ro[ecL on Cracklng

2011
All 8lzvy
11x
ChemlsLry


lnLroducLlon
1hls pro[ecL focuses on Lhe needs use and effecLs of
cracklng as well as Lhe Lechnlques of uslng crude oll
Lo manufacLure more valuable and useful producLs
Lhrough cracklng and Lhe effecLs caused by cracklng














lracLlonal dlsLlllaLlon
lL ls a process by whlch componenLs of a subsLance are separaLed
accordlng Lo Lhelr bolllng polnLs 1he componenLs wlLh lower bolllng
polnLs and denslLy are released from Lhe Lop where as Lhe ones wlLh
hlgher bolllng polnLs and denslLles are released from Lhe boLLom
uses of fracLlonal dlsLlllaLlon
lracLlonal dlsLlllaLlon ls Lechnlque wldely used for lLs slmple yeL
effecLlve meLhod of separaLlng dlfferenL subsLances from a mlxed
subsLance
lracLlonal dlsLlllaLlon ls used Lo
O eparaLe crude oll lnLo more fracLlons for speclflc uses such as
LransporL power generaLlon and heaLlng

O lsLlllaLlon of seawaLer Lo remove lmpurlLles and galn clean
drlnklng waLer
O lsLlllaLlon of alr Lo galn oxygen nlLrogen argon for lndusLrlal use


O used for Lhe maklng of exqulslLe beverages
lracLlonal dlsLlllaLlon of crude oll
ln order Lo separaLe Lhe dlfferenL chalns ln Lhe crude oll mlx lL ls
heaLed Lo a hlgh LemperaLure 1he LemperaLure ls seL so LhaL Lhe
fracLlons of hydrocarbon wlLh a carbon chaln of 20 and below are
evaporaLed 1he LemperaLure cannoL be seL any hlgher as Lhls may
lgnlLe Lhe llghLer fracLlons
1he remalnlng llquld whlch are Lhe heavler fracLlons of crude oll are
passed Lo a second fracLlonaLlng column where lLs ls heaLed wlLh an
ldenLlcal LemperaLure buL reduced pressure 1hls makes Lhe heavler
hydrocarbons more llkely Lo evaporaLe



fn
Longchaln alkanes can be broken lnLo smaller molecules by passlng
Lhem over a hoL caLalysL (eg pumlce or alumlna) 1hls process ls called
cracklng and resulLs ln an alkene molecule and a shorLerchaln alkane
molecule

Longchaln alkane horLerchaln alkane + alkene

Pow Lo obLaln useable alkanes
usable alkanes such as gasollne can be obLalned from Lhe less valuable
alkanes such as fuel oll by cracklng whlch glves a shorLer chaln alkane
molecule and an alkene molecule lor example ecane molecules can
be cracked aL 300 degree Celslus wlLh alumlna caLalysL Lo glve eLhane
and ocLane

8eformlng of alkanes
AfLer longchaln alkanes have been converLed Lo Lhe more valuable
shorLer chaln alkanes requlred as fuel for Lhe lnLernal combusLlon
englne Lhey are LreaLed furLher lL has been dlscovered LhaL branched
chaln alkanes burn more smooLhly ln car englnes Lhan sLralghLchaln
alkanes and are Lherefore more useful as fuels LralghLchaln alkanes
are converLed lnLo branched chaln alkanes by Lhe process of reformlng

Creen Pouse LffecL and Clobal Warmlng

1he greenhouse effecL ls a process where greenhouse gases absorb
Lhermal energy and ls radlaLed from Lhe gases back lnLo Lhe earLh 1hls
process ls essenLlal for Lhe conLlnulLy of llfe on our planeL lor lf Lhe
process dld noL Lake place Lhe earLh's surface would be slgnlflcanLly
hosLlle as Lhe LemperaLure would be slgnlflcanLly below levels where lL
can supporL llfe
Powever recenL readlngs suggesLs LhaL Lhe amounL of greenhouse
gases belng released lnLo Lhe aLmosphere has lncreased slgnlflcanLly


due Lo Lhe burnlng of carbon conLalnlng fuels such as wood peaL and
fossll fuels wlLh fossll fuels belng Lhe number one source of
greenhouse gas emlsslon

ources
1he maln sources of greenhouse emlsslons come from naLurally
occurrlng processes such as volcanlc erupLlons evaporaLlon from Lhe
ocean and resplraLlon from all llvlng Lhlngs 1he mlnorlLy of
greenhouse emlsslon comes from vehlcles runnlng on leaded paLrol and
power planLs uslng crude oll as Lhelr maln source of power generaLlon

Ly[af[alla[okull volcano erupLlon




8educLlon
ALmospherlc carbon dloxlde can be removed from Lhe aLmosphere
Lhrough phoLosynLhesls of boLh planLs and phyLoplankLon's Lherefore
planLlng more Lrees and reduclng deforesLaLlon wlll reduce Lhe amounL
of greenhouse gases released lnLo Lhe aLmosphere and reduce global
warmlng







Clobal warmlng
Clobal warmlng ls Lhe heaLlng up of Lhe earLh due Lo greenhouse gases
Lrapplng heaL wlLhln Lhe earLh's aLmosphere







Causes of global warmlng
Clobal warmlng can be maybe caused due Lo a varleLy of reasons Lhe
ma[orlLy belng Lhe burnlng of fossll fuels obLalned from Lhe fracLlonal
dlsLlllaLlon of crude oll As such burnlng of peLrol dlesel kerosene eLc
releases greenhouse gases lnLo Lhe aLmosphere


8educLlon and prevenLlon of global warmlng



Common pracLlces of reduclng global warmlng are lncreaslng Lhe
number of Lrees belng planLed and prevenL deforesLaLlon Where as
mlnor [obs lnclude Lhe reducLlon of Lhe uses of elecLrlcal appllances ln
Lhe household and uslng solar power panels for mlnor elecLrlcal [obs
such as heaLlng waLer 8educLlon of Lhe use of appllcaLlons whlch uses
ClC (chlorofluorocarbon)

Ma[or movemenLs agalnsL global warmlng conslsL of Lhe approvlng of
bllls such as Lhe clean alr law MosL counLrles have also begun Lo swlLch
Lo renewable power sources such as solar wlnd and hydro energles
Cne such counLry ls Lhe Maldlves LhaL has announced lLself Lo be
carbon neuLral ln Lhe near fuLure