Name: ‘Y11 Chemistry Term 1 Exam 4 ‘Mark: 70 on or Satis he maximum unk flonan belly arbi in Was he eu akin oie mesos yar ww? (Aur, 93 oe ee {baum ous ons Seite cee in he and pik fh pot bi ‘Tete to digs a ons nua osring cystine dW sb ea enn ft nat ne oe semen? ee eee (ohana en Siig er — Ta {8} Decne om eon neat 00 ‘Melting Point a Soa MITTEE] (C) Increases from lithium wo carbon then decreases to neon ee soe {D) Increases fom item's new Thermal Condwetivity = aus lardnese Nols Seale = What is the oxidation state of arsenic in the arsenate ion, Asx? ase on these data alone, fis ihstanke po) Wa (i atutisemns otek ld taht ten, (8) 3 (3 Gautama (©) Must have very strong intermolecilar forces. (D) +5 {0 Coleman alotc ofc na fecal cui ano a3, 213g of chlorine gas recs with $40 of a clement "Xo form the [g) are used in photosynthesis, same ghicowe molecules containing the C-14 atoms may become incorporated into the plant {600s (g) + 1:0 (1) 9 CaltsOelaq) + 60:02) G24 6 marks) Crater: + Defines ionisation ene + Clearly explains how + atomic radi and ee During a chemical reaction, metaiofas tend to lose lectons. The more easily they lose the electrons, the higher the acfvity ofthe metal, lonsstion energy is ameasure of the amount of energy required to remove an electron ffom an atom. For metal atoms, the lower the iaisation energy, the more easily electrons are lost and hence the higher the actvity ofthe metal Electrons are held im atoms by their electrical attraction o the postive nucleus. The further away they ‘ae from the nucleus, the weaklie they are beld. For metal sloms, the lrgerthe radius ofthe atom, the more easily the oute: cectrons are lostand hence the higher the activity ofthe metal lectre negativity is a measure of how strongly aa atom is dole to atract an cxtraclecton. A higher clectroncgativty generally ‘means that an atom also attracts and holds on to its own electrons more strongly and so has a higher ionisation energy. Therefore, {ur metal atoms, the lower te eleconcgativty and the lower the ionisation energy, the higher the activity of the metal. w pd influenced by ionisation energy: 2.5 (4 maths) (2)1) NTI isa molecule of ammonia. He NaH 4 €2.6 6 marks) kL wa {@) The element antimony’s position onthe periodic tables onthe border Between metals and nos-metals, I is described as semi-metal(metalloid) and therefore has some physical prPRties that are metallic-tike and some that are non-metallic Bke ( Allotropes are samples of the same element with dif ‘varying numbers of neurons, (OH + "Bre + BA 2.7.6 marks) (@) Exwin Schrodinger’ model ofthe alom i called the ‘loud mode! because he suggested thatthe atom consisted of a dense ‘nucleus surrounded by athree-dimensional region or ‘cloud! in which electrons would most likly be found at various levels, in subshells and orbital. (#) The Bohr model ofthe atom proposed tht electrons are particles tht revolve around the. ccorespond to specific energy levels inthe atom. Flectrons cannot exist between energy | ‘Schrodinger’s model of the atom proposed that the elections are not hard parti energy puckets that occupy a thee-imensiona space around the nucleus known, said 10 be quantised 02.8 marks) Zhangs i) ‘© Explains hat radioactive atom have an wustable mcleus which emits particles and OR 7 Tereat physical forms. Isotopes are alomsof the same element but with in fixed, circular orbits that in obits but wave-like ‘ofeach electron is Radioactive atoms are those with an urstable nucleus. The nucleas emits particles andlor energy to goto a more stable state (1) marks) ‘© Correctly compares the method of formation of alpha and beta particles AND © Compares the structures of an alpha particle AND a beta parile in terms of mass and charge 2 Large atoms (eg those with atomic no, > 92) have many more neutrons than protons ad become more stable when they emit an alpha particle. An alpha particle consists of? protons and 2 neutrons and hence is identical to a helium nucleus. Its positively charged (2+) and has a mass number of 4, making it about 8000 times the mass of an electron, Zhang's HSC Coaching Strathfield 0405 650 780YI1 Chemistry Term | Exam 4 Answers Page3of4 Abeta particle isa “nuclear” elecron and is formed when the neutron to proton ratio is high. This mates the nucleus unstable and neutron breaks ino a proton (which stays inthe nucleus) and a high speed electon, whichis emitted. Its negative and bas the ‘ame mass and charges an electron flom the electron shell but has greater energy. ttis represented. ° € Question 29 (6 marks) @ H: Forteachers: Only dots, not crosses, and only showing valency electron pairs (2 mark © Explains she V-Shape tale ulsion of 4 electron pairs around the oxygen atom AND the 3-D tetrahedral | tions of the axyyen and hydrogen atoms at approximately 109° There ae pairs f elect 2 stom, ? bonding pairs an? now-bonding prs. These electron pairs ep ach oe as Nagy ble whan they are distributed in 3D a tetrahedral anges, The shape ofthe molecule deter pars but inated by the positon ofthe 3 atoms The H-O-I bond angle iselose to 109° (he terahedalapleyhence the molecule i described as V-shaped. The malecule is not Viner as that would mean {tat the H-O-1 bond angle would (Gnas ‘© Explains why water sa quid andthe oter 3 hydrides are gases arroom temperanre interms ofthe strength of the tcrmolecatar forces AND © denies that water has byrogen bonding between neighbouring molecules wheres the other 3 hyrides have | 5 vwealer dipole-dipole forces AND. Henle that te electronegarity of exygen when compared with hat of sufi, selentum and tellarum causes the difference in polarity of the bonds of thexe atoms with hvdrogen Ls baling points ofthe four molecules depend onthe ameunt of energy acd To spare tho molecules The greater the intermolecular force, the higher he boiling point. Thestate of hydride a room temperate i determined bythe oiling poi. Water does not boil until 100°C whereas the othe: 3 hydrides much lower temperature and are thus gases by 25°C. Water has the highest boing point, asits polar mol ii sate by strong hydrogen handing, the strongest of the three types of intermolecular forces. ‘Ihe polarity u#fen bond is high dueto the difference in lectroegativity of oxygen and hydrogen, When hydho ly toa very electronegative atom (oxygen fluorine ‘aitogen), the elections in the bond are unevenly distrib having a greater share ofthe electron cloud than the Inydrogen. This mean that he hydrogen (ith ss 8° arg tlelfto the oxygen atom (with ts § charge) ofthe ‘neighbours and requires more energy than that required 1 (2G marks) ‘© Identifies an isotope which is artificially produced © Outlines is method of formation AND 3 © Writes a nuclear equation shoving the formation ofthe isotope OR decay ofthis isoape ‘he isotope, neptuniumn-239, i artificially produced. I is rade ina nuclear reacor by bombardment of another nucleus (eranium-238) with neutrons: 2385 5 1, 239 , Oe + B9Ny 920 gh > 929 > 8" 93 dea oom pao. Deen Zing» Boy + Oe €2.10(5 mats) (amas + Describes Bohr made the atom Fa TTS © Explains nes on he emission scr for hydrogen et? ¢ Links Bolr's model othe emission spectrum [Bohr's mode! ofthe atom depicted the electrons urranged in shells around the nucleus. Electronsin these fied shells had fixed energy. Electrons could only move from one fixed shell energy level to another fixed shel (energy level) ‘When the atoms of hydrogen are excited, for instance by heating or by applying an electrical field they emit photons of very specific energy, which corresponds to particular wavelengths of light. The light from hydrogen is of 4 different colours, at fixed ‘wavelengths and is recorded using a spectrometer. ‘The observations of the spectra of hydrogen supported Boh’ theory of an tom as his model allowed prediction of the difference ‘between energy levels which corresponded Wo the lines on the visible emission spectrum. Zhang's HSC Coaching Strathfield 0405 650 780YI1 Chemistry Term | Exam 4 Answers Page 4 of 2 marks) ‘© Explains why differen salts impart different colours to a Bunsen lane AND Lists correct examples Barium salts impart a green colour to @ Bunsen flame, while sodium salts impart an orange-sellow colour to the Name. ‘This diference i colour results from the fact that barium and sodium have different electronic configaratons, with electrons in definite bu different energy levels, When excited, the eleccons m the cations of the sls are excited by different amounts 0 reach higher energy levels and when these electrons fll back to & lower energy level each cation emits diferent amount of ‘energy ata colour which corresponds to that wavelength of visible light 02.11 (6 marks) (@).G marks) © denifies that ‘that lin, sod © Explains the reat een related 1 the position of element in the Periodic Table and idenifies ym-and caesium are Group Felements and are at minima in the graph size ofan atom and its frst ionisation energy 3 iggest atoms in each pertod and hence require the smallest amount of ‘position of elements in the Period Table. sium, rubidium and caesium are Group I elements and are at minima inthe graph, at atomic ‘The graph shows patterns relat ‘The elements lithum, sodium, po ‘numbers 3,11, 19, 37 and 56. ‘The fist ionisation energy ofan element isthe energy required to temave the first electron from a gaseous stom of that element. ‘The atomic radius of a atom (assumed to be a sphere) is a measure ofthe distance from the cente of the atom tothe average position of electron(s) in the outer (valency) shell. The sizeof an atom, in goneral, decreases across a period, asthe increasing pasitive charge oa the aucleus andthe inreasing number of electons result in an increased force of atraction ofthe outer valency shel for the nucleus, Within a period, the atoms tthe left, the metals (2 sodium) are bigger atoms than atoms io the right (eg. chlorine). The bigger the atom, the smaller te Fist ionisation energy, the electron inthe valency shells further from the nucles and hence requires less easegy for removal to fom apositve it. This means thatthe Group | metals (lithium, sodium, cach of the periods 2 to 6 and heuce atv atthe mi (GB mark ‘© Discusses thoroughly the elationsip beween © Usescorecty at least TWO appropriate exa sition energy foran element AND Ficctronegativity is a measure of the eectron-atacting ability Wa ascous atom, ‘he fist ionisation energy of an element isthe energy required to remove te first electron from a gaseous stom ofthat element. ‘The size ofan atom determines both the electronegativity ofthat atom and its ionisation energy. the bigger the alom, the smaller the fist iosation energy, as the elecon inthe valeney shells further from the nucleus and hhence requires less energy for removal to form a positive ton. Rig atoms, such as sodium, have low tendency to attract electrons fiom neightouring atoms as those eleccons canna get close to te positive nucleus Hence sodium has low First ionisation nergy and low clectonegstivity “The smaller an atom. the closes hbouring atom. or shared electrons can get to the nucleus. In turn this ‘means thatthe nucleus can exert a greater pull onthe electron, Thus smaller atoms have greater electronegativty. However, small stoms requ a large umount of energy to lose valency elsetzon, as that electron is clog the attractive influence ofthe positive nucleus ‘Hence chlorine hus high electronegativity and high first ionisation enesgy ‘Noble gases have complete valency electron shells and are small, They have Tow ele ih Firstionisation ‘energy nd ae hence very unreactive, Zhang's HSC Coaching Strathfield 0405 650 780