Write your answers on this side only. Q.No . ................... .

--.
___
. {b \ /

L~
---- - - -- - ~TU+
ct( =- 4. ttt{T~:ni~ i. r-r ~~=-o .
1-1 ~\A ('II

k -=...~: 9oC, ._ 4-tJ~ . Q.Q~

" Z~fJ fi'!flt.J66 7 x I oJ
~~q E:s k>!#t?y' 1P c1

1t~ -rJd-t-t-t(:'to 1 :J. ~O-~~i--/&r¥4fJ11 ( o.o?{)

1 tt:Drtto-rr-i-1o~ -. ~ 7 77sroc-
...

L z "k f,!/( lL r)
--------

··-· ----

- · -
- - .

- --- -

···- - - -- - -- -- - -- --

--- - - -

------- - - ---- - -

- -----

- - - - -- --

- -

-- -- ~-

- ·-

-- - -----

- ·- - - --
 -
· . 1- ~k. ~~ C\M. ~ ~~ ~ l\_ ~'·"' Yc-J, w~'ftt ~=o ttk
~ b\·~ ~~ ~ ~w ~~· ~ ~w-- ~ ~ {\'~
~~~ \\\;: 1, C)() 1, l\~ c'> ~'C\M-s.r~,~ frM ~ s~
-De ~Q ~~~ ( \o 7\1 ) Wh,'lt_ ~ ~~ ~ ~
t T~~Tt--lX-'1~ "*'f~~ l9f h~ w~ rtttU.. f(!Wt -K\.Q_
~~ ~ 4 etk-~~1~tlt--7~). ·~,tAu_
~ -eV\~~ ~r~ tH- Jovwv'V\ t ~<:,

ol_ L G\ - \'VI t (} ::- o

(?t)C I

w\~ W\2:::..~
\ 'f-Pt '
%---r ~~--V\ "1 \)

Jlth, 1, -. c{~J
Olx?..- - V\1\-z.- l91.. - 0

vv~~ 'M{::. hf/r-f\, . @'2.-=-Tt-T\fo .

\ ~[-\' cv\: ?(:::0' ~ ::- 0
J
xot- ol r, ol&1 Jo~..
X~JC.-l' M 'X,L, \C-~ ::_-\( ~ (J'{ ~::::.- ;ft
~L-) ~ ~ X~ L I 11 ~ f 1.-- (!( ~t +- t9 2.- =- To - T0<:> . .

n C_r, : 0'4- X=:. ?.L &{ ()_t. 1.

l:) 't ) itf .:::0 . l &- ~)

~ ~~ ~\,l-hl~ +~ €A~ ~~ ~
f\ c '1/q\ )CJ t L D -~\X
()' \ ;;.
f) (A)
\ '--· l / \....

01.-:: Ls e"'-L x t C;- e-IM.• X l r..)

C( \IWV(U)
( \ -::.('"L

e. - 4_~-z-Lc
c1_, ::: .,....__, __ . AJ_
TD---t
__

tv\
lll --\\X>
c~ == M ---. .
 Write your answers on this side only. Q. No .................... .

- -- ~ - . -- ---- .. -- .. -- - -- - .- . ·- -

c1) LMTP-= U!ll-k,J ~(T~ -~~) =- W_-4SJ~fJ : (J·g~uJ

· - - ~ (- ~~ - -- l~ ~) - -l~ ( K'D --({~)~~ -)
_ _
1-~
1t tc1 _ _ ra z_J

-=- so ,2- r-t t_- (1f WAft '{t~ ~- J-

I~ Q :.. \'Vln Cpij { fhl- r~L)-:. ;~0 0 ,Q_Ofr{0l -:..t6)

1 6

-- - - .. . -- -

=-/ ,7 ~ 6 -t I o_r ~~tl ( b t~dl- I )

--} -
!
I
- ------l ----------- --------------------------
'

- ----- --j---------- ------ - . - - - - - - ---------- . ----.

l
--- .... ___ I__
 Write your answers on this side only. Q.No . ................... .

- - - - 0
··------------ ---·-r-n-r=---hrr----~-{-h,q ·-=o>--1-c i -1-- .:::;;;._-f-Q2,.-e-rrr- c:: :- -------------------
----------·--------·----------· -- --·
----- - "Tc 'L- -:. -~ ~-+- L'li\L-\CFil ( (h, - ~z ) ~--:- -::;-7-~--t:-6~ ~+t
~v'V\ c: c, ) e._ - II I I 1 (_.
--· --------1--------------------- ____,_____ -------------- . ·----------------

-- ----· -------
7
/
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING: LEVEL 3 EXAMINATION

BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER (MECH301 1)

Date: May7,2011 Time: 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.

This paper contains SIX questions. Full marks can be obtained by the correct solutions to FIVE
questions. All questions carry the same marks.

Electronic Calculators:

Only approved calculators as announced by the Examinations Secretary can be used in this
examination. It is the candidates' responsibility to ensure that the calculator operates satisfactorily,
and candidates must record the name and type of the calculator used on the front page of the
examination script.
Heat Transfer (MECH301 1) Page 2

The boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm pressure) is
-196° C. Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in low-temperature scientific studies since the
temperature of liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere will remain constant
at -196° C until it is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of
some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810
kg/rn3 at 1 atm.

Consider a 3-rn-diameter spherical tank that is initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and
-196 ° C. The tank is exposed to ambient air at 15 ° C, with a convective heat transfer
coefficient of 35 W/m 2.K The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be
almost the same as the temperature of the nitrogen inside. Determine the rate of evaporation
of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the ambient air if the tank
is

(a) not insulated, (6 marks)

(b) insulated with 5-cm-thick fiberglass insulation (k = 0.035 W/m.K), and (7 marks)
(c) insulated with 2-cm-thick superinsulation which as an effective thermal conductivity of
0.00005 W/m.K. (7 marks)

Assume:

(i) Heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in radial direction;

(ii) The convective heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface;
(iii) The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is equal to the temperature of the
nitrogen inside.

N2 vapor

ation

Figure Qi

(P.T.O.)
Heat Transfer (MECH301 1) Page 3

2. Consider a fin of constant cross-section area A, perimeter P and thermal conductivity k

exposed to convection to a medium at Tc with a convective heat transfer coefficient h.
Assume the fins are sufficiently long so that the temperature of the fin at the tip is Tc. Take
the temperature of the fin at the base to be T0 and neglect heat transfer from the fin tips.

Assume:
(i) Heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional;
(ii) A, P, k, T, h and T0 are given constants;
(iii) T0>T,

Determine:

(a) temperature distribution in the fin, (15 marks)

(b) heat loss rate from the fin to the medium. (5 marks)

3. Water (c = 4180 J/kg.K) enters the 2.5 -cm-internal -diameter tube of a double-pipe counter-
flow heat exchanger at 20 ° C at a rate of 2.2 kg/s. Water is heated by steam condensing at
120 ° C (hfg = 2203 kJ/kg) in the shell. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat
exchanger is 700 W/m 2 .K.

Assume:
(i) Steady operating conditions exist;
(ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated;
(iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible;
(iv) The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

Determine the length of the tube required in order to heat the water to 80 ° C using:

(a) the LMTD method, (10 marks)

(b) the c-NTU method (NTU = -ln(1-c) for evaporators and condensers). (10 marks)

4. Glycerin (c = 2400 JIkg.K) at 20 ° C and 0,5 kg/s is to be heated by ethylene glycol

(c = 2500 J/kg.K) at 60 ° C and the same mass flow rate in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-
flow heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 380 W/m 2 .K. The heat transfer
surface area is 6.5 m2 .

Assume:
(i) Steady operating conditions exist;
(ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated;
(iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible;
(iv) The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

Determine

(a) the rate of heat transfer; (15 marks)

(b) the outlet temperature of the glycerin and the glycol (5 marks)
1—exp[—NTU(1+c)]
For double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanges, 8=
1+c
(P. T. 0.)
Heat Transfer (MECH301 1) Page4

5. Water at 70 °C (p1000 kg/rn3 , and i = 1.519x10 3 kg/rn.$) is flowing through a metal tube
(diameter 0.3 cm; 10.1 in long) at an average velocity of 0.9mls in a large room whose
temperature is 20 °C. The tube ernissivity 6 is 0.5.

I .
ITIIS ) cm
H1 -- -
10.1 m ----.
Determine the followings:
(a) the pressure drop in the tube (5 marks)
(b) the pumping power to overcome the pressure drop (5 marks)
(c) the heat loss rate from the tube by natural convection to the ambient (7 marks)
(d) the heat loss rate from the tube by radiation to the ambient (3 marks)

Supporting information:
(1) Table Q5(a) (shown below)

Nusselt number and friction factor for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of I Pli
pt. =f I
various cross sections (Di, = 4AJp. Re. VD1 hi, and Nu = hD.ik)

Nusseit Number
a/b
OO = = Const.
Friction Factor v=
Tube Geometry or T, Const. f
Circle -- 3.66 4.36 64.00/Re Re cr jtca i = 2300

(2) Air properties:

At T=(T+T)/2 =45 °C and 1 atm,
k0.02699 W/rnK Pr0.7241
v1.750x10 5 m2/s P =1/T1/318K
(3) Equations you may need:

Ra, = Gr1 Pr = Pr = - hAc(7' - T.)

if- - k

Q tad = &(JA (T (c=5.670x10 8 W/m2 .K4 )

(4) Table Q5(b) (shown below)

TABLE Q5(b)
Empirical corr&ations for the average Nusselt number for natural convection over surfaces

Characteristic
Geometr ____________________ 'ength L Raige of Ra Nu
horizontal cylinder 0.387R0
Ra lO' Nu J 0 .6 k (9-25)
/ [I (O,559iPr)9M]f

(P.T.O.)
 Heat Transfer (MECH301 1) Page 5
I

6. Derive the following two differential convection equations for 2D steady laminar flow in
boundary layers, as shown below:

T .

—hounth ry
dx layer

A dv
r1.............m
r
I I
U

aLl
Diffreniiat
I I u-4- ....... dx controi INS

4.

x,v
-------

dx
-.
I aT
I
volume
I
I
1' +
ai'
ar

II A. V d

FIGURE .Q6(a) FIGURE Q60)

Differential control volume used in the Differential contTol volume used in the
derivation of mass balance in velocity derivation of x- momentum eq ua Lion
boundary layer in two-dimensional in velocity boundary layer in two-
flow over a surface. dimensional flow over a surface.

(a) Mass conservation equation (the dimension in the z-coordinate direction has been
taken to be "1"):

0x av (5 marks)

(b) Momentum conservation equation (consider x-direction only; neglect any body force
and normal stresses in y direction; also, the boundary layer approximations apply
here):
(au
- ±. I 2 uaP
-
(15 marks)

- END OF PAPER -
Q-1 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and -196°C is exposed to convection and radiation with
the surrounding air and surfaces. The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat gain
from the surroundings for the cases of no insulation, 5-cm thick fiberglass insulation, and 2-cm thick
superinsulation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since the specified thermal conditions at the boundaries do not change
with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The
convectiive heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The temperature of the
thin-shelled spherical tank is said to be nearly equal to the temperature of the nitrogen inside, and thus thermal
resistance of the tank and the internal convection resistance are negligible.
Properties The heat of vaporization and density of liquid nitrogen at 1 atm are given to be 198 kJ/kg and 810
kg/m3, respectively. The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.035 W/m⋅°C for fiberglass insulation and k
= 0.00005 W/m⋅°C for super insulation.
Analysis (a) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid without insulation are

A = πD 2 = π (3 m) 2 = 28.27 m 2

1 1
Ro = = = 0.00101 °C/W
ho A (35 W/m 2 .°C)(28.27 m 2 ) Ro
T −T [15 − (−196)]°C Ts1
Q = s1 ∞ 2 = = 208,910 W T∞2
Ro 0.00101 °C/W
Q 208.910 kJ/s
Q = m h fg 
→ m = = = 1.055 kg/s
h fg 198 kJ/kg

(b) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with a 5-cm thick layer of fiberglass insulation
are

A = πD 2 = π (3.1 m) 2 = 30.19 m 2
Rinsulation Ro
1 1 T∞2
Ro = = = 0.000946 °C/W Ts1
ho A (35 W/m 2 .°C)(30.19 m 2 )
r −r (1.55 − 1.5) m
Rinsulation = 2 1 = = 0.0489 °C/W
4πkr1 r2 4π (0.035 W/m.°C)(1.55 m)(1.5 m)
Rtotal = Ro + Rinsulation = 0.000946 + 0.0489 = 0.0498 °C/W

T −T [15 − (−196)]°C
Q = s1 ∞ 2 = = 4233 W
Rtotal 0.0498 °C/W
Q 4.233 kJ/s
Q = m h fg  → m = = = 0.0214 kg/s
h fg 198 kJ/kg

(c) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with 2-cm thick layer of superinsulation is

A = πD 2 = π (3.04 m) 2 = 29.03 m 2
Rinsulation Ro
1 1 Ts1 T∞2
Ro = = = 0.000984 °C/W
ho A (35 W/m .°C)(29.03 m 2 )
2

r −r (1.52 − 1.5) m
Rinsulation = 2 1 = = 13.96 °C/W
4πkr1 r2 4π (0.00005 W/m.°C)(1.52 m)(1.5 m)
Rtotal = Ro + Rinsulation = 0.000984 + 13.96 = 13.96 °C/W

T −T [15 − (−196)]°C
Q = s1 ∞ 2 = = 15.11 W
Rtotal 13.96 °C/W
Q 0.01511 kJ/s
Q = m h fg  → m = = = 0.000076 kg/s
h fg 198 kJ/kg

1
Q-2 (a) We approach the problem by making an 1st law analysis on an element of the fin of thickness dx as
shown in the figure and a process taking in the unit time period. Thus

Energy in left face = energy out right face + energy lost by convection
(for steady-state process)

dqconv = h Pdx(T - T∞)

A
qx qx+dx
Z
dx
L
x
Base

Figure Sketch illustrating one-dimensional conduction and convection through

a rectangular fin.

dT
Energy in left face = qx = -kA
dx
dT
Energy out right face = q x + dx = −kA
dx x + dx

 dT d 2T 
= −kA + 2 dx 
 dx dx 
Energy lost by convection = h Pdx(T - T∞)

Here A – cross-sectional area of the fin, m2

P – the perimeter of the fin, m

d 2T
∴ 2
− m 2 (T − T∞ ) = 0 (a)
dx
hP
where m2 = ≥0
kA
Let θ = T - T∞ (T∞ = constant)

Then Eq. (a) becomes

d 2θ
− m 2θ = 0 (b)
dx 2

2
This is a second-order, linear, homogenous ODE with constant coefficient. The two roots of the auxiliary
equation

r2 – m2 = 0

are

hP
r1 = -m (m = - constant)
kA
r2 = +m

The general solution for Eq. (b) is thus,

θ = c1 e-mx + c2 emx (c)

c1 and c2 are to be determined by two boundary conditions.

Boundary condition are

θ = θo = To - T∞ at x = 0 (d)

θ=0 at x = ∞ (e)

Applying (d) and (e) in (c)

c1 + c2 = θo (f1)

c1 e-m∞ + c2 em∞ = 0 (f2)

∴ c2 = 0
c1 = θo

θ T − T∞
∴ = = e − mx (g)
θ o To − T∞

(b) All of the heat lost by the fin for steady-state process, must be conducted into the base at x = 0. The heat
loss (Fourier Law of heat conduction):

dT dθ
q = −kA = −kA
dx x =0 dx x =0
(h)
hP
= kAθ o m e − mx = kAθ o = hP kA θ o
x =0 kA

3
Q-3 Water is heated by steam condensing in a condenser. The required length of the tube is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the
surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.°C. The heat of vaporization of water at
120°C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences between the
steam and the water at the two ends of the condenser Water
are 20°C
∆T1 = Th,in − Tc ,out = 120°C − 80°C = 40°C 2.2 kg/s
120°C
∆T2 = Th,out − Tc ,in = 120°C − 20°C = 100°C Steam 120°C

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

∆T1 − ∆T2 40 − 100
∆Tlm = = = 65.48°C 80°C
ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) ln(40 /100)

The rate of heat transfer is determined from

Q = m c c pc (Tc ,out − Tc ,in ) = (2.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.°C)(80°C − 20°C) = 551.8 kW

The surface area of heat transfer is


Q 551.8 kW
Q = UAs ∆Tlm → As = = = 12.04 m 2
U∆Tlm (0.7 kW/m 2 .°C)(65.48°C)

The length of tube required then becomes

As 12.04 m 2
As = πDL 
→ L = = = 153.3 m
πD π (0.025 m)
(b) The maximum rate of heat transfer rate is

Q max = C min (Th,in − Tc ,in ) = (2.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.°C)(120°C - 20°C) = 919.6 kW

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes

Q 551.8 kW
ε= = = 0.600
Qmax 919.6 kW

The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 11-5 to be
NTU = − ln(1 − ε ) = − ln(1 − 0.600) = 0.9163
The surface area is
UAs NTU C min (0.9163)(2.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.°C)
NTU = 
→ As = = = 12.04 m 2
C min U 0.7 kW/m .°C
2

Finally, the length of tube required is

As 12.04 m 2
As = πDL 
→ L = = = 153.3 m
πD π (0.025 m)

4
Q-4 Glycerin is heated by ethylene glycol in a heat exchanger. Mass flow rates and inlet temperatures are given.
The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the
surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform. 5 The thickness of the tube is negligible.
Properties The specific heats of the glycerin and ethylene glycol are given to be 2.4 and 2.5 kJ/kg.°C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
C h = m h c ph = (0.5 kg/s)(2400 J/kg.°C) = 1200 W/°C Glycerin
C c = m c c pc = (0.5 kg/s)(2500 J/kg.°C) = 1250 W/°C 20°C
0.5 kg/s
Therefore, Ethylene
C min = C h = 1200 W/°C
60°C
and 0.5 kg/s
C min 1200
c= = = 0.96
C max 1250

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q max = C min (Th,in − Tc ,in ) = (1200 W/°C)(60°C − 20°C) = 48,000 W = 48.0 kW

The NTU of this heat exchanger is

UAs (380 W/m 2 .°C)(6.5 m 2 )

NTU = = = 2.058
C min 1200 W/°C

Effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to c = 0.96 and NTU = 2.058 is determined using the proper
relation:
1 − exp[− NTU (1 + c)] 1 − exp[−2.058(1 + 0.96)]
ε= = = 0.5012
1+ c 1 + 0.96
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q = εQ max = (0.5012)(48.0 kW) = 24.06 kW

(b) Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined from
Q 24.06 kW
Q = C c (Tc ,out − Tc ,in ) 
→ Tc ,out = Tc ,in + = 20°C + = 39.2°C
Cc 1.25 kW / °C
Q 24.06 kW
Q = C h (Th,in − Th,out )  → Th,out = Th,in − = 60°C − = 40.0°C
Ch 1.20 kW/°C

5
Question 1: A coat is made of 5 layers of 0.15 mm thick synthetic fabric separated by 1.5 mm thick air
space. The rate of heat loss through the jacket is to be determined, and the result is to be compared to
the heat loss through a jackets without the air space. Also, the equivalent thickness of a wool coat is to
be determined.

Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer
through the jacket is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Effect of radiation heat
transfer is negligible.

Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.13 W/m⋅°C for synthetic fabric, k = 0.026
W/m⋅°C for air, and
k = 0.035 W/m⋅°C for wool fabric.

Analysis The thermal resistance network and the individual thermal resistances are

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
Ts1 T∞2

L 0.00015 m
R fabric = R1 = R3 = R5 = R7 = R9 = = = 0.0009 °C/W
kA (0.13 W/m ⋅ °C)(1.25 m 2 )
L 0.0015 m
Rair = R2 = R4 = R6 = R8 = = = 0.0462 °C/W
kA (0.026 W/m ⋅ °C)(1.25 m 2 )
1 1
Ro = = = 0.0320 °C/W
hA (25 W/m ⋅ °C)(1.25 m 2 )
2

Rtotal = 5R fabric + 4 Rair + Ro = 5 × 0.0009 + 4 × 0.0462 + 0.0320 = 0.2214 °C/W

and

T − T∞ 2 (25 − 0)°C
Q = s1 = = 113 W
Rtotal 0.2214 °C/W
(10 marks)
If the jacket is made of a single layer of 0.75 mm thick synthetic fabric, the rate of heat transfer would
be

T − T∞ 2 Ts1 − T∞ 2 (25 − 0)°C

Q = s1 = = = 685 W
Rtotal 5 × R fabric + Ro (5 × 0.0009 + 0.0320) °C/W
(5 marks)
The thickness of a wool fabric that has the same thermal resistance is determined from

L 1
R total = R wool + Ro = +
fabric kA hA
L
0.2214 °C/W = + 0.0320 
→ L = 0.00829 m = 8.29 mm
(0.035 W/m ⋅ °C)(1.25 m 2 ) (5 marks)
Question 2: The handle of a stainless steel spoon partially immersed in boiling water extends 18 cm
in the air from the free surface of the water. The temperature difference across the exposed surface of
the spoon handle is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The temperature of the submerged portion of the spoon is equal to the water
temperature. 2 The temperature in the spoon varies in the axial direction only (along the spoon), T(x). 3
The heat transfer from the tip of the spoon is negligible. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform over the entire spoon surface. 5 The thermal properties of the spoon are constant. 6 Effect of
radiation heat transfer is negligible.

Properties The thermal conductivity of the spoon is given to be k = 15.1 W/m⋅°C.

Analysis Noting that the cross-sectional area of the spoon is constant and measuring x from the free
surface of water, the variation of temperature along the spoon is governed by the energy equation for
an element of length dx of spoon handle:

Energy in left face = energy out right face + energy lost by convection
(for steady-state process)

dT
Energy in left face = qx = -kA
dx

dT  dT d 2T 
Energy out right face = q x + dx = −kA == −kA + 2 dx 
dx x + dx  dx dx 

Energy lost by convection = h Pdx(T - T∞)

Here A – cross-sectional area of the fin, m2

P – the perimeter of the fin, m

d 2T
∴ 2
− m 2 (T − T∞ ) = 0 (*)
dx

hP
where m2 = ≥0
kA

Let θ = T - T∞ (T∞ = constant)

Then Eq. (*) becomes

d 2θ
2
− m 2θ = 0 (**)
dx
This is a second-order, linear, homogenous ODE with constant coefficient. The two roots of the
auxiliary equation

r2 – m2 = 0

are

hP
r1 = -m (m = - constant)
kA
r2 = +m

The general solution for Eq. (2-25b) is thus,

θ = c1 e-mx + c2 emx (***)

c1 and c2 are to be determined by two boundary conditions.

Two boundary conditions are:

θ = θo = To - T∞ at x = 0 (b1)

dT dθ
= =0 at x=L (b2)
dx dx
(10 marks)
Using (b1) and (b2) in (***)

c1 + c2 = θo

0 = m(-c1 e-mL + c2 emL)

θo
∴ c1 =
1 + e −2 mL

θo θo
c2 = θ o − −2 mL
=
1+ e 1 + e 2 mL
θo θo
θ= −2 mL
e −mx + e mx
1+ e 1 + e 2 mL
 θ e − mx e mx cosh[m( L − x)]
i.e. = + ==
θ o 1 + e − 2 mL 1 + e 2 mL cosh mL

Note that:
p = 2(0.013 m + 0.002 m) = 0.03 m
A = (0.013 m)(0.002 m) = 0.000026 m 2

hp (17 W/m 2 .°C)(0.03 m)

m= = = 36.04 m −1
kA (15.1 W/m.°C)(0.000026 m 2 )

The tip temperature of the spoon is determined to be

cosh m( L − L)
T ( L) = T∞ + (Tb − T∞ )
cosh mL
cosh 0 1
= 25°C + (95 − 25) = 25°C + (95 − 25) = 25.2°C
cosh(36.04 × 0.18) 328

Therefore, the temperature difference across the exposed section of the spoon handle is
∆T = Tb − Ttip = (95 − 25.2)°C = 69.8°C

(5 marks)

dθ  
 = hP kA θ o tanh (mL )
dT 1 1
q = −kA = −kA = −kA θ o m −
dx x =0 dx x =0  1 + e 2 mL 1 + e −2 mL 
= 17 × 0.03 × 15.1 × 0.000026 (95 − 25) tanh (36.04 × 0.18) = 0.99W

(5 marks)
 Question 3: Cold water is heated by hot water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate
of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat
transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is
negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.

Properties The specific heats of cold and hot water are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.°C,respectively.

Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is

Q = [m c p (Tout − Tin )]cold water

= (1.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.°C)(60°C − 15°C)
= 235.1 kW (5 marks)

The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from

Q 235.1 kW
Q = [m c p (Tin − Tout )] hot water 
→ Tout = Tin − = 100°C − = 86.0°C
m c p (4 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.°C)

The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are

∆T1 = Th,in − Tc ,out = 100°C − 60°C = 40°C

∆T2 = Th,out − Tc ,in = 86.0°C − 15°C = 71°C

and

∆T1 − ∆T2 40 − 71
∆Tlm = = = 54.0°C
ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) ln(40 / 71)
(10 marks)
Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes

Q 235.1 kW
Q = UAs ∆Tlm 
→ As = = = 4.95 m 2 (5 marks)
U∆Tlm (0.880 kW/m 2 .°C)(54.0°C)
Question 4: Oil in an engine is being cooled by air in a cross-flow heat exchanger, where both fluids
are unmixed; (a) the heat transfer effectiveness and (b) the outlet temperature of the oil are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating condition exists. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible. 3 Fluid properties are constant. 4 Changes in the kinetic and
potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.

Properties The specific heats of oil and air are given to be cph = 2047 J/kg·K and cpc = 1007 J/kg·K,
respectively.

Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates are

C c = m c c pc = (0.21 kg/s)(1007 J/kg ⋅ K ) = 211.5 W/K

C h = m h c ph = (0.026 kg/s)(2047 J/kg ⋅ K ) = 53.22 W/K

The capacity ratio is

C min C h 53.22 W/K

c= = = = 0.2516
C max C c 211.5 W/K
(5 marks)
The NTU of the heat exchanger is

UAs (53 W/m 2 ⋅ K )(1 m 2 )

NTU = = = 0.9959
C min 53.22 W/K
(5 marks)
Using the given relation, the heat transfer effectiveness is

 NTU 0.22 
ε = 1 − exp [exp(−c NTU 0.78 ) − 1]
 c 
 0.9959 0.22 
= 1 − exp {exp[−(0.2516)(0.9959) 0.78 ] − 1} = 0.586
 0.2516  (5 marks)
(b) The outlet temperature of the cold water can be determined using

Q C h (Th, in − Th, out ) C h (Th, in − Th, out )

ε= = =

Qmax C min (Th, in − Tc , in ) C h (Th, in − Tc, in )

Th, out = Th, in − ε (Th, in − Tc, in ) = 75°C − (0.586)(75 − 30)°C = 48.6°C

(5 marks)
 THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING: LEVEL 3 EXAMINATION

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER (MECH30 11)

Date: May 25, 20 13 Time: 9:30a.m.- 12:30 p.m.

Attempt any FIVE questions. All questions carry equal marks.

Electronic Calculators:

Only approved calculators as announced by the Examinations Secretary can be used in this
examination. It is the candidates' responsibility to ensure tbat their calculator operates
satisfactorily, and candidates must record the name and type of the calculator used on the front
page of the examination script.
Heat Transfer (MECH30 !I) Page 2

I. Starting with an energy balance on a ring-shaped volume element (Figure Q I), derive the
two-dimensional steady heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates for T(r, z) for
the case of constant thermal conductivity and no heat generation. (20 marks)

r+~r

Figure Ql

2. A pipe in a manufacturing plant is transporting superheated vapor at a mass flow rate of

0.3 kg/s. The pipe is I 0 m long, has an inner diameter of 5 cm and pipe wall thickness of
6 mm. The pipe has a thermal conductivity of 17 W /m.K, and the inner pipe surface is at a
uniform temperature of 120 o C . The temperature drop between the inlet and exit ofthe pipe
is 7 o C , and the constant-pressure specific heat of vapor is 2190J/kg.' C . The air temperature
in the manufacturing plant is 25 o C . Heat conduction in the pipe is steady and one-
dimensional along radial direction. Thermal properties are constant. There is no heat
generation in the pipe. Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.

Determine the heat transfer coefficient as a result of convection between the outer pipe
surface and the surrounding air. (20 marks)

Air, :!5 °C

Superheated
vapor
0.3 kg/s
~

-
l.= IOm
Tin - Tout = 7 oc

Figure Q2

(P.T.O.)
Heat Transfer (MECH30 11) Page 3
~ ~
3. Ethanol is vaporized at 78 o C ( h19 == 846 kJ/kg) in a
~
double-pi~parallel-flow heat
exchange at a rate of 0.04kg/s by hot oil (cp =2200 J/kg.K) that enters at 115 ° C. The heat
transfer surface area and the overall heat transfer coefficient are 6.2m 2 and 320 W/m 2 .K,
respectively. Assume that: (I) steady operating conditions exist, (2) the heat exchanger is
well insulated, (3) changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid stream are negligible,
(4) the overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform, and (5) fluid properties are
constant.

Determine:

(a) the outlet temperature and the mass flow rate of oil using the LMTD methods;
(10 marks)

(b) the outlet temperature and the mass flow rate of oil using the Effective-NTU methods
(& =1- e -Nro ).
(10 marks)

4. Air at 18 ° C (cp ==I 006 J/kg.K) is to be heated to 58 ° C by hot oil at 80 o C (cp ==2150 J/kg.K)
in a cross-flow heat exchanger with air mixed and oil unmixed. The product of heat transfer
surface area and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 750 WIK and the mass flow rate of air
is twice that of oil. Assume that: (I) steady operating conditions exist, (2) the heat exchanger
is well insulated, (3) changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid stream are
negligible, (4) the overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform, and (5) fluid
properties are constant.

NTU = ln[cln(l- t:) + 1]

c

Determine:

(a) the effectiveness of the heat exchanger; (7 marks)

(b) the mass flow rate of air; (7 marks)

(c) the rate of heat transfer. (6 marks)

(P.T.O.)
Heat Transfer (MECH30!1) Page4

5. (a) A 2 x 3 m flat plate is suspended in a room, and is subjected to air flow parallel to its
surface along its long side as shown in the figure blow. The total drag force Fr is
measured to be 0.86 N. Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient for
the plate. (8 marks)

Air
2U"C. 7 mi~ Supporting information:
WlWlH (I) Air properties at 20"C and I atm:
p =1.204 kg/m 3, c,=I.007 kJ/(kg•K), Pr=0.7309
(2) Equation you may need:

l
t= 3m
(r..r
-
2
hx _ ..,n
=- ---- t'r -
pc"V

(b)
J
For a 2D steady laminar flow in boundary layers (see the figure shown below), derive
the momentum conservation equation (consider x-direction only; neglect any body
force and normal stresses in y direction; also, the boundary layer approximations apply
here):

(12 marks)

OT
r+-dl'
ih .

. r-------1
r. 1

------------v~~~;~:-
P
I
1
---•--:
:
Differential
con!Tol
volume I
...
1 dy

aP
I P+--dx
------ .,I _______ ...I ox
x,y

(P.T.O.)
 Heat Transfer (MECH301 I) Page 5

· 6. (a) During a cold winter day, wind at 55 kmlh is blowing parallel to a 4-m-high and 10-m-
long wall of a house. If the air outside is at 5°C and the surface temperature of the wall
is I2°C, (a) determine the rate of heat loss from that wall by convection, and (b) what
would be your answer if the wind velocity was doubled? (I 0 marks)

Air
.V = 55 km/h
Tw~ 5"(:

l = 1Dm
,[
/·
Supporting information:
5
(I) Assumptions: Steady operating conditions exist, Re er = SxlO , radiation effects
are negligible, and air is an ideal gas with constant properties.
(2) Properties of air at I atm and the film temperature of8.5°C:
k = 0.02428 Wfm· °C
v=1.4l3xl0·5 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.7340
(3) For turbulent flow,
"'
1v11 =IlL
-= (o .o~;) 7 Re L o.s - s-r)
1 Pr 1/3
k
(b) Water at l0°C is flowing in a 0.2-cm-diameter and 15-m long horizontal pipe steadily
at an average velocity of l.2m/s. Determine (a) the pressure drop and (b) the pumping
power required to overcome the pressure drop. (I 0 marks)

ID~02cm)
L = 15 m !
Supporting information:
(I) Assumptions: (a) The flow is steady and incompressible. (b) The entrance effects
are negligible, and thus the flow is fully developed. (c) The pipe involves no
components such as bends, valves, and connectors.
(2) Properties of water: p = 999.7 kg/m3 and fl = 1.307x 10·3 kg/( m. s). Re = 2300.
(3) Equations you may need:
"'
f= 64
· Re (For laminar flow)
L pV2
AP= f avg
. D 2

-END OF PAPER-
 MECH3011-2013 Solutions
1
We consider a thin ring shaped volume element of width z and thickness r in a cylinder. The density
of the cylinder is  and the specific heat is c. In general, an energy balance on this ring element
during a small time interval t can be expressed as

E element
(Q r  Q r  r )  (Q z  Q z  z )  z
t

But the change in the energy content of the element can be expressed as
E element  E t  t  E t  mc(Tt  t  Tt )  c(2rr )z (Tt  t  Tt ) rr r+r

Substituting,

T  Tt
(Q r  Q r  r )  (Q z  Q z  z )  c(2rr )z t  t
t

Dividing the equation above by (2rr )z gives

1 Q r  r  Q r 1 Q z  z  Q z T  Tt
   c t  t (5 marks)
2rz r 2rr z t

Noting that the heat transfer surface areas of the element for heat conduction in the r and z directions
are Ar  2rz and Az  2rr , respectively, and taking the limit as r , z and t  0 yields

1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr  k   k   c (5 marks)
r r  r  r 2     z  z  t

since, from the definition of the derivative and Fourier’s law of heat conduction,

1 Q r  r  Q r 1 Q 1   T  1   T 
lim     k ( 2rz )   kr 
r  0 2 rz r 2rz r 2rz r  r  r r  r 

1 Q z  z  Q z 1 Qz 1   T    T 
lim     k (2rr )    k 
z  0 2rr z 2rr z 2rr z  z  z  z 

(5 marks)

For the case of constant thermal conductivity the equation above reduces to

1   T   2 T 1 T
r  
r r  r  z 2  t

where   k / c is the thermal diffusivity of the material. For the case of steady heat conduction
with no heat generation it reduces to

1   T   2 T
r  0
r r  r  z 2

(5 marks)
2
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional and there is thermal symmetry about
the centerline. 2 Thermal properties are constant. 3 There is no heat generation in the pipe. 4 Heat
transfer by radiation is negligible.

Properties The constant pressure specific heat of vapor is given to be 2190 J/kg · °C and the pipe
thermal conductivity is 17 W/m · °C.

Analysis The inner and outer radii of the pipe are

r1  0.05 m / 2  0.025 m

r2  0.025 m  0.006 m  0.031 m

The rate of heat loss from the vapor in the pipe can be determined from

Q loss  m c p (Tin  Tout )  (0.3 kg/s)(2190 J/kg  C)(7) C  4599 W (5 marks)

For steady one-dimensional heat conduction in cylindrical coordinates, the heat conduction equation
can be expressed as

d  dT 
r 0
dr  dr 

dT (r1 ) Q loss Q
and k   loss (heat flux at the inner pipe surface)
dr A 2 r1 L

T (r1 )  120 C (inner pipe surface temperature) (5 marks)

Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

dT C1

dr r

Integrating with respect to r again gives

T (r )  C1 ln r  C 2

where C1 and C 2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions gives
 dT (r1 ) 1 Q loss C 1 Q loss
r  r1 :   1  C1  
dr k 2 r1 L r1 2 kL

1 Q loss 1 Q loss
r  r1 : T (r1 )   ln r1  C 2  C2  ln r1  T (r1 )
2 kL 2 kL

Substituting C1 and C 2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

1 Q loss 1 Q loss
T (r )   ln r  ln r1  T (r1 )
2 kL 2 kL
1 Q loss
 ln(r / r1 )  T (r1 )
2 kL

The outer pipe surface temperature is

1 Q loss
T (r2 )   ln(r2 / r1 )  T (r1 )
2 kL
1 4599 W  0.031 
 ln   120 C (5 marks)
2 (17 W/m  C)(10 m)  0.025 
 119.1 C
From Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of heat loss at the outer pipe surface by convection is

Q loss  h(2 r2 L)T (r2 )  T 

Rearranging and the convection heat transfer coefficient is determined to be

Q loss 4599 W
h   25.1 W/m 2  C (5 marks)
2 r2 L[T (r2 )  T ] 2 (0.031 m)(10 m)(119.1  25) C

Discussion If the pipe wall is thicker, the temperature difference between the inner and outer pipe
surfaces will be greater. If the pipe has very high thermal conductivity or the pipe wall thickness is very
small, then the temperature difference between the inner and outer pipe surfaces may be negligible.
3
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat
transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

Properties The specific heat of oil is given to be

Oil
2.2 kJ/kg.C. The heat of vaporization of ethanol
11 C
at 78C is given to be 846 kJ/kg. Ethanol
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is
78C
Q  m h fg  (0.04 kg/s)(846 kJ/kg) = 33.84 kW

The log mean temperature difference is

Q 33,840 W
Q  UAs Tlm 
 Tlm    17.06C (5 marks)
UAs (320 W/m 2 .C)(6.2 m 2 )

The outlet temperature of the hot fluid can be determined as follows

T1  Th,in  Tc,in  115C  78C = 37C

T2  Th,out  Tc ,out  Th,out  78C

T1  T2 37  (Th,out  78)

and Tlm    17.06C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln[37 /(Th,out  78)]

whose solution is Th ,out  84.0C

Then the mass flow rate of the hot oil becomes

Q 33,840 W
Q  m c p (Th,in  Th,out ) 
 m    0.427 kg/s
c p (Th,in  Th,out ) (2200 J/kg.C)(120C  84.0C)

(5 marks)
(b) The heat capacity rate C  m c p of a fluid condensing or evaporating in a heat exchanger is
infinity, and thus
c  C min / C max  0 .

The effectiveness in this case is determined from   1  e  NTU

UAs (320 W/m 2 .C)(6.2 m 2 )

where NTU   (5 marks)
C min (m , kg/s)(2200 J/kg.C)

and Q max  C min (Th ,in  Tc,in )

Q C min (Th,in  Tc,in ) 115  Th,out

  
Qmax C min (Th,in  Tc,in ) 115  78
 Q  C h (Th,in  Th,out )  33,840 W
(1)
Q  m  2200(115  T )  33,840 W
h ,out

6.2320
115  Th,out 
Also  1 e m 2200 (2)
115  78

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously gives

m h  0.496 kg/s and Th ,out  84.0 C (5 marks)
4
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat
transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

Properties The specific heats of the air and the oil are given to be 1.006 and 2.15 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.

Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
C h  m h c ph  0.5m c (2.15 kJ/kg.C) = 1.075m c
Oil
C c  m c c pc  m c (1.006 kJ/kg.C) = 1.006m c
80C
Therefore,
Cmin  Cc  1.006m c
Air
and 18C 58C

C min 1.006m c
c   0.936
C max 1.075m c

The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is determined

from

Q C c (Tc,out  Tc,in ) 58  18
    0.645 (7 marks)
Q max C c (Th,in  Tc,in ) 80  18

(b) The NTU of this heat exchanger is expressed as

UAs (0.750 kW/C) 0.7455

NTU   
C min 1.006m c m c

The NTU of this heat exchanger can also be determined from

lnc ln(1   )  1 ln0.936  ln(1  0.645)  1

NTU     3.724
c 0.936

Then the mass flow rate of the air is determined to be

UAs (0.750 kW/C)

NTU  
 3.724  
 m c  0.20 kg/s (7 marks)
C min 1.006m c

(c) The rate of heat transfer is determined from

Q  m c c pc (Tc,out  Tc,in )  (0.20 kg/s)(1.006 kJ/kg.C)(58 - 18)C  8.05 kW

(6 marks)
 THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECH3011: HEAT TRANSFER

May 12, 2014 Time: 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Attempt any FIVE questions. All questions carry equal marks.

Electronic Calculators:

Only approved calculators as announced by the Examinations Secretary can be used in this
examination. It is the candidates' responsibility to ensure that the calculator operates
satisfactorily, and candidates must record the name and type of the calculator used on the
front page of the examination script.

P.I of 6
MECH3011: HEAT TRANSFER

!. Starting with an energy balance on a disk volume element (Figure QI), derive the one-
dimensional transient heat conduction equation for T(z, t) in a cylinder of diameter D with
an insulated side surface for the case of constant thermal conductivity with heat g<::neration
rate egen (per unit volume) due to bio-reaction inside. (20 marks)

Figure QI

2. Consider a steam pipe of length L, inner radius r 1 , outer radius r 2 , and constant thermal
conductivity k. Steam flows inside the pipe at an average temperature of T1 with a
convection heat transfer coefficient of h1• The outer surface of the pipe is exposed to
convection to the surrounding air at a temperature of T0 with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of h0 • Assuming steady one-dimensional heat conduction along radial direction
through the pipe. Thermal properties are constant. There is no heat generation in the pipe.

(a) Develop the heat conduction equation and the boundary conditions for heat
conduction through the pipe material; (8 marks)

(b) Obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the pipe material by solving the
heat conduction equation; (8 marks)

(c) Obtain a relation for the temperature of the outer surface of the pipe. (4 marks)

Figure Q2

P.2 of 6
MECH3011: HEAT TRANSFER

3. A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is used to heat cold tap water with hot water.
Hot water (cp =4.25 kJ/kg.K) enters the tube at 85 ° C at a rate of 1.4 kg/sand leaves at 50
°C . The heat exchanger is not well insulated, and it is estimated that 3 percent of the heat
given up by the hot fluid is lost from the heat exchanger. The heat transfer surface area and
the overall heat transfer coefficient are 4m 2 and 1150 W/m 2 .K, respectively. Assume that:
(I) steady operating conditions exist, (2) changes in the kinetic and potential energies of
fluid stream are negligible, (3) the overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform,
and (4) fluid properties are constant.

Determine:

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the cold water; (10 marks)

(b) the log mean temperature difference for this heat exchanger. (! 0 marks)

4. Saturated water vapor at 100 ° C condensers in the sell side of a shell-tube heat exchanger
with a surface area of0.5m 2 and an overall heat transfer coefficient of2000 W/m 2 .K. Cold
water ( cP =4179 J/kg.K) flowing at a rate of 0.5 kg/s enters the tube side at 15 ° C.
Assume that: (1) steady operating conditions exist, (2) the heat exchanger is well insulated,
(3) changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid stream are negligible, (4) the
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform, and (5) fluid properties are
constant.
c = 1- exp(-NTU)
Determine:

(a) the effectiveness of the heat exchanger; (l 0 marks)

(b) the outlet temperature of the cold water; (5 marks)

(c) the rate of heat transfer for the heat exchanger. (5 marks)

P.3 of 6
MECH3011: HEAT TRANSFER

5. The local atmospheric pressure in Lhasa City is 83.4 k:Pa. Air at this pressure and 20°C
flows with a velocity of 8 m/s over a l .5m x 6m flat plate whose temperature is 140°C.
P,.,m = 83.4 kPa

T,= 20°C T, = 140°C

(
--
V=8 mis
,-----J
Air--

6m

(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate via convection for the following two
cases: (i) the air flows parallel to the 6-m-long side and (ii) the air flows parallel to
the 1.5-m-long side. (16 marks)

(b) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate top surface via radiation. (4 marks)

Supporting information:
5
(I) Assumptions: Steady operating conditions exist, Re = 5 x I 0 , and air is an ideal gas.
cc
(2) Properties of air at Tr=80oC:
Pr=0.7154, k=0.02953 W/m-K
v=2.097 x 10-5 m2 /s@latm ~ v=2.548 x 10·5 m2/s@83.k:Pa
(3) Equations you may need,
Nu = hl = (0.037 Re"·' - 87 l JPrW
Combined laminar and turbulent flow: k 1.

Nu = hL "" 0.664 Re)'·' Pr 1' 3

Laminar flow: k ·
Q.r::1d ·-
-
··r4
eUAS ( ,\· - TSUIT )
4

where the emissivity can be assumed to be I, and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is

5.670x10· 8 W/(m 2 •K4)

P.4 of 6
 MECH30J J: HEAT TRANSFER

6. (a) A 6-m-long hot water pipe passes through a large room whose temperature is 20°C.
The outer surface (in black color) temperature of the pipe is 70°C.
l. "'' 20--c
' 70'-('

Determine the heat loss rate by natural convection (8 marks)

Supporting information for 6(a)

(i) At Tr= 45°C and I atm, Pr= 0.7241, k= 0.02699 W/(m•K), v=l.750 x 10· 5 m 2/s,
p=Il(318K)
(ii) Equations you may need:
~{3(T, ~ T, JL'
"~ Gr 1- Pr "' · ' Pr
fJ 2

Vertical cylinder A vertical cylinder can be treated as a

vertical plate when

Horizontal cylinder
HJ / ·T
l

D Ran::;; 10 1;;
35L
D>-
·- Gr[
14

{ 0.387Ra ~''
Nu~ O.G + ll + (Q.559/Pr) 9' 16 ]8 '"
r
( 'f )
(b) Consider a thin 16-cm-long and 20-cm-wide horizontal plate suspended in air in a
room. The air temperature is 20°C. The plate is equipped with electric resistance
heating elements with a rating of 20 W. Now the heater is turned on and the plate
temperature rises. The plate has an emissivity of 0.90 and the surrounding wall
temperature is l 7°C. Show that the temperature of the plate is 46.8°C when steady
operating conditions are reaches. (12 marks)

Qcum· Air
Qmd T,,""' 10"C

L"" 16 cm

[Qn. 6 is cont'd. on P.6]

P.5 of 6
MECH301 l: HEAT TRANSFER

6. Cont'd.

Supporting information for 6(b)

The properties of air at I atm and the film temperature of(T,+T00 )/2 = (46.8+20)/2 = 33.4°C
are

k =0.02625 Wim.°C
v=l.655x10- 5 m 2is
Pr=0.7268
1
/3 =-T-= l -0.003247K-1
f ('"i ~7''K
~.+.:. -')

Horizontal plate Nu = 0.54Rai"

(Surface area A and perimeter Pl
Nu = 0.15RaPJ
(a) Upper surface of a hot plate
(or lower surface of a cold plate)

Hot surface Tr
I /
!
I.>.o .... r. ~
... >o.>n.uo ••• ; ,,,,,, I
A,lp
(b) Lower surface of a hot plate
(or upper surface of a cold plate)

Nu = 0.27Ral"

- END OF PAPER-

P.6 of 6
 MECH3011-2014 Solutions
1
Consider a thin disk element of thickness z and diameter D in a long cylinder (Fig. P2-31). The
density of the cylinder is , the specific heat is c, and the area of the cylinder normal to the direction of
heat transfer is A  D 2 / 4 , which is constant. An energy balance on this thin element of thickness
z during a small time interval t can be expressed as

 Rate of heat   Rate of heat   Rate of heat   Rate of change of 

       
 conduction at    conduction at the    generation inside    the energy content 
 the surface at z   surface at z + z   the element   of the element 
       

or,

E element
Q z  Q z  z  E element  (5 marks)
t

But the change in the energy content of the element and the rate of heat generation within the element
can be expressed as
E element  E t  t  E t  mc(Tt  t  Tt )  cAz (Tt  t  Tt )

and

E element  e genV element  e gen Az

Substituting,

T  Tt
Q z  Q z  z  e gen Az  cAz t  t (5 marks)
t

Dividing by Az gives

1 Q z  z  Q z T  Tt
  e gen  c t  t
A z t

Taking the limit as z  0 and t  0 yields

1   T  T
 kA   e gen  c (5 marks)
A z  z  t

since, from the definition of the derivative and Fourier’s law of heat conduction,

Q z  z  Q z Q   T 
lim     kA 
z  0 z z z  z 

Noting that the area A and the thermal conductivity k are constant, the one-dimensional transient heat
conduction equation in the axial direction in a long cylinder becomes

 2T egen 1 T
  (5 marks)
z 2 k  t

where the property   k / c is the thermal diffusivity of the material.

2
A steam pipe is subjected to convection on both the inner and outer surfaces. The mathematical
formulation of the problem and expressions for the variation of temperature in the pipe and on the outer
surface temperature are to be obtained for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.

Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center line. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation in the pipe.

Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and

one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be expressed as

d  dT 
r 0
dr  dr 
Ti r1 r2
dT (r1 ) r
and k  hi [Ti  T (r1 )] h
dr To
h
dT (r2 )
k  ho [T (r2 )  To ] (8 marks)
dr

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

dT
r  C1
dr

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then
integrating,

dT C1

dr r

T (r )  C1 ln r  C 2

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give

C1
r = r1: k  hi [Ti  (C1 ln r1  C2 )]
r1

C1
r = r2: k  ho [(C1 ln r2  C2 )  To ]
r2

Solving for C1 and C2 simultaneously gives

T0  Ti  k  T0  Ti  k 
C1  and C2  Ti  C1 ln r1    Ti 

 ln r1 



r2 k k  hi1
r r k k  h r 
ln   ln 
2
 i 1
r1 hi r1 ho r2 r1 hi r1 ho r2

Substituting C1 and C 2 into the general solution and simplifying, we get the variation of temperature
to be
 r k
ln 
k r1 hi r1
T (r )  C1 ln r  Ti  C1 (ln r1  )  Ti  (8 marks)
hi r1 r2 k k
ln  
r1 hi r1 ho r2

(c) The outer surface temperature is determined by simply replacing r in the relation above by r2. We
get

r2 k
ln 
r1 hi r1
T (r2 )  Ti  (4 marks)
r k k
ln 2  
r1 hi r1 ho r2
3
Water is heated in a double-pipe, parallel-flow uninsulated heat exchanger by geothermal water. The
rate of heat transfer to the cold water and the log mean temperature difference for this heat exchanger
are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of
fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.

Properties The specific heat of hot water is given to be 4.25 kJ/kg.C.

Analysis The rate of heat given up by the hot water is

Hot
Q h  [m c p (Tin  Tout )] hot water
water
 (1.4 kg/s)(4.25 kJ/kg.C)(85C  50C)
= 208.3 kW 50C
The rate of heat picked up by the cold water is Cold
Q c  (1  0.03)Q h  (1  0.03)(208.3 kW)  202.0 kW (10 marks) t

The log mean temperature difference is

Q 202.0 kW
Q  UATlm 
 Tlm    43.9C (10 marks)
UA (1.15 kW/m 2  C)(4 m 2 )
4
Saturated water vapor condenses in a 1-shell and 2-tube heat exchanger, (a) the heat transfer
effectiveness, (b) the outlet temperature of the cold water, and (c) the heat transfer rate for the heat
exchanger are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating condition exists. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat
loss to the surroundings is negligible. 3 Fluid properties are constant. 4 Changes in the kinetic and
potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.

Properties The specific heat of

the cold water is given to be cpc
= 4179 J/kg·K.

Analysis (a) The minimum heat

capacity rate is from the cold
fluid, since for the hot fluid,
C h  C max  

So, we have

C c  C min  m c c pc  (0.5 kg/s )(4179 J/kg  K )

 2090 W/K

The heat capacity ratio in condensation process is

C c C min
c  0
C h C max

The NTU of the heat exchanger is

UAs (2000 W/m 2  K )(0.5 m 2 )

NTU    0.4785
C min 2090 W/K

Using the equation listed in Table 11-4, the heat transfer effectiveness is
  1  exp( NTU )  1  exp(0.4785)  0.380 (10 marks)

(b) The outlet temperature of the cold water can be determined using

Q C c (Tc , out  Tc , in ) C c (Tc, out  Tc , in )

  

Qmax C min (Th, in  Tc , in ) C c (Th, in  Tc , in )

Tc, out   (Th, in  Tc, in )  Tc, in  (0.380)(100  15)C  15C  47.3C (5 marks)

(c) The heat transfer rate for the heat exchanger is

Q  C c (Tc, out  Tc, in )  (2090 W/K )(47.3  15) K  6.75  10 4 W (5 marks)

Discussion The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can also be calculated using

Q  Cmin (Th, in  Tc , in )