both verniers the mean is the horizontal angle AOB. Similarly bisect all the remaining ranging rods. Read both the verniers. Since the graduated circle remains in a fixed position throughout the entire Process, each included angle is obtained by taking the difference between two Consecutive readings. * Repeat the same procedure for Face Right Observations. a — 7 06 06 06 | OF [OF voo | 0 | 0 Jove} 0} 0 | o | o fox} or} oe} vor} 0} 0 lox] o} 0} 0] 0 Jove v 91 col OF | 6 [eot| oF | 6 | G9 | oe | o | sz] 02 | ot | oz | of Joxz} | 6 | coo 2 | O€ | 692} 02 | oF | oz | oF | Goz a | % 95 as {lor | 900 | oF | 02 }oot| ov | oz | or | 02 Jon] oz | or} 200 | o | 02 | oor! ov | oe ov} oz fon} 9 \ | i 0s Em fos |e Lor | gov | oe | ov | os | oz | ov oe | or | os | oe | on | coy | of orfozfofoz}afosl g ee es ° OV | 02 | a | eee |e LI O10) 0 Jololojololololo 9;olo;olofolofo v o \ of6uy | orBuy : | | aiBuy yenenpon uwoyy 8 v cen voy a v oL 10 {sce eat | WEIS | juownssuy Ww ¥ = — 7 Oy 26 : : | ied) aaa Wer ocd | 1YB]Y :Bujng WoT :oony POUPW Ho DLOHOY Z-9 :a;quy sronsalte Sucve ing I MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE when the line of sight is above the horizontal line it is called angle of elevation when the line of sight is below it is called angle of depression. « Set the theodolite at ‘O°, center and level the instrument properly the vernier Cand D are set to 0°—0° mark of the vertical circle. Telescope is clamped «The plate bubble is brought to centre with the help of foot screws. Altitude bubble is brought to centre by means of clip screw. « The telescope is raised slowly to observe angle of elevation, bisect to the point ‘A’ accurately, note the vernier C andD readings. « Change the face, Take the readings the mean value is the Angle of elevation. Angle of depression Fig. 6.4 Vertical Angles ae ti@ie @ al|s|elo|s]e]oe} sr |e |oz} joc} sje-] v 0 z A y BR az ae a bv} oz | SL v oz | St} oz | SL | ot v 0 vig ajbuy oy way a yeoman ueoW a 9 o | jow 146ig founsysu mg fa d 91 ‘90g _ = - eee ee oxfiny joo, €°9 29)qDy oo SEER ee qneodolite Surveying _ 6.13 58 TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE The adjustments carried out at every setup of the instrument before taking the reading is known as Temporalty adjustments. This consists of three steps: (i) Setting up the instrument (ii) Levelling up the instrument (ii) Elimination of Parallax. 68.1 Seiting up the Instrument A suitable position is selected to place the instrument. The ground should be fairly level. The operation includes 1. Fix the instrument in tripod. 2. Levelling the instrument approximately by leg adjustments. The tripod legs are so adjusted that the instrument is at a convenient height (i.e not too low or too high) Fixing the Instrument The clamp screw of the instrument is released. The Transit is held in the right hand and fixed on the tripod by turning round the lowerpart by left hand and clamped in the tripud. Leg Adjustment The instrument is placed at a convenient height with the tripod legs, spread well apart and so adjusted that the tripod head is as nearly horizontal. * Two legs of the tripod are fixed firmly into the ground. © By moving the third leg left or right in circumferential direction to bring the main bubble approximately in the centre. * The third leg is firmly pushed in to the ground. 68.2 Levelling up Perfect Levelling is carried out with foot screws. ® Three foot screws = * The longitudinal bubble is placed parallel to two foot screws. (1° position) * The bubble is brought to the centre by turning the screws equally inwards or outwards. 3 90° (2™ position) and the thind screw jx . ope is tumed clockwise or anticlockwise to bring the bubble (© center . he above steps repeated until the bubble remains centre in i directions. © If the telescope is rotated in all directions and the bubble remains » , » Be centre. then the instrument is in proper adjustment. Fig. 65 Levelling with three foot screws (i) Levelling with four foot screws If the Transit has four foot screws «© The clamp is loosened. The upper plate is turned until the longitudinal avs of the plate level is approximately parallel to the line joining any We diagonally opposite foot screws. (1 position) (ie B & D screws) SO o COLO B Fig. 6.6 Levelling with four foot screws 6.19 ne bubble is centered by using the B&D foot screws. rh ye upper plate is turned through 90" Le parallel to the other set of screws. gant screws by adjusting the screws: A and © Bring the bubble to centre. ie Telescope IS rotated in all the directions and the bubble remains @ the center then the instrument is in proper adjustment. fy mination of Parallax rx is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective Is not Pac " ross hairs. Unless Parallax is eliminated accurate sighting 1s iy the plane of the ct ‘ ible. can be eliminated in two steps. Paral . By focussing the. eye piece for distinct vision of the cross hairs. + By focussing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs. Focussing the eye piece To focus the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross hairs, point the telescope towards te sky and move eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp and distinct. Focussing Telescope ww directed towards the staff and the focussing screw is turned till The telescope is no\ the image appears clear and sharp. The image so formed is in the plane of cross hairs. 49 PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTs The permanent adjustments of a theodolite are so arranged in sequence that the Xt adjustment does not disturb the results obtained from the previous adjustments. |. Make the plate bubbles central to their run when the vertical axis of the theodolite is truly vertical - plate level test. Make the vertical cross hair lie in a plane perpendicular to the horizontal axis. (cross hair ring test) 6.16 “aL 4, i “iy ar to the horizontal axis, « rpendicul Olin, 3. Make the line of sight pe! in Azimuth tes wa icular 2 vertical axis ¢¢, Make the horizontal axis perpendicular to the (rie, 4. Make the al aNts , 1 e line of sight j z Make the telescope bubble central when the BNL is Hotiggy 5. Make the teles iy 6. Make the vertical circle indicates zero when line of sight Perpendicy, 5 Make e % vertical axis. (A) Plate Level Test The vertical axis of the instrument should be perpendicular to, the axis Of bubble tube. The plate bubbles once centred remain centre for all position of horizontal th of either or both bubbles are not in center it requires adjustment. ¢ The instrument is levelled, the telescope is rotated through 180°, if g bubble runs out of its centre, it is not in perfect adjustment. Adjustment * Count the number of graduations the bubble out of center * Bring the bubble halfway back to a central Position by using two ft screws. This makes the vertical axis truly vertical ¢ — Bring the bubble to centre of its run by means of capstan screw. This ml! the bubble tube truly horizontal. B. Cross Hair Ring Test The vertical cross hair should lie in a plane perpendicular to the horizontal ; The telescope is directed towards a plumb bob string at rest. The string is bisected and its image will lie or the vertical Cross hair. The einen is then id slightly in a vertical plane. The image of string will stit ‘ iby I be in coinci, , «se noth A 5 idenc i if 0 following adjustment to be done. nee with the vertical hair 647 all the fone capstan screws on the eray posed hair ring, Rotate the ring carefully hat the Mage OF the string and the vertical hair coincide. The screws are then jenenel cotimation in Azimuth Test cc The line of sight should be perpendicular to the horizontal axis, Test The instrument is set up at ‘O° in an open field. Mark a point ‘A’ 60 m from ihe instrument. Then the telescope is inverted and a point is ‘B’ is set up. A, O.B will be in same Tine, Fig. 6.7 * However the line of sight makes an angle 90°-e instead of 90° with the horizontal axis. e => being the error in adjustment. The resultant error will be de Adjustment Loosen the horizontal capstan screw on the cross hair ring. The cross hairs are moved Zimuthally fromthe point Bz to a midway between By andB i.e. 1/4 and ByB2 >- Spire Test This test is also known as the test for the adjustment of the standards. Desired relation The horizontal axis should be perpendicular to the vertical axis. 6.18 - ay Tet bout 50 m from a high rise © The Theodolite is setup at about - structure ; ; vO 4 preferably with a ye. + The point at the top say ‘A’ is bisected PI greater than 30°. ; se thes lowering the telex, © Another point ‘B' is set near the ground by ; zg : i “ar wer the t * By changing the face, again bisect ‘A then a cae me instrument is in adjustment then it al n as “ : second point By is set ‘e’ is the error in adjustment «. 2), =2, | Fig. 68 Adjustment The adjustment is made by raising or lowering one end of the horizontl z using adjustment screw until the line of sight falls on the same ground point 7 distance B,By is bisected to get a fine mark *B’. It is a trial and error proceds (E) — Vertical Circle Index Test This test is also known as the bubble adjustment test. Desired relation The axis of the bubble tube attached to u line of sight. This is done so that the vertical is horizontal. 4 he telescope should be parallel '° circle reads zero when the tl \) pegdolite Surveying _ 6.19 Test « Bring the altitude bubble to centre by using clip screw. e Set the vernier Cand D at Zero reading. « Keep a staff at a distance of approximately 60 m from the instrument. « Take the readings for both face left and face tight observations. « If both readings are same then there is no error. « If not reads the same teading the following adjustment has to be made. Adjustment The telescope is set to read the mean of two staff readings. Now the vertical circle will not read ‘zero’. The vernier readings should brought back to read zero by adjusting the clip screws. Keep the altitude bubble at centre by using capstan screw. () Vertical Arc Test (or) Vertical Circle Test zero, Test When the line of sight is perpendicular to vertical axis the vertical circle reads When the altitude bubble is in centre, the zero reading of vertical circle should - Soincide with zero reading of vernier if not the following adjustment should be carried out Adjustment The capstan screw is loosened and the vernier is moved till the zero coincides Wit q ‘th that main scale. eying a 6.21 kh Fig. 6.10 Deflection angle . Let PQ be the general direction of survey: line and it is deflected in the tion QR. The line PQ is extended upto M and the angle MOR is the deflection angle to be measured. The procedure is as below. « Set the theodolite at °Q°. Do the temporary adj levelling and set O° and 180° respectively on both A and B vemiers. stments such as centering. «The upper clamp is tightened and the lower clamp is loosened. Bisect the ranging rod at P and tight the lower clamp. «Transit the telescope and a ranging rod @ M is fixed along the prolongation of PQ. * The upper clamp is loosened and the telescope is amed clockwise and bisect the ranging rod @ R. * The upper clamp is tightened. * The readings on both the verniers are observed. * This gives the deflection angle. 811 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING It is an indireet method of levelling in which the relative elevation of various FG are determined from vertical angle and horizontal distance. This type of levelling * FQuired to find elevations of top of chimney church spires. transmission tovsr “To determine the elevations of different objects the fol aia Howing cases are conside! Surveyi 6.22 SHG a ible Case (i) Base of the object access! ie ; i i lane method ii) Base of the object inaccessible (Single p ) Case (ii) Bast “ct inaccessible (Double plane method) iii) Base of bject inaccess! Case (iii) Base of the o| ¢ De vation of object when its base is g 7 (i) Determination of elevati rj a Aaccessihy, “ase (i , r etc.,) is accessible and the p.. se of S| (Chimney towel : _ Let the base of the structure Hin {vand the base °B" can be ment” i i t station ‘A’ an ; : stance between the instrumen oe fe an let Q be the top of the structure whose ee is ‘ paces i : i an ermi — at ‘A’ and read the back sight on the B mine instrument (s) Fig. 6.11. be RLL. of the top of the structure Q = R.L. ofB.M+s+Dtan6 Fig. 6.11 Base of the object is accessible RL of line of collimation = R.L of BM +5 Line of collimation intersects the structure at Q’ PQ'= horizontal distance = D Sight to top of chimney and measure the angle of elevation @. reese surveying 6. in the triangle PQQ’ = 20’ =D tan ® h=Dtan® f the top of structure +sth (i) Determination of elevation of object when its base is not accessible. In this case instrument at two k i nown locati i i ge Bech mark (BM) and vertical : lions and staff readings are taken to m M. ical angle is measured to the target from both stations. RL. of the top of the structure = R.L. of BM. + hy +V Fig, 6.12 Base of the object is inaccessible - Simple plane method Instrument stations A and B and object °C” are in the same vertical plane From triangle ACE CE =AE tan 84 (V +5) =(B + D) tan ®y (i sehy—hg 6.24 From triangle BCD From trang cp =p wan On v= Dian 0p ¢ calculated. i a can be cal Solving the above equations Vand D ¢ Substituting equation (2) in (1) Dian 0g +s =(B + D) tan Oy ©. s=Btan 0, + D tan @, — D tan Og (B + D) tan Q,4 — D tan Og 5 = B tan 64 + D (tan @4 — tan Og) Or s—B tan 0, tan 0, — tan Og Case (iii) Determination of the elevation of the object when the two instrum are not in the same vertical plane The instrument stations A and B are not in the same vertical plane and 3% point *C” is the top point of object. Set the instrument over ‘A* measure the vertical angle ZDAC = tan 04 Measure the horizontal angle

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