PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FORMULA REVISION BASIC CONCEPTS AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS = aiXi + a2X2 + asX3 +... SCE ee Tg eo Cen Cuts 100 eet no. of moles, n = —2ivenmass _ Ww Pre ie n= _Ne-of particles _ iM OTE ee Coe Ayre el had en Tr en? Ce Ce eid rye al Pen MEG a ee) rf oe euler COU OR eee oa eae is Lea) Lae) ea TES TCT) el ACR EAC . EAE ACLS) ny ry ai . Ce ee Ee eee TOE Ee maul odSalted el ak aA+bB>cC Cee Re Toe rs sees ATOMIC STRUCTURE PLANK’S QUANTUM THEORY Lit role ar rm PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT . KEmax B= + KEms : i eee a 1 v De BROGLIE’S HYPOTHESIS Ce Weald mvr = 2h en eae Pad n? a ee reo any a r4 1 bh Af ier OLE a ae ene or wel Or eee CEE Sa oaELM re Com Cae acted from nz to ni: [(n2 - mi)(n2 - ma + 1))/2 HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE rw Nad zt QUANTUM MODEL Pe a ea EO ea radial nodes = n-1-1 Oo Cres URLs SEC CRSO Lg THERMODYNAMICS TERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OE a reversible PO eee Pea PC ee Ge) adiabatic > Q=0 ae RR AU rd AU=qtw oo eo ew Cielt Ne NS ie Cees Cr Ser CS - ws Cee Oye Ce ya Ce ea Coe an oars ey wal INVES eet Cee) vecon’s rati avs Ew NEw Ue ee ras Eee) CT) ICTs ae ed Perc ee vee monoatomic | sr/2 | sr/2 | 5/3 ed Ce) a eh BC Ca Peer? cla a WORK DONE dW = -P..dV for isobaric errs eee aed Cae ae Sa ea ae 2h) ane SA ea OY) Le SEL Us a eee Caer ECU ee Ae ACE) ee CO Wrey = 2.3nRT log(V2/Vi) Wrev = (P2V2 - Pai) NU 2.3nRT log(P,/P2) 7 iS %) Weer = -Pe(V2 - Vi) Wire = (P2V2 - PaVa) ra AgRELATION BETWEEN AH AND AU aXe eng => AU = qp- PAV => qp = AU + PAV aera A = OH = AU + An,RT Lb el Prev PE Ora ea a eA 8) ALO ee ALCL) 2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ASuniv 2 0 PUTTS 14a tg ea a eeu aCe Lt AG —> -ve —> spont. Xceed 0 —> equilibrium AG = AG° + 2.303 RT logQ at eq. AG = 0; Q=Keq AG? = -2.303 RT logK oqCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ea ola te vale) | aA+bB~cC+dD Pea ae Prat Peete aLfee Ro La ig aa Do Celt [a NG 14 | ity = Sk." 2303r | TT DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION CR a os Py eee Fry ° eq: 3-2x 2-x 2x a: 2x/2 x/2 ora Kt > product stable LS eC LLG Bae on Per a1 ei circ Ce ei oe for endo: AH=+ve>Tt > KT PEA aC ee OC Lied Pea O Rect fn = no. of moles of product for unit PaerrriIONIC EQUILIBRIUM PORE oo er] POH = - log[OH-] Pee eae or) CUE) RNC aCe Bets 5 : a eae PH=>IPK,-logC] a (CBE L ad eas ec cag Coa CR Oe eT ea) ee CROC CD Lae Cm ey ol et Lae eos STU) ett ae aN WB &SB COR CL Bea hone bad [H*] = -C2 t [C2? + 4KaiCa OR ae WTB) Fy fy Rta lee aL ARES Na Ea VR Red ya ee) ea a) WA + WB Ky mus ae sCharat ar a acs Ca cm c pH=7+ Sau Ts] Peta Sau eet] Cee a Ges ee Lugs tet aod Erte hag Pre hig [eo | Pea es Pease CORAL Berar Pe ear) Trees)SOLUTIONS lS ae eae Ce a ae rer) aay = ao Le eas ee Sed Eee PONE a a dicts Dede Thad ORO Ce Tg => PL= PRxAt PEXs en CTO Mt Cl a ty Relative Lowering in VP Cre eeic eee e eaamic tae) Sat tld eka Ces eed eee ee reno cA EL Pre ee RL er eer Ca Le Co AT, = Kym Lake TeVAN'T HOFF FACTOR Pye ob: cp Cerra abnormal molar mass —_ calculated CP i=1+ (n-Na Peer CO Ra ec 7 BAUS) eee Oe et ere a ee AT, =iK,m Nea an Cs ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL i Zn —> Zn** + 2e- Cu?* + 2e°—> Cu perry eer AG? = -nFE® PX eee NERNST EQUATION aA(aq) + bB(g) > cC(aq) + dD(s) at eq, Ecey = O and Q = Ka, Pe ed ee nod ee ny n Pe Pe SO rn roFARADAY’S LAW ae PLT Re WY) Wee Ear 2) BACHE Ee ae as CELL CHARACTERISTICS Penne ot ohm conductivity, K = a es 7 G* —> cell constant Pear a) ery ake Cea ai _ Ce Oa aa Lea iy VARIATION OF MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY Am = Am? - AVE KOHLRAUSCH LAW ea nN tay ce AxBy —> xAY* + yBX = K, ee oo) 5 _ a a “ Le oe Cree Oren aCHEMICAL KINETICS UTNE ee) eit Venlo) | ed) eter) SCRE) CCT) Pea CRE. CC IC] ir en nC LV Ren! eee ery Loi Le dO) m=an=b Seong BOCs Bre tra INTEGRATED RATE EQUATIONS PC ast a a ts Cre . 5 cJ roy rls coy ci c eee) pee ete a a te hes aaa aa les = a cee cy ry a oi o oyINTEGRATED RATE EQUATIONS Gas phase first order reactions A—>B+C or Cd a ARRHENIUS EQUATION ane ary i ee oe a Ee Se ee ink took esulssaabeep pocorn aha a ' Cr e_ 7 ron*“GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY oer curd Substrate [Intermediate] —— Product + byproducts ccc" eC eee Co a COT PSUR CECT Dene De Cee ton CLT) an aa CN Ce eC) a ~“ eg - CHs-, X-, RO-, H20, NHs PB Ce Sd) CE eee aaa eg - CHs-, X-, RO-, H20, NHs PORN Tg aa enn 7 ~ eR Eat ek NRCC Cr BC uti Pe OTe nn) INDUCTIVE EFFECT polarisation of o-bond caused by the polarisation of adjacent o-bond Sd 7 esate DCR fe] +1 Effect: due to EDG se era ae ee ro? Cy a Cee eee Peel eal] (oe eo eee BA ed Cc et rol ee eles SESE PES ES En Ee Ee et ol ls Ee ee de eee Leo eet een ee eee ee Bam tit ele lad -CHz > -NH > -O > -COO > 3°R > 2°R>1°R>-HApplications of Inductive effect ECR TCC eke LT Kes Py eend or nyo oS Soa rer roe) rae) ee C1 OSS effect of distance > number > power 2) To compare acidic strength of aliphatic alcohols & carboxylic acids ) " rn # ea acidic ere) Tay Ta Cr mae Fu colo] eS ee De envy effect of distance > number > power ro FS Pe Pecaiaiee MR simety CONCH PERCONJUGATION rrr ee ee eR ie sae ie requirement: a-H at sp? C wrt C=C / cic // no. of HCS = no. of a-H Ce a be 4 D r r [ea! P ro F f ; an abide — H-C=CH-CH, «—> H S aitaiel — H-C=CH-CH, i 4 cl cy aeee) BCU TEC cl cy ra cl an + - 5 I + a ad el Rl ca cl ce ca PN ee em ee haa) 1) To compare stability of alkenes, C and € Pres a eae lg PRO ae cad ee nearer Pcs ae ee oa Me CIC Ts a > |e aw Aw wy > FRESONANCE delocalisation of we- & Ip e- of the molecule ea-o-co— ce. CUCL erate eC a) Lt PCO ee urd Rea eet ead ON a OCT aed Condition: OU OO ad COPECO NR CRC eee eee etd ree eee eT eee eo) er eee Stability of resonating structures: es RU UR et ee ee ee Pe eae et Re eet eet) eee eerie Cee ttt eet ol) ry ee Cert! ° ° pCa Be eee ere a‘MESOMERIC EFFECT Parl Ue eet ee UC Seite tele) Sesion Re Ae) eer Reet eee eto te) CRE oe erence ene Se Me ec eee cotoLel ton PL Cod Clee tos od Cis ron Note: UCR ea eae) Pee ee Oa CeCe ea ween nec! Ol Oe Peed oo por Py ee ee a a 1) To compare acidic strength of aromatic alcohols & carboxylic acids O-H oO ere be Oo a L ry ry a ry Seacee ney ern eae Pe Do De Curette Pee CIB TH le a ers Cre es per ireremuieretesdACIDIC STRENGTH CRC curiae OOH rr) rr COOH rT ory os arene TOE Os 7 NO, we ag aad we airy ry ry ry cr : : © : © Peri orm on Ce me cHs ran Peer) BASIC STRENGTH CPSU a Coe Cece F 7 a a — Renn dallas ene aad Pee o a Co oeOMe Sistecar iut Cae Cumc® eereue AROMATICITY eee ele liaise 1) Aromatic - ring + planar + cont. conjugation + (4n+2)Te- 2) Anti aromatic - ring + planar + cont. conjugation + (4n)Te- OR Clee UAC CR ee ml '@) @ Pen OO RGU a [6]-annulene OR UOTE PU und Curis OC arid bd 5 7) Tee ee er VY A a oO nti PU n irs BsAROMATICITY folate el hati aad ee ue ld 5 To} arey it . + + aro Pod ro Ca ba a °) aired Pe RE CU et) Pn om Oa a < <4 re Ee ) ) Co) SIMPLY CONCISE CARBOCATIONS Pte) Tilh sa 1) BB> Aro> M>HC>1 Ce rd Pye Tis ieee n-2LSu as necadn Stet aod NOC el See) esa su ee 28 ronCeO ea ere Sen eee ero TSG iN ae 2) Ring Expansion - reduces strain & increase stability a aenke) Q. Which of the following will not rearrange: Oot o& CARBANIONS ce) Tita a ala ea ea re red PECe Sea nae as Hecee Coa i i ervey) 4" " 3) hybridisation : sp? < sp? < sp comet ie cl iis a oa a Seon) cr onFREE RADICALS Stability: ea ee PCL Ree Aes Rea co i Se ioe 3) hybridisation : sp? > sp? > spBIOMOLECULES BY SIMPLY CONCISE CARBOHYDRATES Definition - optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis Ce CC Paes eM aed General formula - C,(H20)y // hydrates of carbon [mK ORAL ted Co(H20)6 — Ca(H20)2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES fer ee DNS eae Lae a) monosaccharides - cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler units Cee emcee mares b) oligosaccharides - yield 2 to 10 monosaccharide units on hydrolysis Cee er ae acr meee ie etre c) polysaccharides - yield a large no. of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis CS COO Ch Ee le 2) Based on reducing nature - Bohr ect Conn here tC LC Re coomccecid See eet ruc em ceed OU UC ET ee Cuma Gee Re Cem utd ComersMONOSACCHARIDES Re ued us cI sirery PCC Cee Ly cS Poe PCy jentose g aaa Pree tore 7 panes GLUCOSE 1) from sucrose (cane sugar) - Ca ee Ty Le Le proerey Pree more) cri ere Rig (TD OR erreur ey Cd vee | Lr een es cies ord cory ar) cas ol aan a rr pan Gn eres One st en toe es Ls OS ad xt) fleet cram ie ory f (Ct) ee et ees Pete i . Pee cen Peery erat2) Reaction with hydroxylamine - core re) I i on ae ion baa bai // presence of a carbonyl group 3) Reaction with HCN - (C = 0) in glucose een crc Cirety i coer (CHOH), ———> (CHOH), i een oR or CORE Ce ae ter COUR te oe eee UC CLS eerry 2) the pentaacetate of glucose does not react with NH:OH 3) glucose exists in two different crystalline forms - a and B oa) cor co Ce emt Ce Ont orn) co) nko w ee) vw 1 Maand pare yw f con? roe an) Ho N——Yon 40 N—_f 4 ar Cac) Per eO meee rnirrd CeO oe uy FRUCTOSE Structure of fructose: Paget ores aePa OL a fond Ec pe Pa Cy Corer aes Cy Vu wie ae rm a-D-(-)- Fructofuranose B-D- (-)- Fructofuranose BIT gett ts Cee art cok ony a Le uk—o nw uk—o nw Cll Cy 5 Ar) ad Se) 0. 2KH HOD Nae (eee Pua ae ie 1 oa ae ee ae Seer ee eters Eto ee CRUST aren er Pet ree Led Hb—o n CY oe yo ra ae ra 5 Acre, i 5 ALD, E 5 ALD, ALD, E Ho \- Kon Lo 4 © 4 = io 4) ae La no no erences Peery Peace coy Cy ee) Sry a) Cry Peeters Cee ered Cone Leet enedPOLYSACCHARIDES Starch: polymer of a - D - Glucose Dares NT - water soluble component ee \ ue Ae en ee ae Ree) Lae 2) nee 5 » Sone - constitutes about 80-85% of starch AMINO ACIDS OC een LC Rt ta a mete) Dh a] ERLE eur a Cenc] Se er Cf 7 POU Pe LCCC A 6 a Cone a cr ee)Pei he eee Tals DED ROC eG Re sae Oe UO ee eT LO LC Ce eo] b) basic amino acids - more amino groups than carboxyl groups Peary OU eC a UCU ese Leg CrmCtu PCC Rainy a) essential amino acids - cannot be synthesised in the body See cnt) b) non essential amino acids - can be synthesised in the body eee ead (hast ey AMINO ACIDS Pee CU eet le ae ll PEC due to the presence of both acidic & basic groups in the same molecule COU eet Dee cae LC LCT) can accept a proton, giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwitter ionPROTEINS Ste Ue ee Dae tee TOL ee Ca eRe ne Tee 2) Secondary structure - shape of the long polypeptide chain SR Cu patie a ic ie PR Cat ae Stabilizing Forces: hydrogen bonds Ce aC Lees Pe ean eeed Beers OR ae ee er RO Lee oh, OCCU Cee Com eee Gr me ici REC eRe UO ee Ue on Oe ee eee a Pe eee eC ee eed iy CESS CCL Oe CL ERC i Ue eR Oe Cm RG Mal get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity Cee eR SL) ea ee ORR UC Cee] DE Ue UC Cu age Ce Coe ee Ce Saco NUCLEIC ACID PT et Ue Maree mC Ce (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic aci Chemical composition - Peet CAC Cu et ey A Ce): © Che DNA- ry cond cy adenine (A) adenine (A) u a> Pres reno) Creel] ny Af ON ML) oom ee een) eon) array * ig f I CT i i E i p ) ar) a}-—fa i i Ca K aed [eC meee osniTet) SS em eae ry , _ . HOH,C a or A Ol det to 0. Lor 4 qi i m a i +) A ) TEC PN (I oN (1 Pr Pr 5 Bren Eee ry Ce aay 4y 4 Phosphodiester 9 OH ira rs i A Ce ens a or o ke a}—fn Ho OH Double strand helix structure for DNA: Base pair: adenine - thymine (A - 7) POLL nto)PA aS compounds produced by living bodies which catalyses various reactions in the body sucrose 4", glucose + fructose Peres Br ie Pry Baca’ maltose "+ glucose vee tits glucose -2""*+ alcohol SOOO ie UC ECL Ty Key - Lock Mechanism: eo on Oe Uae Lb organic compounds that are required in small amounts in our diet but CROC Manne eee ee ace ee Classification of Vitamins: on the basis of solubility in water or fat set Cau Pe eRe eee Recs eto RUN CLC iet Sarees Pee as RVC TCR Tas PERL eS cannot be stored in body (except B12) Bea ett tet Rerum ee cad Pee et hesVITAMINS HORMONES COCO TC Eau Ce ee aCe R OE ee ee UCR Cr lal Classification of Hormones: Dc Oe ee ee Ce et) PPO PA LUO LO Ot BC eet SRO REO ee ee a oe ee td Ora aa IBC Se ee eee eu ceca g Glucocorticoids - adrenal cortex - modulates inflammatory & stress reac Be CeCe CO Cee CEC te Ce OC Ce enced Ce eee eee Oe Cee eT)ORGANIC TESTS TESTS FOR UNSATURATION COIN aU ae coe oC say lee ee} CT i 7 len, SN a ae Pama Pe S Ph pm tee) al or) ots BAYER’S TEST: given by alkenes CeCe a aL Cry 1 ot ee aS ee oe ZE=CL no? = AEmSL Pre eeltts ERs ee eS CUD Lal R—c=c—-H —=+ r-c — Ag+ NH; +H,0 cr co | aS 7 Ca ee came i CyTESTS FOR ALCOHOLS COR SU aL reagent - (NH,)2[Ce(NOs)6] R—oH —““+ [ce(NO;).(ROH).] + NH.NO; cr} POT Bit ee ee Rae Co) reagent - HCI + anhyd znCl, RCH,—OH — RCH,—CI noturbiaity Ce ee ee Eta Sek) Re se Fi ol dy VICTOR MEYER TEST: distinguishes 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols ae Cl eee 1 ee TA ee Re- To in ad Pr I) Ce MeL Noe ot ey CT) reed ee od (Pe TESTS FOR PHENOLS ee CeCe Cy Ph—-OH —*“+ [Fe(OPh),]?- + HCI+H*Ve Se gy fu eae re -{O)-0n — ph—n=n-(O)-on curry Ph-Nit CU Ue a PoC ea) er TESTS FOR CARBONYLS TOLLEN’S TEST: given by aldehydes CUD Ra Lal ae CTR Ue Sart) R—CHO —=+ R—COO- +NH;+H,0+Ag OR Et aes rer cone PCC C UST eel aca as Cr aaa tro Coal (oa Pett .1 ee Te ee CT Ue Ce CCU Ree Rc ee orn Cet (Oot sof eee TA Pe Se ee ee ea el Ra to) ae t) ame | | ° co) Hy te i CT oo. aw ee re an aePSUS aR uh Pee Eee ery UU LL) inane = an Ome Poe Oey co Ot DCH Caer N 2 TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Pe ee CU ae ae ta Ceo Calo Deen \-) Meee Sets) a ea 1 er TESTS FOR AMINES COUT eS reagent - CHCI; + KOH cn cul, R-NH. ~oq?> R—-NC Co alec ite od Pre Porro AZO DYE TEST: given byaniline [T-Cell Ce eee dtHINSBERG’S TEST: distinguishes 1°, 2° and 3° amines ty i reagent - Ph—$—cl i td ° Py Ps alee Renn — sn re ae tad é Hy Pers oJ LJ ee ee ee 4 u J cod Pt ee a ee nt ° TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES DR ee ery Pee Ren ULC et ot] eo ree Tt Pea Ran ee UCU SELIWANOFF'S TEST: distinguishes ketose and aldose Cee) ee eaaainel Pe Un Creo nig CCC hei awe eotteee Peay Se Cd ee UC ens CL ee eedTEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES aS ACR TIR Co aan ae kee ced reagent - CuSO, + CH;COOH fast —> mono carbo Paid Za Rod CT — slow —> di TEST FOR PROTEINS BIURET TEST: given by proteins CT Ue ee a) eel LoL protein ———> violet colour XANTHOPROTEIC TEST: given by proteins containing aromatic amino acid ic ToTe [ll ema Cord ji Pee CCS —s LCS ey yer a OTT] Ah Ded ee hn Prete see eb A aa) Br Uy ii Me CTS