Joule (J) Js~* or W Nm=7? {ML~*] [ML~*T-2] [MT~*] [r-*] [ML“*T-*] | ro fetg ad T7973 kcal kg7*K7* ame were edSpeed _ Total distance travelled A = ' hatte Total time taken .e. Sy + Sz +53... Say S24 Sa (2 +24+3.. Average speed = ; Average velocity Ae Total displacement ~~ Total time taken _ Ax ~ At ___ Acceleration Average Acceleration of Instantaneous Acceleration a _ At, + ate an Av_ av ” ty +t, Ginst = AO At dt Equations of Uniformly v=utat Accelerated Motion 1 (if an object is falling freely s=ut+-—at? under gravity then, value of a is 2 equal to g) v? —u? = 2asProjectile Motion Time of Flight Maximum Height Horizontal Range pa zusing nausin’@ _u’sin26 g 29 g Equation of Trajectory 6 = angle of an projectile with horizontal ” Horizontal Projectile Motion = xtano [1-7 Time of flight, r= g Horizontal range, 2H R=u |— 9 Velocity of projectile after t, vt = fu? + (gt)?Angular Angular Displacement Acceleration Angular Velocity A@ wo=— ; v=THW At mv? Centripetal Force F= = mrw? Motion of Car on a Level N Road. v? m2) | ona frictionless horizontal surface a PP ein A Fi aa (my +m)’ (m, +m) Gm, — um2)g OG +m) = m2 GQ+wg (m, + m2) When two masses m; and m2 (m:> mz) are connected to mass M Ae (m, — m2)g ~ (my, +m + M) r= ( 2m, +M )m )ma + T= (Ge n)™ 7, =( 2m, +M 1 Am, +m, +M.a= mms) m, +m, 7a mma(1 +t sin8)gFe constant force applied o on an object s = distance by which an object is displaced W =F.s =Fscos@ (8 < 90°, W=+ve) (@ > 90°, W =-ve) (@ = 90°, W=0) Kinetic Fy 2 P Energy E= sm = om AU = —F(x)Ax Potential Energy Gravitational PE = mgh “Xn 7 Total Energy Is conserved | Work-Energy Theorem | Work done by a force in displacing a body | W = AKE is equal to Its change in kinetic energy. PE of spring = Skx? Power where @ Is smaller angle P= Ls = Ss = F.v = Fvcos@ between F and v t tCer Tary Perfectly Elastic One Dimensional Collision © When mass of two colliding bodies are equal, then v, = uz and vg =u, © If second body of same mass is at rest, then after collision, then, v, = Oand v2 = u, © Ifm, « m2 and mj is at rest, then, v, = —u, and v, = 0 © If m, >> mz and mj is at rest, then, v, = u, and v, = 2u, _ (my-ma2yu, + 2mzuz . 7 (m2-myu2 + 2myuy, 7 (m, +m) cee (m, + mz) Two Dimensional / Oblique Collision From law of conservation of momentum, M,U = m,vY, Cos a + M2v2 cos B ; 0= mv, sina — mv, sing 1 1 1 Also, zm? = zm" + 5m2v2" Inelastic Collision e = coefficient of restitution (In perfectly inelastic one dimensional collision e = 0) Loss of kinetic energy mym2 e - so (uy, — U2)*(1 - Tong Fm) lt ~ wa)CA 6”) Coefficient of Restitution or Resilience (e). For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1| For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0 For all other collisions, O Area _ Change in configuration Original configuration Stress Strain Strain = Hooke’s Law Stress « Strain E = modulus of elasticity Stress = E x Strain Tangential/Shear Stress Volumetric Stress Normal Stress Young's Modulus | y = 77 ottudnal Strain __ Volumetric Sress Bulk Modulus = ——_____— Volumetric Strain K=00 V =const. = const. | Adiabatic Exponent ; aATT Melua mL Energy stored per unit volume 5FAl Energy stored per unit volume 1 (Stress) Ze es, Stress and Strain curve 1 z (strain)*y a stress x strain Elastic < Breaking Stress Fracture Point Strain Poisson’s Ratio(o) | | _ Lateral strain _ —AR/R o@ =0.5 constant volume Longitudnal strain AlflPressure exerted by a liquid P= pgh Low Up/Down accelerating Pressure container P= PGersh Horizontal accelerating container tang == a Pascal’s Law The increase in pressure at a point in the enclosed liquid in equilibrium is transmitted equally in all directions in the liquid. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) P1 = density of liquid Pw = denisty of waterDensity of a Mixture of Substances For Same Mass For Same Volume _ 2P1P2 _ Pit pez Pm bs +p | PM Archimedes Principle When a body is partially or fully immersed in a liquid, it loses some of its weight and it is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Buoyancy v=volume of submerged solid p = density of the liquid F=vpg Equation of Continuity If a liquid is flowing in streamline flow in a pipe of non-uniform cross-sectional area, then rate of flow of liquid across any cross-section remains constant. av = constant ayV, = A2v2If an ideal liquid is flowing in streamlined flow, then total energy, i.e. sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume remains constant at every cross-section of the tube. falls in a liquid column with terminal velocity, then viscous force acting on it is F = 6nrvrRate of Volume Flow through Pipe (Poiseuitle’s Formula) — ol: force Force per unit length. Energy per unit area su AE =SAA T form Work done in Splitting | Whenn liquid drop coalesce to one drop Bigger drop into n smatier Droplets Percent Loss in Energy W = 4nSR?(n/? — 1) eta de: (as-1) 70°Thermal Matter Thermal Expansion enn Areal Expansion Volume Expansion = ft oa ~ IAT B= oar _ wv ~ VAT a a = coefficient of B = coefficient of linear expansion areal expansion Al=changeinlength | AA=change in AT = rise in temp length y = coefficient of volume expansion AV = change in volume Relation between a, B and y Measurement of Temperature Construction of Thermometer If length of mercury column at 0° and 100° are Ig and Lio respectively and at t° the length of mercury is J,. Resistance Thermometer Hf Ro, R10 and R, are the 7 _ resistances of a platinum wire at Re—-Ro 5 Lio0 — Ro temperature 0°C, 100°C and t 100 unknown temperature (t°C) AL cs ills 26 1 tS mA NO EeQ=mSAT Specific Heat Capacity (S) ™ = mass of substance Heat capacity per gram of substance Q = Heat Required AT = Change In temperature Specific Heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g or 1 cal/g 4Q c=—— Molar Specific Capacity uaT Heat = No. of moles of substance Latent Heat ™= mass of substance L = Latent Heat of Substance Q= Heat required Principle of Calorimetry When a hot body is mixed with T+ T, cold body,then heat lost byhot Tyg = —2Ct_2 Malate body is equal to the heat me + mc, gained by cold body.Thermal Resisitance Newton’s Law of Cooling The rate of loss of liquid is directly proportional to the difference in Temp. of ~ qe « (T —T)) the liquid and its surroundings. AmT = constant (b) Wein’s Displacement Law Am = wavelength corresponding Wavelength corresponding to _ to which max energy is radiated maximum emission decreases T = Absolute temperature with increasing temperature b = Wein’s constant = 2.898 x 10-3 mK o =Stefan’s constant E«T* Stefan'staw = 5.735 10-8 Wm-2K-* E = oT* Energy radiated by whole body in t time E=oAtT* a a Cl N Radiation Intensity (10"°J/m?-nm)W=pxav Work done in process A-B Ve Ww= pAV = Area ABCDA M4 Vv f Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics According to this law, two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately, are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. First Law of Thermodynamics Heat given to a thermodynamic system (AQ) is Partially utilised in doing work (AW) against the Q=aU+4w surrounding and the remaining part increases the ~ internal energy (AU) of the system. Second Law of Thermodynamics It is impossible to transfer heat from a lower temperature body to a higher temperature bodywithout use of an external agency. &Quasistatic Process Isothermal Preocess Adiabatic Process tsobaric Process Isochoric Process Cyclic Process Entropy (Randomness) Entropy At Constant Temp and Pressure or During a Phase Change L= Latent heat Carnot’s cyde @ T, Expansions P, ie a AB: Isothermal B ath BC: Adiabatic Efficiency, Compressions hp c 4 CD : Isothermal eet DA: AdiabaticNEET 2023 PYQ'S (Chapter 9-11) i] The amount of energy required to form a soap bubble of radius 2 cm from a soap solution is nearly: 3.01 x10~ J The venturi-meter works on ; Bernoulli's Principle Let a wire be suspended from the ceiling (rigid support) and stretched by a weight Wattached at its free end. The longitudinal stress at any point of cross-sectional area A of the wire is: W/A A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 50% when its source is at a temperature 327°C. The temp. of the sink is 27°CBoyle’s law P« ; P. Graphs LL Vv Charles law Ve TAvogadro’s Law Van Ideal Gas equation Combined Gas Law Density relation PE eee aa aCe eet Foramixtureofa = Prorat = P1 + P2+P3+-" gases p = partial pressures Relation between p & Mole Fraction P =X X Protat eT Aa Lola) At Constant T & P ifr = Rate of Diffustonofagas 11 d= Density of gas 12 M = Molecular Massasm Mattel a Ala Kinetic Gas 1 5 equation pV = ymin ms 3 Average Kinetic KE = ght (per mole) 3 Energy KE = zhetT (per molecule) Different Molecular velocities Root Mean Square (rms) 3RT 8RT 2RT Pm Mew eg me Average Most probable Relation (Up < Vay < Vrms) =1: 1.128: 1.224 Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution of speeds Fraction of molecules Fraction of moleculesVan Der Waal’s Equation a = Force of attraction nia measure (atm L? mol-?) (» + 7) (V—nb)=nRT "b= Excluded volume (L mol~*) Degree of Freedom Degree of Freedom yo A= Number of Particles in system f=3A-R Specific heat at constant volume cy =£R Specific heat at constant Pressure au Nature of = | | NiM|Lw NIN »Energy associated with each Equipartition of Energy wg molecule per degree of freedom is, This law states that, fora dynamic system in thermal 1 equilibrium, the total energy is EB=5ksT distributed equally amongst all the degree of freedom | kp = 1.38 x 10-73 JK-? (Boltzmann constant) Mean Free Path (4 or 1) The average distance travelled 1 by a molecule between two Aa=— ___ successive collisions. v2 nnd? 1 n= number density a ol d= diameter of the molecule Liquefication of gases Critical Temperature Critical Pressure q - ; r oy “Critical Volume fake Compressibility factor (Z.)Oscillations y = Asin(wt + ¢) A= amplitude ¢ = initial phase (at mean position ¢ = 0) a=—Aw? sin( wt + ?) a=-w*y“Total Mechanical | 1,,2 "Energy ~ 3 ka’ (constant) Case 1 : Pendulum Simple Pendulum Gers = 8, when whole system is at rest : i Sopp = JP +9", In horizontal acceleration” | T ="2r |—— Gesp = 8-8, in deaccelerating reference frame Serf Gert = Gta, in accelerating reference frame Compound Pendulum/Physical | Pendulum | ; ‘Spring Pendulum m = mass of suspended object k = force constantCase 2 : Spring Parallel Combination of Spring Acombination of two simple harmonic motions with arbitrary amplitudes and phases is not necessarily periodic. It is periodic only if frequency of one motion is an integral multiple of the other's frequency. However, a periodic motion can always be expressed as a sum of infinite number of harmonic motions with appropriate amplitudes. The period of SHM does not depend on amplitude or energy or the phase constant. Contrast this with the periods of planetary orbits under gravitation (Kepler's third law). The motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic for small angular displacement. For motion of a particle to be simple harmonic, its displacement x must be expressible in either of the following forms : x=Acoswt + Bsinwt & x=Acos(wt+a),x= Bsin(wt+B) The three forms are completely equivalent (any one can be expressed in terms of any other two forms). Thus, damped simple harmonic motion is not strictly simple harmonic. It is approximately so only for time intervals much less than 2m/b where b is the damping constant.NEET 2023 PYQ'S (Chapter 13 Oscillations, ° The x-t graph of a particle performing simple harmonic motion Is shown In the figure. The acceleration of the particle at t=2s Is: -m?/16y(x,t) = Asin(kx — wt + $) Vp = Aw cos(wt + kx) Speed of Particle (Vp) max = Akv v = speed of wave Speed of Transverse Wave T = Tension in String = mass per unit length modulus of Rigidii Speed of Transverse Wave at a a point x _| Acceleration of a Transverse _ | Wave going up Vertical Plane Relation between Phase difference, Path differneceSpeed of Sound IP p Newton’s Formula Laplace’s Correction (Longitutdinal) Effect of Temperature on Speed of Sound Ve = Vo + 0.61t Principle of Superposition of Wave Two or more progressive waves can travel simultaneously in the medium without effecting the motion of one another Equation of Stationary Wave =2 seen oe T 21x a Position of Nodes Properties Reflected Same always Refracted/Transmitted from Rarer > Denser (speed J) Same V =Af (fis same) from Denser there Is phase difference of 7 No changeSonometer Wire/Open _nv_n |T_n fyP olen tts fora nw 2L ip 15* Harmonic Fundamental Frequency Vv f= if, 1, = 1; Then, lz = 31 Open Organpipe Closed Organpipe Fundamental Fundamental Second HarmonicTHE REAL LIFE ORGANPIPES Beautifully explained here.