“Brita sand dhe First World War: 1914-1918 “1 Breaking the stalemate on the Wester Prout LE The war on other fronts, British depth snly 1906-1918 8 How and why did th iborashep the poor? 2.2 How and why did wom try to win ts right to vote? 43 The anh ame Prt caring tes Noid ar ‘The peace treatlcs after the First World War rnany 1918-1945 G1 Thee Republic andthe riwofthie Nazis 62 Tite's Germany 7 The USA 1919-1941 BL What was he 8 hen he 19208 7 The Wall Set ras Franitin Roose ant the New Dea 10 “The world xt war 1939-1985 40.1 Why ide tes the Send World We Show kd he war affect ie in Brain? 14 Ezsteen Burope and the Gold War 1948-1989 ‘Wl How ecu ws Yate con] easier Fue 1968196 11.2 Wy dd Soviet contol ofeaten Zope celle in 1? Glossary Index 7 a0 ae 25;Acknowledgements tetorvabtstes erie oki Tapas ie REAR uta ae 197 Tees Pe mes Thy (Gung pep ae apc yn pon fo yan ad is ‘blk Photo credits (ove lips ed ns naearibes ysicaps Yeh tetas: panes Fa at pA pA Sc stan Renen 9182 9 24 ogee Moen oat pe th [others earn ies BE) 61S a0 oiceen concn p2ty r= iypacltarvear amacp35. ied Be Sears rt orbs tentang 2 ‘ec lori t8 ne eon 2 he lend em lil be Lp 27 mpl er ‘sean leva ann 3 THE. bit dBi riers Rea sv p29 li vb ea ay DbBssioue ae Sarde ed Pla i Pb Peto pt be Bg) 2 GH a Lei les asta cn) marly, pire a Ye lah ps ped eatery ain ese ng BH LserUcom BAS 0 ped us Lah, ale G8 Supe 9 Ase 85 ‘tar nese Ua 50.69 Yay Can ft bay A eS? nce uQh inn ep a hon sy pata |ScpeStbers ura feteLbaey 6pont, a Bas oU Shea, eyed 9.66 onal nn Lr sein nes p> ay CrasTivor by Pec facet Cl toa de itil ee p7OMEAb Lab hs ILE qe ar ec on 2 Eh si Rong 97 Fee mpcaotn dept nih peal Ye Lalani rs po ae YS a 8B Erutivon yw pSOEua ry pat cob opel se, anc: eR A lace pasind rua gt-y9898 wu Mp6 an 8 abt elroy n e {as nerareren pa marca hr pea 9900s ys 910 ce and arp le Dring 08D: Rig. 200 a er gt Daag pa? 2 Mos Cand sg pA TRPIDE vaso PS ame tea lina tinn acurinye. al aioe 1ST Poe ei Ne ig 114 tal our. 118 alee 916 esl 214 Medes ivory pte Ky p12 Lely pi Ki pS Deir Sei; p12 Ol apts fe Bie p13 Seis 184! inyubig paget ult jr BU bab psi else p49" Mt paAdo: Dieters hubs Heat p= Bch (ners pte siete mkerrmanet 2 uh I pH ‘Merman. iar neserkansete pal sisal Peo pla sae 2 ilonite pa Soy os mde, base ‘uate Solrdgial C320 (pe shave Psassdor IL). b Ihe 496 Llc da past Ils Psi pi oR og eee 534 L8G ng 18 ob. ‘eat Hida pu De rrdi pS6 49 Carle ast bextertam ete rude ba aa ees Blass Cub ay 161 eu 9963 Mara pea f0 ar Fey Souuases" unt p63! sts saa es Fa megan ea 25e ja enraged ARS, RAL A Ire. srs essen: + snc AGB is res 168 Sartori ets preemie feted a een te pa) elspa! 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Phe anor ep ey pS 8 nS glu 290 Yc te ee Lae 9 silane ther prisscofor Wei ares Ke & Ch, 38 Sei srk acespen es fn ck oe ae AS fu by a ae 159 eo eye eect epson lutein Fe cqemgHhraes Gn pee ted os ge (0 a, AVL F tacts ant St "Teta ih Sn a gs tered plate tpn 36 Flow Ghycd Haat ph- Pana 397 Bac tds $9 Pas spe Da IE pO Di ng pa ene 9 3b + (facilitates 9406030 Ten ana 0 en fase Saree Aine Ico 6 dees pa Toa Mts At pa Pet Dora Sha asia Mae pT eee PALS Teste es ay, TL TER pA VOKECRT 8 5 Tada estes ten sin CMTE PSSA, A a ea Tsp BARD PN AST AN n= ni f= dh rhea tun roksan nents ke seisawshchyS=Lbepad pre ae epi gettyECTION 1Foo “The First World War wae 2 deadly ‘war that killed millions of people. At the time, people in Britain and France had no doubt that Germany ‘was to lame for starting the wat Nowadaye, many historian ack ‘whether ofhor countries should sharo the blame, In this chapter 1 Youn ne cut now Europe olf nto te allanoos in esse hire: You wil investigate how and why each country In Europe bult up Its armigs and ravioe and made plans for wor, 1m Finally, you wil make up your own ‘mind about whether Germany ‘caused the wer or whether other ‘counties should share the blame, ‘SOURCE The Archouke Frena Ferdinand and his alle Sophie atv in Saiajavo, The Avclicuke was ei 1 the throne of Ausbla, whose powerful empire covered much of contra Europe (sve poge A) The causes of the First World War Who should bear the blame? Murder in Sarajevo SOURCE Sunde 28 fone 1914 was. bright and sunmy day in Sarajevo Saaje in oda twas Prspartng fora royal vs fram Arcee Frans Fobnarad of Auta (eo Soiree 2) Crowds isd he srs and ated forte processor of casa afar Teen among the cries; bower, were sc lenge [Bosna Ser terrors rs to ll te ck hey Ade him ard tea sss Ty were stated at ines og te riers rode aah i cars ect fill a er wt fo he Tan al. hy al had bois nd pols in sr pockes and ado am wich Bey bad premised ts woe Be ere cargo tha be a roe the bers cua. seemed as if separa cll fa Pinay, te cance off Large cars came to sgh. Te rca ws in cs reen ponte car He ook every ind duke, eccrine ae a unsfrmy,4 r0 of sptering medals and muita bt decerated wish geen wih etes. Bie hrm st ‘ale ophie,lobing hentia hte dres end broad bet nd wing pity Be east 48 1.15 the cars pase sth ba be fist Kine othe eating hls. He lok eh, dd noite cd then excaped. Tec nest assasin, Cabin, alo lot is nerve and (dd reding. Br Eben ast cars fase ho Cura tide, Carronense fre bs boon, swallowed 8 poston, and junior Bo ier Voe ce Sa the BoM conan id ‘he itoff is car, bu exe vonder te car bein, s.r Scena pecpe stow tere suas eka consion as ihe proceso czeteated cay, faring more bum, AMearahite he pole drag Cabrini out the er. Hs ante wes od ad Badr worked “ke rceduke was driven ode Tu Bal where be dade Uo Be kerf i te ora cick os boa Peaning more errors, te fas decd oa ete rte ood the crows, use ot opel eave othe cer of le Arik ca, Meneoven, no obese et nb lb proces, Meanie be ati astessins, 0 Ixaring the tom exp, assed the Arete rcs dead aed eft — al ecept Pri, wa xm discovered thera Mierably he eoudered. cers the sek sr Sle s ebcaesen ona Princip was laekng cic bec when, ab 1945, ibe Arb car suey peared bess bn aed turned into Fran sg Set, Ts was 0 maak, fr accom 10 the rw plasthe procession shoe ce contiauedsraght aloe le Appel Otay. ds te cicer relish ha ken a rong iv bod and stare 1 severe. Princ ond ‘ary bolo hac, Pug an aiomatc pel fom he righ bare pocket of et, befits at rag of est 3c 4 mates. He cold oto. One ble porc the Arche: ek ard te cbernisxteed of theca in Sepiesstomeah Filer: ira late secede Arde followed som aster. Princip was emirate setae. He manage eres hs ssn, bd it ed ot work ed betes taken off to prison. Ate peters xp NeSmedbatt or cera cag, but onl bn organter, i as kag, forthe otters ter tro young for tesa pena Princip ed in a sus Donen, Be Ap 1918, aed ont Adaoted from Brian at War by Crag Wal 182.SOURCE uc tok plate vere cabins A te SE - A There were many moments wring 2B Juve L914 when everts coil hove furned out aeranty. Study the ‘account a the murders in Source L fant Ist any moments ce which a fdferist asin ight have saved the ives ofthe archdvte and is we. 2 Do you think tha ifthe Arciduke had not geen shot he war would not heve Sarit? Give your teasons. ‘These are ‘nly your fist thoughts. vou can evse your cpinion later) A te to Toor al sored Rta rom Town Hat ‘The route taken by Aechcuke Franz Ferdinands cari Satajovo, 28 uno 1914, Athistrial, Pring std: am not ceriminal for | destroyed a ba mwa. | thought wat eght! en yee lator he sad that Fhe ha know what wato alle hne would never havo the MO fatal sooes— ut his gp es too lat, Within si Wee ofthe Arius ascent, elms allf Baro ba! ben dragged into te leis arin sory n 25 July justia bred Sot fort death of Fran? Fordinand and sentit an whinatum. (On 28 Julye sisi declarectwaron Shia and shld eat, Regrets (On 29 Julye ‘he Russian acry gx realy to hel Serbs defen el apa he Asan stk Germany waerel Russi not help he Ser, On 1 August: Gorany decane yerco Rusia abo began to moreitsaay ova Faroe a Belg, ‘On 2 August: The Pench army was yuton a war footing way to fight arr German invasion On 3 August: Germany dco yar cu Trance sal inv Meg, Btn one (Germany owed from Belo ‘On & August: With the Germans stil in Belgium, Brain decir war en Gorman (On 6 August: Austria declared ar on Russa “eandesiar why the rmurder in Sarje ld 0 qu to alco war involving ll the inain Baropean power ned to ind out more about wht Europe i kei 1918 = 2 ‘THE CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ial.THE FIRST WORLD WAR wey [dre toe ree [Ei re tise rete Nesta eourtiee | TheOtemen Erare {ome mada Vestine ai Simsines The Alliances In 1914 esi mest poe ecomties in Tupe-were vide! nm tenenqsing us the (ent Rowers ar Tipe lance (Germany, Anstria-ongary andy), forme i 182 ava the"pl iverte (Britain, France and Russa) formed in 1907. Back country suai samt and each one hd reasons fo dstmating other canis Eup, ‘SOURCE 4 Sterna es = 21 4 ae S) & m0 { Nie [fol Om ; = gdh ede 26 | ae 2s a > | GERI © Apine Hingery — é < ara) ee das ‘The Tepe Alksree and the Trble Enerte, 1914, SOURCE 5 -Austria-ungany's empire, showing the many cifferentnezialies # centared, Te tick doted Ine shows tie Aisin between the Lands adminisored by the Austrians and those Dy the Hungsners.Ewcopean alences n 1914. ink that preserving peace The Central Powers or the Triple Alliance Germany lore 1870 Germany was olen of sine de stato whic rasa ws the uot se, 18 he Page saesman sme Gon a war gins race ler whine ‘nia the many Gena sta on ate 2nd povel Gerunxempre Gay tok rer roe impurant iil am of bue- Lara do ya ast cee ack, from he Fen Fond an alla ith ssn unl Ry ‘The new Gemanywasserially suas i indo, Py 1814 Germ ast had owatthen Boats and ws soso inthe ar nly ota the USS ones Geran’ eke hd redress vl sconces +The German Raise that German shoal hoa weil pseer ned should hase ovens cans and an enpite like Prance ard Brita ade Source). he Germans nad ‘etalished to oolonies in Afric, bus hey wanned mor. ‘+ Inthe 1990s the Raker onion the milding oa large navy, which soon became the words second rost power lat. rita’ was the largest and most paver + Germ leaders ere very wordy what they called encleclment.Prendstupbenveen usa oul est and ance ta tho west weseen cs marge tn‘uronnd and cheten Gest + Genny vs lso concerne bythe huge bald wp of arms especially in Rusia, andsas tel Piling up vst ary, Austria—Hungary Austria-Hungary was sprang empire in conta Faroe, wan rade up of pele of diferent lini groups: Germans Coach, Slovaks, Srbs nc: many others, Hach group had com customs cod language. Many ofthese eoups wal indepemlence rom sini, + Inthe north the Cah reole ware fo ru themshes + he Sl poop in Lie south ses speck th: Cro) wat teir emia, +The Sabs ving te south watt be joe the eying ot Seba By 191 the cain concern the Emperor Auisiaangay nis how ap ibis raged ermpiotogetir Atri ttangury ao faced problers from neghoouring states + Is new independent neighbour Soria was becoming a powerful force inthe Bahan, Austin ‘yas ery arsions that it should not acme ary strong. + Another seighhour Rusia. supped the Sats, and had 2 vey tree um italy Like Cerna, aly as forme fom a caleton of aller sits ts its main concern was to gctih gomrnmentosilised, hth; 1914 the county wasted and was loosing et sires |Lkesomecf the oer Hurepeun pers, tly waned 0 up colo al bul up at cveseasempie With iar ming, Tl jamal Germany and Aus in he Tile inc ower, her ssonneiena:thst Gennaxy i Austria cl not ent yu ral Bn any tase aly wast a tng inks ne iis peer The Triple Entente Britain Inthe nineteenth crtary Brain al ti nol gt ivoved ie Europea politics, Hate hear known as ‘solr foltin’ ait concent on is huge evens npr 00 Source 7). Por most of Lae niseun mlury,Btain had regarded Benes and Huss asi ‘v9 most dangpraus vals seer by tee 2900s the pictur: al began Yo change THE CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ie ba. j 3 fe! ih Met aaKay dustin Empre Bish Aetiae Fre Fiore ES Bee Oe Bee e mee, ‘reas gained Crp © nce F870 Population Popuisten of Area of overeat ‘lions) overseas colonies ‘rlios) te 3300 aca fen fa itd soa a 173 = ssa cr 1 Do you tank tat preserving p2ace was a pron for Brtan, France or Russe! ‘The the cmain ravens ere that * France ul Be tan ar waa numbeecaprxrens about colons In Nowth ate ics ‘+ Mussa wasted ina war aga Japan in 904 This weakened Russa so tha Beisinwas Is cera about it ‘+ show ll Beta pastor world about Goemeany: The German Kaiser ed made ler thut hewn Germany to havea expe ana seg navy which tin saw a sevious {wal osc eanpice au ny, ‘Sptan bogan to co-operate mere mth France and signe an axrernont wth itn 19 ran sgeed anotterageetent th Rusia in 1907, SOURCE 7 ‘alonios, ie) 2r0 io 25 2 “The ouarseas enpres of he European powers in 1914 france rane had been dated by Geran in 4 Short war In 1870, Sn ten, Geen ad ull up apuwerul amy and ten indus. Tea on aitos lear in Far Wildm, rance ws wort aboot the grosng power of Germanys the French had also built up thei industes and anes Francs had abo devlopal astong an cose fresh with Russia The main cousaarel Fecen ct + to prio itelf gaint attack by Camany ‘to gtback he rich indus region of Albae—Loraine which Germany had taken from iin 1870 Russia Runs we by farthe Larges ofl the i ers, ht was ao chest hacks, "he conn vas ales etiely grist, though lars tum tance hal help Russia fo deelop sane incusts ‘uss shar rane’ worn bat the arin pow of Gemmany Taleo bed along histor of earothAstria-liongnez‘his wes one meson why Rossi ‘as sofrandlywn Serb Another eas was hatch Russias and Sabs were las ang ober lad in sr Hnngay’'s epi Rossa fi shoo hae ifuence ver en. Fusia se aar wi Jagan in 1805, There waste a rclution against theme Sar Nicholas. lesontved. bate knew Rasa could ctf olsen anyother cri the Russianshegan to buildup large aon ease of emergence intera Pp Draw upa chart tse this i Germany Austria Hungary | aly ‘Britain France Russia = 2 Leg the deseripiions of he reatinshins between these courties on pages 5 anc 5, camplere me onart ta show causes cf fans between te couriiss Yau ra rt be able to Fl alba spaces, 3 wihich rlctonsip tha greatest sourca of tonsion? 2 Shulythe catstes in Souce 8 whicn 4 Balan how each of he felowng contoutec 0 tensions between te European Sore | ain coyotrk the stones” Sean pce wary deenence ome bul 3 Winch aliance do you think the = = a Bees Boar ut ace, source Germany Austria-Hungary — Italy Pood (ocr! ‘iti © 0 2 a uw a8 ae oare 1s Femerasisnine yen Bae Low Saamber of soldiers avaiable 200 ac 750 Pemcciciceromnen 100R Deceials cutis dy es ou & eo 6 2 Sartes en Resources of tie Great Powers h 1914 The Balance of Power Polcias at thetic this entem lanes the Balance of Hoa The beled tat these ar poverofthe rw lianas wl prevent thre fam string 2 war source Q, 4 Look at Source 9. De the cartoonist think thatthe aliances najped to prevent war? '5 Do you thine that he aliances mace A modern radrawing ofan American cartoon pubis inthe Brook Eaglo, July 1914, war rior kel orf Hiab? The certcon was called "he Clan of Friendship THE CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR= ‘THE FIRST WORLD WAR SOURCE 1) “er ts a companion asc bs importa of fe Gore n9 fo Gaamiany and te pire of war nae ths Ce nay gf a wi Be amas (ote, do hace a soong Hoey eet snes ent pie aad cence eas a ete of Hare ab 0 thers ast ‘Sr Edward Grey, Entsh Foreign Socrelay, ima specel ie Parlarrntin 1909, SOURCE J ie glare ite ad ls: yee a verre ta eth has cure oe yu, tar one de ee uch sellin? Ws cam Fa rose? Fase bac. tel as aera fra Faiservatelm, speaking an itertew ‘nth the Dady Teiggraph in 1908. The Kalserthed Lnetand andl ad friends thee Hewas a cousin of King B20" zeVor Brin, 1 Yfy was Bran cancesned by German's eval ns! 2 Pow elf Garrnany react to Britt's concarns! 3 De you tank that ether country wae acting uncasonably? Give your Feasons The tension builds, 1900-1914 Anglo-German naval rivalry ‘Ore of themes senior casks of rion i Barype was teria cals which dee site 1900. rersinoe the Batt of Teflearin IRD, Pitan iad mle the seas sthou! aor challenge, sary was te uostgomertul in the wood, This situation begun wo changPin 1 ‘when te mK lise, aarormond isinonten ould poeta Ganman nary finain ft vary throne hy this. Germany’ nary mes much sulle than Ble’ bur the foo nary us pa aller te wor, ese ng che Res Tare: Germany dl hae inne ofa emp. ita nas? Whar aes Cera going mda with allePrse ‘saris coon inthe Nara Se? ‘ot surprising Gey di oo. see tings the sare wa ‘he Kasse and hiatal fle that Gmina, nade a oy to zrkerit rowing mack her fee thatthe Bib wee ore reucgio he Gem usa la, ‘ren was wo cuusaned by we Germs sed Bc, 3 L906 Wein ead the stakes ‘mthe tea rae y luadang HY Drona, Cis of 2 ss Clas ol worships. Gena respourel ly hui is own ‘readaoughs, The nara race aswell tay on ar th ‘tain wal Geran yet aulins onder we shin SOURCE 1 SOURCE 13 106 fea OD 190d whoa 1909 cada cada a a (900 ae aa ts ie a cae a ee a pare NS a A Bl es Gia as Bis ine 2 olay TE ey clas ain TT Humber of Draacheugts'balt by Brian av! Germery, 1906-14"Bon 1851, wih 2 buely there lett “=> Hisloians also tk he flere “igi ran darage at inh hich cad batt Ns eating 2 is span) ddd ol hav a loving fri, besaiie Kaiser a the ave of 27 “ee Gontnat industry nas a-oNan stan Germany was becorning 4 d poser pH was frous for tis energy and “extiusiasn, but te was aso very presictabe ‘eas keon on milter parades and it bo photograpned wearing i= unten, apponted riltary to most ofthe important is Boveri, as very athills for Germany. Me wanted Gamriany tp be revognced =the greatast power n Europe by ‘der European states. Shed physical exercise, and al kes was ry closaly valved in y's fons FoF wa Genveny nos detested n 1918 ‘ripenie. He cied in 1941 The arms race on land 2 Whe rtan and Gemanyultupdvirmis hemaix paresuumainkrd Buopeme = tls bat dig p ober ami, 3 = source : 14 3 1900 0 914 & ae om tan tom f ota ben 350 3m e Russie fdas tam tise = ‘tee Mungery 925 in 9m a Germany Sem 2m 13m 2 italy 25m sem Aim @ Treamsteidup Mitryeersond of tesoves, 19003804 (egress somce 15 he cars nace tabi al be mayer poner were once ential fy bese that sa as cand come, and vs, Pouch cased series fnarcta iotesf al encores veda ie te rare aude tr one conte eves ppg Anh pacity le are nace was fed fo rvent wa government ben fact er terial ss comin by oe rae of ta nals, bl ate inca he a ee Jernes all, Origins ofthe Fst Word Wer, 1992, loll is a wel-respected Bris historian ‘than expert knowlege of tis top In Geran in pats war end allan wer: ghriial, The assersurmande bios sot allay abies, He stad nian elles and procesen Ie neat hotograyet i tlt uur, He aneled imal ese Gams ult planning Plans for war ‘cy asus sue that war vas bound com’ snore ue eta they hega teak ‘ee dhl plas br wba le doi sd when ite Germany Geumancarn sno the bigest aan Furey hut ms pple age i ns ta es ‘xine er the mest poser ‘Th prolen facie tho German commanders was tha awa bake ont they won ptebagly Ihave to igh agains nla and Franceat tha same ime he Gemma care up oA de Sle Pl, der is lan ey wou quickly nach rl selea nee then th heir Fences an Buss dels le euaus were se) ae slow to gts tcp ey for wa, SOURCE 1G Generic Moltke avid Tbe rar fs conte; war Be sure te etn Bao nyt do are thre te resto brepare ih ulation for ees agate (ie cries ane araiag mone singly than wan |rom the diay ef Admiral er Muller, head of the Kaser's naval cabinel, December 1802. g“THE FIRST WORLD WAR, source 1 7 Jn Halles onivion lkere was no uernative to making prennstive war in order o doa te oreo abil we salt ad a chai of visor... eed out dt the hier tend only agree to fk if on eves forved wr peo Witton by Gottieb von ow, tha German Foreign Secretary, May 1914, He was vats irom memory, soon afl the ‘end ct tha war 1 Read Source 17, hal do you tink Ae ter mas by “revere war 2 Does ter Saree 16 oF 17 suggest that peape Ni Berrian wanted 2 War? SOURCE 1 8 ‘ie remark England and Gomater are ownd 0 fg’ mies war te mere kel cach ime iis made, ands erefre ac rae of by he gee ves of ch >a From Howard's Lng a widely reed novel by EN Forstor,publshed in 191 3 Source 18 comes from a novel. in what ways tusoful as evidance bout te rnood in atari before the Fst Word Yar? Austria—ttungary ast Hunary kre it needed te ap of Gerany to hel bck Russia. 0 rele on the ‘sons ofthe Schlien Paw that Garrary co lp iio deal Rusia, Russia ‘TheRsian ann wasbodlyexpippel, but se huge Ghar enoaph tins, Russa could rently put uillesf soldiers into tefl, he Rusia plan was evervheln Gerraany's and sutras hy sheer weight of mers France range al large and well--yuipped army, Is rain plan of ttc ws as Plan 1. euch ope would earge across Ue unter acu slacks dp into Caria fencing suede, Britain Bras itary sans ad sn cls bul sey nv in claboratinn with Ferich oommandrs. This lt Britain sting up tae Bish Expatoncay Pore (BET, consisting of 150000) highly trained and wel eyuippe! prcesional sols, The BEF could yo none und Night arse the French also tice (ne thing hat ues lot hes plans wa the sumption Ut awa i and ben it came, sl be tick Thee ey plas wae esto thie quik vity Noe plan forwhatndoifthe wa draped. twas mest rivera assunod that none ofthe owes ‘oul be able keep up og drave-out war Thesheer st of ar wo eats economic eollays(o he enemy ono rum) asthe war would becver ina mater wes or snouts ‘tho much alk of war and plans fo wa you might think, asenany at the time that eat ew imei Morocco, 1905 and 1911 Jn 1905 and 1911, tho crises in Morocco sal th temperature in Lupe In 1905 the Raisers Nooo in Non fie. Genny was bug up rico eapie cu ad celons i etl ard suber rca ee Soom 7x pew: 4). The ‘cise wis uw hen o sow tha Germany was an immportnt power in Noth bcs as wel. The rena pas be cata of Maruceos> the Kiser ides pach sng hes ippced snckpenderocfor Maroon he French wee Faions at hisinereing in ther aa An ‘ueretionl conference wa hed in Alpcias i146, Ba he conf idno oa things do fa, iid te opposite: a thecrference the Faser ws mii. e had wars a ‘bese avalon pve in ica. Intel is views wre ace Fie was teat asf had > right to speak ousuch mater, This made hi biter Hees abo lary the way that Vain and France stack other atthe conference to oppove hia, These tzals nom eel very cls. In 1997 inthe wake the Nersecan cs, Britain and Francs fomd an alliance with ‘usa, the Ile Enis. The nent per sa ther alliance as scuy aginst German -aggnestn, The Ralier ar bs poole stra heating ley of ecrckmert, with stile overs surounling Gemnin ‘In LOL Sorocensaw anther ess the Mach ted take ove Morocon ag The sa shew ppt a ormperste Gerany i iscrae set 2 esl. However, Te aes respons. ast senda gurhon the Parte) to Aga The Brtsh Fes tha the Kaiser ‘sana tse up a naval bain Aga and thoy cd not wan Garman siysin the Meserranen,nerberenference ws eae The Beth andl French aguln stot 2st Gemaans, Pranc took contol of Morac Germany mas eben Land iv cence ica as cocapersation, Hehindthe soa, Bain aa Prange rexchat x reene ti the Hench ‘Seu pail he Meier ar ante Royal Nay shoul detec Farce’ Alanon Noh Seaccast,source 19 The Balkans: the spark that lit the bonfire ‘The Balkans were very unstable are ieee ales were nie ogee She aretha ben nuke hy rey for any cas, bo Takis power as ain écline * Thenew governments which had boon wt up ix place Turkish rae were regular ia cdsgune with each ether + so great powers, Rusia and Austria, how the countries in tis egon, Both vented 9 contol dhe aeahoeawse it ga then acoso the Me kere, ‘The ist alkan cs camein HN. Anca too over the provinces Busia and Horan, Rosia and Sch potest, br ther bask drs shen Germany mae itelear tha itsapportd ‘ster. Nether Kus nor Sta ws prt sk ar wth Germany vers sae Hower bere weresome serions oonseybearts, Ausra new fel ecieenctharGemny woul Ynark tn fairedgaues Sore isto int his mee saci, and eure Lan make rouble Se and Russ. Rusia eel hg coin The Bakers 91908. 969, 1 quidsened oars build-up 1 we debsruined et to back dawn agin Frou 19121 6L3 there was sel local sas. Serbia emerged rom bse a he mot pov oury the alas, Yas was ey serous fo asta. Sia had ateng ey and snes lw aly of Kuss sus decide tat Seria wuld have he dealt eh. B 19+ Anta was onkmgfor «good excuse crush Sebia Anselsqpornnitscame wih he muster of Arak Franz Feline! and is wife Sophie in Sarajevo Gee pgs 2-2) although there asap hake that Princip wating unr nds fom the Serbian govemruent, Anti ams Shia, Frentcciplomatic Fort ave Austria. quar Germar backing Wines en page 13) Wu his suppor Austen nsf scare enough to dl wih he Seri pole once afr. kgow Serio a en poi tenn tat won icv hae mat Serbia para the susinan Erie theSers could unt poss accept it Wen the Sets skal for tmeto conser, Asia ese and dela war 281916, The sie allen war had begun, SOURCE DQ) We ster of too caasivation (mearn] JC sa grave miter... Bt may fas wore ss caked. te Kaiser eos bs yak bday aad it mene reassuring, ie Read of de ermaan army Ef for bis core rw foreign a eal sor renter tata dfn Huangerien bey ced om me oul alr tot ee ere aking the minder ofthe Grand Diab io ql... # hac rvoked a orm fe adr. andl ig Ted a war ei Simbu... Howeee, he ofvel rpond we bl di no oe 0 fis is alors 80 4 Look heck al your answer‘. aueston David Lyd Georg, ema, 1932, David Lie George wes a government minster in ae page 3. eau you like ta change 1914 ard became Prime Minister in 1916. His memoirs have a reoutation for: jour ana" M28 ‘hemsstene ACTIVITY Theaoeterein Europe between 2800 and 10.4 has been Were carte wating fobs 1 Nake your ons copy of this bonfire dlagrarn, and ad labels lo suggest Factors that made wer possible 2 Fut mapr factors on big sticks, fess important factors on smal slicks. 3 Aad more sticks to the Ire you wish to show more factors. 4 hy do you ink the Sarelevo murcers ‘the fee previcus events such 4s the ‘Morocean ersis i) 1905 Kad 2? Merrion ese points in your ase: a) Austa's worias shout Seria ' the buldup ol intematioal problems 0} the vay te allonces worked, THE CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR.2 e 2 = 8 2 2 2 Did Germany cause the war? SOURCE DY ‘The Afind greernmends five, and Germany exces be rsponsiby of Germany and eras or causing al db ose carnage fo whic dhe ed gerne Sir peables brew bees wubjoctal ea row of te mar The war quit clause fom the Treaty of Verses, 1919, lier the athe vezrious les ore the deeeted Germany ta sign the ‘wer gu clase ‘Goutce 27) Geom ado aap thal as esposibe both for starting erway and forall the damoge caused ay. Hoxerer te satn ial, Gannary refed ta anche ole blue Histonans have ups about Mis ue ere snc Soca uae onli to blac Germezy Ouhers baw neil diirent ends Was Germany to blame for the war? What do you think? Nas Germany to lame? ‘Your ‘ac is ta look over the evidence and hald your own rei, lcoking back fram today. You sidy evidence and hear Fron witnesses, You must then reach ene of our verdicts Vorait 1: Corey was ret lamed for tart the wer, |Werdlet 2: Germany wes sn resoonsbl for string the war, atthe other overs shoud acent some of he ame, | Verdict 3: At ofthe major powers helped to stat he war. They should stare the biar Verdict 4: No one ves 1 blame. The powers were swept along tonards an inetable wat t could not be stopped. | ‘This Is now to run the ral, You can work on your own, oF gruupe, 1 Draw up » table the the one below: Witness 7 Watch verdict doos What evidence doe the witnoes give | Can trust tho witnoss? the witness support? {0 support the viewpoint? 2 Read al ie wilnesses’ sialaments on page 13. Complete colar 1 and 2 3 colin 3, noe nhal evcenoe the wikiess g)ves to supodrL his/her vewpot, 4 incon 4, note what mat make the mtness refabla or unroable Think about + the date anc org of each source * whether the witness was involved inthe events of tie sme ‘tha value and ralabity of each wires. '5 Look threugh te other injormaton n ths chapter to see there are otter wnesses you siovd consider. 6 Groose your verdict rem verdicts 1-4. 7 Once you have chosen veri, you sould sum up the avis for itn a short explanation. Resnernber to explan wy you have chosen yout vert, but also explain ay you ave rected the others 8 Use your table ane explanation fora class debate,SOURCE 4 ‘Yeung Ausirian solders seting out for he ‘war iv Aligust 1914. Briain’ erpre also contibutad oops. ‘Around 1.5 miten fan and 16,090 West Ireans feughin the Extsh ary. Conecian, Austrian and New Zeaiane Troops also feu SOURCE 1) Sa badly atmeagpbore to mone in, & its safe mis with aren desire fo do seven raore thi kay 2 Landen & ora burch of rapa soll me be to navy board of aa abugnce rps ech Se gcing Sight wnt Bulgin & Saply opine young Brist woman wring in August 2914, Sho wonton fo seve through the whole of tie war. Thousands cfwomen Served in the forces a5 nurses, driers, ceerhs and in many ater roles SOURCE 5 ‘A group of Bitch rocruts who had jst jonad up n August 1914. Ha a milion youn ren sighed up in the first four weeks. You can tel rom the varey ot ats and cian Ih ths group roles both middleclass and vorkang-class people SOURCE 7 ‘Sch enrasr— the eho bitalon with bones cau emis coed wit flwers undhercbelé wring watringh— cheers on every sie crib ove and cee a the seer fro and sense reasvasance of to soles Letter from a young German nto had been called up and was about te travel (ott front, source ‘Thin years of Me would nt fe word el ale are gig ty acoml wihin be mend Few weeks... ash you ed share in some measure ie eae we axborionce here! A letter froma young Frenchman, France lad been defeated by Gerrery ina humiliating ‘we in L671. InFrance, ere wes a sticnig sense of sel¥ing cd saares. SOURCE Yow mot Re cfd for my ake anc wl cd belong fore am Buk aga, ab lect te gener es ic tha will nat bea Tong shaw, Letter from a 30:yeurl Brlsh cer tls paren, August 1924 "The seldirs who nok Soo 7,8 and 9 were al dead within a month, aes who went ay lo-warso eatbusiastically une back wounded an mimo. The realy of war was very fret ‘rom what hed bun expecta in August 1914 Eateed ofa val ilo Ue tps gota blood saan Slderson dhe Wesern Front ers gal down inzaudy ences forest of a> ext aur monehs [ACTIVITY Itis August 1914. You ar 0 reporter jor 2 Brish newspaver. rile 100 words to Uescribe the way n wich he dureak of war nas greeted around Furope, Use Sourtes 1-10 1 your arfele BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 15The war on the Western Front reaches stalemate fss00n25 war wis declared Gemma’ Sciliefers Plan weal ino operation. The ScielisPln ‘Ger page 9) was simple bul esky. Thee wast send Germ forces through Belgium end to ‘yuielyhnock France out uf the wae he Unory vas that Russia would ah anytime to raph (gels ares ead fr ven), ts an all-oe-nobing pale, The Gemctans hada try CRC RREERE 1o eo Pats and defo Fence vids wou, s tha they could hex send all dhe ops 0 e asian ‘ght gainse Rusa Tower 25S I! shows, th the Belgas norte asta ld pout Balglum and Germany. whale Schlefen Plan egectel hem toe SOURCE JJ, THE FIRST WORLD WAR eign army and hdres Ine apectes si eke Key eb Bits loces = 3 The French were boule ep German teres bretmasi e-Lerare Bul eb Fre iercos ness fm Fortess roars Bate othe Warne, SOURCE 1 hy the Schitfen Flan fle Afi it looked as tough the Gemuaas onl sucened ‘The Genaan ‘my invrog Rolgum on ugast. The Regians pnt a herd resistance fom their one forshuti ld not sop tbo cash ag Geirman advance Mase man arleyy berber tryed the Felpan Firs and soon enormous numbers of wel-epuippst ad swel-ttaned German infancy and cavalry were moving ono ‘wards the Pench bord bens, the felgian mestance won them rman frends aed bought tine for Bish and French troopsto mahi, The Beis Epedminary Fore, ley Si eb French, laced in France and me thease Cenrews Wer rn23 August Ths sina but elltcined orceat profesional sales gare he Gena snasty shock. The tings at Mons wee el lec by Jewenart General Douglas Haig remecnberthat nace, you'll find ot otaunse about ‘ign ster — nad were sing Lee Enlil 33 boll ation ls bie col ice pucly ard accel. Garman pons fromthe ue showed ‘na they tog hoy ere up against machine-gun Ke 6 Acartoon for Purch, ugust 1914.2 ond Source 13. ht fatrs tak infeed Water Booms wow of Engic sins? “hymns Blo fest tse of ection “sicha shock hin source 4 3 Sunday ‘Reports cee coming Brac he the Engi ene i fret fs, tigi odes? We knee seb they lobed ike rune te cuss shor scare esc with oral cas se a ae angle on tei es, or bees wi te chin siap oder oI fea of under Be clin. ‘here was nach pring bout tis, end aoc abo a remark by Bimaarc fe former Germaan ksudor} shou) sac lio pulce lo arrest he English anny, (The Attack beghas ..) send no sooner lf te exe ofthe soo tha a vole of bullets echied psour nowes ‘and cracked ito the oes babi. Hie or svete ear me, for x of ey ra das olan on i gra Dara it Tc ss serous... | Romar age — a Be cael We cers the tak, une the broad fl of wae: ad then cn acs te ueding monies Mons rin, oss news ant ering ino er nan, mare lads aling. the 160 mer hf be werd with rm ad rae to Bsa 310 rome ot on nas reer froma bad fo arse Weert eabed, ig ore tere ere cad on uote uoversg tn eesions, groaning teri blo cczing fae fess teands. Ved ogo bach... bad fe, be contd be m0 gadasayng pf ate sue ba eof bce, ad by the Eis Oy xh iad 0 Legh a ow sors bene Wrten by Water Bicom, a German solder, abauc te battle at Mons in Belgium. Tis was Water Bcems fist egerience of tena, ‘espe ony uc, ie Brith ee uel asin. fc tie es hey ne ‘ves tcrganbe an ones naa, They disk the Gears, bt nly a French va trang fest fill to scp the German advan weve Pea were acing thee com prblers, ‘When verre ot tne Hench follow this Pan 17 ses page 1} and eh ert sttocon German thmagh Asica-Lomrane On 20 august the Genraan fons defending the front cut the atacking Franch toops to ribons wih andy an machines fre The French es over 200600 meni 1 ys They now abandanel Pan 17, av recuse ir aso den Parison the alvancing Germans (> Sone 14) SOURCE J 4. ‘The thyoat to Paris, The situation i early Sepnernber 1914, LD ST BRITAIN AND:SOURCE 1 5 ‘hat (Prone soir wb have rated fortem cay, leping sh gro and elf ded wl tig, sould be we to da ob hr ils wt Ie bugle serinds thigh we Hever expected Wnrten by Ganerel von Kuck, a German amy cornmander after the Bate ofthe Name SOURCE 1G 1 Read Source 17. What do the extracts fal you about hol warfare change! on the Western Front balueen August ant Hoverar 19147 2 Is thete any evcence that the mood of ‘he scldiars nad changee? The Battle of the Marne ‘Tho Pench my ive ber onthe delemsire i September 1914, but by Lnisseye tings were ot going erly vel forthe Germans ether. The Geman Speen Cooma tk alto pull 00:80 out of tearing Pai wase he Rusa ha nll ar re quite tan ected and had creat ied Germany hws ta prove te brea thatthe hth and Fn neo. The Geran army ala soca another problem. Thee avanae hat feen so Fast that feiss eo a armani cml ot kexpup. The Geran soles vworcundertal andexhased Von Kluc, the German commander decide e ould netswing rund Pais according tthe ayia] pan, so eebanord aight unas, While Hae Gers ava on oe, tee dire ops to Bay al andthen oto the ron, tangportng sane oF he thereby ta “The man army wes wea are cvotscha. he French were fighting b sare thei curt ‘Trecrmbinod British nd Fonchfres were :fYe pte Gearan ance long the lined River Mame Ths tren couriers deta! nd pase ho Germs hac to the iver dlne, Homer thes nt de them cut France Neither econ make ary png and by 8Sepanber tops cn otasdes vere sbguag tenis to prov hemmed fxr sips ard shel ire. Soom afi Uh added ‘achice guns and banbet wire, Unt ita been a war of mosemet, but est ‘were the fst signs of he sake thats twcawe, she Battle ofthe Marne, 1914, SOURCE 7 45 September 1914 We gt er iret ett 0 rela id. Ye fad ar us ving te mare cana cagred many ell ot. must have dome fuenty fice mals yesterday October 1914 We ca apparel wot uo ft bacon te Germans baw brought ap srg reingeements, aud alsa eve a scan prepared postion wih ware rw op agate), so it looks like ater sege mses oe ane neinorce bore 25 October 1914 ‘The lac fon lays eo bc wer sy Clr fore fra Soo as oo dif obs, we ‘are oe wet shove abe) now to ave bac i a stey paso whi oe dag befone teh. The end of tar cece a owes By: the ada comme las ofthe Royal ‘oi Lo Bly paren hey paced oto fa ad esene heey ciated cond surrounded, lore ave ony ult suet sereicorc al tela bad Basins, From the cary of Ally Congreve, a young tetenart ron a solcering family. He was ‘wcely respected and mwa years rase tothe rank of major, He kext a personal dary ‘rom 191 until Me was kes bya sniper at Ypres im 1916.~~ cosoune 5 bee a ep ets trces Be Geman forces Bp Fen fovea Fores ows Fert Pm in eary 25 * Seem png trom December 1914, ear, Arad Kubin, antuszsticaly ‘supported war aa in 1924, By Secember his mork had chenged to itis sie n nich ghosts and demons often featured. The fgure in his pang seocosents cesth. Te Houses represent oicinary Ife ang pooat, rutele fons Lege! vam 4, The race to the sca The race to the sea the alle of ae Blame we a uming ict Th Sle Pla bad ale. Geman as sgh pina to dont er Worl he Geman eer aise ht ey calcd bre trough he ens nae. Male ws ixplaaedty2 new commanter Faleniyn, sho dial tory ty catlank rt roa te endo) hisenemy/sline The charge hezan on 12 October Ithecame kre asthe ace these As the Gonmane charged west toxans the se the Brsh ant rent med nye Dk them whenever seemed da the ema weet eek tg One observer atthe time called ths ‘the Ratway Baio Northen Peace, eae th ss ved thee oops yea. The first Battle of Ypres in Belgium ‘The key hate in this race the ea was the Bist Bathe cf Ypres (thers wer two mor ae in the ‘var fram 12 Getobert 11 Nosember 1914. he Blo around 51,000 men aul Ube Germs ‘prota 102000, but tho Betis (od 7 Len, agin this area) a his important grou ‘shakey eon af the Engish Channel pts hich meant chy coud be supphed wt equipment an refatormemens, By Noveer 19 veh ello The WES a Tee dein hs Hench a ahead salle aoa Talon Gear wana jus en weeks Pepe, Che Fecha ke tolneakthrough the Gesnan ‘sin Artisan Champagne in Deere bu es ee est taco hay ase. fs 191 4c tho iting har reached asernte which wast ast ni 1918 liso tong wedge of reheat sch fom the san ho vwortnthe psn est [tbecune own ast We Font erin ac pags yous ‘examine the wa onthe Westen tuntin dl. Why was the war not over by Christmas? It's Christmas 1914, People were told thet ie war would be over by Chrisimeas, You Tua 1 explab vay itis Viork.n pats. You are gong to arte tao reports abou! tre progress of the war trom ‘August to Decertber 1514. Ge oF you shoud wrt fr the Bxrish Prme Rinstor, ‘expaning evens a3 fuly as you can. The other sould write forthe general publc back in Bray, tying fo ave a positive and encouraging message about on the war's seing ‘You may wist to mantion these aos: » the successes and fatures of tre varous plans * the imoortent battles that have taken place + the ren lessons being leart aout warfare me casuaties ‘ te rnarate of the ticeps. Conclude with + your exoianation as to nhw tie war is nol over by Crristmas + your vews on how the wer willbe fought tiravgh 1915. When you have frishee, compare your tuo reports, Discuss: L fo hare citfrencos tonal 2 Hove vowincluded iterent deta? 3 sore more ecaxrate than the otter? BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 19What was the fighting like on the Western Front? 1 Onactihe biggest pebons fcng _Th'sarants eon fon su amen aan. ntl exprenastr Ik Pocmmpoties kcsaupcipa fe blo. the geek asad no alowe ert, Began: a fp ba ree glug tig wid yeasom ae oer eda ingen tetova toh vty ies Ho cup a Sources 20522 Earle ait of alte binge ey voueress, : 2 Sources 20-22 give you tree Ghraniagsts wenelt Warfare Giffen kinds facet cou tery nat bn ate lik este sytem nc nado a ‘craning, an 2eral photograph, ang ‘of mioverent this war was static, ‘Hencles begat as sieaple shelters but by 1915 they bad fo seire bel photagins Elan deepen conpldxirsesstens soune2sion arossctn ofa tach Hose, ag feteeciore sisehiloahisorin. —soun:22pich psa hatte encore erro feo detiten ere arre You sidenca Yeurae’cludontinycur sch who SOURCE 2Q) hes aly sido stp ; “4 Explain why the two trenches shown in Secs 2 eso dere ‘THE FIRST WORLD WAR tee Enteio Cross sectin ofa trating rench. These \were supported by much srcnger rasene Liens and inked by comruricaticn leeches. German venches wore pensraly stoner and oeter consizucted than Albec trenches, The Garmans generaly nals better ground ang nad establshed ther trenches nthe eal stages of ner. Mery oftheir dugecuts and machine gun posts ware rervarced uit conerete wnch prouded a stengor defence against erilery bonibardien. SOURCE 2 ie ! ACTIVITY Study Source 21 careful. 1 Gn your ov copy of Source 21 label ln folowing featras onttine lrenenes uppolt enches + no man's ind (he area between | ‘toate erences) ip 2 explain hy you think the tronchas aro ranged 26 zg ine, et aah ines. 3 Iryod had to get from your headquarters befied the ines (marked ba ae ele, is «>. SE ‘atom terns pelo ate The erch syste, This an sel photog on ky Bh aes jw woud you got Hero Tha ih renehes are one ig. Ine ma oh aoa German, 20‘ug Austrian solders setting out far the war n August 1914. Btn’ empre cso contributed troops. ‘Aaund 1,9 miben Febatis and 16,000 Wes. cians ‘ought the Enis army. Cavacian, Australien and New Zeaiend ‘ioops ako tough source 10) Sa bent cirsutbore to me ing & ifs “fice me wit astong desire todo sent mare her stay tn Landon & forsake eb to "baseboard 9 an embzdance corps eet going snaghs ent to Belgoms & ap) opin. A,jung Brish wornan wrtng August 314, She went on lo corve rush te whol ofthe war. Touseils of women Served nthe forces 28 nurses, divas, ers and arian other roles SOURCE 5 ‘A group of rth rocruts abo had jst jared up x1 Augusl 1914. Hala rilion youn ren signed dp nthe frst cur weeks, You can tel from he varey of hale and Cokin Unt Hs group roludes balh midleclass and workingsloss people. ‘SOURCE 7 Sich endless: — Be wert bial eth beats can tue cached ett flewers hhamdbercbies waving wntorndy—chters of ery sid — col veer ad coo gt Ue er froch and wonderful racsarance of Be seo Letier from a young German who had bean called up and was about to trae! 4 the frat, SOURCE ‘Bie year fH wo ce oath tat wave ging to acpi art le next os weeks. 41s yon cd sara sre mesure feo w experienc bared Aleta: from a young Frenchman Franoe had been defeated by Germany in 2 hurtin vex in 1871, InFraice, eee wos a cong sense oF setting old scares, soURcE ew must Bee crf fr ny sie wat wll nol being before Lam nes ape, ab sat te emer ies tha wl rd belong sho Leer trom’ 30-yearo} Bilis or lo Nis patenis, August 18M, ‘The wld who wrote Sources 7. and 9 vere al dead wilhia oath, Others who sent way tovarsnerthasiasicall came back wounded are maimel. Te eal of wu vas vn deen! from ehat hat been expo in Aug 1914. Istea fs sor the mons got. blood sama Salers on tha Wesera Front ete hoggad down in mudd enchesfor mest of te st or revs ACT Itis August 1914. You area reporter for z Oris nenspaper. rite 100 words to describe he way in ich he pullresk o* war was ereeled around Furope, Use Soufes 1-10 i your atlile 1914-1918 BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 15SOURCE 4 ‘group ol ris recruits so had ust oinod up in August 19.4, Half 2 mition young. ‘mei signed up nthe lt feur yee. You can tel ram fe variety o nats and citing that his group cludes both middleclass and working-class peor. SOURCE 7 Shch entoasian! foe whole bataon wtb beets ana tans dete vi lowers ‘andierccs sire untidy — choos cee oad over ead cose cat The over rsh ond wenden reasaranceof fe soeters, Lee from a young German who hed been celled up and wes abou! to travel tothe iron. SOURCE ‘hiby sess of le wot rat be eort cl hal we are gog by acco lis within te ned sw weeks... Lash pr con sare in Stone mazasure tke torts we exboronce Bet Aleter roma yourg Frerelinar, France tad been defeated by Germany in a hurling ExilCsenaphs doo coatuled boone war n 171. InFrance, Hew nas a stong sense ol selling ol scores. ‘Around 1. milion lads and 1,000 West nde fugit in the Gti army, SOURCE Q) Canad en, Austialian and New Zealand — tramps also FORM. yn mia leap onl fr miss and wire Rey Befre aim back again, a Aas he grserd vw bs al i wil rat Be key shove, source 10 Lele fama S0searld Bish of to Ws pret, gs 1914 isi Reedy ctosphere io mex is, 6 ifs infected ne ch srg desire to ce ‘The sldiem vho wrote Sours 7,8 axl 9 wee all ra thin a month, ers who yeat ay somntting move tar stein Landen ® tn ary enthusstouly eae back wound ew marae. The wali ober was very ler avait a bunch xf men fy el me wba from whut har bom exacted in Angus 1914 ata ofa sit vitory the tops get Hoody do, hace heard of an amiouiancecorpe stun. Sliers onthe Western Fron ore hoggeé dow in muddy tenehos for moto te srbich ing orale out to Pegion & ves urns se ap ta jt ACTIVITY ‘young Brtsh woman wring in August 1914. She went cn io sense trrough te ‘ahole ofthe wer. Thousands of women served 1 the frees as nurses, drives, elrks and i ary ater ries, ILis éugust 1914. You area roperer fora Brish nesespxner, Wrle 100 werds to iescibe lie vey in wich he uuloveak oF wer was ereeled wicund Furcees Use ‘Sarees 1-10 yeur article, BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 15souRCE 9D Trenches in the Somme, July 1916, and B Guedecourt, December 1916. Change 2: artillery became more powerful or met tho wel day, ery tilery woul pou tae cxsnystrenches with thundnalsf shes llr bunks caused mere casi dban anyother weapon, Abe begianing of iowa the guns wee not er acura Png fom sel behind tear oy ies, ty fen hombre ahr co fava senches oe they got ther rangerlghe By thee the ay artery vas mach bigger anit wasn accurate By 1918 antler tats we etre sophisticated as wl Gr pages 30-32) tiller wast iy ‘weapon ofthe Great War. Thrsaghont the war rat part ompen sat as ge nebo making shelisfor the stile Change 3: cavalry became less important Then Wr War sa ant mor la change teenth aaa sagen of sever an, Pfr 194 ibs tag espe edits be ca noae dese Hove te cy eect bee ly oa cede puns Inte alr aay large ny Uc out oahu xsd ‘Ben so, hoses aed mules rewstined vital for transporting supplics and equipraent in the ann te corns of ie Rese nt SOURCE 93 Horses at work fr the British army near Ypres, 1817. BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918‘THE FIRST WORLD WAR SOURCE D4 he pa of the bayomed.. st be incuba’ inn all ras 9 that ey ay go forsare with tha aggresive eierwnation and comidonce of peril bomo conn prechc. In won assnall eo enor ral bx bla wth ibe hayond. Fring should be avotied ir ana the mip baile, poss tncugh an afer by, ay bil fred eo ars tobe a the line of ire From a goverrment pamohiet cn itary ‘waning, publsned before the wer Change 4: infantry became more important ‘The infantryman or esol way thebackbone oft army ‘The standard equipement fora infant solic isshor in Source 2. tel hele ging senae pletion agains shrapnel om ene sheling oly Recare tanda equipment in 1916. Toop also improvised teircsn seapens fr the crditions of berch war. afore the wa thetheorywasthatanatak onthe onerny ld be ed by a.caralry charge. "enfants jo so follo the cman tae charge te cape postions. Ite hat dee te pasion agains nunatak “Tench warfare changed the eof te intariydeanaticaly The cavalry charge was place the “infaniry charge which bec the main tai in te wat “Over the top’ Amnjor ast would uel proce ie this 1 Te atace ses 2 pssmatiemnage 3 Teditawersuentyiad 4 Feats id ley ented heat age Soph acling Dp Bethea They Set the am pe ac st. ches e ery woul 29 he pina "= akereny acne Serie ed hee iswas tae sbrea Rainboutcimartowtes acne fesanmtres Higa bed Was me a race betwee selling wa cross-lite, Impossible arc they were fen and ie deers 0 tty rc oack iter Fertoenerse tr ter oil onstn fetes snfoupthe ima gusto te slerteracl gts ‘ave of omar star The machine gun wardastatingy ve aint the fairy droge, oul fight bullets asoond or ene, aod eat Dench woul heve a murber of sachine guns ig a ‘nny charge it cou cu dova a whos niga in minutes. Ube mackine po mz it ‘inept that any charge on a rey tench woulé cost many ins However the theory wes that fer soles charge then ro mate uw aay wre killed or wma an sy ‘here woul til ennugh es alte toca the othe gus the ern ences, ‘The infancy charge was he only altackingstraley te pers had, They nought aif Ahoy lion ena, wth coough men, ental it would near down the ener, ard ther cul bak trough. lowes ride thatthe generals simpy thew away ites ot suppor byriecedonee. Aste na ontnue, the gene's rs ne aes ‘veapans and epapment New'cameutage eehniqus Were us t0 fest npn guns, arilienand infantry anacks were betes sychii Ts re gv pasa. One fhe raestgrowising developments came rey lt ine whe tank Gee pag 25). Day-to-day tasks Ike sinc spn ll i tou cngins treeneary techs, ac rom st fea’ work ws mere routine. Infeoy soles pent much fern digging new teaches or epi ld oes ‘they cate siples and equipment pan ds convicts trenches the penton boas sed rin ser seni post nea lo enemy Inet. ‘There ao specify call sapens,Segpes vere Cooke | sally exruines who dy tunnels bdow onery tees an pcend Avge ines there The init also mate oecasinal rain sal numbers x enemy wea —U cape ries pea eons Pons provided prises nforwatio amv ey unas in yours, youtenuidsoer be ing an atch a infentryman’s weapons and equipment.SOURCE 26, SOURCE D7 se the attcters coming, Our machine se rate. ifles rach, ro rege the Heer the atacher Tey are French Pi ace abe sfere ey bert ey rac xr bic wre We rere. Re lave babs edi ws Se ech Wear extlies tte feta Be ence befor we ren last we reach one ofoxr support ets sir scab ber adr. 1s rd ad ready forthe seer tach... Our gun fen a fl She ans the nes auch ser attack tes rot corse ue 60 Aes inane gating: esc coer beck Wearinremaraguat our original shale trevch end ps om berned it fee wore 5 lose or the ed of er sewing enemies tha teach ter ie irl seme srs they. Bat we carne stay hero long, We mest rere onder cover of cu ary ie ont ssn. We get back rfty wel there is sw frie aback by becramy, Adapied fr Al Quit on the Western Front a rovel by Erch era Remearaue. Ne vcs a Gernien wo fought on te Western Tho mies of barbed wre thet protected the German tranches from infantry charge. Fret, and wes fie badly wound. BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918, source 9g, 1 Read Sayree 26, Draw a diagram to shout what you fark actualy haapened inthis atach. 2 Why wes # s2 easy tor the Gerrans to swig back ter captured trench? 3 Wil was ero of te atl inthis aac? 4 Leck at Soutce 27, a) you were an attacking slace how paula you ae tug ths barbed wre daterce? by How might the folewing factors allect your answer to}! i) tes completoly dark, You ere being fired on. ii) You are carving heavy eauipment, iy) You are neanng e gas mash, 5 Lock at Source 28, One ofthe artist's ais was to sign bow wulneraile Over te Top, a variing by Jha Nash. Its based onan alack that he took pati, in ‘soiders nore when going over the 1917, near Canral Te solders ad tb climb cu of ther oar iene, cage towards {pp, 09 you think ne success? ‘the Snemry Wrench ard ty lo capture i OF 8D men in fs unt, 5B were alld inthe fest Braleln your ansier lvemmuies of te attack pgSOURCE 9G We seth teachers comming Chur seacbine srs rable, rifles cra recog be eis of te attucers, They are French Tay hae cre fered heal chen ey reach ovr breed wie We rebead We kaa bm bein its he iach, We far ele a the fetof ‘he enemy before we ren a lad we roach one of our Support nenchesat cn seb ter amon, is mare eed re for the runteratack... Our guns pen if blast and sop the enemy atack.... Wie comet tac ies ncaa eto bad Bad ih ey are driers ack. Beawrco cnc aan at eu Orginal shared french and paso Boned it ‘Now we areso cor te has ofr roan once a wo rec Ai Bi ata the some nea they cs. ut succartstey bere rg We us ratte sander cover of ous avery teu ert usin... We yet ack prety wel. therets vn fre ebeack by evens, Adapled from Alf Quict cn the Western Fron 3 novel by Erich Wera Remarque. He was a German te for te Western Front, andwas nee hay wounder. 1 Read Source 26. Draw a clagram to shovr wiat aca think arial happened ints attack. 2 Why was ito easy for she Germans to wn back their captured trench? 3 What was te rte ofthe atliery n tis attack? 4 Lock al Source 27. 2) Ii you wera an atackng soldier hhaw coud you gat throtgh this bared wire defence? ) How mighé tie folowne factors afecl your ener to aP Wis completely dark. You are baing fred on. Ti) You ae carting ear etuiorrent Iv] You are weering a gas mask 53 Lock at Source 2 Gre ofthe artes ais was to show how wunerstle Soldiers were whey going over the ‘op. Co you think he succeecc? Explain your answer. SOURCE D7 The miles of barbed wire that protected the Geran trenctes from inentry charge. source 9g. vey the Top, a palnting by John Nash t's based on an attack thal Ne took part in in 41817, near Cabral. The solders had to elm out ef hae aun trench, charge tavards the remy trench ad ty lo cepture & OF ten Pfs ui, 6S were kl the rst fis minutes ofthe arta, BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 23a FE t £ i he img ecm oa aaeeeleh THE FIRST WORLD WAR 24 1 Rovording to Sourne 29 what were the effects cf poison gas on tre victim? 2 thy do you tntK Bas aticks were regarded wil such fear? 3 Doyou tark Wired Gwen (Source 29) ‘would heve appreved of Scurce 302 Exaloin your ansver. Change 5: poison gas ‘Thess poivn gas attack was main Al 195. The Cermars eas chlorine which wate’ on th tnd serss no ran’ anda the Grn trenches. Thore was pas ter asthe soe conghe, riche astral ta brat. rom tht gas ataksy bo sides beac euler cf the wT tat it, the sum ofa ges aac esto disable enemy trope so lick your vm inky he would be sucess Later slensts cm bohsies began o pele new ard mortal ssa 2s musa ga, which had a perfumed sel ur whit hua lint x sly ka ihe vets onerfiutoie werk, eres, sient ao developed ory lect goss Soe inthe menchey would ore naw thom al thei. Ab alert the would pt then sn Asse 2300 its roost on asin the wre ar. he main silicone of gas ws therefore is goto input, Solis who could hen longherabarinen yar Ler fe lia fear ges stack SOURCE DQ GAS ca u,b — an stay offodn. ‘ili be cans bes sin fe Bua! somevme bill wes yelling, on sree soaring bud flouend ring like a mean in fire or lime Dir, dhecsagh the misty ares cand thick spenne light, As wre ahi rar, ‘al ip aan afore my be ight Tangs nr, gering bn, dowry some soaring das on to cece Bebiud te wagon tat we fog bin i, dnd ch othe es ihn i fe, His beareginng face, Hib o eels sick of sin, ‘fy eed boon, aterm oto Pc ani onting fom te forte has, (vane a cance tera te ca re, scab sre on nec longus, — acces ‘lyfe seca rexel th ch Bgh re Que cane one Nesorn an ‘cbc ardent fer sare dare gry, ‘troup most cf the na, He became : ee the most ceebyated of Ine poets of Hie Ne ES ee airs the First Word War. He was hiled Propane rear, st days hefore the final armistce in {tow coo coi proper is ct for your conte ‘Novernber 1918. SOURCE 30) Gassed,a painting by Joh Sing Sargent, & lernous portal pain, Sargent nes ‘Cammisserned in 1918 fo pain a rimoral petue ote coders hile 2nd ingred in re wa,How did the fighting on the Western Front change? On ees 20-25 yous have studied how ‘he equipment and the tactics used on ‘he Woster Front were acopled tothe reales of trench ware, 1 Workinpars. You ech have fo come advice Io be Ficuded in ‘ldiars guide’. You should include advice on ‘actics ane equipment ‘One of you should write the advice 25 it inight be given in 1914 atthe futtreak of wat The ole should wile your advice 95 fit was 1918, al ‘the ond of te war, Conipate your ideas with your patter’. 2 Mlle toe paragrapns to expan the changes in ighting during tie wat. You ean uso tis structure: Paregraoh 1: how the wer Was lifleent ‘rom what peope expect Paragraph 2: ways in nfich ‘techniques ano exupment were ‘adapted io ronch warfare. Ptegrapi 3: what things did aot change and why. Change 6; tanks “The ear was Bish sition. arin he wants ook se de oth may aes hut was eects mratcal Fewer Wistnn Chorchil ado he nay heughthat the idea bat tential artis department fare its developmen. ‘oo yous la, the tanks wre usd forthe fit tme a the Bale ofthe Sernme. They ako ahead ofthe infantry, cing barber deren spreying the ener with ‘ngchine gut, Un exe alarm ctmong the Geman and eb ths morale the Bish ‘eps, Surely tis ease Weapen tal coud achieves breathnoughl owewr se fis machines nly revel at welling ave. They vere wet ey roe ‘avery uniate roe tha hal of then broke dea bore thy pote German trenches was not nil ayer lates, in November 917 a Cambrai tha tanks acrualiy ebievel goat sons, Unfortunate they Wer oo sucossul hey bled Lough ener lines so quel that th nfntey eral no ep up. 31918, German frees wre using amour ircing chine-gun hulls to cele “Thay ko carve how to aap ill yunsto fre 2 ans, Tarks were vil cpl 0 rulssheraus they wees ange and low Hover, he tank flee sige xa nor sont 31 [A Bish rank crascing a treneh on tha Wastern Front, September 1915. What was life like in the trenches? Soldors on the Westem Sront ont through an cronnous range of espariance, ram externe borcccrn nthe appalling ses ofan cerry bombardment or ata. eye ofe shink tht sles nthe tenchesspen all thelcme goygoser te wp, ‘tucking ny trenches. na, sach attacks were the except rater than the rile, Soliers spentanuch moreno gue, repairing trenches, or just ning nto siee ‘Sordid soldier spend ll he tie in the rent line reches, Sometimes teu be ezht lays nour days cu, anotherarangernontwas these day othe ting then roe ars in support ences, lower thre woe dars in te front Hire ten three a off eng the lis, ewer, dang. aor asc, suc asthe Hate oe Sorame, soles el he nthe fret ie for tet Lang ve i the footie euch soles cou go for long pelos whhovtsving a eeray sober swell as ding tench chores ihey woud wie leer or davies. Many solders even tok Up conespondao: cous lass the hours BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918, 25‘THE FIRST WORLD WAR source 39 Wo buotediom bebd Be rec, Ore gb: ery cle fn. Be apr sof fared no wesc, mang a ek rot oer Ue fce Nataly ee wives to buery dhs brady as far ack from the tree as psi, ut one aoe mach like doavine, Ore shelter of te bearagpel, tone oft kof away bale, tho rv ar cy as abo ve an btn Ihe rnc, From the diary of ily Congreve (see Source 17) SouRCE 333 The Eternal Qeenion, usiraton by Bish ofcer Bruce Batnstather. Soldiers complained about the quay oftheir ned food, but rations ‘were actualy aut good. SOURCE 34 Fourteen davs ago wa bad 9 30 4p ard sot te fro Kes fs fry qui or ou socio em te as ca on atorestng rao of gohan pened on ws with igh explosive, deuinsing ceoselesly oi our bon, 80 {hat we cere sever ard cara bck omy shy slang Co of 150) From Af Quiet on the Wester Front by Frith Mata Peratque illons af cen and thuusids of hors ied clave together Sanitation arrangers wose makes Lv the stung Ube smal ofthe ences was paling owing ta combnaten of roting oops, sewage and unwashed scldrs. Tsoldis were ao inks ith ice, or ‘chats! ast call ha, ‘The weather a a ard lc on olde lines In summer the vers wore ht, dst aud sme; In yet wether srs spent much time upto the ancs or kos in wae: Mang ‘turns sural rom tench fot, cansed br stand in water for ons rds, In wiccee the tence ated ite pwbetion rom te cold Many sols goto ‘Toatdto all ef these unpleasant problems the trenckes were neste 7 a, ay Soldiers un al ste dzerbod che hg, aco rat whch thee on te dead oie andthe ub, val thearmies Some aountseven speak nf cts nt dogs ila rat neni, sues SOURCE 355 ‘Skotch from Blly Oonayeve’s diary shaving a crose-secton af a trench in dry and wet ‘traitors, ll sci wor ce tha thei Ulli oul hang a yi, Sorutimes tomlin ‘venebes oul be spt to no top ater bomb for son en. The jon of Fis Wor War casuals were una by ander Deak injury could came amos tho ‘wang, shel bur scolds unr tons fear, lessng smasher has and rock trenches, nl thejob of buying he deal Uva ¢ eng bombaxdnertwould be he pclae oan saul by tac remo charge “over the top’ by your own sie. Desitall thoic hans, tis worth member the pins in lo te foox on the ‘West Foal was good. Thee nore rately fe desertion costing the huge sal af he saies. heel nor mutiny among les ores asin 1917 hen French solders refs © figh aller appalliag loss that year Hsorien Nall engwon's esearch maggots hat acombinaton a fetors kept dsiplinein the British army + Avene of eruatbsip ann een aieverene— nuany liens ached snome than ieee ‘heught they could + Patiotsm ~ mnt scold that hor wee fighting for their home and cmt + the qual and quant of fond anor Kesh cep were general ond ren i ate ‘menctonous {nan conve he! andj), There were ao regular ununesach etobace, sleshol andprreek seatiom hone + Rest—enst inary pen: about peat ofr ie end nes etl conrparavely ight is. Footbal ratches were ery popula:1 ifyeu had to pair up Scurce 36 wit ‘np of fe tert sources of 17-28, hich tox source would you choose and why? SOURCE 37 tv arora eo wont te lax fag, ar le, exe tat breed re fr apd — dat te Cascio the ech The ny chee ting lo come of is Woof rusk and fit, A solder quoted in Elis, Eye Deep i Hel, 1976 What was lifelike on the Western Front? During the war, ofan the only chance 2 soldar hag to ba honest was won wring 2 dary. Using pages 20-27 to help you, write tree dry entries which ge a sokder’s honest fesings abou Wat Ife in he trenches was realy lke urn a celm period, a bornbarement and an essaut. Most suprising petap, soles a pur thelr ea, There widen moder ryt thatthe generabswined arden ther’ mess while che evel ra ied in the sqqale ofthe teaches, at 78 officers abo the rank of brigade general from Britain and the rsh Egle died on ative envied Mi were Wounded. This is evidence that eis ener 92 often cis snough othe rot tne to he in dang ots oles. SOURCE 36 source 3 do nlc sy the sar acasto on lich bation hae fh i thene were mee af scare suis have beer tropely chronicled... Certain platoons oF corapanies ought sale to sder él tbolast mar dred... oF... wore stole fo nothings or gating oer to ‘ep rcent frac 8 ey al witered aay sender machin gun iv. A forbaeht afer some ep, a fib masta or divisional goural comes crwn toa ‘uaein Yo each for land conch, ned facie fora ramerd, pera, fh ‘os looking tbe men web de ibe de of edu, ed ria large cia inh Bs ast eon bros jon Erland ard he as b fl bee Ue bond ak eres of he chaplain ad mate Bis corgaeatos inte graveyard go fo ‘be bustitad and make thorn there Aprivate’s view of warfare, 1926 fe Held by the French war aitst Georges Leroux, 1916. SOURCE 3Q tsa ust as dangers ag bask a it 12sto goon. ‘there mere machine saan betas sora taf al tbe tone Wen I reached oar french | mised oy oot and fell ore the floor stunvieel Where I got up (saw an officer standing on dre fee she ockangforough inccuarsat Nd sens Land. 88 alte down fe tench swat cessing tet Belo Em say wit pst in Bs hand Herre se sc 1wred bet tien be jest vide aed dete pas Whe got tbe ding stato Labed somcne What tat oom os back here wit sus Bis hand cad ysl Bo esi et sear alas came backer soda. | Sevush to ei, wba Kido ab sat? Anyone cov have st bs nero tal da. Memories ofthe Somme. & Bish sldier itervewed ty the Sunday Tones fot an article pubished n 1988 — the 70th _ntiversory ofthe Battle ofthe Somme, BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 27— THE FIRST WORLD WAR 28 source AQ) 1 a ot oe tu one eft papers ale inricrly of ie Grmun seks toours Farthing the Grmua i he fate, fr thoeh we re undoubley the rire dogo and ionpsile a eat, bes re Boe more bight died 1 Which of the ilustrations In Sourves 41 and 42 glues Ine more realalic impression of ite forthe soldiers? SOURCE A ‘cigarette acverfisement from 1915, SOURCE AZ Wear ees, wd yor muses Saw ye oar facts? oandyethe somo ou ssi the ‘ng, and oe sbudaoring castes? Saw ye ony more fy te road, te shroud his ng, oreing to Gnd tbe ru hen — the sativa cid te ang? asands a sos, fathers o Tower, we rac tn, Wea toe os! From The Guns by Sieeried Sessocn. 2 Read Source 44. Choose one of the underined prrases and write an fexplanat of what means From the cary of Blly Congreve. The view from Britain In theeaely cages thew tw diculeepopl nai 0 get an acura ines of ‘a en the techs as real like. ters ro sellers nel Faiies wer usally censoret So photographers wre allowed in the trenches (eee ofl petograplerhe hi Stil ales cout what hey cold pogeaph). Fre lll war arts were oie fom shoring ead ies in thr ining, Newsaiper epost ital wee hear cesre ‘People bak hom: Hun woe taeron sheer em the vies tench wal Somat ths sition maul in a gulf petweon solder and his fart, Nowa ike this had eve ben Sought How coil asolier explain the how t fray wh weresil beng So daly dt of yl vitris by hernagazines and news t ioe? ‘there cnn, te realities wer in to sink i, War ati began to price mom sabre paintings. With huge casa soch as tse atthe Somme ee page 22), itwas dearth this wast aglvios Wa, bt pri ile or eat simagal ven othe pai in Fin ad it dec he enc waar ws ike. Ve men in the trenches kw howe inaeunse much cf the reporting ax, but ty woe cangthetcen tir owed athe roth nite eucrance mse Fails aurea eee Tie Kensingions at Laventio by Eric Kennington, The ast panied this, while recovering from his weures 1915. When was futon dspiay in 1916 it caused a sensation because there nas no hintof ory or optimism in Fe unike al provous pains. SOURCE 4A Yin ove us wes we're hres, home oe, Or evwded in. merdonabl place. Fineworhip decorations, you baliere ‘oak chivalry reds etwas grace “a ssl en llr wb cle ‘5 kes of trad danger fey ted Yivecrw one tnt ardor ile we fal ec bene thetic rere es bl as borrr bras them and they ra, Aaa lv tribe cir — bad sth Blo. 0 German suber dvecrning by ie fire, ‘okie ys: are biting socks i ud your son Tk fice rele degper be rsa. \yrten by Siegned Sassoon, who viurteaed fr the warn L914 and was wounded sercusiy enough tobe sent horn. He was so disgusted by the wer that he wrots fo his commanders that he was unailng to fight ary mae (see page 75)SOURCE ASS 1 you knows ofa Betlor “ls, got i? ‘Cartaons by Bruce Batnstather, an officer serving on the Wester fe ad Ox aD, Foon, Hs lenoarted portrayal of wercn ita wes immensely sane ne me ee popular wth solders, and his cartoons were reauary pubished 1 the Bren press. Yt een ose mere coapree of y mary 23 Study Source 15, Why do you think | FOCUS TASK olism Bite might dsoporave of -——— these cartoons? How was the war portrayed? 1. a} Look back over panes 26-29 end find examples of each ofthe folowing kinds of source abot The war = poem * cartoon * eahvoriser non day = amine + rol * heaspeper et ry otters you can thnk of by Filing chart tke ts: ACTIVITY Kind of source Example | How does it portray the war? Lak beck at your diny antes rom | page 2. bo oo Fragive you are going to show your | 2 Choose the two scurces which you think ae most rele. Cepain you chsce. dary to leis member at home, Edi | | 3 Choose two which ae urrealse, Capainyeur choice. Your dary Sa tha: hey ni rot be [3 fc mney nw ste rar apn Teresi shocked by it really. BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918. 29— tire ot ranches ingen ine Cm Nain Mind tacks Dae ain Garman amacks Uajor bates on the Western Front, 11517 Breaking the stalemate Salem tert baroved roe hess, ea tat, owerer an dey cin ple ca ake a wining more, faery apodeme dese the station on the Westen Feet fom Decemiat 1914 sight through to 1918. eens ha ther tre (and they cd try very hand Inder), nether side could make abreoktogh. The ras won sinpe The sehniqsand tbe weaprs- were eter sual Lo dafene then 0 atack. It was muxh ease o fend peston than a anaek one, ‘+ ted i, tenes and mud made cv haps inelkcie ‘ Mlaiice gms could mw dose charg inate ‘The closed new guns cf the cts cou il eee i ter teehe,culd wear dow, ‘be toys ae sap tte morcte and cold diupt ery spl, bt they cul mzke ‘ncahmagh +> arly could cho dstcyenery gunshut the supply of veapons to hth ids quickly ecame irexhansthle TecoresFac horn in each cunteyweresoon geared upto predace al the astra munitions reed Lo binds, itis easy tn se how impossible tras to ake a hratthrough. atthe tine, it anst hare heer much hander soon the Western Prot the sameharicpater of barrage and infantry attack coutnue ieough 1915, 1916 and 1817 1915: the stalemate continues in 1915 the Tench, Bish and Gear al ila file ic bok the eatlock. ary in 1915 ‘te each et mary sands ine amcor ers in Champagne ar Lin Sac 4G) Theis gatod some ground at Neuve Caplan hut a 9 bes vs Tha Seaman werden bck era Ypres spi rn 2) al ey ose adhe Bish suflordasuack arto Sper 1916: the year of attrition - Verdun and the Somme. TnFebnucy 1916 the Garmars begin a detrmined bate to capture steogiTRench oes sumounding \ercun (amo). he Gorman ecrpised thatthe Fench we big te Aled effect tis stage ofthe wae The Geman comma, Falkenhayn, arma. up wih asiaey tin, His tactic was ee France wht” That fale, in tha oth sides sf svg el ose rs mens th ses pone ven resus int hs ate ‘acs were followed couneratacks are Jaly 1916 scm 78000 -nen ha fallen. the French, kal hy Genecal tain eld out hat hy the suman of 1916 they were clos to baking. ‘he ge loves had weakens bth bs, ht ke Gomans hu peter ewuncs ‘Te French any ear reap. Freee the presure he Brits et by Held Mar Dongs gauche theron, planed ciesve a he Somme (cr 5). er a week longer boeabanbnent of Gerra, feenches, rts ros adnce Qn the fist day there were 57,098 casas the fighting continued nail Noreraber 196 wth helo of 1.25 million men (se pages $50) Cackin tin, plans and public sere hore at ne loses to tke itr eras tent of theese as lect The wc is otto se whi ie cru as the Joogard dead ver of sition Dougias Hg beled be exerci tn te i rate ‘unto bear ees’ The raion aoe thea dn doings paged a Key oie weg, or ois stony te Scnmeis one the mos peta nies he wat elise It shut Ce vain general and realest so you wil skye Bate fhe Sune in etl on pg 35-36, ‘ ‘1 Look at Source 47. Expiin what the German cartoonist is tying say about the USA. Refer 10 deta inthe Cartoon and the way the characters are cravn, source 47 AGernian cartoon from February 1915 accusing bie USA of 1917: USA in, Russia out 1n 1917 thonew French General, Nelle yt forward. panto break te deadlock: Honene the (Geemans ox Fis plans an creat threw soir paitions calle the Hindenbneg Line. Niele usc to change isplans. By resions tandacthe Nile Gens (aren 6) ‘ers quite sucesfl hut agan the casuaties wore huge. Nivel had asa hops wich coc ot ernie, ane he Rrench anaes, he cos wes soe by Pan, Ha ombiion of rutiessy punishing te leales ofthe sui ye improving cuir for onary oie, tne regaluel ie confidence of De Pench wey, ‘he its and Canadians hase sucess ‘the Canadas paiva eniyeda Spectacul victor capturing he ortiied VinyRige in Age 1917 Crow. ‘nfuly the til ile of pn beg, Te ish lana gs mis at Messin wih ste he Geran aller pstins, and ale 1040 Geran soldi at aie, Hove, the infantry ainance whlch followed this became hopeless bogs dsm. eay rat created nightmare conditions, partcnary arvana the ued village of Passcenake (a7). Some sucases cane a Cambralsn Noserber The Rt loner $50 ks to go fe, boat were unto hod the ground hat hy ha captor I asthe same ol ty. These wore minor victors the hrc contest The dais mite hraktocugh was silleinsve Batekewhere, away rom the Wetem Pon, ther developments wee ling place ‘hich might hase 2 more dis ofeton the Wester Pro The British blockade FPromebe start fine war bod ss reo reenter ern gating sential spplest is soli. Nabe ry eoultLearee int srision The Bish had ben bleckaing German ports sine 1914, "he blockade was upgoee to targleGenman industry that tena not, supply the Gerenan army ILabicel Gera trade tn $5.9 bili i 19149 ast $8bilion in 197, By 1917 vans in Geman we experiencing sven shorts (ux page $5). The German U-bout campaign The Gerrard sores They sank eis ships suppl Btn. 1917 thy into poieyof unnatrie submarine wafan agains al sigs ra they suspected were carying pnd to Brita n (ce page 44). This came storage in Brain hit siso kad another nintendo. tt elpd ic bring the (SA no thea, The USA joins the wear {hel 'SA was efi neta bur war supplying loans andeiprent tote lies. The Gernanstisced ard destoyed many American shige hich they saspeciof acing supple othe Allies. They ao sank pasunger ups, ling many American cn, When the USA discover that Germany hoped t aly wi bio against them it ets he na sas he US ech war on Germany 01 Ap 937 The Russian Revolution ‘hadi thoupht tha the entry of the USA would mam he tite in theie favour utd Ile 1917 Uae was le cane fe otitis. The ‘naticans naded Ue to al up an amy. Even worse, Ue ms nstung Bw of al, evolution a Rusia broughtin a Camus gonernters and ena peace wb German. The Germans cou ny rane hurls of thos of wags ack the Westen: Fant. loubel ai 1918 cole denise, Cube starts, The Ger ext rears am eta said BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918 aid att‘THE FIRST WORLD WAR 32 SOURCE AS Asta fog cleared a litle, we exe te arenas foro fist te aeacing in Asus, Ths whole area teas darker hy te figures, a masing masse gre. te gronn faccanad ct cic eas ceo be oles cd ag cred fra ‘one fa be tier... AB oe Lets 0, damged cater by she fire, er oof hon, cd bynes Geren bus wre ‘whi a fra all restone. tas coy then that road tt we were compe saounded and bps tcc Te firstborn aa sffareaty come on cas rght when the sre hak capture ou Company Mecdqvariers 6 Wight» solr nthe North Stofordshire Segment, remembers te German atack in re | udendor Ollanse ACTIVITY. Historians have disagreed as to what vere he luring pois the war on the Westera Front, 1 Workin groups of thrag. Gre of you {aie 1916, one take 1917, the cer fee 1918. Lach of you write 3 paragraph expliing why your year Soi the tuming port in the war. Use ‘he intormaton on pages 30-32 to hetp you 2 Show your paragraph te the other imerbers of re group, than take 2 vote an neich yest sav te most impertart turning point, How was the stalemate broken? Draw achart tke this [Why te war | How and why reached she stalamate stalemate nas broken 2 neacr column write as many reasons 235 you can fr) on pages 30-32, Add ‘xy other reasors you can fnc on apes 20-29, 3 Draw ies 10 cin up anything in cclurnn 1 wi anything tales in alumi 2 4 Wile your own brief account of tie vari tao parts: n Part 3 expr how and wy the war raachod staior ato, in Part 2excain how and why the Salemate was oroken. 1918: the Hundred Days - the stalemate is broken ‘Things yall bal fo the lies bu the Germ stwattr wis also cspeat in erly 1918 Desptethe gos! news of he Russian sure, the les’ burke of Geran pont hal stare the exon fr mails athe tation inclingthe sles) cf, Wome sil he USA was moving oops lo Fane a a rae 50.00 persnoth, Above al th German ors nt Use qual Sting machine ta been Gomuany nec a quick cory an the sumonder f Russia gave the Germans on ast apprtunity tn achieve alitarybrelthreugh sndonn tester ‘Through the early nts of 1918 Germany meus tonps ra che Eas to che Westen Front tn March 191 che German Cxnrnander torch he great gale in the va It startle typical huge borinatnn-t and 2s tacks, Hower instal of the usa ‘ea of infant he fllord up wih atacksty smaller bards of special aire ara gt guint stom tan’ (ze Sour 8) hn strc curing a hoary fg long the ent ont Ue. The east opto Ais wnsng th once at asi plane as vag, ‘he Carmans broke trough thea ines in any plows, advanced lero and Pas ‘was. tn rage hay gn “Tener Ons had ofr gene ery sell Howe: te Gena ary es 4,000 nen in making his heath ar esha yo mers talon. The boost BIS. not concave wel with tase of 1924. The ciple was poor aa they were bal ad supplied, ie ofthe planed German advan we hud ups tcp spot lot fod and sup from captured tench villas Thoy ls came up against vll-el ord wel gpd Alli Sores (te Source 49). The Meckades hal preted the Germans from raking sie vechunologelimprovenenis ese ay ani ute Germars nano futher roger at they hud runout of ine and ass. The Geman ht end rench warfa:utitas the lis ‘én escntualy gine th hoe. no chey had large names of wee and el cit rope These tmops were snporo y tans arr nd anproved acer. Dy 918 the big suns re capahle of hit ages with impresie accuracy awl as apng dasm smokesemns or iting coreg efor takes (on Aagascthe Als cone tate along nich of he Wate Eva es ne us. sna of ine before ies eer Gena, By he Sperber ie a ea the inestrg ine By Cetobe the Geran ween fl estat. This pe! has eae known ts “the handed ays. ively om 11 Sowanber 1918 the Aisi (cease nen ee, ‘he Great Warwas our SOURCE AG) “ho ge sucess der Fld Marsal Sir Dou algae 8 Ac aad 11 Nimember 1918 are now largely fargaton by the ins pbc Haver, tw were Be retest srk cares in. te Brith. ry tebe by ‘Bai arse fk 188,760 pruners ana 2,846 gs — only 7,800 prsoners cul 935, ss thar tha as By Ube French, Belgas ec mecrcane vies coneinecd. These ones were be ral be courage anc ercaance ofthe frontline solders Tey were bo the ese of tre commaaney’ tactical and tectradegical iempreament, iy Ag 1918, je’ jars wore emleving tanks; aivraf;ermoud cars: motos machi taunts: wireless and amraemion dpe by parachute. Thay hada ascent emmiication and tanner that enabled aig ab aitcks anc oecer ort natoe — 0 begin te Conaans of bate ee are to nite Hai ar cans coma for tir mas 198 ara 1917, thes pert ont fata, athe saa ira, they boule eet due one or ete deve, bl frgtin verte. ‘Adapted fram an atiele by Prolessor Peter Siipkin, senior historian at the importa War Musexen, LondonCase study: General Haig and the Battle of the Somme 1 Look at Soureas 50-52 3) Branstorm ast of tn key words fo celina the Bele of te Somme iat come to mind ate leaking at the sources. 1b) Conipare your ten words withthe Derson siting nec to you 4) Rye oto rk aon fe nos. SOURCE BQ) SOURCE 5 Thre sas no grt chou when zero Ivar cane. Ous platoon ofr le is while ud be mts fist ve ang adder, whos eclver cme ead ard gate inte ober: ome on, 23 fe Sd, coud up Bo wont We went eater re eat ate. nebo a Beier cat. i name ison the manor fo the masons sacs hey afer ear a gal eas only yong but be ws avery brave Amural, pated in 1996, at Donegal Pass in Batfast, The 36th Uster Divisin was ane of ‘The memories of Private Genige Mergen who look part ne attack on J Jay 195 at he Bat of te Sorme, source 59 Rea Na, Date of Bese 12/288 Pe Win wang 127289, an Vas 17381 Ean ret leisris es a Eatley, Edward Vs 127296 iyi Lawrence URG 12p07 Gu Hang 12/510 Be oe 13 12514 Bui rus Wider 12! ne 12518 Pre etd 176 12501, Eaieed Norms 12593 Berision, Aubrey tine 12397 Eich. Henkin, Wit 10/86 Pe Bet, Cora Watam 11/88 . ia 118 Bandas, Charen W, Wgi7 Fecwrs fata, othe Samuel aT Postel, Hey Craven ign Barnsley, Pra Borowfons emy LITA Barcom fob Arias 1/7/16 Bennet jowesy Arnold 7/16 Bonde, Wale Beneors 7116 Bland, Ernest Ur Pat ofthe list of deaé and woundee ‘rer the Sheticlé Pals Ballon on ihe frst day of he Some. Mery soldi vere in ‘pals baitais. I you joined ¢ pas battalion, you woud be ‘igrtng wih men ron your ical area. The Sheteld Pals suffored ‘548 cacualos Gh tre fst sy of tre bathe, the few unis to‘ackiave its objarwe on te fst day of tha Bate of tha Somme. Teeurfared aver S000 casuatos inthe atte For Bish histo th: Bat of he Somme ire fthe most scan events inthe war Sours 50-52 gies ex of wy It vas ashe hte, Th casulos wre homie Mot casuatos were ung mon in toi lites or eats o mid tenes, Many pas batalions (Sour 52) were practically wiped out, and agin fain ar aman teem ple stan ene generation of yong et. atte Some Po exarnp the 1th Caries Fatal sem 750; ovr pon 1 Jly ae 693 of hen boa camates of ‘vat ‘he statis alone would qual his hatte fr place in al bv books, Vt thet i more the Somme as cr re Lbes of ate abt Tears," tiding imprasor of he war shat he volumes ‘wna nst the any flow their odes wih ens courage, butwere rape hy ther es. Iisa popular vies This also aca Ves o suport Bt in this ee uy we wal ook ‘helt ofthe Sonne are obey What acraly went weg? Wes ial the aus of the Beth conn, ere Haig Lt wats Ha’, ware thee milter Instonans who argue Haig wat not a blunder neomypetnt cul yace ie al any nln isons who below the Sune was noa alan iss? BRITAIN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: 1914-1918, 33