International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322

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International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpvp

Effects of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar laser welded joints of

austenitic stainless steel to low carbon steel
M.P. Prabakaran a, *, G.R. Kannan b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The dissimilar austenitic stainless steel (AISI316) and low carbon steel (AISI1018) have been welded without
Dissimilar filler metal by CO2 4 kW laser welding. Then, the effect of Post Weld Heat-Treatment (PWHT) on the micro­
Laser welding structure, tensile and yield strength, microhardness, phase composition in the weld zone and distribution of Ni
PWHT
and Cr of welded joints was investigated. As a result of remove chromium carbide formed during welding process
Microstructure
Chemical composition
and homogenizes the microstructure, heat treatment was carried out on the sample at 960 ◦ C. The micro­
Mechanical properties structural, fracture cross-section, phase composition and distribution of Ni and Cr of welded samples were
investigated by OM, SEM and EDS. Tensile strength, yield strength and microhardness tests were employed to
illustrate mechanical properties of the samples. The results designate that the welded joints had good mechanical
properties after the heat treatment so that the best tensile and yield strength obtained at 960 ◦ C. Because of
reduce grain size, the heat-treatment samples show higher mechanical properties at 960 ◦ C in comparison to as-
welded.

1. Introduction
Dissimilar welding of austenitic stainless steel and low carbon steel
joints has been investigated with growing demands in a lot of activities
including novel architecture, oil and gas refineries [1,2]. The common
traditional arc welding process was effortlessness, freedom of move­
ment, and flexibility in joining dissimilar materials with variable
thicknesses, character, and physical properties. More difficult for
traditional arc welding to fully meet the developing engineering ne­
cessities in these industries due to high heat input, shallow welding
penetration and low welding efficiency [3]. In recent times, the devel­
oping welding techniques containing laser beam welding (LBW) and
electron beam welding (EBW) providing different methodologies to join
the dissimilar materials. The emerging LBW technology is familiar with
welding an extensive range of materials, especially those with narrow
heat-affected zone, deep penetration, high welding speed and flexibility
[4,5]. Laser welding having very high rates of heating and cooling
during that laser welding, grain growth is limited as well as stress
relieving and straightening the weldment are eliminated. The mechan­
ical properties of welded joint are the major factors deciding the welding
quality [6–8]. Zhenguo et al. [9] discussed the laser welding is a
promising technique for dissimilar metals because of high energy den­
sity, flexibility in energy distribution and the greater control of di­
mensions of weld. Longchao et al. [10] studied the fiber laser welding of
dissimilar materials between AISI316L austenitic stainless steel and
EH36 ship steels. Gao et al. [11] investigated the dissimilar welding of
DP780 and DP980 steel welded joints by using laser welding and
analyzed the transformation mechanism from austenite to martensite in
laser welding. Tomashchuk et al. [12] studied the LBW of dissimilar
materials is additional difficult than the welding of similar materials
because of the huge change in chemical elemental composition and
thermo-physical properties of weld metals (WM). Torkamany et al. [13]
studied the mechanical and metallurgical description of dissimilar laser
welds between carbon steel and stainless steel sheets and improved the
mechanical properties and metallurgical characteristics of the dissimilar
weld joint. Esfahani et al. [14] deliberate the martensitic development in
dissimilar LBW of low carbon steel to stainless steel joint and presented
that the martensitic development can be controlled through laser
welding process parameters from the dissimilar WM. Hajiannia et al.
[15] presented that the carbon migration from the heat-affected zone
(HAZ) of low alloy steel toward the WZ, results in the formation of a
martensitic zone in the fusion boundary with a high hardness value.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: prabakaranmp89@gmail.com (M.P. Prabakaran).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2021.104322
Received 1 December 2020; Received in revised form 23 January 2021; Accepted 25 January 2021
Available online 19 February 2021
0308-0161/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322

Table 1
Chemical composition of base metals.
Elements (%) Chemical compounds

C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo Co Cu W Fe

ASS 0.02 0.28 1.44 0.04 0.01 16.95 10.09 2.06 0.23 0.41 0.06 Bal.
LCS 0.14 0.17 0.81 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.002 0.011 0.019 0.01 Bal.

Fig. 1. Microstructure of the base metals (a) AISI316 austenitic stainless steel (b) AISI1018 low carbon steel.

Table 2
Laser welding process parameters setting.
Process parameters Laser power (W) Welding speed (m/min) Shielding gas flow rate (Lit/min) Heat treatment temperature (◦ C)

Dissimilar sheet joint 2600 1.5 20 960

important process to remove chromium carbides in the grain and grain

Fig. 2. Sample dimensions and prepartion as per ASTM standard.
Esfahani et al. [16] investigated the significance of chemical composi­
tion and cooling rate on controlling the microstructure and mechanical
properties of the laser-welded high carbon steel to stainless steel joint.
Geng et al. [17] studied the dissimilar laser welding of AISI 304 and AISI
420 stainless steel sheets was performed with pulsed Nd: YAG laser so as
to evaluate the temperature distribution, microstructure and mechanical
properties of the welded zone.
The joining austenitic stainless steel to carbon steel joint has devel­
oped carbide precipitates in the weld zone and weld interfaces. One the
most significant issues must be considered to avoid chromium carbide
formation in the weld zone and weld interfaces. When the austenitic
stainless steel is heated above the temperature range 550–850 ◦ C during
the welding process, they have formed the chromium carbides in the
grain and grain boundaries of the weld zone. The heat-treatment is an
boundaries of the WZ and weld interfaces. Thus PWHT might be an
advantage for eliminating carbide precipitates and improving the tensile
strength of joints since it could regiment the microstructure especially at
the WZ [18]. Greeff et al. [19] investigated when the austenitic stainless
steels are subject to temperature range 550–850 ◦ C during welding, they
are formed the chromium carbide, hence, it cause to decrease the
corrosion properties lower than base metal. Ghorbania et al. [20]
investigated the effects of PWHT on the microstructure, mechanical
properties, and corrosion properties of the welded joint. Because of the
elimination of chromium carbide created during the welding process
and homogenizes the microstructure; heat treatment was carried out on
the whole series of the samples at 860 ◦ C and 960 ◦ C. Jiang et al. [21]
studied the microstructural, tensile strength and hardness of TIG-welded
CLAM steel joints, subjected to PWHT at 740 ◦ C for 1 h. They conducted
the mechanical and microstructural tests on the welded joints and the
result showed that the mechanical properties and microstructural of the
CLAM steel welded joints can be improved by a reasonable PWHT.
Xianfen et al. [22] investigated the different post weld heat treatment
(PWHT) to achieve a good combination of strength, toughness and
corrosion properties.
In this work, austenitic stainless steel (AISI316) to low carbon steel
(AISI1018) joints was welded without filler metal and the influence of
PWHT on the microstructure, phase composition and distribution of Ni
and Cr of the dissimilar laser welded joints were studied by using OM,
SEM and EDS. The mechanical properties of the tensile strength and
distribution of microhardness across the weld zone were conducted as-
welded and PWHT conditions of the dissimilar weld joint.

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M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan
Fig. 3. Photograic view of laser beam welding process.
2. Experimental procedures
2.1. Materials and welding machine
The tests were performed by using 3 mm sheets of austenitic stainless
steel (AISI316) and low carbon steel (AISI1018) welded by the CO2 laser
welding process without filler metal. The chemical compositions of base
materials used in this study are shown in Table 1. The microstructures of
the base metals are shown in Fig.1. Fig. 1a shows the AISI316 austenitic
stainless steelconstituted of austenite grains and twin structures. Fig. 1b
shows the microstructure of AISI1018 low carbon steel and it is revealed
the ferrite and small regions of pearlite structure at grain boundaries
edges and corners. The corresponding welding parameters are shown in
Table 2. Both the samples of AISI1018 low carbon steel and AISI316
austenitic stainless steel with the dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 3
mm welded by laser welding process in a single pass butt welds are
shown in Fig. 2. The investigates were done as one of the high beam
quality heat sources, TRUMPF TLC1005 series 4 kW CO2 laser welding
machine with the spot diameter of the laser beam was 0.15 mm and focal
distance of 20 mm are shown in Fig. 3. Pure argon shielding gas was
provided for all the experiments with 20 Lit/min.
2.2. Mechanical properties
The samples were accurately placed and fixed by using a special
fixture. The mechanical properties of tensile strength and microhardness
were conducted through a computer-controlled universal testing ma­
chine (TUE-CN-400) and the tensile test samples were prepared from the
welded specimens according to ASTM E8M-04 guidelines. The prepared
tensile specimens were subjected to a tensile test and their ultimate
tensile strengths were evaluated. The Vickers microhardness test sam­
ples were prepared from the dissimilar laser welded samples following
ASTM E407. Vickers microhardness tests were carried out with an
applied load of 500 gf for 10 s. The dissimilar weld zone microhardness
was measured for both conditions of as-welded and PWHT samples by
using the Vickers microhardness test with a distance of 0.5 mm.
2.3. Metallurgical properties
The samples of the cross-section of joints were prepared by grinding
and polishing as per the standard of ASTM E3 and etched under ASTM
E407 for metallographic and microstructural studies. For optical mi­
croscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations,
the samples were electrochemically etched (10% Aqua regia, 5 V for 25
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International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322
s) to reveal the grain boundaries of AISI316austenitic stainless steel.
Subsequently, they were etched with Aqua regia/Villella’s reagent to
reveal the microstructure in the weld metal and the base metal of
AISI1018 low carbon steel. SEM studies were carried out using a TES­
CAN VEGA3 field emission electron microscope operated at 20 kV.
Samples heat treatment was carried out in an induction furnace at
960 ◦ C. In this study, the samples were kept at 2 h, to prevent carbide
precipitation and the samples were evicted from the furnace and cooled
in atmospheric air.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Microstructural studies of dissimilar weld joint as-welded
The microstructure of the dissimilar weld joint interfaces and weld
zone is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4a and b shows the weld interface of AISI316
stainless steel side and its represent that the heat-affected zone (HAZ)
consist of coarser austenite, twin structure, and carbide precipitation are
perceived in the grain boundary of HAZ to fusion boundary of stainless
steel. Fig. 4b shows the enlarged view of the dissimilar laser welded
interface of AISI316 stainless steel; chromium carbides and columnar
dendrites structures are presented in the transient zone of the AISI316
stainless steel side [23]. In the transient zone, the grain structure of this
region is affected by the laser welding process and some grain growth
and austenite recrystallized grains are perceived in the AISI316
austenitic stainless steel transient zone but they are not of significant
concern [24]. Besides, no phase transformation is observed in the HAZ of
AISI316 austenitic stainless steel since the austenitic stainless steel is not
transformable. The extreme narrowness of the HAZ in laser welding is
attributed to the short duration of the thermal cycle. Fig. 4 c and d shows
the dissimilar weld joint microstructure of AISI 1018 low carbon steel
weld interface. From the HAZ of AISI 1018 low carbon steel, it can be
observed that ferrite mixed with pearlite structure is predominant near
weld interface on AISI 1018 low carbon steel side. The microstructure
reveals the mixed structure of acicular ferrite, pearlite, bainite and
martensite structure of AISI 1018-HAZ. All these phenomena indicate
that direction of the fastest temperature variation is perpendicular to the
fusion line and the temperature gradient is gradually changing. In
addition, a few dispersed carbides are also found due to the enrichment
of iron at the weld and weld interface during the solidification process.
The heat affected zone in the low carbon steel side has more grain
coarsening and compared to the stainless steel side. Fig. 4e shows the
microstructure of the dissimilar laser weld zone. The weld zone has
formed such that the AISI316 austenitic stainless steel has melted
M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322

Fig. 4. Microstructure of the dissimilar weld interface (a) Weld interface of AISI316 (b) Enlarged view of AISI316 weld interface (c) Weld interface of AISI1018 (d)
Enlarged view of AISI1018 weld interface (e) weld zone.

favorably to the AISI1018 low carbon steel [25]. This is attributed to the
low thermal conductivity of AISI316 austenitic stainless steel compared
to AISI1018 low carbon steel, which results in rapid heating and fast
melting at the start of the melt pool formation [26]. However, the so­
lidification structure of the substance fusion zone is predominantly fine
with columnar dendrites which have been nucleated at the fusion line
and grown toward the center of the molten pool [27]. The existence of a
dendritic structure is due to the high cooling rate observed in the
laser-welded melt pool [28]. Normally, laser welding leads to a rapid
cooling rate through the transformation temperature range resulted in
reducing austenite content and increasing ferrite and martensite
content.

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M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan
Fig. 5. Microstructure of dissimilar weld joint heat treated at 960 ◦ C/2 h (a) weld interface of AISI316 side (b) weld interface of AISI1018 side (C) dissimilar
weld zone.
3.2. Microstructural studies of dissimilar weld joint PWHT
The microstructure of the dissimilar weld joint interface of AISI316
stainless steel side PWHT at 960 ◦ C is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5a shows the
microstructure of the weld interface of the AISI316 stainless steel side,
PWHT at 960 ◦ C for 2 h and cooled at room temperature. The micro­
graphs show the austenite grains and annealing twins are observed in
the HAZ of AISI316 austenitic stainless steel. When the temperature is
increasing, then the grain growth is also increasing [29]. The dark zone
disappears after heat-treated at 960 ◦ C due to the chromium carbide
have been completely dissolved and not again precipitated in grain
boundary because of rapid cooling. Fig. 5b shows the microstructure of
the weld interface of AISI1018 low carbon steel side, heat treated at
960 ◦ C for 2 h and cooled at room temperature. In the HAZ of AISI 1018
low carbon steel side, the grain coarsening is observed and compared
with the as-welded. The micrographs reveal the ferrite and pearlite
along with martensite structure in the HAZ of AISI1018 low carbon steel.
The dark zone is eliminated after heat treatment at 960 ◦ C; the chro­
mium carbide is removed and ferrites along with martensite structure
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International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322
are observed in the fusion boundary of AISI1018 low carbon steel side.
Fig. 5c shows the microstructure of dissimilar weld zone PWHT at 960 ◦ C
for 2 h and cooled at room temperature. The samples are etched with
Aqua regia to reveal the microstructure of the dissimilar WZ. When the
PWHT temperature is increased to 960 ◦ C, the martensite is transformed
into the γ phase. After cooling at room temperature, the γ phase became
the untempered martensite again [30,31]. From the microstructure, the
martensitic lath could not be observed. It meant that carbide does not
precipitate in the dissimilar weld zone heat-treated at 960 ◦ C [32]. The
dissimilar weld zone micrographs show the mixed structure of and
austenite–martensite -ferrite structures.
Fig. 6 shows the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) micrographs
of dissimilar laser welded joints as-welded condition. It is noticeable that
the microstructure comprises a high density of mechanical macro and
micro twins [33]. The carbide precipitates were observed in the grain
and grain boundaries of the weld zone. The chromium and carbon form
the chromium carbides and these precipitate the solid solution at the
boundaries between the grains [34]. The removal of precipitated car­
bides to reinstate the maximum amount of corrosion resistance can be
M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan
Fig. 6. SEM micrograph of dissimilar weld zone as-welded.
accomplished by PWHT above the sensitizing range. After PWHT at
960 ◦ C, the SEM micrographs of the weld zone have been shown in
Fig. 7, with growing PWHT temperature to 960 ◦ C; the chromium car­
bides could further be dissolved and so the microstructure is further
homogeneous and additional fine-grained. The effects designate that the
dissolving precipitates and reducing the ferrite matrix grains prominent
to increase the toughness of the welding joint [35], with decreasing the
ferrite grain size is due to the improvement of size in spreading the
martensitic areas and the mechanical properties of the welding joint also
increased.
3.3. Distribution of alloying elements
The chemical composition of the dissimilar WZ is analyzed (as-wel­
ded and heat treated samples) by using the EDS analysis. In this dis­
similar laser welded joint, the stainless steel is melted and joined
together. The chemical compositions of dissimilar WZ at different con­
ditions are given in Table 3. Also, the composition in the WZ of a dis­
similar joint depends on the melting ratio of the two materials to be
joined, which in turn is related to the welding parameters. The WZ is
enriched with the elements Fe, along with Cr, Ni, and Mn. An iron
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International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322
enrichment of the weld zone combined with a high content of Ni, Cr,
may lead to hard FeNi/CrNiFe phases formation, evidenced by the
higher hardness obtained in this area [37]. After PWHT at 960 ◦ C, the
percentage of Chromium has been decreased due to dissolving of chro­
mium carbides. Distribution of Ni and Cr of the dissimilar weld zone
(As-welded and heat treated samples) is shown in Fig. 9 & Fig. 10. There
is no change was observed in the Ni distribution, as-welded and heat
treated at 960 ◦ C is shown in Fig. 8. After the identification of the
alloying elements, chromium and nickel equivalents can be calculated
using equations (1) and (2) [36]. By using chromium and nickel
equivalents phase structure was predicted through Schaeffler diagram
shown in Fig. 8. The carbon amounts could not be found from the EDS
investigation and so average carbon content for the two base metals
(0.074 wt %) were used when computing the chromium and nickel
equivalents to determine the structures [13&18].
Creq = Cr + Mo + 1.5 × Si + 0.5 × Nb (1)
Nieq = Ni + 30 × C + 0.5 × Mn (2)
Thus the phase structure of dissimilar WZ as-welded condition con­
sists of austenite (A) with martensite (M) structure. The phase structure
M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan
Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of dissimilar weld zone heat treated at 960 ◦ C.
Table 3
Alloying elements with predicted microstructure on the dissimilar weld zone.
Elements (%) Cr Ni Mn
As – welded 10.02 5.84 1.08
PWHT at 960 ◦ C 7.72 5.89 0.91
of dissimilar weld zone heat treated at 960 ◦ C condition consists of
martensite (M) structure are given in Table 3. When the post-weld heat
temperature is increased to 960 ◦ C, the phase structure of pure
martensitic structure is obtained in the dissimilar weld zone, resulting in
high strength and no carbide precipitates.
3.4. Studies of mechanical properties
In our previous study, we determined the optimum laser welding
process parameters for the dissimilar sheet joint listed in Table 2. The
optimum joints resulting in higher tensile strength with full penetration
and without any defects and fracture failed at the base metal region of
AISI1018 low carbon steel. The dissimilar laser welded joint strength has
been investigated in as-welded and heat-treated at 960 ◦ C. The dissim­
ilar welding of a 3 mm sheet welded joint has received the maximum
ultimate tensile strength of 484.7 MPa due to the weld zone had den­
drites along with carbides for the as-welded condition. When the PWHT
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322
Si Mo Creq Nieq Predicted
Microstructure
0.38 1.55 12.14 10.7 A+M
0 0 7.72 10.665 M
temperature is increased to 960 ◦ C, the tensile strength is improved from
484.7 MPa to 504.2 MPa is due to martensitic structure and less amount
of carbide precipitation. Fig. 11 shows the stress-strain curve for as-
welded and post-weld heat-treated samples. The results designate that
dissolving precipitates and reducing the ferrite matrix grains prominent
to increase the toughness of the welding joint, with decreasing the ferrite
grain size, due to the improvement of size spreading of martensitic areas,
the weld strength of the dissimilar welding joint increased. The
maximum improvement of tensile strength can be obtained after the
PWHT of 960 ◦ C. The microhardness value of AISI316 austenitic stain­
less steel is 182 HV0.5 and AISI 1018 low carbon steel 142 HV0.5 was
observed. The microhardness values of weld zone 442 HV0.5was ob­
tained in the as-welded condition. The dissimilar weld zone to be harder
than both base metals of AISI316 austenitic stainless steel and AISI 1018
low carbon steel shown in Fig. 12. Higher hardness envisaged the for­
mation of martensitic phase and carbides in the weld zone. When the
PWHT temperature was increased to 960 ◦ C, the microhardness value
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M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322

Fig. 8. Schaeffler constitutional diagram.

Fig. 9. Distribution of Ni across the dissimilar weld zone.

was again decreased in the weld zone and weld interfaces of the dis­
similar joint. The dissimilar weld joint and it can be seen that the
hardness value was decreased (436 HV0.5 to 394 HV0.5) in the weld zone.
The microhardness value was decreased in the weld zone due to the
elimination of chromium carbide.
4. Conclusion
The dissimilar metal joint between AISI316 austenitic stainless steel
and AISI1018 low carbon steel was joined by a laser welding process in
the present study. The effects of PWHT on different metal compounds
were analyzed in detail. Key results are summarized as follows:
• The sound joint between AISI316 austenitic stainless steel and
AISI1018 low carbon steel could be obtained by laser welding after
PWHT. Tensile strength and elongation of the joint improved sub­
stantially after PWHT at 960 ◦ C.
• The fine columnar dendrites along with chromium carbides were
found in the dissimilar weld as-welded condition.
• After PWHT at 960 ◦ C, the chromium carbide has been successfully
dissolved not again precipitated in the grain and grain boundaries of
the weld zone. The pure martensitic structure was obtained in the
dissimilar weld zone after PWHT at 960 ◦ C.

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M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 191 (2021) 104322

Fig. 10. Distribution of Cr across the dissimilar weld zone.

Fig. 11. Stress-strain curve for as-welded and post weld heat treated samples a) Dissimilar weld joint as-welded b) Dissimilar weld joint PWHT at 960 ◦ C.

• The chemical analysis was successfully conducted in the dissimilar
weld zone and predicted the microstructure of the dissimilar sheet
joint at both conditions of as-welded and heat-treated joints.
Author statment
M.P. Prabakaran: Conception and design of study, Acquisition of
data, Analysis and/or interpretation of data, Drafting the manuscript,
Revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content,
Approval of the version of the manuscript to be published (the names of

9
M.P. Prabakaran and G.R. Kannan
Fig. 12. Microhardness distributions of dissimilar weld joint.
all authors must be listed). G.R. Kannan: Conception and design of
study, Acquisition of data, Analysis and/or interpretation of data,
Drafting the manuscript, Revising the manuscript critically for impor­
tant intellectual content, Approval of the version of the manuscript to be
published (the names of all authors must be listed).
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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