Chapter 1 COMPLEX NUMBER 1.1 OBJECTIVE: After going through this chapter you will able to + Define Complex number system and its property # Find the root ofall quadratic equations. «© Different form of complex number. + De moivre’s Theorem and its applications + Hyperbolic function and its property © Logarithm of complex number 1,2 Introduction:- We are well known with the system of real numbers, Square of any real number are always positive ic. x° » 0 but in some quadratic equation we get b’ ~4ac <0 which is not possible in system of real numbers, To solve this Kind of quadratic equation we introduce Imaginary numbers All number which are roots of negative numbers are called imaginary numbers. A unit imaginary number is i whose value is Ji Obtain form of the equation 2° 41=0 Using real and imaginary numbers we formed complex number Definition: A number of the form a+ ib is called a complex aumber when a and b are real numbers and i= 71 is called im inary number. We call ‘ a” the real part and °b” imaginary part of the complex number. The set of complex number is denoted by © this denoted by The standard form of complex number is Z =a +i1.2.3 Geometrical representation of a complex number We known that real number line which represent real number Let « complex number Z =a+ib Where «,,b© R and i= V1 Point (a,b) represent on xy plane Where (4,0) on x axisand (0,b)on yaxis There for point C(a.b) on xy plane This representation of complex number by point on a xy plane is called argend’s diagram. Length of OC is given by (oc) =Va +6 This is called modulus of Z Itis denoted by |Z b Where @ is the angle made by segOC with positive direction of X-axis is called argument of Z or amplitude of Z Ivis denoted by ‘arg(Z) and given by arg(z)-an'{?) 1.3 Polar form of complex number We are well known of polar coordinate system We write x=reos@ and y=rsind r* cos’ Oand in? 0O=tan'| = a) Z =x-+ yi be cartesian system of complex number which can return in polar form by Where r=|2| and 0 =arg(Z) 1.3.1 Exponential Form of complex numbe Zz written in exponential formas Z=re" where r=|Z| & @arg(Z) iy is cartesian system of represent a complex number which can be 1.4 Algebra of Complex numbers: 1), Addition and subtraction of complex numbers Let Z, =a, +ib, & Z, =a, +3 be any complex number then Z2£Z,=(a, +i) (a, +ib,) (a, £4,) +0, 431 2), Multiplication of complex numbers. Z,Z,=(a,+bi)(a, +b) 6a bb, iad, +ha) Complex numbers in a Polar Form If Z, =n (cos@ +isind) Z, = r,c0s0, +isind,) 80, + 0,) isin, + O,)1 arg(Z,.Z,) =arg(Z,) +arg(Z,)Complex number in exponential form:- Zane’ & Zane ZZ, = nr 2.Z,\=nr & arg (Z,Z,) ~arg Z, +arg Z, 3). Division of complex numbers:- bi Z, a,+bi a,—b Complex number in polar form:~ Zt (cos0, +isind,) Z, 1,{cosd, + isin.) cos, -@, +isin(@, ~@,) |Example:-1 Find the Conjugate modulus and argument it Z =5 37 Solution;- Conjugate of complex 543) is S—3 Now Z=5+3i comparing with @+bi a=3, b=3 |2)=VaP +b? = V2549 = VB4 Example:-2 Find 7,2, & Barz, 312 and Z Solution:- Hence Z, =3+2/ and Z, =4-i ZL. = 4) 0D +142 VED 3+ 254-1) 1242+(8-39 =1445i 3420 44s Z Ai Asi _ Br WA ~ ay ea) (3) —(2)0) +130) +(2HDLE - 1641_ 12-2448) aT _ 104i AT 1090, 717 (3-12 in the standard form x + yi + J Express Z (3427 3-21) Solution:- Given Z (342° 3-2) _ B-DB—242+NB42) GF +O) _[9-2+(-6-3] 416-2 +(3+4)/] 944 17-9144 Ti 13 11-25 13 Wl Example:-4 If Z, & Z. be any two complex numbers prove that A i.e The modulus of the sum of bvo complex numbers is less then or at the most equal to the sum of their module.) Al-H2sI DZ 4Z, ii). Le. ( The modulus of the difference of the complex numbers is greater than or at most equal to the difference of their module)Solution:- Let 2. and P, represent the complex number Z, and Z IZ, | = op, Kalman, po op, pp, Paallelogram And |Z, +Z,|=op Now fromsop,p. op op, 4 pp the sign of equality corresponding to the case when 6. Pw p are collinear Hence |Z, +Z,|$|Z|+|Z,| Again |Z,|=|(Z,-Z,)+Z,|<|zZ,—Z, |Z hus [z,-Z,|=|4|-[4) Example:-5 If some of two complex number is 6 and their product s 25 then find them Solution:- Let the two complex numbers be Z,= 1+ yi and Z, = x-iy Given Z,+Z,=6 and Z,Z ie. vtivex—yis(oxty ao ZZ, ~(xriya-iy) = + y => GB+y'=25 => y= 25-9 > y'=16 Syst ap From Land II The complex numberExample:-6 If |Z, , -Z,| prove that the difference of the amplitude of Z, and Solution:-Let x Hy, Z, iy. Z,4Z, = (x +iy,) +, +19.) = (4 +4) +i, +Y,) Z,-Z, = (x, +iy,)-(a, +iy,) = (4, -4,) +9, -y,) ZtZ)P =@, uF +O, 4) wz ay -%)" But it is given that iz, +Z,|=|2,-2, f =z. -2,[ (+P +O) tT = Oy Let a and ff be the amplitudes of Z, and Z,and @ be the difference of their amplitude. o=a-p tan @ = tan(ar—B) tanar—tan 8 THtanaz.tan B10 1 wna=p a ian (ce) Hence difference of amplitudesZ, and Z, i Example:-7 Express ee in the pola: form of complex number i.e, r(cos04- isin 0) i 2 _ +2439 Solution:- 17 — 3 (1-311 43) 1 6f +58 149 Then @ @=then (1)WW 3x 3r) cos isin | 4) Zz cos 0+ isin 8) Exercise QI). Express the following in the form a + ab, where and b are real. oe Ans. 19, 4-i 7 », Beale wage Li 2 a Ans. ae) Q-2). Find the modulus and principal argument a). 3-1 1421 b). oa 34 o, (4d Li 3 2-3), Solve for @ such that the expression 31 248iN8 1-2isind Imaginary, Ans, sin = 3 or sind Q-4). Put the following complex numbers inte polar form Lai x z Ans. cos” +i sin= i 2 3 a).Ans. Ans. r= V754,0 = tan QS). Me sip = + prove that P(e I (a+ib) Q6). I |Z, =z, complex numbers. andamp(Z,)-+amp(Z.)=0.then show that Z,and Z, are conjugate QT). IF Z,,Z, be complex numbers show that [2,+2,| +\2,-2f =2(l2t +20) 1.5 De Moivre’s Theorem:- Statement: If 'n' is any real numbers are of the value of (cos +isin@)’ =cos nf + isinnd Using the De-Moivre’s theorem we can find power of complex number. Z' -[r(cosd+ising)| (cos +isin dy =r" (cosnO+isinnd) 1.5.1 Root of a complex number:- The De-Moivre’s theorem can be used to find all n roots of a complex number. e) cos” + isin If n is any integer then (cos@ + isin) Since cos0 = cas(2rm +0)sind =sin(227m 8) We known that @ can be necessary as multiple of 27 Where 1 —0,1,2....0(2=1) (cosO+isin@y cos (2a +0) + isin (2m +0) | Z =x+iy be any complex number. cos (2am+0)+isin(2zm+0) |) 1 2am+0 2am+0 "eos bésin n n 15.2 n® Unity isa complex number in the polar form as 1=140i = cos Osisind =cos(22m+6)+isin(27m+0) cos 2m + isin2zm Taking n" root in both the side we get P feos 2am isin 2m]: Putting m =O,lsevessea( 1) We get n™ root of unity 8 If 2cos0 =x +~ prove that 2cosr@ = Example: x ¥ cai ti 1 Solution:- Since x+—=2cos@ x14 2x 2xeos8 +1=0 Comparing with quadratic equation ax’ + bx~1=0 =1b=-2c0s0,x=1 2cose+Vacos 6-4 K=eos@+isine Taking the positive sign os@ | isin x= (cos0 sisinoy = cos rO+isinr? Applying De-Moivre’s theorem (cos +isina)” = cos 0 isin r? v4} = cos 10 +isinr0 +008 r0—isin r0 x 200818 Example:-9 Expand cos 40 and sin 40 is terms of sind and cos? Solution:- Let Z — x+iy be any complex number in polar form Z =(cos@ + isin 8) Z* =(cosO+isinO) =cos40+isin4d ca) + De-Moivre’s theorem (cos@ +isin@)” expanding with binomial theorem (cos + isin @)' = cos" 9+ 4c0s' Bisin# + bcos" GF sin’? 4 4eos Gi sin’ 4H sin'O ~ces' 84 Asin 8 cos" i 60s" Asin” 6 =4icos sin! O+sin* 0= (cos' @ + sin‘ 9—6e0s" Asin’ )~i(4sinOcos' O—A4cos Asin’ 0) ,..(11) Comparing | and I we get £0840 = cos! + sin O—6sin” Beos" O sin 40 —4sin Ocos'O—4e0s sin’ 0 Example:10 If n is positive integer prove that (VB vi) 4(V3-a) = 2" coo 6 Solution:- tet Z— V3 +7 =r (cos0 + isin 0) r=Be1=2 tan - (B+i) =» (cosn0 +isina) ux visin= ) 6) From I and I we get 6 6 6 616 ‘a z\ Ta in = cos Fs isin by De-Moivre's theorem c0s(21 +0) =cosd sin(2a 40)=sind x 6) Example: 12 Find the different value of (1-+i)> Solution:- Zalti Comparing with a+ib we get r=ly=1 paFay ed tnd =", 0 = tan '9(1)7 (a =| eos{ 22r+ 7) résin(20r+ “| L \ 4) 4) 2 1 z) Vl, z)\ =} eos, VAG [tiling | ert | Putting 2 =0,1,n, we get three value Exereise:-2 QU, Prove that i (I¥sin@ + feos)" + (14 sind ~cos8) = cos," — nee |+isin a (az Li sine: | feoser | net | Lasina—ieoser (2 Q2). If sine + sin #-+sin y =0=eosar+ cos f+ evs 7, prove that sin 2er +sin 28 +sin 2y =0 =cos2ar + cos 2/f-+ ens 2y =0 (143) Bi)" Q.3). Find the modulus and principal value of the argument of Q-4). Ifx" ~2.xcos@+1=0, show that x ~2" cosn0 +1018 S6sin® @+112sin@'—64sin’ @ Q6). Prove thatcosG0 = 32cos' 0+ 48cos" 0 +18cos*0 =I L 7), Ix = cos + isin, show that (i). x" 2cos nd Gi)” 2i 2isinind x Q-8). Find the values for the following: i. (14a 2 ! Wy Ans2"" | cos. +isin=| nat su ii). (Ci): Ans.cos(4i-+ v2 isin (41) ~ where n=0, Q9). Prove that i). c0869 cos’ @-15cos" Psin® 0+ 1Scos’ Asin’ Asin’ 9 ii), sin 70 = 70s" Osin9 —35 cos" @sin’ 0 ~21cos* Osin* @—sin’ @ ii} tango St 9 —10tan? 6 + tan" 6 1-10tan’ O+S5tan*@ 1.6 Circilar Function of a Complex Variable:- circular function of a real angles can be written as19 ee cos = ad $0.01 it is there fore natural to define the circular functions of the complex variable Z by the equations sinz=£—* é cos Z = in Z tunz =~ cos Z WitheosecZ , sceZ and cot Z as their spective reciprocals. 1.6.1 Hyperbolic Function: Definition:- If x be real or complex i, is defined hyperbolic sin of x and is written ‘inh x ii) is defined as hyperbolic cosine of x and is written as cosh.x sinh y=" — cosh y= © *© 2 ee" e4e* tanh x= © coth y= gree og see hy = = coseche ete Formulas of Hyperbolic Function 1 cosh? x=sinh? x =1 2, sechx + tanh? x3, coth? x—casech®x=1 4. sinh(.xé y)=sinh xeosh yteosh.xsinh y cosh (xt y) = cosh.veosh y sinh xsinh y tanh x tanh y 6. tanh (x: y)= SESS [Etanhx.tanh y 7. sin2x =2sinh xcosh x 8. cos 2x=cosh® x-+sinh? x 9, 2eosh? x1 =1—2sinh? x 10. sinh 3x =3sinh.x+4.sinh? x LL. cosh 3x= Aeosh' x—2eosh x 3tanhx + tanh 1 3tanh! x 12. tanh 3, 13, sinh x sinh y =2sinh 14, sinhx—sinh y=2cosh! ~ \ 1.6.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Function:- Example:13 Prove that sinh‘ «log (x+V/ =1) Solution:- Let sinh! x= y => x= sinh y 2a =e 2x =e" —2xe"-1=0 => This is quadratic equation in e a=1b=-2x,e=-1 ‘Taking positive sign we get oe axe P41 ‘Taking log both side we get bog (e+ vir “l) sinks x =tog( vse 1) ample: 14 Prove that log st! Solution:- Let log v= y x eve ere Lex =x Taking log both the side we get, (1s toetoni ty=4 log{! tx) * l-x Example: 15 If cosh (A+iB) —.x-+iy then prove that x y x e —+——=lani me cosh? A sinh? A cos’ B sin’ B Solution: Let x+y = cosh(A+iB) =cos Boosh +isin Bsinh A Equating the real and imaginary parts. cos Beosh A, sin Bsinh A...) cos B=—* sin B= cosh A sinh A But we known that sin’ B +608 BI x) \ af (22) a (costa) * (sina) a + Y =1 cost? A" Sink From 1 y= sin Bsin A sinh A sinB But we known that cosh’ A~sinh? Ax 1 cos B sin B Hence proved mple:16 Prove that sinix =isin.xand cosh* x—sinh” x Solution:- Let sing © —* 2 sinix = © [taking O= ix] = isinh x Now cosh? x sinh?x cosh? x sinh’ =1 Hence proved 1.7 Logarithm of complex number: If Z and W are two complex number and Z =e" thenW = log Z Let Z x+y be any complex number in standard form Itcan be written as Z=r(cosO+isin 0)24 [ery and O= tan (3) log (Z) = log[ r(cosd +isin@) | logr-+log(cos0-+isin @) logr + loge" =log yx? ty 0 3 (») =log J + y* +itan'{* | (x) ‘This value of log Z is called prineipal value of log Z But in general value Logt = Log(x+iy) = int +log(x +i) 2inz + log| r(cos@ +isiné) | =2inz + log(re”) = Qing + loge =i0 =log fv ty saan yd I iJ] Example.17 Find the value of log(I+i)(1~A). Solution:- Let z= 1+ ean be represented in polar form * yisin® | 4) =V2e4 log (1+i)=log V2.e* log V2.4 log (1+i)= log V2+14 + 2m.ri( = =log V2 +| 2mz ah Similarly, log (I i) =bog V2 (2m Jog (1+ i)(1-f)= log (1+ i) + = log y2 + ama + i} log (Ii) log 2+ 2mz—*\i =2log V2 4 dma =log2+4rmi Example.2 Show that log) 2 (a=) Solution:- <= c+ iyean be written as in. polar form sa xtiy=reosO+irsinO lag <= log (rcos@ +irsin 0) = log re" log r +10 Similarly, log (xiv) -logr—i0 = 20 2itan Exerei Q-3).i), Find the general value of logi ai 2 Ans. (4n=1)ii). Find the value of z If a). cos z= 2 Ans.2= 2nz Lilog(2+v3) b).cosh ¢=—1 Ans.¢=(2n+ 1) 2 il). Find the general and principal value of f cosh-2y—cos 2x iv).Show that log sin (x+y) = > log 1 : ‘ot xtanh y) a-ib 4). prove that tan] flog [ ot] Q41), Show thattan ' <= Hog! t= 2 ee Q5). Ifsin(A+iB)= x-+iy, prove that x cosh’ Bo sinh? BO sinh? A Qo). sin '(x-+iy)=log A +B , show that x y : =lwhere A + B* = sin’w eos'u Summar, In this chapter we have leam about Complex number system and properties of complex number Cartesian, polar and exponential form of complex number % De moivre’s Theorem and its applications for finding roots of complex number. Hyperbolic function and its property % Logarithm of complex number27 Cheek your progress: 1, If gandz, are in © then prove that{z, + Find two complex numbers whose sum is §and product is 20 (ih(B-ay (-a'(8u) Prove that |2—2|, 4. Show that and arg Ae 6. Find the square roots of 6 +81 Show that(2+ f)' + (2—i)" =50cos4@ 8. Show that the (41)" power of is(-4)" 9. cose res Preosy — since rsin@ysiny —Othen — prove that cose + c083f) + cos3y = 3cos(a + + 7)and sind +sin3 + sin3y =3sin(o + Pty) J) = sin? 10. Prove that eosh:' (Via? )=sin or 11. Find log(-2). 12. Find the value of log (I+/)28 Chapter 2 DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER 2.1 OBJECTIVE: After going through this chapter you will able to: + Know rules for differentiation of complex number + Analytic function. * Cauchy-Riemann equation for the function is analytic + Polar and exponential form of Cauchy-Riemann equation. © Harmonic fi ction and harmonic conjugates. * Conformal mapping and Bilinear mapping 2.2 Introduction:- In the previous going to learn function of eor number of problems in in chapter, we learned complex number system, now here we are ple» variable. Which is most important to solving a large rs and differentiation. Using conformal and bilinear mapping we can represent the transformation, Rotation, Magnitude of the complex function 2.3 Complex Variable:- Z denoted as complex varicble defined by Z =. + iy wherei - 71 Function of a Complex number: The denoted by w= f(Z), where w=u 4 i where i is real andy imaginary part of f(Z) real function is defined by y= (x)similarly for complex variable is wand v are real value function of xand y. w= f(Z)= f(x biy)=u(x,y) 40%) 2.3.1 Limits of a Complex Function:~29 A function f(Z) is said to tends to limit { as Z approaches to point Z, IP for every real ¢ > Otheir exist & >0 such that |f(Z)-I| if ((Z)—u(x.y)+iv(,y) is continues at Z—Z, then a(x») and v(x») are also continues at x= x, and y= y, conversely. If (x,y) and v(x, y) are continues at x, and y, then f(Z)will be continues ZEz, 2.3.4 Differentiation of Complex Variable: Let w= (Z) be a single value function then the derivative of w= f (Z)is defined as f'(Z)= lim SE) Ss) provide the limit exist and hence the same value for all the different ways in which Z = Z, Example:-1). If f(Z)=— expressed in term of function of u(.x.y’) and v(x, y) Solutio30 x y ty ety =u(xy) +iv(ay) sand v(x, y a ( ) ae 2.4 Analytical Function A single valued function f(Z)is said 10 be analytic at the point Z,. If it possesses a derivative at Z, and at every point in some neighborhood of Z, A function f(Z)is said to be analytic in a region Rof the Z—plane . If it is analytic at every point of R. An analytic function is also referred to as a regular function or a holomorphic function, A point, at which a function f(Z)is not analytic, viz., does nor process a derivative, Is called singular point or singularity of f (Z). 2.4.1 Cauchy-Riemann Equations: ‘Theorem:- IF the function /(Z) =u(x.y) +47(x. y)is analytic in a region fof the Z plane and © exist and (ii), = a ox Then (i) at every point in their region. Note:- L. The bo equations given in (ii), Above are called Cauehy-Riemann Equations which will be hereafter to as C.R equations. 2.When f (Z)is analytic f’(Z)exist and is given by L. Viz, by LorL, Thus /"(Z)=u, +iv,oru, iv, Where 1,.u,,¥,.¥, denote the partial derivatives,3 ‘Theorem:- ‘The single valued continuous function w= f(Z)=u(x.y)+iv(x,y) is analytic in a region Rof the Z—plane, (j). If the four partial derivatives u,.u,,v,and v, exist, (ii):They are continuous and (ii)They satisfy the C.Requations.w, =v,anda, =v, at every pointof R. Example:-2 Show that the following function is not analytic: f(z) = <|z| Solution:- Let ¢— x-+éythenItdoes not satisfy the C— R equations the function f(z) is not analytic. Example:-3 Determine whether the following function is analytic and if then find the derivative. f(z Solution:- Le 4,=¥,33 Requation can satisfied by f(z] except at 2=0 -(x-y (x-ay/ (e+)? *-R.equations in Polar co-ordinates:- When Z is expressed in polar form re”, we have already observed that w and, where w=w+iv.are functions of rand@. In this case we shall derive the C.R.equations satisfied by w(r,@)andv(r.2), assuming that w=u(r,0)+év(r.0) is analytic. ‘Theorem:- If the function w= (Z)=u(r.0)+iv(r.9) is analytic in a region Rof the Z- and —exist and (ii).they satisfy the C.Requations., viz “ av every point in that region, 00 1), Where #(Z)is analytic f"(Z )exist and is given by L. viz. by Lor, Thus when f (Z)=u(7.0)+iv(r.0)34 ~iu,) (4, +iv, Jor de® ( ; Where u,.14,,¥,,v,denote the partial derivatives. DIF w= f(Z), then Example:-4 Show that the f (2) =sin zis analytic and find their derivatives, Solution:= f (2) sin2 n(x + iy) sin x.cosiy-+e08 x.sin iy =sinx.cosh y +icosx.sinh y u=sin x.cosh y v=cos.xsinh y du dy 7 7ossecosh p72 Sinxsinh y de a St sin.xsinh » <= eos x-cosh y =v anda, =—0, sin is analytic by C~ R equation condition is satisfied, P'(g)=u.riv, cos x.cosh y Sin x.sinh y =cos(x+iy) = C08 z35 exampl § Show thatthe /'( s analytic and find their derivatives. Solution:-Let z= x+iy =e' (cos y-+isin y) e'.cosy-+ie' sin y ec0s y e'siny 1, =e" cosy v, =e* cosy u, =-e'sin y v,=e"siny v,and 4, Hence C~ R equation is satisfied cos y + ie* sin y a (Sowa) ) Scosh z= cosiz is analytic and find their derivatives -6 Show thatthe f ( #(2)-coslix-y) a-coshnessy —v=sinh.xsiny u, =sinh x.cos y =coshx.sin y 4, =—cosxsiny —v, =sinh.x.cos y CR equation is satisfied =v, and vy, =—1, £(z is quadratic equation when36 f'(2j=u, tiv, sinh x.cos y +icosh x.sin y sin(x+iy) = sinhz ample:-7 Show that f(z ze*is analytic and find the derivatives. Solution:-—f(2)=(xtiy)e" £(2)=(x+iv)e’ (cos y+ ésin y) e* (xcosy~ysin y e (xcos y + yeos y) 4, =€* (0s y~ ysin y) +e" €0s y u, =e" (-xsin y—ysin y—sin y) v¥, =e" (veos y +608 y ysin y) by C~Requation nay, and n= J (2) = se" is analytic can be differentiated as f(2=z' f(z te =e (ctl) 2.4.4 Properties of Analytic Functions:~ Definitio: oo ce 0 is known as Laplace equation in wvo dimensions. ox < +S iscalled the Laplacian operator and is denoted as V" . Note:- A real function of two real variables xand_ y that processes continuous second order partial derivatives and that satisfies Laplace equation is called « harmonic function.37 If wand v are harmonie functions such that 1+ iv is analytic, then each is called the conjugate harmonic funetion of the other Example:-8 Show that the funetion = x°— y* + 2yis harmonic. Solution; ty =x y+ 2p =2x or si +2 a) Hence function is harmonic Example:-9 Show that the function u(x, y)=4xy—3x+2is harmonic construct the corresponding analy ic function. Solution: wa 4uy-3x+2 Sa 4x3 ge wo ah Adding the equation (1) and (11), we get, 2 u wy we uy 0 Hence funetion is harmonic ou, v ou 8 de ae O dy or de dy ex ey eye dxdv(4y~3)dy Integrating with sides.38 Solution: a) (39 ae” dy’ But es and a by ay ax Therefore u and vare not harmonic conjugates. Milne Thomson Method: By this method f(z) is directly constructed without finding vand the method 15 given below; Since gaaxtiyandz=x-iy a 2) ation can be regarded as a formal identify in two independent variables < z with ¢ we get f (z)=u(z,0) +iv(z.0) Which can be obtained by replacing xby cand y by in (1) We have f(s) =u+iv (C-R equation) It we write =¢ (1, y), 2 SC) = 6 (6 ¥)-id, (ey )or f(z) = (z.0)-i (0) On integrating f(z) = [¢,(<.0 Mz -if 4, (cote +€ [when wis given]40 f(2)= Ju (z.0)de~ ifs (2,0 dz [when vis given] a ov When yy (49)=2ova(ay)- 2. wiley) yeerqa ample:-11. If w Si 2t find FQ) cosh2y +eos2x sin 2x cosh 2y +c0s 2x Solution: Here w~ Bu _ (cosh 2y+cos2x)2cos 2.r—sin 2x(—2sin2x) (cosh 2y-+.cos 2x) 2evsh2yeos 2x4 2(c0s? 2x ¢sin? 2x) (cosh 2-608 24)? _ 2cosh2yeos 2x+2 = = G09) (cosh2y +c0s2x) Cu __—sin2x(2sinh2,y) éy (cosh 2y-+e0s2.0)° 2sin 2xsinh 2y (cosh 2y + 608 7b) x) FO=[[4(<.0) —id, (<0) de +e 2eos22+2 (2e0s25+2), dete Licos2z (1+ c0822)" fee? siete =tanz +e Example:-12, Find the analytic funetion /(Z) =u + iv, given that v =e" (sin y + yeos y) Solution: Here v= e"(xsin y+ yeos y) =v=e'(xsin y+ yeos y)+e'sin y= yry(r.y) e'(xeosy +e0s y~ ysin y) wy)41 L(Z)= J[yA.00- iy, 0) fe +e =f e404: Ye (ete? ~Jedzte = ze" +e =(z + Ne -e' Exercise-2.1 [).Determine which of the following are analytic: De tly? Ans. Analytic at all points y=. i, tay si(v?-y°) Ans. Not analytic. x-iy 5 ii), 2 Ans. Not analytic. rity iv). xy +iy? Ans. Yes. analytic at origin only. iy dw is an analytic function. Find 2), Show that the function iv ; Ans, 3), Determine the analytic function f(z) =u -+iv, given that Bu +2v = y? ba? =L6xy 4).Show that the following functions are harmonic and determine the conjugate functions. iD. w=2x(I-y) Ans. v= H2y4 iw Ans. v=2y-31 5), Determine the analytic funetion, whose real part is, ). 2x(1-y) Ans, #22 +224 ii). logy’ + y"42 iii). 3x?y +2x? - y?—2y Ans. 2. iv). e'(xsin y~ yeosy) Ans. i(ze= +C) 6). Show that the function w = ¥ 2x—y-lis harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic function vand express w+ iv asa function of z where z= x+iy. Ans. (I4i)2t4(-24i)2-1 7), Construct an analy’ ic function of the form f'(z)=m +iv, where vis vatan"| 2 |x eOy 40, Ans. log cz 8), Show that f(s) 2:is not cnalytie anywhere in the complex plane. 9). If (s)is an analytic function with constant modulus, show that f (2) is constant 10), Show that each of the following function is not analytic at any point. O.7 (i. 2.5 Conformal Mapping: Mapping A continues real function y= f (x) can be represented graphically by a curve in the cartesian xy—plane, Similarly A continues real function Z =f (x, y) is represented graphically by a surface in three dimensional spaces. Definition:- A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of curves through a point both in magnitude and sense is said 10 be conformal at that point. A transformation under which angles between every pair of curve through a point are preserved in magnitude, but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point.image not availableimage not availableimage not available1 Sus ‘Thus the image of the cirele under the mapping w= — is 2v—1=0 Example:-15, Find the mapping of axis under the transformation w on to the w-plane, Solution:- Here w atiy nviv= itxtiy (y=) ,x-i(y+1) xti(y +l) x-i(yl) ya (rly? Comparing real and imaginary parts +(y+l)image not availableimage not availableimage not available50 11. Use Milne-Thomson method to find f(z =u(x.y) v(x») ii sin cosh 2y ~cos2x 12. Use Milne-Thomson method to find f (z)=u(x.») siv(2.y) = xsin x.cosh y— yeos xsinh y 13. Ww tythe find vsuch that f(z) =u +ivia analytic 14. Find the values of a,b.cif f(z)=( »? +a) +i(exy —6y)is analytic Ls. Show that w=x—ayis harmonic, Find its harmonic conjugate and the corresponding analytic function. 16. Find and classify the singularities of the following function. (i). i cose and (iii) cos 17. Find the image of the square whose vertices arel.1-+i./and0 translation T(2)=2+14i 18. Find the image of the unit circle whose centre is at origin under the translation 9, Find the image of unit circle with center at origin under the rotation map R(z) = az lei i 20, Find the image of the reetangle with vertic awhere a under the at (0,0),(1,0),(1.2)and (0, magnification map M (2) 21, Find the image of the rectangle with vertices at O(0,0),A(2,0). 8(2.}andC(0.1) under the linear Function f (=) = 2is-+(1—A) 0 Jii)eirele unit circle with centre at 22. Find the image of (i).line given by w+ y+ I (1,0) under the inversion map w 1 Find the image of acirele x7 1 }1=Ounder the inversion map w—image not availableimage not availableimage not available=i(1+a) 2 30) Example-2. Evaluate [ (2) dz along the line y= Solution:- Along th Example:-3. Evaluate. J (Z)dz along the parabola y= x Solution: gextiy,Z=x-iy Along the path p= 1° => dy=2xdv dz =dx 4 i2xdx where 2=0,2=24 4 02x22 ile ix") (dv +i2xdx)image not availableimage not availableimage not available58 Applying Cauchy's theorem, we have [of (eve =f, F (sete fo, F(t = 2ri [Res f (ay) +Res f (a,)~.....*Res f(a,)] whieh is the desired result Calcul yn of Residues:- LD. If f(z)has a simple pole at z =a, then Res f(a) =14l(z—a) f(z)] 2). 18 f(z) has a pole of order wat z=a, then [e910 a far’ n-I!|dz"" fa Example:-6 Evaluate the following integral using residue theorem 3s dz where cis the circle 2) Solution:- ‘The poles of the function f(z)are given by equating the denominator to zero, 2(z-1)(z-2)=0,2=0.1,2 ‘The function has poles at ¢=0.z=Iand z= 2 of which the given circle encloses the pole at z=Oandz =I Residue of f(z) at the simple pole <—0is YE - 4-0 = (0-1)(0-2) > Residue of f(z) at the simple pole z =lis = limimage not availableimage not availableimage not available62 Example:-11. [2 where Cis Solutioni= hee («) == @ coshz ¢ Res (2) is conjugate of £i Res f(zimage not availableimage not availableimage not available66 dz az sia z+ ata dz +a)(ica H1) Poles are given by (i+a)(iaz +1) =0 land ~ > 1 .aéis the only poles inside the unit circle ial < Ress (tol sar | (i —a)(ic=1) = tim Pen iiza +1) 1 Pl-@ By Cauchy’s Residues theorem 46 agi 2asind+e ~~ i(I-a") 3.6.2 Integration around a small semi To evaluate [ f(x)dx, we consider { f(z), where Cis the contour consisting of the semi-circle Cy :|z|= R, together with the diameter that closes it Supposing that f(z)has no singular points on the real axis, we have by the Residues theorem, (ayes | F(xyer= 2m Reg (a)image not availableimage not availableimage not availableResidue (atz=2i) By theorem of residue f f (2)dz = 2i [residues] c ede W)(2 +4) ae cos Sxdy +4) ede 2 (0 +1)(2 +4) Real part of + f dewhere Cis the circle |2|=15 dz where C is the circle |< Ans. 3 Ans. = 9 Ans. 327 Ans. 0 Ans.0image not availableimage not availableimage not availableChapter 4 Double Integration 4.1 Objectives After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the following concepts: Double Integral over Recta Doub Integral over bounded non rectangular Region ¢ Double Integral in Polar form Ares of the closed, bounded plane 4.2 Introduction In XII stnadard we have studied integration, We have learnt to solve improper int f f(w)de and evaluate definive(proper) integral 2 f(e)de of function of one variable. We are familiar with the properties of the detinite imegral In this unit we will Jearn to integrate fanction of two variables. [? f(a)d is integral of function f(x) over interval [a, 6]. ‘That is variable 1 varies from a to b. ‘To evahate integral of function of two variables, we need to vary two variables. 4.3 Double Integral over rectangle Suppose funetion f(x,y) is defined on a rectangular region B given hy Ria yf? [ { (a + yPdyde = | [eww iI 1 Check your progress 1 Evaluate following, polar integrals. (a) i Fedral 5 eouo wf T ndreb, ow 2. Change the following Cartesian integral in to equivalent polar integral, ‘Then evalnate the polar integralimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableFigure 4.13: Example 4.12. Find the area of the region R between the circles 2 a» = Oand a2 + y?—20 =0, Solution: Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15: ‘The region R is shown in the Fig 4.14, Hore to evaluate the integral f fjp@A, we to convert it to equivalent polar integral. The polar equation of x? | y? 2 = Wis r= cost aud that of a? + y? ~ 20 =O is r= 2cosd. Hence the limits of @ as shown in the Pig 4.18 phil goth Lan gah Hee ALimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableChapter 5 Triple Integration 5.1 Objectives ‘This unit would make you to understand the following concepts: # Triple Integration over Rectangular Bos @ Triple integration over non rectangular region in space # Volume of a solid # Triple Integration in Cylindrical Coordinates # Triple Integration in Spherical Coordinates 5.2 Introduction Single integrations are evaluated over some interval (a, ). Double integrals are evaluated over some closed and bounded region # in the plane, Similarly wiple imegrals are evaluated over some closed and bounded region D in the space: 5.3 Triple integrals in Rectangular Coordinates If f(2,y, 2) is real valued fariction defined on closed and bounded region D in BS, Then the triple integral of f over D is denoted by if [ ienoavimage not availableimage not availableimage not available2x +3y+7=6 Figure 53: (c,y) lies in the plane 2r+ 3y =6. Hence 0 < y2— % and 0 <2 <3. Hence J i / 6av ae 6 e—Iy f [ Gdedyde q ae [ny — 12ry - 94 a = [2 — mes actar— [aor 12 0 = 108-108 +36 = 36 Case Suppose function f is defined on the surface $ bounded hy eurves.e = fi(y. 2). = fol. 2) and (y,2) © Dimage not availableimage not available28 Figure 5.5 Solution. The solid S is as showa in the fig ‘The region D in the XZ plane is the dise obtained by solving y > and y= ‘The limits for = Which gives 2? + 2? = 4. Hence the limits for 1 are —¥4— are 2102, So, (2? +P yderdea You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.