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2 Marks
2 Marks
10. What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
1. Force method
2. Displacement or stiffness method.
23. What do you mean by weak formulation? State its advantages. (April/May 2015), (May/June
2013)
A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a differential equation in which the
differentiation is distributed among the dependent variable and the weight function and also
includes the natural boundary conditions of the problem.
A much wider choice of trial functions can be used.
The weak form can be developed for any higher order differential equation.
Natural boundary conditions are directly applied in the differential equation.
The trial solution satisfies the essential boundary conditions.
24. Why are polynomial types of interpolation functions preferred over trigonometric functions?
(May/June 2013)
Polynomial functions are preferred over trigonometric functions due to the following
reasons:
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
30. State the discretization error. How it can be reduced? (April /May 2015)
Splitting of continuum in to smallest elements is known as discretization. In some context
like structure having boundary layer the exact connectivity can’t be achieved. It means that it may
not resemble the original structure. Now there is an error developed in calculation. Such type of
error is discretization error.
To Reduce Error:
(i) Discretization error can be minimized by reducing the finite element (or) discretization
element.
(ii) By introducing finite element it has a curved member.
31. What are the various considerations to be taken in Discretization process?
(i) Types of Elements.
(ii) Size of Elements.
(iii) Location of Nodes.
(iv) Number of Elements.
UNIT-1
PART-B
𝒅𝟐 𝒖
1. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon. 𝑨𝑬 = +
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎, The boundary conditions are u(0) = 0, 𝑨𝑬 = = 𝟎 By using Galerkin’s
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
technique, find the solution of the above differential equation.
Given Data:
𝑑2𝑢
Differential equ. 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
Boundary Conditions 𝑢 0 = 0, 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
To Find:
u(x) by using galerkin’s technique
Formula used
𝐿
𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Solution:
Assume a trial function
Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 . …….. (1)
Apply first boundary condition
i.e) at x=0, u(x) = 0
1 ⟹ 0 = 𝑎0 + 0 + 0 + 0
𝑎0 = 0
𝑑𝑢
Apply first boundary condition i.e at x = L, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑢
⟹ = 0+𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
⟹ 𝑎1 = −(2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 )
sub 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 in value in equation (1)
𝑢 𝑥 = 0 + − 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= −2𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) ……… (2)
We Know That
𝑑2𝑢
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 ………. (3)
𝑑𝑢
(2) ⟹ = 𝑎2 2𝑥 − 2𝐿 + 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝐿2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑢
= 𝑎2 2 + 𝑎3 (6𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
Sub 𝑑𝑥 2 value in equation (3)
3 ⟹ 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 ……… (4)
From Galerkn’s technique
𝐿
𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0 . . … … . . . (5)
0
𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
⟹ [2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 2𝑎𝐿 ]𝐿0 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4 𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4
⟹ 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 − 2𝑎 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 3 𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 + 2 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 − 4𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 − 3 𝑎𝐿4 = 0
4
2 3 4
3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿 − 2 + 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿 − 4 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝐿4 = 0
3 2 4 3
−4 5 2 1 4 5 5 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = 𝑎𝐿
3 2 3 4 3 2 12
−4 5 5
𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 ………. 8
3 2 12
Equation (7)
𝐿
2. Find the deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam of span length “l” subjected
to uniformly distributed load throughout its length as shown in figure using (a) point
collocation method, (b) sub-domain method, (c) Least squares method, and (d) Galerkin’s
method. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Given data
Length (L) = 𝑙
UDL = 𝜔/𝑚
To find
Deflection
Formula used
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Point Collocation Method R = 0
𝑙
Sub-domain collocation method = 0
𝑅𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑙 2
Least Square Method 𝐼 = 0
𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
Solution:
The differential equation governing the deflection of beam subjected to uniformly
distributed load is given by
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙 … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑥
The boundary conditions are Y=0 at x=0 and x = l, where y is the deflection.
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Where
𝑑4𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 4 = 𝑀, (Bending moment)
E → Young’s Modules
I → Moment of Inertia of the Beam.
𝜋𝑥
Let us select the trial function for deflection as 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ……. (2)
𝑙
ISBN: 978-93-85977-31-2
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 −cos −𝜔𝑥 =0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑢 0
𝜋3 ∵ cos 𝜋 = −1
⟹ −𝑎𝐸𝐼 cos𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜔 𝑙 = 0 ,
𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝜋3
−𝑎𝐸𝐼 −1 − 1 = 𝜔 𝑙
𝑙3
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜔𝑙 4
⟹ −𝑎 = =
2𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼 62𝐸𝐼
Sub “a” value in the trial function equation (2)
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= . sin
62𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . sin ( )
2 62𝐸𝐼 𝑙 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
62𝐸𝐼
c) Least Square Method:
In this method the functional
𝑙
𝐼= 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐼= (𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜔)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋8 𝜋𝑥 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
= [𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 8
. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
− 𝜔 2
− 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4
. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝜋8 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
= [𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝜔2 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]]
8
𝑙 2 𝑙 2𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0
𝜋8 1 𝑙 𝜋4 𝑙
= 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 8
𝑙− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝜔2 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙4 𝜋
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
⟹ = 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
2𝑙 7 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
= 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
𝑙7 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼𝜔𝑙 5
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= 5
. sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
d) Galerkin’s Method:
In this method
𝑙
𝑌. 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
− 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 [ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙4 2 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2
1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 [ 1 − 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑎𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =0
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙 𝜋 𝑙 0
4
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 − 2𝑎𝜔 =0
𝑙4 2 𝜋
2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3
∴𝑎= .
𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝜔𝑙 3
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
4𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
Verification,
We know that simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum
deflection is,
5 𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
= 0.01
𝐸𝐼
3) i) What is constitutive relationship? Express the constitutive relations for a liner
elastic isotropic material including initial stress and strain.
[Nov/Dec 2009]
Solution:
It is the relationship between components of stresses in the members of a structure or in a
solid body and components of strains. The structure or solids bodies under consideration are made
of elastic material that obeys Hooke’s law.
𝜎 = 𝐷 {𝑒}
Where
[D] is a stress – strain relationship matrix or constitute matrix.
The constitutive relations for a linear elastic isotropic material is
𝜎𝑥 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑣 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣)1 − 2𝑣 0 0
𝛿𝑥𝑦 1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 0 0 𝑣𝑥𝑦
0 2 1 − 2𝑣 0
𝛿𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑣𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝑧𝑥 0 0 0 𝑣𝑧𝑥
0 0 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
ii) Consider the differential equation + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 subject to boundary
𝒅𝒙𝟐
conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0. The functions corresponding to this problem, to be eternized
𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
is given by 𝑰 = 𝟎
−𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒀 . Find the solution of the problem using Ray
𝒅𝒙
Light Ritz method by considering a two term solution as 𝒀 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 −
𝒙)
Given data
𝑑2𝑦
Differential equation = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
To find:
Ray Light Ritz method
Formula used
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
Solution:
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)2 2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 (2 − 3𝑥)
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
We know that
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= [−0.5 + 400𝑥 2 𝑦] = + 400 𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑙
+ 400[ 𝑥 2 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥
0
By Solving
−1 𝑐12 2 1 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐼= + 𝑐22 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 400 +
2 3 15 3 20 30
−1 2 1 2 1 40
𝐼= 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 20𝑐1 + 𝑐2
6 15 6 3
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1
−1 1
⟹ × 2𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0
6 6
−1 1
⟹ × 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0 … … … . . (1)
3 6
Similarly,
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
−2 1 40
⟹ 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 + =0 … … … . . (2)
15 6 3
By Solving (1) and (2)
80 200
𝑐1 = ; 𝑐1 =
3 3
We know that
𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
80 200 2
𝑌= 𝑥 1−𝑥 + 𝑥 1−𝑥
3 3
4) Consider a 1mm diameter, 50m long aluminum pin-fin as shown in figure used to
enhance the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300C. Calculate the
temperature distribution in a pin-fin by using Rayleigh – Ritz method. Take, 𝒌 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 , 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎𝐂.
𝒎𝐂 for aluminum h= 𝒎𝟐 𝐂 ∞
𝒅𝟐 𝑻 𝑷𝒉 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝑨
(𝑻 − 𝑻∞ ) , 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒘 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐂, 𝒒𝑳 = 𝑲𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 = 𝟎 (insulated tip)
Given Data:
The governing differential equation
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑃
𝑘 = (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
Diameter d = 1mm = 1x10-3m
Length L = 50mm = 50x10-3m
Thermal K = 200𝑤 𝑚C
To Find:
Ritz Parameters
Formula used
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
Solution:
The equivalent functional representation is given by,
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝜋 =𝑢−𝑣
𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃
𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑞𝐿 𝑇𝐿 … … … … . (1)
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
0 0
𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃
𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….. 2
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
0 0
∵ 𝑞𝐿 = 0
Assume a trial function
Let
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 … … … … … . . (3)
Apply boundary condition
at x = 0, T(x) = 300
300 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (0) + 𝑎2 (0)2
𝑎0 = 300
Substituting 𝑎0 value in equation (3)
𝑇 𝑥 = 300 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 …………….. 4
𝑑𝑇
⟹ = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 … … … … … … (5)
𝑑𝑥
Substitute the equation (4), (5) in (2)
𝑙 𝑙
1 1 𝑃
𝜋= 𝑘 (𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 270 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥.
2 2 𝐴
0 0
2
[∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏; 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
𝑙 𝑙
𝑘 𝑃
𝜋= (𝑎12 + 4𝑎22 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥) + 2702 + 𝑎1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2 𝑥 4 + 540𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑎1 𝑥 3 + 540𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐴
0 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑘 4𝑎22 𝑥 3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝜋 = (𝑎12 𝑥 + +
2 3 2 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑃 𝑎1 2 𝑥 3 𝑎2 2 𝑥 5 540𝑎1 𝑥 2 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 4 540𝑎2 𝑥 3
+ 72900𝑘 + + + + +
2𝐴 3 5 2 4 3 0
−3
[∵ 𝑙 = 50𝑥10 ]
𝑘 4𝑎22 (50 × 10−3 )3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 (50 × 10−3 )2
𝜋= (50 × 10−3 )𝑎12 + +
2 3 2
𝑃 𝑎1 2 (50 × 10−3 )3 𝑎2 2 (50 × 10−3 )5
+ 72900𝑘 + +
2𝐴 3 5
200 𝜋 × 10−3 × 20
𝜋= 50 × 10−3 𝑎12 + 1.666 × 10−4 𝑎22 + 50 × 10−3 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝜋
2 2 × 2 × 10−3 2
= 364.5 + 4.166 × 10−5 𝑎12 + 6.25 × 10−8 𝑎22 + 0.675𝑎1 + 3.125 × 10−6 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 0.0225𝑎2
𝜋 = 5𝑎12 + 0.0166𝑎22 + 0.5𝑎1 𝑎2 + 14.58 × 10−7 + 1.66912 + 2.5 × 10−3 𝑎22 + 2700 𝑎1
+ 0.125 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 900𝑎2 ]
𝜋 = 6.66𝑎12 + 0.0191𝑎22 + 0.625𝑎1 𝑎2 + 2700𝑎1 + 900𝑎2 + 14.58 × 107
𝜕𝜋
Apply 𝜕𝑎 = 0
2
−0.1182𝑎2 = −4887
𝑎2 = 41345
Sub 𝑎2 value in equation (6)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625(41345) = − + 27000
𝑎1 = −3967.01
Sub 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values in equation (3)
𝑇 = 300 − 3697.01𝑥 + 41345𝑥 2
6) Explain in detain about Boundary value, Initial Value problems.
(ME ENG.DESIGN Nov/DEC 2011)
The objective of most analysis is to determine unknown functions called dependent
variables, that are governed by a set of differential equations posed in a given domain. Ω and some
conditions on the boundary Γ of the domain. Often, a domin not including its boundary is called an
open domain. A domain boundary is called an open domain. A domain Ω with its boundary Γ is
called a closed domain.
Boundary value problems:- Steady state leat transfer : In a fin and axial deformation of a bar
shown in fig. Find 𝑢(𝑥) that satisfies the second – order differential equation and boundary
conditions.
−𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑎 = 𝑞0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
i) Bending of elastic beams under Transverse load : find 𝑢 𝑥 that satisfies the fourth order
differential equation and boundary conditions.
𝑑2 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑥 < −𝐿
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , = 𝑑0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑚0 . 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝓋0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 0
x
Initial value problems:-
i) A general first order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the first-order differential equation and initial condition.
Equation and initial condition:-
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑢 0 = 𝑢0 .
ii) A general second order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the second – order differential equation and initial conditions:-
𝑑𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑏 = 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 0, 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
𝑢 = 0 on Γq
The values of 𝜆 are called cigen values and the associated functions 𝑢 are called cigen functions.
Soln:-
𝑑
𝐹= 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑄
−𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑙
𝑑𝑡 2
or
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑔
+ sin 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑠
+ 𝑄=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙
𝑑𝑄
+ (𝑜) = 𝑈0.
𝑑𝑡
𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜆 𝑡.
Where,
𝑠
𝜆= and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constant to be determined using the initial condition we
𝑙
obtain.
𝜈0
𝐴− , 𝐵 = 𝜃0
𝜆
for zero initial velocity and non zero initial position 𝜃0 , we have.
𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜃0 cos 𝜆𝑡.
7) A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span and
it is subject to a point load at the centre of the span. Calculate the bending moment
and deflection at imdspan by using Rayleish – Ritz method. (Nov/Dec 2008).
Given data:-
To Find:
We know that,
πx 3πx
Deflection, y = a1 sin + a2 sin 1
l l
2
Total potential energy of the beam is given by,
π=U−H 2
2
Where, U – Strain Energy.
2
EI 1 d2y
U= 0 dx 2
dx 3
2
2
dy πx π 3πx 3π
= a1 cos × + a2 cos ×
dx l l l l
dy a 1 πx πx a 2 3πx 3πx
= cos + cos
dx l l l l
d2y a1 π πx π a 2 3π 3πx 3π
=− sin × − sin ×
dx 2 l l l l l l
d2y a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
=− sin − 9 sin 4
dx 2 l2 l l2 l
2
d2y
Substituting dx 2 value in equation (3),
2
EI l a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
U= − sin − 9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l
2
EI l a1π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
= sin +9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l
EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 2 a1 sin .9 a2 sin dx
2 l4 0 l l l l
2
[∴ a + b = a2 + b2 + 2ab]
EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx 5
2 l4 0 l l l l
𝑙 2 πx l1 2πx 1−cos 2x
a
0 1
sin2 dx = a21 02
1 − cos dx ∴ sin2 x =
l l 2
1 l 2πx
= a21 2 0
1 − cos dx
l
a 21 𝑙 1 2πx
= 0
dx − 0
cos l dx
2
2𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑎 12 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 2𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0
𝑎 12 1 2𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 2𝜋 𝑙
𝑎 12 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 2𝜋 2
𝑙
πx 𝑎12 𝑙
a21 sin2 dx = 6
0 l 2
2
Similarly,
1 𝑙 6πx
= 81a22 2 0
1 − cos dx
l
81a 22 𝑙 𝑙 6πx
= 0
dx − 0
cos dx
2 l
6𝜋𝑥 𝑙
81𝑎 22 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 6𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0
81𝑎 22 1 6𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 6𝜋 𝑙
81𝑎 22 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 6𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 6𝜋 2
𝑙
3πx 81𝑎22 𝑙
81a22 sin 2
dx =
0 l 2 7
2
𝑙 πx 3πx 𝑙 πx 3πx
0
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l l l
𝑙 3πx πx
= 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l
𝑙1 2πx 4πx
= 18 a1 a2 02
cos − cos dx
l l
18 a 1 a 2 𝑙 2πx 𝑙 4πx
= 0
cos l dx − 0
cos l dx
2
2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 4𝜋𝑥 𝑙
18 a 1 a 2 sin sin
= 2𝜋
𝑙
− 4𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0 𝑙 0
𝑙
πx 3πx
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 0
0 l l 8
2
EI π 4 𝑎 12 𝑙 81𝑎 22 𝑙
U= + +0
2 l4 2 2
EI π 4 𝑙
U= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22
4 l4
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2
Strain Energy, U = 𝑎 + 81𝑎22 9
4𝑙 3 1
2
𝑙
𝐻= 0
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑊 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 10
𝑙
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 11
0 𝜋 3
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑎1 sin + 𝑎2 sin
𝑙 𝑙
1
In the span, deflection is maximum at 𝑥 = 2
1 1
𝜋× 3𝜋×
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 sin 2
+ 𝑎2 sin 2
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑎1 sin 2 + 𝑎2 sin ∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2 2
12
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
H= 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
𝜋 3 13
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + − 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 14
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3
𝜕𝜋 𝜕𝜋
= 0and𝜕𝑎 = 0
𝜕𝑎 1 2
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
= 2𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎 1 4𝑙 3 𝜋
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
2𝑙 3 𝜋
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 = +𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 15
𝑎1 = +𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 1
= 3
162𝑎2 − +𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎2 4𝑙 𝜋 3
Similarly,
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 − +𝑊 =0
4𝑙 3 𝜋
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 = −𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎2 = −𝑊 16
81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑊 − 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 3𝜋
4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3 4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 243𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
𝜔 𝑙4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0207 17
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum deflection
5 𝜔 𝑙4
is, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 𝐸𝐼
Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum deflection is,
𝜔 𝑙3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝐸𝐼
5 𝜔 𝑙4 𝜔 𝑙3
So, total deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 +
𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0208 18
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
From equations (17) and (18), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by using
Rayleigh-Ritz method are same.
We know that,
d2y
Bending moment, M = EI dx 2 19
d2y 𝑎1 𝜋 2 𝜋𝑥 𝑎 2 9𝜋 2 3𝜋𝑥
= − sin + sin
dx 2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑙
Maximum bending occurs at 𝑥 = 2
1 1
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋×2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋 × 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 sin + − 𝑊 × 2 sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 (1) + − 𝑊 × 2 (−1)
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙
𝜋 3𝜋
∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2
2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙
= − + 𝑊 − −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 𝜋 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 3𝜋
3.8518 𝜔𝑙 2 2.222𝑊𝑙
=− +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2
d2 y 𝜔𝑙 2 𝑊𝑙
= − 0.124 + 0.225
dx 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
d2y
Substitute dx 2 value in bending moment equation,
d2y 𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
Mcentre = EI dx 2 = −𝐸𝐼 0.124 + 0.225
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
Total bending moment, Mcentre = +
8 4
21
Mcentre = 0.125 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.25 𝑊𝑙
From equation (20) and (21), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by
using Rayleigh-Ritz method are almost same. In order to get accurate results, more terms in Fourier
series should be taken.