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    ASTM A956-17a

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    HARIOM INSTRU-LABS

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    ‘This international standard was developed in accords Development of Tn Designation: A956/A956M - 17a recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the ional Standards, Guides and Recommendations bsued by the World Trade Organization Techical Baviers to Trade (THT) Commitee. y following the designation indicates the year E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in tad Standard Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products! “Tis stand eed under the fd designation A9SG/ADS6M: the umber immed of erginal adoption etn the case of revision, the year of lat revision, A number in pareaess indicts the yer of ast reapproval ‘A superscript epson () indicates an editorial change snc the ls revision or reapproal 1. Scope* 1.1 This test method covers the determination oft Lech instruments (Part B), and the calibr blocks (Part C). Nore 1—The original tlle of this standard was. for Equotip Hardness Testing of Steel Products.”! values from the «wo systems m; with the standard, 1.3 This standard does safety concerns, if any, responsibility of the use priate safety. heatth, a dance with internationally eee tf ization established in the Déeiion on Beinciples ie Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: : E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero- scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness "This tet method is under the jarisdition of ASTM Commitee ADI on Stel Stanles Stel and Related Alloys and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommiteor {AOIO6 on Steel Forgings and Billets Curren edition approved Now. 1, 2017. Published December 2017, Originally approved in 1996, Last previ edition appaoved in 2017 as ADSO/AYSGM ~ 17 ‘Lech and Equip are registred trademarks used with permission of Proceg SA. DOK 10.1520A0856_AQSOMITA. For referenced ASTM standatds, visit the ASTM website, wawastm.ore, oF contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.ors, For Anmual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer othe standant’s Document Summary pageon the ASTM website, "(3 mag ASTM Test Methods. E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig- nifigait dperating parameters of the instrument by comparison icated by a reference instrument or by a set of lads SEEdeH ainess number—a number equal to the ratio of iehouRid Welocity to the impact velocity of a 0.118 in. 197 in. [5 mm} (based on the type of impact devige) digmeter spherically shaped tungsten carbide, silicon ‘diamond tipped impact body, multiplied by 1000. Rebound Velocity iness number i falloyved by the symbol HE suffix charactéesifépresenting the type of impact device, 3.13 Leth hilduess testi afi hardness test method using arcilibrated inttiment thgefipaets a spherically shaped tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, or diamond tipped body with a fixed velocity (generated by a spring force) onto a surface of the material under test. The ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity of the impact body is a measure of the hardness of the material under test. 3.1.4 surface finish—all references to surface finish in this test method are defined as surface roughness (that is. Ra average roughness value, AA = arithmetic average). 3.1.5 verification—checking or testing the instrument to ensure conformance with this test method. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 During a hardness test, an impact body with a sph cally shaped tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, oF diamond tip impacts, after being propelled to the specified velocity, the test surface from which it rebounds. The impact and rebound velocities are measured when the impact body is approximately 0.039 in. [1 mm] from the test surface. This is accomplished by means of @ permanent magnet mounted in the impact body A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard ‘Copyeght © ASTAItamaonl, 00 Bar Harbor Dee, PO Box C700, Wost Conshohsckon PA 101262959, Und Sto5 1 fly agse/agsem - 17a which, during the test, moves through a coil in the impact device and induces an eleciric voltage on both the impact and rebound movements. These induced voltages are proportional to the respective impact and rebound velocities. The quotient Of these measured voltage values derived from the impact and rebound velocities, multiplied by the factor 1000 proxtuces a number which constitutes the Leeb hardness value 5, Significance and Use 5.1. Hardness of a material have many mea is a poorly defined term that may: test is of the dynamic or rebound type, which pringifily depends both on the plastic and on the elastic propertieg:af the: material being tested, The results obtained are indicative OF the strength and dependent on the heat treatment of thé Aieral tested. 5.2 The Leeb hardness test is a superficial detefii only measuring the condition of the surface contagied. The results generated at that location do not represent the pars’ any alher surface loealon and yleld no information ab material at subsurface locations, A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION GE de AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR LEEB HARDNESS TEST, ation 6. Apparatus 6.1 The instrument used for Leet Hivelndss testing donslats of (J) an impact device that is equipped witha spherically shaped tungsten carbide, silicon nitrides Gr synthetic diatiind tipped impact body, an induction coil velocity iiegsuring smbly, and a support ring, and (2) an electron, digital display hardness indicating device. 6.2 Impact Devices—There are eight types of imipagt dee vices used in Leeb hardness testing. These are the BBG: D+15, DL, G, C, S, and the E impact units, Brief descriptigns of the types of devices and their common applications até given in Appendix X1. Table | provides the specifications for the Leeb scales according to impact device type. gs depending on the type of test performgé and the expectations of the person involved. The Leeb hardnss | fhisle, heavier non-yielding su | Gevlee. Failure to provid 4 t feating __bluchining, Any paint, scale. pits, or difiet irface coatings | Smooth, 6.3 See 8, 7. Test Piece {.1 when using replacement machine components. 7.1 Form—The Leeb hardness test is acceptable for steel, st steel, and cast iron with varying shapes and sizes. 7.2. Thickness and Weight—The thickness and weight of the test piece shall be considered when selecting the impact device to be employed. The following guidelines are offered as minimum weights and sizes of test pieces for selecting the proper test equipment. Test pieces of weights less than the imum or pieces of any weight with sections less than the fninimum thickness require rigid support and coupling to a ce t0 resist the impact of the ‘adequate support and coupling will ‘prodduce test results lower than the true hardness value. ‘ ce emuprot Fligid Support (Uncoupled) (Coupled) aie po osetn, —ost8in a oo 6 gst nome FEO, Ome OP" s€e gp composing 0m Onin 7.3 CurvaiistesesTest pieces with curved surfaces may be tested on githel the convex or concave surfaces providing that this radiyg 6f GtiFvature of the specimens is matched to the size of the stipport ring and is not less than 1.969 in, [50 mm] for the G impact devicgsdif#l.181 in. (30,nnif"for other impact deviées. 44 Surface FinishéPiepararion—The. texf-surface shall be deesfully prepared iVigid any alter#¥Slis In,hardness caused during ‘grindifig.or by woth Fiardening during aliall be completely removed. The surfaces to be tested shall be Failure to provide adequate surface finish will produce questionable test results, Coarse finishes will tend to lower the measured value. It is recommended that the test surface be machined or ground and polished to the following finishes. (The grinding wheel grit size shown for each finish is offered for guidance in achieving the finish noted.) TABLE 1 Specifications of Standard Leeb Hardness Testing Devices Properly Symbol Unit ‘Bme = = Das L € @ impact veiocty* Va fis [mis) 6.73 (205) 678 (205) 679205) -S88[17) S97 (183) A58[199) 9.78 (208) 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Impact body, mass M ——oz{a}_ 0.1922 0.002 0.190 +0002 0.10220.002 0.273 20.002 0.255 20002 0.10920002 0.705 + 0.002 1545 £005) [$4020.05] [54520005] [7.752005] [7.252005] [9.1 20.05) [20.00 + 0.05] Indente, races FR in.imm) 0005915) 005915] 0.059 [1.5} 01058 (15] 0.055 1.39) 089 [1.5] 0098 (2.5) material To SiN PoD®, Te TC Te TC harcness h Hz 1600 10016002 100 =4500 1000 100 18002 100 1600 10016002 100, Maximum distance of H —in.imm] 0.079 2.0] 0.079(20 9.078 /2.0} 079/20, oo79(20, —O.079[20) 0.118 (8.0) ‘all indenter from the tect piece surface when messuring velocity ienpact lection: vertical down, in the areation af gravy 2 TC = tungsten carbide. PCO = polyerystaline diamond, ‘The harcinass of the impact body E indenters informational, not required to be vere. (fy agse/agsem - 17a impact Device Surface Finish—Ra Get Sze (max) (Approx) D, DC, De18, DL, 8, E 78.7 in. [2 um) 200 6 2758 yin. (7 um) 65 ¢ 1527 pin. (0.4 um 500 7.5 Magnetic Fields—Performance of the Lee hardness test on parts with a residual magnetic field may affect the results. It is recommended that any residual magnetic field be less than 4G 7.6 Vibration—Vibration of the test specimen may affect the results of the Leeb hardness test. It is recommended ghat this test be performed with the test piece at rest ‘ 7.7 Temperature—The temperature of the test plese: itty affect the results of the test. In addition, this feet ay Be different for different materials, Testing to thisipreeedtive Shull be performed with the temperature of the tse figes betwee 39°F [4 °C] and 100 °F (38 °C}. At temperijiirey Outside this: range, the user shall develop a temperature ection for the specific material being tested. 8. Ver! n of Apparatus use, and following a period of extditdéd conti uss use (1000 impacts), the instrument shall be ¥erified a§ specie 1 Part B. Any instrument not meeting dhe fédpiireltielité GE Bart B shall not be employed for the aggeiaianige (til GF product. 8.1.1 Cautionary note: kei Feplacemenit fitets dire used in a Leeb hardness testef! ai i important thik @igy be fully compatible with the G#lgital Ediilpment, ilighWike incorrect hardness readings may be wbjaiied, Calibration using a single standard test block may indigake aeceplinble results, but addi tional calibration tests using DIGEKS of diffeging haeUnessAiay yield unacceptable results. If replacement, 1ieAeeriginaleigukp: ment parts are used, multiple block calibragion: wérigiedtion is strongly advised. Specifically, one calibifiéit BOER Gl a hardness equal to or lower than the mitiiitigii: @xpetted hardness of the material being tested, one calibratiga block of a hardness equal to or greater than the maximufti expected hardness of the material being tested, and one calibration block near the middle of the range should be used. 9. Procedure 9.1 To perform a hardness test, the impact device is con- nected to the user interface device and powered on, 9.1.1 The impact device is readied for impact. 9.1.1.1 Mechanically Charged Device—Some impact de- vices are charged mechanically by pulling the impact body against a spring or other mechanism that propels the impact body at the prescribed velocity. The impact device, while not in contact with the test piece, is held firmly with one hand while the charging mechanism is activated with the other hand. Once the impact body is in the charged position the charging mechanism is allowed to slowly return to its resting position. 91.1.2 Otherwise Charged Device—Devices that are not charged mechanically may use gravity or other force applica- tion method to propel the impact body at the prescribed velocity. Charging of these devices should be conducted according to manufacturer's instructions. 8.1 Verification Method—Prior to eaghyshify, Wark period, OF 9.1.2 After placing the readied (loaded) impact device on the test surface, trigger the impact by actuating the release mechanism according to manufacturer's instructions. 9.1.3 The Leeb hardness value is displayed or otherwise id by a user interface device after the impact. Nome 2—The user interface device may take the form of a computer or PLC that does not display the hardness value directly to the user. Such a user interface device may use the hardness value to operate an automatic sorting machine o simply log the value in a database. 9.2 Alignment—To prevent errors resulting from misalignment, the base support ring of the impact device shall be held snugly and perpendicular to the surface of the test piece. 9.3. Impact Direction—The impact device is calibrated for the down vertical impact direction (perpendicular to a horizon- tal surface), For other impact directions such as 45° from the horizonial plane or from underneath, the measured hardness alu Will require adjustment (see 10.2). Some newer models ‘ate(HaGCIaEFcompensate for test direction 94 Spas adentations—The distance between any two ‘pact pots shall not be less than two diameters edge-to- Cge. Te distance between the impact point and a specimen edge,4tpll Hot be less than three diameters edge-to-edge. No poi shall be impacted more than once. ‘85. Beading the Leeb Instrument—Hardness values in Leb {Unis are read directly on the electronic display of the indicator device. The indigated value is autgmatically replaced with the next test infpict result. 9.6 Nunibe#oy Impacts—Five'iitpagts in an area of approxi- mately Fit? }645 mm”] shall Ponshtute a test. If the material being tesféd is eqnsidered t& be nonhomogeneous (for example: cast iron) teh impacts izarea shall be made to constitute a test 10. Calculation of Hardness Result 10.1 The hardness test result shall be the arithmetic average of the five individual impact readings in the measuring area, 10.2. Compensation for Test Direction—When using a Leeb instrument without automatic compensation for test direction, the compensation value for direction of test impact is to be subtracted from the average value determined for the measur ing area. This compensation value can be determined in accordance with Tables 2-9. 11. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or Tensile Strength Values 11.1 There is no direct correlation between the Leeb hard- ness test principle and other hardness methods or a tensile sirength test, All such conversions are, at best, approximations and therefore conversions should be avoided except for special cases where a reliable basis for the approximate conversion and the accuracy of the conversion has been obtained by compari- son testing. No conversions shall be employed without specific agreement between the party specifying this test method and the party performing the hardness test. fy agss/acsem - 17a TABLE 2 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: Device D TABLE 4 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: Device E Sy 4 AT “Ya AT 4 4 6 4 6 850 600 “ oT 20 2 * a 60 650 +10 +19 7 5 +10 650 700 4 “10 18 ee * +10 700 750 + 2 a7 24 4 9 750 800 4 2 48 22 6 800 850 “4 2 a8 a a 850 200 4 8 “4 20 2 “ $00) 950 A Net permite, 12. Report 12.1. Report the following information: 12.1.1 The average Leeb hardness number for each test area with the impact device indicated (for example, xxx HLD of xxx HLD+15). 12.1.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb number are reported, the instrument used shall be reported in parentheses, for example, HB (HLG). 13. Precision and Bias’ 13.1 The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of E140, Standard Hardness Conversion ® Supporting data have been fled at ASTM International Headguarers an may be cbtained hy requesting Reseach Report RR:E28-1044. Contact ASTM Customer Service at service asim ons fly agse/agsem - 17a TABLE 6 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: TABLE 9 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: Device G (Steel) Device S SS ROT SAT we - ws = ve = TABLE 7 Compensation Values for Other lmpai‘Bitsetlana Device G (Grey Cast Init = cz y = 400 7 450 * 500 # 550, z a 500, ae ‘TABLE 8 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: Device DL — YA T 600 a s 9 “ 650 2 5 8 13 700 2 4 7 a 750 800 4 3 5 9 aso 4 2 4 7 900 950 Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardenss, Vickers Hardenss. Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leb Hardness, goridicted in 2006, | Masving hardness levels. Ever x Laboratori tested five unique blocks at “test result” represents. an iividual determination and nine replicate test results were reported by each lab for each level. Practice E691 was followedfor the design and'dikysis of the data: the details are given,4n ASTM Research Repgrt RR:E28-1044. 13,1 Repeatability (r= Ahe, difference between repetitive reSifis @btained by thg Siie. operator in a given laboratory applying tig:same test mé{fiexF with the same apparatus under Oiistant operittiig. conditigs Bsidentical test material within short intervals of time would, in the long nun, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20. 13.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif- ference between two results, obtained under repeatability conditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes under normal and correct operation of the test method. 13.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 10. 13.1.2 Reproducibility (R)—The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators applying the same test method in different laboratories usi

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