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On q-Laplace Transforms

Chapter · May 2023

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0447-1_39

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On q-Laplace Transforms

H. El-Metwally, F. M. Masood, Radwan Abu-Gdairi, and Tareq M. Al-shami

Abstract In this paper, we are concerned about q-Laplace transform which is

expected to play a similar role in q-difference analysis as the Laplace transform
in continuous analysis or Z transform in difference analysis, especially, in solving
q-difference equations.

Keywords q-Laplace transforms · q-difference equations

1 Introduction

Quantum calculus, sometimes called calculus without limits, is equivalent to tradi-

tional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits. It is defined as “q-calculus”,
where q stands for quantum. In q-calculus, we are looking for q-analogues of math-
ematical objects that have the original object as limits when q tends to 1.
The subject of q-calculus started appearing in the nineteenth century in intensive
works especially by Jackson [13], Carmichael [5], Mason [16], Adams [2], Trjitzin-
sky [23], and other authors such as Poincare, Picard, and Ramanujan.
The q-difference has many applications in different mathematics, such as orthog-
onal polynomials [12], fractal geometry [9, 10], statistical physics [24], quantum
mechanics, number theory, and other sciences including mechanics, quantum the-
ory, and theory of relativity [4].

H. El-Metwally (B)
Department of Mathematics, Mansoura University, Mansoura 51931, Egypt
e-mail: eaash69@yahoo.com
F. M. Masood
Department of Mathematics, Sana’a University, P.O. Box 1247, Sana’a, Yemen
R. Abu-Gdairi
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, P.O. Box 13110, Zarqa, Jordan
e-mail: rgdairi@zu.edu.jo
T. M. Al-shami
Department of Mathematics, Sana’a University, P.O. Box 1247, Sana’a, Yemen

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 437
D. Zeidan et al. (eds.), Mathematics and Computation, Springer Proceedings
in Mathematics & Statistics 418, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0447-1_39
438 H. El-Metwally et al.

Laplace transforms have been widely used in mathematical physics and applied
mathematics. The theory of the Laplace transform is well known by Sneddon [22],
and its generalization was considered by many authors such as Zemanian [25], Rao
[20], and Saxena [17–19]. Various existence conditions and a detailed study about
the range and invertibility were studied by Rooney [21].
In this paper, we present some definitions, theories, and properties of the q-Laplace
transform of some elementary functions such that we need to solve some q-difference
equations with some examples.

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we recall the main concepts and properties of q-Laplace transforms
which represent an extension of their counterparts via classical Laplace transforms.
Then, we list some q-Laplace transforms of some elementary functions.

2.1 Fundamental Concepts of q-Calculus

Definition 1 We define the q-Laplace transformation as a function

 +∞
F(s) = £q { f (t)} = eq−st
−1 f (t)dq t, s = p + iσ ∈ C, (1)
0

and we denote f (t) q F(s). Here, f (t) is denoted as q-original of F(s), while
F(s) is denoted as the q-formimag of f (t) by the q-Laplace transformation [1].
Let us recall some basic concepts of q-calculus introduced in published literature
[4, 6, 8, 11, 13–15].
The shifted factorial (m)n is defined by

(m; q)0 = 1,
(m; q)n = (1 − m)(1 − qm)(1 − q 2 m)(1 − q 3 m) . . . (1 − q n−1 m)

n−1
= (1 − q k m), n ∈ N.
k=0

A complex number m is defined by

[m]q = 1 + q + q 2 + · · · + q m−1
1 − qm
= , q ∈ C − {1}; m ∈ C,
1−q
On q-Laplace Transforms 439

and the factorial function is

[m]q ! = [1]q [2]q [3]q . . . [m]q

m
= [n]q , q = 1; n ∈ N, 0 ≤ q ≤ 1.
n=1

 
m
The q-binomial coefficient is defined by
k q

 
m [m]q !
= , r = 0, 1, 2, . . . m.
k q [r ]q ![m − r ]q !

The function (x + y)m is defined as

m 
 
m
(x + y)qm = q r (r −1)/2 x m−r yr ; m ∈ N.
r q
r =0

The exponential function is defined as

∞
tk
eqt = , 0 < |q| < 1 .
k=0
[k]q !

The functions eqt and eq−t−1 satisfy

eqt eq−t−1 = 1.

The q-derivative Dq f is defined as

f (qt) − f (t)
Dq f (t) = , 0 < |q| < 1,
qt − t

Dq ( f g)(t) = g(qt)Dq f (t) + f (t)Dq g(t)

= f (qt)Dq g(t) + g(t)Dq f (t),

and  
f g(t)Dq f (t) − f (t)Dq g(t)
Dq (t) = .
g g(qt)g(t)
440 H. El-Metwally et al.

The q-integral
 t ∞

f (u)dq u = (1 − q)q k t f tq k − a f q k a , t ∈ [a, b],
a k=0

and for a = 0, we obtain

 t ∞

Iq f (t) = f (u)dq u = t (1 − q)q k f tq k ,
0 k=0

provided the series converges. Also

 b  b  a
f (t)dq t = f (t)dq t − f (t)dq t, a ∈ [0, b].
a 0 0

Similarly

Iq0 f (t) = f (t), Iqn f (t) = Iq Iqn−1 f (t), n ∈ N.

Integration by parts is given by

 b  b
f (t)Dq g(t)dq t = [ f g]ab − g(qt)Dq f (t)dq t.
a a

2.2 Main Properties of q-Laplace Transforms

Herein, we list the ten basic properties of q-Laplace transforms. 1. Scaling:

£q {α f (t)} = α£q { f (t)}, α ∈ R.

2. Linearity:

£q {α f (t) + βg(t)} = α£q { f (t)} + β£q {g(t)}, α, β ∈ R.

3. Substitution:
eq−st+s
−1
0 t st
eq f (t) q F(s − s0 ). (2)

4. Translation: Consider
0, t < 0,
η(t) =
1, t ≥ 0.

it is clear that f (t) = f (t)η(t) for t ≥ 0. Hence, we have

On q-Laplace Transforms 441
 +∞
£q { f (t − t0 )} = eq−st
−1 f (t − t0 ) η (t − t0 ) dq t.
t0

Supposing t − t0 = t, we get
 +∞
t + t0 st −s(t+t0 )
£q { f (t − t0 )} = eq eq −1 f (t)dq t
t
0

t + t0 st0 st −s(t+t0 )
= eq−st
−1
0
£q e e e
q q q −1 f (t) .
t

5. Transform of derivatives
n−1  n−1− j

sn s
Dqn f (t) q F(s) − Dqj f (0). (3)
qn j=0
q

6. Derivative of transforms
−n
(−t)n q 2 (n+3) f (tq −n ) q Dq,s
n
F(s). (4)

7 . Transform of t n f (t) is given by

(i) t n f (t) q (−1)n Dqn−1 ,s (F(s)),

(ii) t n f (t) q (−1)n q − Dqn (F(sq −n )).

n(n+1)
2

8. Transform of integrals

t
F(s)
f (t)dq t q q .
s
0

9. Integral of transforms.

∞
f (qt)
F(s)dq t q q . (5)
t
s

This formula is especially useful in computing infinite integrals. Indeed, let s → 0

in (5), then
∞ ∞ ∞
f (qt) f (t)
F(s)dq t = q dq t = q dq t.
t t
0 0 0
442 H. El-Metwally et al.

10. Product of transforms

f (t) ∗q g(t) q £q { f (t)}£q {g(t)} = F(s)G(s). (6)

2.3 q-Laplace Transform of Some Elementary Functions

In what follows, we provide some q-Laplace transform of some elementary functions.

1. If f (t) = 1, then
q
F(s) q .
s

2. If f (t) = t, then
q2
F(s) q .
s2

3. If f (t) = t n , then
 q n+1
t n q [n]q ! .
s

∞
αn t n
4. If f (t) = eqαt , since eqαt = [n]q !
, then
k=0

q
F(s) q , |s| > |αq| . (7)
s − qα


∞
αn t n
5. If f (t) = eqαt−1 , since eqαt−1 = [n]q −1 !
, then
n=0

q  n (n−1)  qα n
∞
F(s) q q2 .
s n=0 s

eqiαt +eq−iαt
6. If f (t) = cosq αt = 2
, then

qs
F(s) q . (8)
s 2 + q 2 α2

eqiαt −eq−iαt
7. If f (t) = sinq αt = 2i
, then

q 2α
F(s) q . (9)
s 2 + q 2 α2
On q-Laplace Transforms 443

eqαt +eq−αt
8. If f (t) = coshq αt = 2
, then

q 2α
F(s) q . (10)
s 2 + q 2 α2

eqαt −eq−at
9. If f (t) = sinhq αt = 2
, then

q 2α
F(s) q . (11)
s 2 − q 2 α2


∞
10. If f (t) = αk t k , then
k=0

q
∞  q k
F(s) q αk [k]q ! .
s k=0 s

3 Applications of q-Laplace Transforms to Solve Some

q-Difference Equations

In most cases, the search for the q-origin of a given q-image is performed using the
results of the basic primitive function transform along with the application of the
properties of the q-Laplace transform.
(Note: We put £q−1 {F(s)} = f (t), and this is an inverse correspondence of q-
Laplace transform.)

Theorem 1 If the q-image of the unknown origin of q could be written in an integer

series of powers 1s of the form

∞

F(s) = α j s − j−1 , (12)
j=0

 
 
(this series is convergent to F(s) for |s| > R, where R = limn→∞  ααn+1
n
 = ∞),
then the q-original f (t) is given by the formula
∞
 αk
f (t) = tk. (13)
k=0
q k+1 [k]q !

Example 1 Find the inverse of F(s) = 1

s−s0
.
444 H. El-Metwally et al.

Solution. We have
∞

F(s) = s0k s −k−1 .
k=0

Hence,
∞
 ∞
s0k 1  (s0 q −1 t)k −1
f (t) = t k
= = q −1 eqs0 q t .
k=0
[k]q !s k+1 q k=0 [k]q !

As Laplace transform is widely applied in solving differential and difference

equations, the q-Laplace transform is expected to play the same role but now in
q-difference equations. The principle lying behind is always the same:
1. Consider a k−order linear constant coefficient q-difference equation, with initial
conditions

c0 Dqk y(t) + c1 Dqk−1 y(t) + · · · + ck−1 Dq y(t) + ck y(t) = g(t), (14)

y(0) = y0 , Dq y(0) = y1 , . . . , Dqk−1 y(0) = yk−1,

by using q-Laplace transform on both sides of the equation and then use the inverse
q-Laplace transform to find the unknown function y(t).
For example, consider the case of the second order

c0 Dq2 y(t) + c1 Dq y(t) + c2 y(t) = g(t), (15)

y(0) = y0 , Dq y(0) = y1 .

Let y(t) q Y (s), g(t) q G(s), and using (3), then

s
Dq y(t)  q Y (s) − y(0),
q
 2
s s
Dq2 y(t)  q Y (s) − y(0) − Dq y(0). (16)
q q

Loading (16) in (15), one gets

    
s 2 s s
c0 Y (s) − y(0) − Dq y(0) + c1 Y (s) − y(0) + c2 Y (s) = G(s),
q q q
  2 
s s s
c0 + c1 + c2 Y (s) − c0 y0 − c0 y1 − c1 y0 = G(s),
q q q
On q-Laplace Transforms 445

then

G(s) + c0 y0 qs + c0 y1 + c1 y0
Y (s) =  2 . (17)
c0 q + c1 q + c2
s s

The remaining task consists in finding the express version of y(t) = £q−1 {Y (s)}.

Example 2 Find the q-original of

1
F(s) = . (18)
s(s 2 − 1)(s 2 + 4)

Solution. Since
1 1
= ,
s(s 2 − 1)(s 2 + 4) s(s − 1)(s + 1)(s 2 + 4)

then
−1 1 1 −1 1
1
F(s) = = 4
+ 10
+ 10
+ 40
+ 40
,
s(s 2 − 1)(s 2 + 4) s s − 1 s + 1 s − 2i s + 2i

and by using the inverse q-Laplace transform we obtain

f (t) = £q−1 {F(s)}

−1 1 1 −1 −1 
= £q−1 + 10 + 10 + 40 + 40
4
s s−1 s+1 s − 2i s + 2i
    
−1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
= £q + £q + £q − £q + £q
4 s 10 s−1 10 s+1 40 s − 2i 40 s + 2i
−1 1 1 1 q −1 t 1 1 −q −1 t 1 1 2iq −1 t 1 1 −2iq −1 t
= + eq + eq − eq − eq .
4 q 10 q 10 q 40 q 40 q

Example 3 Using the q-Laplace transform, solve the equations

(I ) Dq2 y(t) + y(t) = 0, (19)

y(0) = 1, Dq y(0) = 0.

(I I ) Dq2 y(t) − y(t) = 0, (20)

y(0) = 0, Dq y(0) = 1.
446 H. El-Metwally et al.

(I I I ) Dq2 y(t) − 3Dq y(t) + 2y(t) = 0, (21)

y(0) = 0, Dq y(0) = 1.

Solution.
(I) Using (17) and the data in (19), we get
qs
Y (s) = ,
s2 + q2

which by (8) with w = 1 gives y(t) = cosq t.

(II) Similarly, using (17) and the data in (20), we get

q2
Y (s) = ,
s2 − q2

which by (11) with w = 1 gives y(t) = sinhq t.

(III) Using (17) and the data in (21), we have

1 1
Y (s) =  2 =  
s
− 3 qs + 2
s
q
−2 s
q
−1
q
q q
= − ,
s − 2q s −q

which by (7) with a = 2 and a = 1 gives

y(t) = eq2t − eqt .

Example 4 Solve the q-difference equation

Dq2 y(t) + Dq y(t) − 2y(t) = e−t , (22)

y(0) = 0, Dq y(0) = 1.

Solution. Using (17), we have

 2
s s s q
Y (s) − y(0) − Dq y(0) + Y (s) − y(0) − 2Y (s) = ,
q q q s +q

and by using the data in (22), we get

On q-Laplace Transforms 447

−1
1 1
Y (s) =   = 2
+
s
+ 1 qs − 1
s
q
+1 s
q
−1
q
−1
q q
= 2
+ ,
s+q s −q

then
 
−1 −1 q q
y(t) = £q−1 {Y (s)} = £q + £q−1
2 s+q s −q
−1 −t
y(t) = e + eqt .
2 q
Example 5 Solve the system of q-difference equations
⎧
⎨ Dq t (t) = t (t) + 2y(t),
Dq y(t) = 2t (t) + y(t) + 1, (23)
⎩
t (0) = y(0) = 0.

Solution. Using (17), we have

⎧ s
⎪
⎨ q T (s) − t (0) = T (s) + 2Y (s),
⎪ s
⎩ Y (s) − y(0) = 2T (s) + Y (s) + ,
q
q s

and by using the data in (23), we get

⎧
⎪ 2q
⎪
⎨ T (s) = s − q Y (s),
(24)
⎪
⎪ q2 2q
⎩ Y (s) = + t (s),
s(s − q) s − q

Now inputting the first equation in (24) in the second equation, we obtain

q2 4q 2
Y (s) = + Y (s)
s(s − q) (s − q)2
q 2 (s − q) q 2 (s − q)
=⇒ Y (s) = =
s(s − 2sq + q )
2 2 s(s − 3q)(s + q)
1q 1 q 1 q
Y (s) = + − ,
3s 6 s − 3q 2s +q
1 1 1
y(t) = + eq3t − eq−t .
3 6 2
448 H. El-Metwally et al.

Similarly, inputting the first equation in (24) Y (s) in the first equation, we obtain

2q 3 −2 q 1 q 1 q
T (s) = = + + ,
s(s − 3q)(s + q) 3 s 6 s − 3q 2s+q
−2 1 3t 1 −t
x(t) = + eq + eq ,
3 6 2
then, the general solution of (23) is

−2 1 3t 1 −t
x(t) = + eq + eq ,
3 6 2
1 1 3t 1 −t
y(t) = + eq − eq .
3 6 2

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