HV23.10.

LS
PART I. LISTENING (50 points)
TASK 1. Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. (14 points)
Mobile Camera
Phone Pricing Appearance Features/Battery Extra Notes
Model Power
₤(1) 8-megapixel Special features
Example Very (2)____
_______ on camera include (3)
: Apple ___ weighing
a fixed 24- Battery lasts for 8 _______ service
iPhone only 140
month hours talk time, and in addition to a
7S 32GB grams
contract Standby, 200 hours GPS
Quad HD
(4) 13-megapixel
£40 monthly screen that is
_______ than camera Talk time
for a fixed four times the
LG G8 the iPhone, 19 hours, and
24-month pixel count of a
weighing 149 standby time (5)
contract normal HD
grams _______ hours
screen
Camera lacks (7)
£20 for _______
Surprisingly Flip top phone
(6) handset Pay- Talk time: 2.5
light, at 131 Hard keys - not
_______ as-you-go hours
grams touch screen
contract Standby time: 75
hours

Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

TASK 2. You will hear a woman called Grace Connolly talking about her travel
experiences in New Zealand. For each question, fill NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS to complete the sentences. (16 points)
Grace travelled around South Island on something called the (1) ________.
The first part of Grace’s journey took her along the (2) ________ of the island.
When Grace took a day trip to a place called Kaikoura, she particularly wanted to
see the dolphins.
Grace has met a lot of friends from different corners of the world, in which she has
stayed in (3) ________ with a Japanese girl since she returned home.
Grace took her own bike to New Zealand, so didn’t need to hire one. However, she
rent a surfboard and a (4) ________ despite its cost.
The company she didn’t have a chance to experience its activities is called (5)
_________.
Grace had to visit a hospital because she injured her foot because of (6) _________.
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At a market, Grace bought a (7) _________ to take home.
The name of the hostel that Grace particularly recommends is the Lakeside in
Nelson, and (8) ________ in Christchurch.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8.

TASK 3. Listen to the recording carefully and decide each of the following
statements is TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). (10 points)
1. Anita and Lee choose to talk about John Chapman because he was Lee’s childhood
hero.
2. The students recorded their sources of information on a handout.
3. The tutor claims she does not understand whether apples grew in America before
Europeans arrived.
4. The tutor says the audience was particularly interested to hear about the
cultivation of apples in Kazakhstan.
5. Anita and Lee will present their follow-up work on the department website.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
TASK 4. You will hear an interview with a woman called Penny Greer, who
works as a photographer. Choose the best answer (A, В, C or D) for each of the
following questions. (10 points)
1. How did a college course in photography most affect Penny?
A. She had more interest in taking photos to sell things.
B. She learnt a more commercial style.
C. She developed certain artistic skills.
D. She realised the importance of light.
2. Penny decided to specialise in wedding photography because she _______.
A. had always been interested in weddings
B. hoped to photograph weddings in a new way
C. was influenced by other wedding photographers
D. wanted to have an emotional day for herself
3. Penny currently gets most of her customers through _______.
A. her website B. magazine ads
C. a mailing list D. commercial ads
4. What takes up most of Penny’s time?
A. talking to clients B. editing her work
C. taking the shots D. setting up meetings
5. Penny says she gets the photographs she wants when people _______.
A. relax fully B. dress in an original way
C. express their feelings strongly D. concentrate on the camera
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

PART II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (30 points)

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TASK 1. Choose the best option (A, B, C, or D) to complete each of the
following sentences. (20 points)
1. I don’t think you have watered the plants near the gate. The soil is as dry as
_______.
A. rice B. a tile C. a bone D. wood
2. Susan was sad because she wasn’t invited to any social events. She felt ________.
A. left out B. turned out C. omitted out D. gone out
3. Henry was really a silly boy when we were at high school. I still remember
________ very stupid questions.
A. him asking B. him to ask C. asking him D. his being asked
4. With ________, it is obvious that our approach to the problem was completely
wrong.
A. retrospect B. hindsight C. afterthought D. review
5. I was immensely ________ to hear that none of my relatives was killed in the bus
accident.
A. shocked B. relieved C. enlightened D. healed
6. She does what she wants to do, showing little ________ for the feelings of others.
A. regard B. sensitivity C. awareness D. perception
7. After she had made several disastrous decisions, people began to ________ her
judgment.
A. disbelieve B. inspect C. wonder D. question
8. What Marilyn did at the party was certainly ________ bad taste.
A. of B. about C. in D. under
9. Don't count your ________ before they hatched.
A. ducklings B. chickens C. puppies D. birds
10. The ________ child is forever asking questions. He's incredibly curious.
A. acquisitive B. acquitted C. inquisitive D. exquisite
11. Ever since we quarreled in the office, Janice and I have been ________ enemies.
A. assured B. confirmed C. defined D. done
12. I have never been windsurfing, but I'd love to have________ at it.
A. a trial B. a look C. a taste D. a go
13. After making ________ remarks to the President, the reporter was not invited to
return to the White House pressroom.
A. hospitable B. impertinent C. resourceful D. chivalrous
14. Of course, the ________ voice had come under attack before, at different times
by different social groups.
A. disembodied B. discordant C. dismissive D. disconcerting
15. The story is told that there are two personalities among psychologists, optimists
and pessimists, who see the glass as half full or half empty, ________.
A. respectively B. certainly C. orderly D. consequently
16. The restaurant does not advertise, but relies on ________ of mouth for custom.
A. sentence B. word C. passage D. essay
17. The children went ________ with excitement.
A. wild B. wildly C. wilderness D. wildlife

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18. There was a huge decline in the number of tigers ________ any kind of threat
from hunting.
A. experiencing B. undertaking C. implementing D. experimenting
19. He ________ so much harm on the nation during his regime that it has
never fully recovered.
A. indicted B. inferred C. induced D. inflicted
20. His neighbors found his ______ manner bossy and irritating, and they stopped
inviting him to backyard barbeques.
A. insentient B. magisterial C. preparatory D. restorative
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

TASK 2. Give the correct form of the words in brackets to complete each of the
following sentences. (10 points)
1. There is a/an ________ (SUPPOSE) simple explanation of what happened.
2. The article I read the other day was quite ____________ (INFORM). That’s why
I keep it for later reference.
3. ____________ (AMAZE) enough, no-one else has applied for the job.
4. Please check the ___________ (AVAIL) of the language lab on that day.
5. The tendency now is to ___________ (PERSON) our cell phone ringtones.
6. He’s a university student majoring in ____________ (CLIMATE).
7. The teacher gave us a(n) ___________ (INTRODUCE) lesson on conservation.
8. To be completely fair, we need a(n) ___________ (INTEREST) person. 9. The
inauguration ceremony was given ____________ (WORLD) coverage.
10. He's at that ________ (IMPRESS) age when he's very easily led by other
children.
Your answers:
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

PART III. READING (60 points)

TASK 1. Read the following passage and choose the option which best fit each
of the gaps. (10 points)
According to the European Pizza-Makers’ Association, making a good pizza is
not a straight forward skill to learn. The ingredients seem very (1) _______: flour,
yeast, water and a bit of salt. But water and flour can easily (2) _______ glue and
anyone who has eaten a (3) _______quality pizza will know how bad it can make
your stomach (4) _______.

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 “In Italy, 70% of pizza makers could improve on their product, not to (5)
_______ all the pizza makers around the world who (6) _______ uneatable meals”,
says Antonio Primiceri, the Association's founder. He has now started a pizza school
in an attempt to (7) _______ the reputation of this traditional dish. As part of a/an
(8) _______ course, the students at Mr. Primiceri's school are taught to avoid
common mistakes, produce a good basic mixture, add a tasty topping and cook the
pizza properly. “Test the finished pizza by breaking the crust,” advises Mr.
Primiceri. “If the soft part inside the pizza is white, clean and dry, it's a good pizza.
If it is not like this, the pizza will (9) _______ your stomach. You will feel
uncomfortably full and also thirsty”.
In Italy alone, the pizza industry has an annual turnover of more than $12
billion. Mr. Primiceri estimated that there are 10,000 jobs in pizza restaurants
waiting to be (10) _______ by those with real skills. “If you are a good pizza cook,
you will never be without a job”, he says.
1. A. simple B. primary C. pure D. regular
2. A. mix B. construct C. assemble D. make
3. A. sad B. poor C. short D. weak
4. A. sense B. do C. feel D. be
5. A. state B. mention C. remark D. tell
6. A. submit B. give C. serve D. deal
7. A. save B. provide C. deliver D. return
8. A. extensive B. extreme C. intensive D. intentional
9. A. worry B. upset C. ache D. depress
10. A. employed B. filled C. completed D. covered
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

TASK 2. Read the text below and think of ONE word which best fits each
space. (10 points)
My First Paddle-Boarding Lesson
Here I am in a cold, windy city, under a very grey sky. I ask myself (1)
______. I’m standing on an oversized surfboard in the middle of a river with nothing
to help me (2) ______ a paddle. I’m about to have my first lesson in paddle-
boarding, which is a bit (3) ______ canoeing but with only one paddle and, being
upright, you can enjoy the views on offer. The teacher reassures me it’s easy, which
(4) _______ nothing to reduce the pressure. I desperately try to keep (5) _______
balance and concentrate on not falling in. I wonder if I’ve left it too late to back out
and (6) _______ for solid ground, but before I can change my mind I’m (7) _______
the move, but not going where I want to. I hear my teacher shouting ‘Paddle
paddle’; I try but, (8) _______ my best efforts, I don’t make much progress. ‘You
need to paddle on both sides,’ he says, ‘because (9) _______ you’ll go around in
circles. Copy me.’ And finally I’m moving in the same direction as everyone else
and it (10) _______ amazing.
Your answers:
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 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
TASK 3. Read the passage and choose the option (A, B, C, or D) which best
answer each of the following questions. (10 points)
One of the primary ways of approaching the Greek theatre is through
archeology, the systematic study of material remains such as architecture,
inscriptions, sculpture, vase painting, and other forms of decorative art. [A] Serious
on-site excavations began in Greece around 1870, but W. Dorpfeld did not begin the
first extensive study of the Theatre of Dionysus until 1886. [B] Since that time, more
than 167 other Greek theatres have been identified and many of them have been
excavated. [C] Nevertheless, they still do not permit us to describe the precise
appearance of the skene (illustrations printed in books are conjectural
reconstructions), since many pieces are irrevocably lost because the buildings in
later periods became sources of stone for other projects and what remains is usually
broken and scattered. [D] That most of the buildings were remodeled many times
has created great problems for those seeking to date both the parts and the
successive versions. Despite these drawbacks, archeology provides the most
concrete evidence we have about the theatre structures of ancient Greece. But, if
they have told us much, archeologists have not completed their work, and many sites
have scarcely been touched.
Perhaps the most controversial use of archeological evidence in theatre history
is vase paintings, thousands of which have survived from ancient Greece. (Most of
those used by theatre scholars are reproduced in Margarete Bieber’s The History of
the Greek and Roman Theatre.) Depicting scenes from mythology and daily life, the
vases are the most graphic pictorial evidence we have. But they are also easy to
misinterpret. Some scholars have considered any vase that depicts a subject treated
in a surviving drama or any scene showing masks, flute players, or ceremonials to be
valid evidence of theatrical practice. This is a highly questionable assumption, since
the Greeks made widespread use of masks, dances, and music outside the theatre
and since the myths on which dramatists drew were known to everyone, including
vase painters, who might well depict the same subjects as dramatists without being
indebted to them. Those vases showing scenes unquestionably theatrical are few in
number.
Written evidence about ancient Greek theatre is often treated as less reliable
than archeological evidence because most written accounts are separated so far in
time from the events they describe and because they provide no information about
their own sources. Of the written evidence, the surviving plays are usually treated as
the most reliable. But the oldest surviving manuscripts of Greek plays date from
around the tenth century, C.E., some 1500 years after they were first performed.
Since printing did not exist during this time span, copies of plays had to be made by
hand, and therefore the possibility of textual errors creeping in was magnified.
Nevertheless, the scripts offer us our readiest access to the cultural and theatrical
conditions out of which they came. But these scripts, like other kinds of evidence,
are subject to varying interpretations. Certainly performances embodied a male
perspective, for example, since the plays were written, selected, staged, and acted by
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men. Yet the existing plays feature numerous choruses of women and many feature
strong female characters. Because these characters often seem victims of their own
powerlessness and appear to be governed, especially in the comedies, by sexual
desire, some critics have seen these plays as rationalizations by the male-dominated
culture for keeping women segregated and cloistered. Other critics, however, have
seen in these same plays an attempt by male authors to force their male audiences to
examine and call into question this segregation and cloistering of Athenian women.
By far the majority of written references to Greek theatre date from several
hundred years after the events they report. The writers seldom mention their sources
of evidence, and thus we do not know what credence to give them. In the absence of
material nearer in time to the events, however, historians have used the accounts and
have been grateful to have them. Overall, historical treatment of the Greek theatre is
something like assembling a jigsaw puzzle from which many pieces are missing:
historians arrange what they have and imagine (with the aid of the remaining
evidence and logic) what has been lost. As a result, though the broad outlines of
Greek theatre history are reasonably clear, many of the details remain open to doubt.

1. According to paragraph 1, why is it impossible to identify the time period for

theatres in Greece?
A. It is confusing because stones from early sites were used to build later structures.
B. There are too few sites that have been excavated and very little data collected about
them.
C. The archeologists from earlier periods were not careful, and many artifacts were
broken.
D. Because it is very difficult to date the concrete that was used in construction
during early periods.
2. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the skene in theatre history?
A. Drawings in books are the only accurate visual records.
B. Archaeologists have excavated a large number of them.
C. It was not identified or studied until the early 1800s.
D. Not enough evidence is available to make a precise model.
3. The word “primary” in the passage is closest in meaning to _________.
A. important B. reliable C. unusual D. accepted
4. In paragraph 2, the author explains that all vases with paintings of masks or
musicians may not be evidence of theatrical subjects by
A. identifying some of the vases as reproductions that were painted years after the
originals
B. casting doubt on the qualifications of the scholars who produced the vases as evidence
C. arguing that the subjects could have been used by artists without reference to a drama
D. pointing out that there are very few vases that have survived from the time of
early dramas
5. In paragraph 3, the author states that female characters in Greek theatre
_________.
A. had no featured parts in plays B. frequently played the part of victims
C. were mostly ignored by critics D. did not participate in the chorus
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6. According to paragraph 3, scripts of plays may not be accurate because
_______.
A. copies by hand may contain many errors
B. the sources cited are not well known
C. they are written in very old language
D. the printing is difficult to read
7. The word “them” in the passage refers to ______.
A. events B. writers C. sources D. references
8. Why does the author mention a jigsaw puzzle in paragraph 4?
A. To compare the written references for plays to the paintings on vases
B. To justify using accounts and records that historians have located
C. To introduce the topic for the next reading passage in the textbook
D. To demonstrate the difficulty in drawing conclusions from partial evidence
9. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s
opinion about vase paintings?
A. Evidence from written documents is older than evidence from vase paintings.
B. There is disagreement among scholars regarding vase paintings.
C. The sources for vase paintings are clear because of the images on them.
D. The details in vase paintings are not obvious because of their age.
10. Look at the four squares [_] that indicate where the following sentence can
be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
These excavations have revealed much that was previously unknown, especially
about the dimensions and layout of theatres.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

TASK 4. Read the reading passage and do the task that follows. (20 points)
Questions 1-5. The passage has five paragraphs, A-E. Choose the most suitable
heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. There are more
headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
Paragraph List of headings
1. Paragraph A I - Glacial Continents
2. Paragraph B II - Formation and Growth of Glaciers
3. Paragraph C III - Glacial Movement
4. Paragraph D IV - Glaciers in the Last Ice Age
5. Paragraph E V - Glaciers Through the Years
VI - Types of Glaciers
VII - Glacial Effects on Landscapes
VIII - Glaciers in National Parks

Glaciers

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A. Besides the earth’s oceans, glacier ice is the largest source of water on earth.
A glacier is a massive stream or sheet of ice that moves underneath itself
under the influence of gravity. Some glaciers travel down mountains or
valleys, while others spread across a large expanse of land. Heavily glaciated
regions such as Greenland and Antarctica are called continental glaciers.
These two ice sheets encompass more than 95 percent of the Earth’s glacial
ice. The Greenland ice sheet is almost 10,000 feet thick in some areas, and
the weight of this glacier is so heavy that much of the region has been
depressed below sea level. Smaller glaciers that occur at higher elevations are
called alpine or valley glaciers. Another way of classifying glaciers is in
terms of their internal temperature. In temperate glaciers, the ice within the
glacier is near its melting point. Polar glaciers, in contrast, always maintain
temperatures far below melting.

В The majority of the earth’s glaciers are located near the poles, though glaciers
exist on all continents, including Africa and Oceania. The reason glaciers are
generally formed in high alpine regions is that they require cold temperatures
throughout the year. In these areas where there is little opportunity for
summer ablation (loss of mass), snow changes to compacted form and then
crystallised ice. During periods in which melting and evaporation exceed the
amount of snowfall, glaciers will retreat rather than progress. While glaciers
rely heavily on snowfall, other climactic conditions including freezing rain,
avalanches, and wind, contribute to their growth. One year of below average
precipitation can stunt the growth of a glacier tremendously. With the rare
exception of surging glaciers, a common glacier flows about 10 inches per
day in the summer and 5 inches per day in the winter. The fastest glacial
surge on record occurred in 1953, when the Kutiah Glacier in Pakistan grew
more than 12 kilometres in three months.

C The weight and pressure of ice accumulation causes glacier movement.

Glaciers move out from under themselves, via plastic deformation and basal
slippage. First, the internal flow of ice crystals begins to spread outward and
downward from the thickened snow pack also known as the zone of
accumulation. Next, the ice along the ground surface begins to slip in the
same direction. Seasonal thawing at the base of the glacier helps to facilitate
this slippage. The middle of a glacier moves faster than the sides and bottom
because there is no rock to cause friction. The upper part of a glacier rides on
the ice below. As a glacier moves it carves out a U-shaped valley similar to a
riverbed, but with much steeper walls and a flatter bottom.

D Besides the extraordinary rivers of ice, glacial erosion creates other unique
physical features in the landscape such as horns, fjords, hanging valleys, and
cirques. Most of these land-forms do not become visible until after a glacier
has receded. Many are created by moraines, which occur at the sides and
front of a glacier. Moraines are formed when material is picked up along the
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 way and deposited in a new location. When many alpine glaciers occur on the
same mountain, these moraines can create a horn. The Matterhorn, in the
Swiss Alps is one of the most famous horns. Fjords, which are very common
in Norway, are coastal valleys that fill with ocean water during a glacial
retreat. Hanging valleys occur when two or more glacial valleys intersect at
varying elevations. It is common for waterfalls to connect the higher and
lower hanging valleys, such as in Yosemite National Park. A cirque is a large
bowl-shaped valley that forms at the front of a glacier. Cirques often have a
lip on their down slope that is deep enough to hold small lakes when the ice
melts away.

E. Glacier movement and shape shifting typically occur over hundreds of years.
While presently about 10 percent of the earth’s land is covered with glaciers,
it is believed that during the last Ice Age glaciers covered approximately 32
percent of the earth’s surface. In the past century, most glaciers have been
retreating rather than flowing forward. It is unknown whether this glacial
activity is due to human impact or natural causes, but by studying glacier
movement, and comparing climate and agricultural profiles over hundreds of
years, glaciologists can begin to understand environmental issues such as
global warming.

Questions 6-10. Do the following statements agree with the information in the
passage? In boxes 6-10, write:
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage.
FALSE if the statement contradicts the passage.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.
6. Glaciers exist only near the north and south poles
7. Glaciers are formed by a combination of snow and other weather conditions
8. Glaciers normally move at a rate of about 5 to 10 inches a day
9. All parts of the glacier move at the same speed
10. During the last Ice Age, average temperatures were much lower than they are
now.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

TASK 5. You are going to read an article in which four academics give their
views on fiction. For each of the following questions, choose from the sections of
the article (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once. When more than
one answer is required, these may be given in any order. (10 points)
Which academic …
1. compares books to other story-telling art forms?
2. admits to gaps in their literary knowledge?
3. suggests a possible consequence of not reading novels?
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4. points out that opinion about a book depends on the period in which it is being
judged?
5. explains why readers sometimes choose to read books which are not considered
classic works of literature?
6. believes that it is possible to improve any novel?
7. gives reassurance about people whose choice of reading is limited?
8. says that no-one should feel obliged to read a particular type of book?
9. gives another writer’s opinion on why people enjoy reading literature?
10. defends their right to judge particular types of novels?
Why Do We Read Novels?
We asked a group of academics for their views on the appeal of fiction
A. Cathy Smith
Is a work by a prize-winning novelist better than a trashy summer blockbuster?
Undoubtedly, if you’re looking for a literary masterpiece. But it’s not ‘better’ if
you’re simply looking for escapism. ‘Literary fiction’, unlike ‘genre fiction’ such as
mystery or romance, is not about escaping from reality. Instead it provides a means
to better understand the world. What makes a work deserve the title of literary
fiction can be pinned down, to a certain extent, by critical analysis of the writer’s
techniques. Yet a huge element of the appeal of literary fiction lies in something
almost indefinable – the brilliant, original idea; the insight that, once written down,
seems the only way to say something. Writers of fiction have to recruit or seduce us
into their world – only then do we trust them to take us on a journey with them. The
books we put down after only a few pages are those which have failed to make that
connection with us.

B. Matteo Bianco
A novel – whether for adults or children – takes you places, emotionally and
imaginatively, which you would never otherwise have visited. However, I don’t
think you should put yourself under any more pressure to finish ‘a classic’ than a
kids’ comic. And if by ‘classics’ we mean Tolstoy, Proust, Hardy and so on, then
my own reading is distinctly patchy. The author Martin Amis once said that the only
way we have of evaluating the quality of a book is whether it retains a readership. I
think that’s fair enough, though it’s imprecise. A work of fiction can always be fine-
tuned in such a way that the final experience for the reader is enhanced, and this fact
must say something about the theoretical (if not practical) possibility of stating that
one book is better than another. And while I can’t prove that a single copy of a
classic work of fiction is a greater gift to the world than a million trashy romances,
I’m going to go ahead and say it’s so anyway.

C. Gita Sarka
The author Albert Camus says that the appeal of narrative art lies in its power to
organise life in such a way that we can reflect on it from a distance and experience it
anew. Distinct from television or film, literature allows us significant control over
our experience of what’s being presented to us. One book I would always tell
anyone to read is The Life and Times of Michael K. – a literary prize winner, but
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hated by some of my colleagues. It’s a classic for me because of what it says about
living in difficult times; to a lot of people it’s just a bit boring and the main character
doesn’t speak enough. Categories such as ‘literary masterpieces’ and even
‘literature’ do not exist independently of their assessors – assessors who are bound
in an era and see value in part through the eyes of that era. Personally, I find it
impossible to make claims that one work is better than another. I can say why it
might be worthwhile to study it, but that’s all.

D. George C. Schwarz
If, at a certain time in their life a person is interested in just one particular genre or
author, that’s fine as long as they have the opportunity of reading a wide range of
books throughout their lives. These opportunities can come through family
members, teachers and friends who can create the reading landscape and encourage
them to look wider and further. A famous writer once said that it’s easy to recognise
the people who don’t read fiction, as their outlook on life is narrower and less
imaginative, and they find it hard to put themselves in other people’s shoes. It’s a
generalisation, but with elements of truth. The power of fiction begins with fairy
tales, nursery rhymes and picture books, which give children ways of looking at the
world outside their own experience. Literature teachers often recommend reading
‘the classics’. But what classics, whose and which era? In a way it doesn’t matter –
the key point is that one can’t escape from a need for shared references and reading
experience.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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