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 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on

Advances in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Practices for Sustainable Development
ACEPS - 2021

Investigation on sediment nutrients in the Beira Lake for

eutrophication
S. Himanujahn1, D.M.O.N. Disanayaka1, R. H. M. C. R. Rajakaruna2, T. R. Perera3,
N. S. Wijerathna4, S. Karunarathne2 and B. C. L. Athapattu1*
1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe. Sri Lanka
3Department of Civil & Construction Engineering, CINEC Campus, Malabe, Sri Lanka
4Wetland Management Division, Sri Lanka Land Development Cooperation, Colombo, Sri Lanka

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Continued eutrophication of lake systems is hazardous to the biodiversity of
Received wildlife species that live in those ecosystems, as well as the task of transforming
Revised human thinking toward an eco-consumerism mindset. The Beira Lake is considered
Accepted to be a shallow lake with a thick layer of nutrient-rich sediments. The study of
Available online nutrient concentrations did not stop at the surface and deep water; sediment
samples were also collected by boat, which was a first in this field. Nutrient
concentrations were assessed using a combination of strong filtration and Powder
Pillow reagent techniques. The variation of parameters and the nutrient
Keywords: concentration along with varying hydrodynamic disturbance through sea water
Eutrophication currents indicated that waves have caused resuspension and created an increase in
Tidal currents phosphate concentration in the deep-water in the Galle Face Lake while Floating
Beira Lake Market had no effect due to tide as of its stagnant nature. The pH level in the South
Sediment West Lake has limited the growth of algal blooms due to past restorations by which
Phosphate the eutrophication is being limited. Measures like dredging, control of municipal
waste disposal, and sewage control are needed for effective control of the eutrophic
state of the Beira Lake.

1 1. INTRODUCTION 18 Interactions in freshwater systems like lakes

19 depend on the tidal influence, biological
2 Beira Lake is located in Colombo, the largest 20 activity, and anthropogenic influence
3 city and the main commercial hub of Sri 21 (Ratnayake et al., 2018). Enrichment of the
4 Lanka, Beira Lake is a man-made water body 22 Beira Lake with sedimentary nutrients such as
5 constructed by the Portuguese in 1521. The 23 nitrogen and phosphorous to tidal currents
6 sole purpose intended for the Beira Lake by 24 across the coastal interface has a major impact
7 the Portuguese was for defensive purposes. 25 on the water quality. Furthermore, rapid
8 While it is noted that the presence of the water 26 urbanization in the commercial capital has a
9 body was “magnificent” back in the 27 prerequisite for proper urban planning of the
10 Portuguese Era, it is understood that the 28 waterways in Colombo. This investigation is
11 decline of the Beira Lake began with the 29 carried out to determine the trend that
12 ending of the 19th century (Kamaladasa & 30 nutrients and tidal currents exhibit in the
13 Jayatunga, 2007). This decline is understood to 31 overall increment of eutrophication.
14 have started with the reclamation of land from
15 various sections of the lake for construction
16 purposes and with the increasing discharge of
17 industrial and municipal wastewater.

1
 1 1.1. Impact of Seasonal Conditions 52 2. METHODOLOGY
2 It must be understood that the mixing process 53 2.1. Study Area
3 that occurs between the downstream flow of
54 The sampling was carried out in Beira Lake on
4 freshwater from the regional basin and the
55 the 16th and 17th of July 2020 from 09.00 a.m. to
5 seawater is heavily influenced by tidal
56 5.00 p.m. where 20 sampling stations from the
6 currents as expounded upon previously in the
57 Floating Market, East Lake, South West Lake,
7 “Role of Tidal Currents”. However, the
58 and Galle Face Lake were placed at locations
8 drainage basin has also been identified to exert
59 provided by the Sri Lanka Lank Development
9 influence on the composition of the mixing
60 Cooeration (SLLDC) (Figure 1). The sampling
10 process of the downstream water and the
61 at the sample stations located in the East Lake
11 seawater through variations in discharge and
62 was carried out on the 16th of July while the
12 geographical properties (Biggs & Cronin,
63 sampling at the sample stations located in the
13 1981). Seasonal conditions have also been
64 Floating Market, South West Lake, and Galle
14 identified to alter the composition of the
65 Face Lake was carried out on the 17th of July.
15 sediment nutrients in both downstream
66 These locations cover outlets to the Beira Lake
16 discharges of fresh water and the seawater
67 and other disposal routes thereby providing
17 (Kotagama et al., 2006). In the estuarine
68 fluctuations of parameter and nutrients at
18 environment, the seasonal conditions have
19 caused the concentration of sediment
20 nutrients in both freshwater and rainwater to
21 have large variations (Biggs & Cronin, 1981).

22
23 In monsoon periods, discharge of freshwater
24 from the drainage basin sees a large increment,
25 and it is understood that nitrates gain a big
26 increment in the estuarine environment
27 during the monsoon period (Kotagama et al.,
28 2006). Furthermore, the post-monsoon period
29 sees a stable high composition of nitrates in the
30 estuarine waters however, the seasonal
31 variations prominently seen in Nitrates are not
32 seen in Phosphates (Kotagama et al., 2006).
33 Drainage basins are subject to overflow during
34 extreme flooding events hence the
35 downstream freshwater discharge overflows 69 those specific points. The sampling stations
36 estuaries in these adverse weather conditions
37 (Biggs & Cronin, 1981). Monsoon periods are Figure 1 Sample Locations of Beira Lake
38 understood to cause extreme flooding events 70 were reached through boats provided by the
39 therefore, high levels of nitrates are recorded 71 Sri Lanka Navy and the SLLDC.
40 during the time duration of the adverse
41 condition and post-adverse condition. It is 72 The parameters tested were Temperature,
42 understood that no net gains or losses of 73 Salinity, Nutrients (Phosphates, Nitrates.
43 phosphate levels were recorded during the 74 Nitrites & Ammonia), Conductivity, pH,
44 adverse condition or post-adverse condition 75 Dissolved oxygen (DO), and Total Dissolved
45 time durations (Biggs & Cronin, 1981). 76 Solids.
46 However unsupervised anthropogenic
77 2.2. Sampling & In-Situ Testing
47 activities can alter phosphate levels in
48 estuarine environments and raise the risk of 78 Water samples were collected at the surface
49 over-enrichment in the estuarine waters, thus 79 through the normal use of a bucket and then
50 raising the risk of leading the estuary to a 80 the Hach HQ40d multi-meter was used to
51 eutrophic state (Kotagama et al, 2006). 81 conduct an in-situ measurement and measure
82 the salinity value in percentage, conductivity
83 in µS/cm, pH, and TDS. Deepwater samples
84 for salinity, nutrients (Phosphates, Nitrates,
85 Nitrites & Ammonia), conductivity, pH, and

2
 1 TDS measurements were obtained through 49 The 490 P React. PV program was used for the
2 deep-water samplers where the depth varied 50 Phosphate concentration determination of the
3 from 2 to 4 m and collected in sample bottles 51 filtered surface and deep-water samples. The
4 for laboratory testing. The deep-water sampler 52 PhosVer 3 Phosphate reagent powder pillows
5 glass bottle and the sample bottles were rinsed 53 were used per sample in this program.
6 with water from that sampling location at 54
7 Beira Lake so that any contamination of the 55 The 355 N Nitrate HR PP program was used
8 sample did not take place. 56 for the Nitrate concentration determination of
57 the filtered surface and deep-water samples.
9 The bottle was filled to its neck, with a pocket 58 The NitraVer 5 Nitrate reagent powder
10 of space left and sealed. Storage of sample 59 pillows were used per sample in this program.
11 bottles was carried out in cool boxes with ice 60
12 packs at a temperature of 4 °C. 61 The 371 N Nitrite LR PP program was used for
13 For nutrient concentration determination of 62 the Nitrite concentration determination of the
14 the sediments in the twenty sampling stations, 63 filtered surface and deep-water samples. The
15 a grab sampler was used for procuring 64 NitriVer 3 Nitrite reagent powder pillows
16 sediments from the bottom and they were 65 were used per sample in this program.
17 collected into garbage bags for storage 66
18 purposes and later testing at the laboratory. 67 The 385 N Ammonia Salic program was used
68 for the Ammonia concentration determination
19 The DO was measured using the Trans 69 of the filtered surface and deep-water samples.
20 Instruments Aquacombo HM3070 multi- 70 The Ammonia Salicylate reagent powder
21 meter. The in-situ measurement was done for 71 pillows were used twice (for both vials) per
22 surface water samples. 72 sample in this program while the Ammonia
73 Cyanurate reagent powder pillows were used
23 2.2.1 Salinity, Conductivity, pH & TDS
74 twice (for both vials) per sample in this
75 program. Testing for the nutrient
24 These samples were then used for the 76 concentrations of the sediment samples was
25 measurement of the salinity, conductivity, pH 77 carried out by initially measuring each
26 & TDS via the Hach HQ40d multi-meter. 78 sediment sample using a mass balance and
27 The sample bottles used for the collection of 79 transferring it into a glass jar. These jars were
80 then inserted into a Technico Water Bath
28 the deep-water samples were stored at a
81 Shaker and shaken at 1500 rpm for two hours.
29 temperature of 4°C in a refrigerator once taken
82 The contents of these jars were then filtered
30 to the lab. 83 through 450 µm filter papers and transferred
31 The laboratory testing was performed within 84 into conical vials for storage purposes. The
85 contents of these jars were then transferred to
32 two days of the sampling. All water and
86 smaller conical vials and inserted into the
33 sediment samples were allowed to come for
87 Hermle 300 centrifuge for five minutes at 4000
34 room temperature before carrying out the
88 rpm.
35 experiments. 89
36 2.3. Laboratory testing 90 Once the samples were centrifuged, the
91 contents of those vials were transferred and
37 2.3.1. Nutrients (Phosphates, Nitrates, 92 then filtered through the microbiological filter
38 Nitrites & Ammonia) 93 using 0.45 µm filter papers. The filtrate was
94 then used for the testing of nutrients similarly
39 The determination of surface and deep-water
95 as mentioned above for surface and deep-
40 nutrient concentrations was carried out by
96 water samples.
41 initially filtering the samples using 450 µm
42 filter papers. The filtrate obtained from this
97 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
43 initial filtration was again filtered through the
44 microbiological filter using 0.45 µm filter 98 The surface water temperature ranged from a
45 papers. The Hach DR 900 instrument was used 99 high of 34.1°C to a low of 29.5°C while the
46 for the determination of surface and deep- 100 deep-water temperature ranged from a high of
47 water samples. 101 28.5°C to a low of 27.2°C. The surface water
48 102 pH value ranged from 10.3 considerably

3
 1 alkaline, to 7.86 which is a near-neutral 54 Sample station 1 has a higher Phosphate
2 condition. Meanwhile in the deep-water, pH 55 concentration at deep water (1.64 mg/l) when
3 ranged from a value of 7.09 which indicates a 56 compared with surface water (0.61 mg/l) and
4 neutral condition in deep-water to 5.95 which 57 the bottom sediment (0.88 mg/l). In stark
5 is somewhat acidic. 58 contrast, sample station 2 shows a gradual
59 increment of the Phosphate concentration
6 The surface water salinity value ranged from a 60 values from the surface water (0.75 mg/l) to
7 high value above 0.2% at the Floating Market 61 the bottom sediment (1.7 mg/l) beneath the
8 to an average value between 0.1% and 0.2% at 62 lake. The increase of the Phosphate
9 the other 3 sections. Furthermore, the deep- 63 concentration of the 1st sample station may be
10 water salinity value ranged from a high value 64 in reflection towards the reduced
11 of 0.6% in the Floating Market to an average 65 temperatures at the deep water (28.1°C) in
12 value of 0.5% in the other 3 sections. The 66 comparison to the surface water temperatures
13 surface water conductivity value was 67 (30.8°C), decrease in pH values from the
14 considerably higher in the Floating Market 68 surface water (8.16) to the deep water (6.31) or
15 section in comparison to the other 3 sections. 69 an increase in the salinity values from the
16 The same case has applied to the deep-water 70 surface water (0.21%) to the deep water
17 conductivity value which again has a high 71 (0.61%). The general trend shown in Figure 2
18 value in the Floating Market section in 72 indicates that Phosphorous release from the
19 comparison to the other 3 sections. 73 sediments at the bottom leads to a higher
20 The TDS concentration was highest in the deep 74 concentration of Phosphates at the deep water
21 water at the sampling stations located at the 75 and a lower concentration of Phosphates at the
22 Floating Market while the East Lake had the 76 surface. It has been understood that the release
23 lowest TDS concentration in the deep water 77 of phosphorous from surface sediments in
24 The results show that the TDS concentration 78 shallow lakes has a potential of inflicting high
25 increases with depth and in the surface water 79 concentrations of Phosphates in the water near
26 as well the TDS concentration was highest in 80 the sediment floor (Wu et al., 2012).
27 the sampling stations located at the Floating
28 Market. The DO in the lake varied from low as
29 5.2 mg/l to high as 18.8 mg/l.

30 GIS visualization maps were created for easy

31 understanding of the variations in the
32 Nutrients in the lake.
33 The Phosphate concentration sees its highest
34 concentration at the sediment level at sample
35 station 3 (4.5 mg/l) of the East Lake. There is
36 no clear trend seen in the sampling stations
37 located at the Floating Market with regard to
38 variation of Phosphate concentration with
39 depth, apart from the fact that the surface
40 water in those 2 stations has the lowest value
41 for Phosphate concentration. Sample stations 8
42 to 10 of the East Lake indicate their highest
43 Phosphate concentration in deep water
44 although sample station 10 showcases a highly Figure 2 Sediment Phosphate of Beira Lake
45 unusual instance of surface Phosphate 81 Phosphate levels at the Galle Face Lake
46 concentration (1.3 mg/l) exceeding its 82 indicate that the deep water at sample stations
47 sediment value (0.74 mg/l) as of figure 2. 83 have high Phosphate concentration values.
48 Sample stations 14 to 17 located in the South- 84 However, at all of the three sample stations
49 West Lake showcases high Phosphate 85 above the surface water exhibits relatively low
50 concentration at the deep water while sample 86 Phosphate concentration values which show
51 stations 14,16 and 17 have surface Phosphate 87 that pumping of sea water in this section of the
52 concentrations greater than their sediment 88 Galle Face Lake has helped in lowering surface
53 counterparts.

4
 1 water Phosphate concentration values 36 deep-water level while the other sample
2 (Kamaladasa & Jayatunga, 2007). 37 stations at the South West Lake had a more
38 variable approach with sample station 17
3 The highest Ammonia concentration values 39 having a higher Nitrate concentration at the
4 were recorded in the East Lake, South-West 40 surface water level.
5 Lake, and the Galle Face Lake with all of them
6 being in the sediment level as presented in 41 A general trend can be seen with Nitrate
7 figure 3. The highest recorded value of 42 concentration at the 2 sample stations
8 Ammonia concentration was in the sediment 43 excluding the sudden increase at the surface
9 of sample station 19 located in the Galle Face 44 water (0.9 mg/l) at sample station 1 in the
10 Lake with a value of 21 mg/l. Surface water 45 Floating Market. It must be noted that outflow
11 Ammonia concentration values were the 46 of nitrates could suddenly disassociate the
12 lowest with the exception of sample station 4 47 general trend seen here. Hence an outflow
13 (2.08 mg/l) located in the East Lake. The 48 from the surrounding area might have
14 general trend seen here is the that the 49 disrupted the increasing trend here and
15 concentration of Ammonia decreases in a 50 indicated a drastic increase in the
16 descending order from the sediment level to 51 concentration of Nitrates in the surface water
17 the surface water level with an intermediate 52 of sample station 1.
18 level at deep water.

19 The Ammonia concentration is very high at

20 the sediment level at the sample stations 11, 14
21 and 17. This points to the fact that nutrient
22 loadings occur frequently through outlets
23 located in near proximity to those sample
24 stations.

Figure 4 Sediment Nitrate of Beira Lake

53 A high nitrate concentration value at sample

54 station 5 at the sediment level (1.6 mg/l) in the
55 East Lake as in figure 4. A trend can be seen at
56 sample stations 3 (1.2 mg/l) and 4 (0.7 mg/l)
57 with surface water having an overall high
Figure 3 Sediment Ammonia of Beira Lake
58 Nitrate concentration.

25 The highest Nitrate concentration value was 59 Loading of sewage through outlets closer to
26 recorded at the surface water level at the 60 sample stations 3 and 4 could give rise to this
27 sample station 18 (5.35 mg/l) located at the 61 problem. Sample stations 6 (1.1 mg/l) and 8
28 Galle Face Lake. This is somewhat in stark 62 (0.8 mg/l) indicate that the deep water has a
29 contrast to the other two sample stations 63 high nitrate concentration. Dredging work
30 located in the vicinity of the Galle Face Lake 64 carried out in the East Lake could be
31 with all of them recording higher Nitrate 65 accountable for this exception.
32 concentrations at the deep-water level. 66 The drastic increase in the surface water nitrite
33 Furthermore, sample stations 11 to 13 located 67 value at sample station 1 (0.5770 mg/l)
34 at the South West Lake show that the highest 68 indicates the presence of pollution loadings
35 Nitrate concentrations were recorded at the

5
 1 where oxidation of nitrite to nitrate has not 32 Although the tidal height of the Low Tide on
2 occurred (Kamaladasa & Jayatunga, 2007). 33 the 16th of July was unable to cause a
34 significant disturbance, tidal heights less than
35 0.3 m can cause re-suspension of solids at the
36 deep-water layer (Wu et al., 2012). This is
37 backed up by the results revealed in Figure 6
38 where the sample stations 8,9 and 11 all
39 indicate higher Phosphate concentrations at
40 the deep-water layer in comparison to their
41 sediment counterparts.

42 The values indicated in stations 1 and 2 may

43 be independent of hydrodynamic disturbance
44 as it is hard to distinguish the activities
45 affecting the Phosphate concentration in those
46 2 sample stations. However, Figure 6 indicates
47 that re-suspension of Phosphorous containing
48 matter was affecting the Phosphate
49 concentration values at sample stations 14, 15,
50 16, and 17. This is because deep-water
51 Phosphate concentration values were the
52 highest recorded.
Figure 5 Sediment Nitrite of Beira Lake

3 The highest recorded nitrite concentrations

4 include the sediment values (Figure 5) at
5 sample station 7 (0.028 mg/l) and 8 (0.028
6 mg/l). In a similar fashion to the Floating
7 Market, loading of nutrients through outlets
8 could be accountable for high surface water
9 level nitrite concentrations in this situation.

10 The high Nitrite concentration values at the

11 surface water level at sample station 12 (1.79
12 mg/l) and 17 (0.5515 mg/l) points to the fact
13 that new nitrite loadings have occurred during
14 procurement of sample. This is especially
15 justified with the sample stations 12 and 17
16 located close to the banks near Perahera
17 Mawatha.
Figure 6 Deep - water Phosphate of Beira Lake
18 The sample station 18 has the highest Nitrite
19 concentration at the surface water level (1.7075
53 Furthermore, the sample stations 16 and 17
20 mg/l) while a similar trend can be seen across
54 (from Figure 6) located at the Galle Face Lake
21 the Galle Face Lake at the other 2 sample
55 were exhibiting high deep-water Phosphate
22 stations with higher Nitrite values at the
56 concentration values although the highest
23 surface water level compared to the deep-
57 recorded value was the sediment Phosphate
24 water level while Nitrite concentration at the
58 value at sample station 20. Phosphorus tends
25 sediment level as of figure 5 is virtually non-
59 to be the more significant controlling factor of
26 existent.
60 eutrophication in freshwater systems while
27 It’s interesting to note that 2 to 10 sample 61 nitrogen is the main factor of productivity in
28 stations located in the Floating Market and 62 marine environments (Wu et al 2012).
29 East Lake respectively have virtually non-
63 Hence it can be assumed that disturbance at
30 existent Nitrite concentrations in both surface
64 the sediment level and re-suspension was
31 and deep water.

6
 1 occurring simultaneously at the Galle Face 51 4. CONCLUSION
2 Lake.
52 Sewage discharge plays a larger role in
3 3.1. Effect of pH on nutrient concentration 53 nutrient pollution, and therefore, there is a
54 requirement for sewage treatment in order to
4 The parameters and nutrient concentrations 55 mitigate the effects of eutrophication. This
5 obtained for each of the four lakes indicate that 56 could be achieved by the use of a chemical
6 the nutrient loading has not subsided with the 57 precipitation method. Chemical precipitation
7 rapid urbanization around the Beira Lake area. 58 is used to remove phosphorus from water by
8 pH values show the surface water of the East 59 the addition of a coagulant, which then mixes
9 Lake achieving high alkaline values of 10.3. It 60 and reacts with the phosphate in the
10 must be understood that pH in water 61 wastewater, forming a product that is not
11 primarily acts as the limiting factor of plant 62 soluble, and can be easily filtered off.
12 growth and that the ideal pH range for the 63 Dredging measures can remove nutrient-rich
13 preservation of aquatic organisms in water 64 sediment from the bottom of the Lake
14 should lie in between 6-8.5 (Yang et al., 2008). 65 especially in the Floating Market area.
15 However, from the results obtained only the 66 Removal of the sediment paves a successful
16 sample stations (both surface and deep water) 67 step in mitigating the nutrient release and
17 in the South-West Lake has the required pH 68 reducing the overall nutrient concentration at
18 for the continued existence of aquatic life. This 69 the deep waters of the Lake. This process
19 improvement in pH for the South-West Lake 70 would hinder the growth of algal blooms
20 can be traced back to the restoration activities 71 drastically. Safe disposal of this dredged
21 carried out in the year 2004 through the Sri 72 material should be supervised by the relevant
22 Lankan Ports Authority (Kamaladasa & 73 environmental authorities and re-use options,
23 Jayatunga, 2007). These restoration activities 74 especially as substitutes in manufacturing
24 included closing much of the outlets in the 75 processes after treatment should be explored.
25 area and pumping seawater for better
26 circulation. 76 It has been understood that the lack of proper
77 disposal measures like garbage collection
27 3.2 Impact of dredging and sewage outfalls 78 points in and around Beira Lake has
28 In the case of Beira Lake, population growth 79 contributed to the overall increase in
29 in the surrounding area continues to affect the 80 distribution and discarding of waste in the
30 nutrient loadings into the lake. Dredging 81 waters of Beira Lake. The initiative must be to
31 activities carried out in the lake are effective in 82 drastically increase the frequency of collection
32 removing Phosphorous containing sediment 83 of municipal garbage through trucks and the
33 material however even with the dredging 84 installation of new, easy-to-follow and
34 activities carried out in the South-West Lake, it 85 pleasant garbage collection points.
35 was seen that the polluted green color was
86 Nitrogen and phosphorus are the two limiting
36 persistent which negatively affects the
87 nutrients of eutrophication. These two
37 sightseeing public. The improvements that
88 limiting nutrients are found in abundance in
38 could be recommended include drastic
89 many commonplace items. Controlling the
39 measures to curb the sewerage outlets 90 input of nutrients specifically Phosphorus into
40 entering Beira Lake. The primary disposal of
91 waterways is vital to the mitigation of the
41 sewage from the Colombo sewer network
92 effects of eutrophication, and it is important to
42 occurs through the Mutwal outfall located in
93 do so, because overall prevention of
43 the North and the Wellwatte outfall located in
94 eutrophication is always better in comparison
44 the South. The sewer network in Colombo is in
95 to trying to remediate it.
45 dire need of regular maintenance since small
46 gradients exist in the system which contributes 96 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
47 to overwhelming silting and frequent
48 overflows. These overflows should be 97 This research study was conducted in
49 plugged, the pump stations should be 98 collaboration with the Wetland Management
50 rehabilitated. 99 Division of Sri Lanka Land Development
100 Cooperation in Colombo.

7
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