Reviewer in TCW Midterm

Economic Policy in the Era of Globalization
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 to define and explain the concept of globalization, including its historical context, drivers,
and implications for economic policy.
 to assess how globalization has influenced various aspects of national economies, such as
trade, investment, production, and labor markets.
 to recognize the economic policy challenges that arise in the context of globalization,
including issues related to trade imbalances, currency fluctuations, cross-border
investment, and global supply chains.
 to critically analyze the complexities of economic policy in a globalized era, considering
different perspectives and potential trade-offs.
Introduction
Economic policy in the era of globalization is characterized by the need to
navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by an increasingly interconnected
and interdependent world economy. Globalization has intensified economic interactions
between countries, making it essential for policymakers to adopt strategies that
promote economic growth, stability, and competitiveness while addressing the potential
risks and downsides.
Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence among countries and peoples worldwide. It involves the intensification
of economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and interactions on a global
scale. Globalization has led to the creation of a global village where events and
developments in one part of the world can have significant impacts on other regions.
Here are some key aspects and considerations of economic policy in the era of globalization:
1. Trade Policy: Globalization has led to a surge in international trade, and

countries must formulate trade policies that balance domestic interests
with the benefits of global market integration. Policymakers may negotiate
trade agreements, reduce tariffs, and promote exports to enhance
competitiveness in the global market.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Attracting foreign direct investment is
crucial for many countries to foster economic growth and technology
transfer. Economic policies should encourage FDI inflows while ensuring that
investment is compatible with national interests and sustainable
development goals.
Here are some key aspects and considerations of economic
policy in the era of globalization:
3. Financial Market Regulation: In the era of globalization, financial

markets are more interconnected than ever. Policymakers must
design and implement effective regulatory frameworks to ensure
financial stability, prevent crises, and mitigate the risks associated
with cross-border capital flows.
4. Exchange Rate Management: Globalization exposes countries to
currency fluctuations that can impact their trade competitiveness
and macroeconomic stability. Policymakers may adopt various
exchange rate regimes and intervene in foreign exchange markets to
stabilize exchange rates and manage currency risks.
Here are some key aspects and considerations of economic policy in the
era of globalization:
5. Macroeconomic Coordination: Given the interdependence of

economies, coordination of macroeconomic policies among
countries becomes important to address issues such as global
imbalances and economic spillovers.
6. Labor Market and Social Policies: Globalization can lead to shifts in
labor markets, affecting employment patterns and wage levels.
Policymakers may need to implement labor market reforms and
social policies to ensure workforce adaptability and social
protection.
Here are some key aspects and considerations of economic policy in the
era of globalization:
7. Intellectual Property Rights: Protecting intellectual property rights is crucial

for fostering innovation and technology transfer in a globalized economy.
Policymakers must strike a balance between protecting intellectual property
and promoting access to knowledge for development.
8. Global Supply Chains: Policymakers should recognize the significance of
global supply chains and the need to ensure their resilience, especially in times
of disruptions like pandemics or natural disasters.
9. Sustainable Development: Economic policies must integrate sustainability
considerations to address environmental challenges and promote responsible
production and consumption patterns in a global context.
Here are some key aspects and considerations of economic policy
in the era of globalization:
10. International Cooperation and Institutions: Effective economic

policymaking in the era of globalization requires international cooperation and
engagement with global institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank.
11. Inclusive Growth and Income Distribution: Policymakers need to focus
on inclusive growth strategies to ensure that the benefits of globalization are
broadly shared and do not exacerbate income inequality.
12. Adaptability and Flexibility: Economic policy in a globalized world needs
to be flexible and adaptive to respond to rapidly changing global economic
conditions and emerging challenges.
Drivers of Globalization:
Several factors have driven the process of globalization, including:
1. Trade Liberalization: Reduction of trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas,
has facilitated the flow of goods and services across borders.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Increased FDI has led to the integration of
national economies as companies invest in and operate across different
countries.
3. Advancements in Technology: Technological developments have
revolutionized communication, enabling instant information sharing and
coordination across borders.
Drivers of Globalization:
4. Transportation: Improvements in transportation infrastructure have made it

easier and more cost-effective to move goods and people internationally.
5. Financial Flows: Global financial markets and capital flows have become
more interconnected, allowing for investments and capital transfers
worldwide.
Implications for Economic Policy:
Globalization has significant implications for economic policy, both at the
national and international levels:
 Trade Policy: Nations often adjust their trade policies to promote exports, attract
investments, and protect domestic industries from international competition.
 Monetary Policy: Countries may have to manage their monetary policies to
stabilize exchange rates and cope with capital flows and international financial
integration.
 Labor and Employment: Globalization can lead to the movement of jobs and
industries to countries with lower labor costs, impacting employment in certain
sectors.
 Regulatory Framework: Nations may harmonize their regulations and
standards to facilitate international trade and investment.
 Income Inequality: Globalization can exacerbate income inequality within and
between countries, as some segments of the population benefit more than
others from global economic integration.
 Global Governance: Globalization necessitates increased international
cooperation and governance to address cross-border challenges like climate
change, pandemics, and financial stability.
 Cultural Exchange: Globalization can lead to cultural convergence and the
spread of ideas, values, and lifestyles across borders.
 Sovereignty and Policy Autonomy: Nations must balance the benefits of
globalization with maintaining sovereignty and the ability to pursue
independent economic policies.
Overall, globalization has reshaped the way countries interact and

conduct economic affairs, and its effects continue to be a subject of ongoing
debate and policy considerations. Policymakers must navigate the complexities
of globalization to maximize its benefits while addressing its challenges.
Historical Context of Globalization:
Globalization is not a recent phenomenon but has deep historical roots.
However, the current wave of globalization is often associated with the post-
World War II era. Key historical events that contributed to globalization include:
1. Colonialism and Imperialism: During the 15th to 20th centuries, European
powers expanded their empires, establishing trade networks and cultural
exchanges between different regions of the world.
2. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th
centuries brought advancements in transportation, communication, and
production, facilitating increased international trade and economic
integration.
Historical Context of Globalization:
3. Post-World War II Reconstruction: After World War II, efforts were
made to rebuild war-torn economies, leading to increased
international cooperation and the creation of global institutions like
the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the
World Bank.
4. Advancements in Technology: Technological innovations in
transportation, communication, and information exchange, such as
the internet and air travel, have significantly reduced barriers to
global interactions.
Globalization has had a profound impact on various aspects of national
economies, transforming how countries engage in trade, attract investments,
conduct production, and manage labor markets. Here are some key ways
globalization has influenced these aspects:
1. Trade
 Increased International Trade: Globalization has led to a significant increase in
the volume of international trade. Countries now trade a wide range of goods
and services across borders, creating interdependencies among economies.
 Global Value Chains: Production processes are often fragmented across
different countries, with each specializing in specific tasks. This has led to the
emergence of global value chains, where components and inputs cross
multiple borders before a final product reaches consumers.
 Specialization: Globalization encourages countries to specialize in the production of
goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, leading to
increased efficiency and productivity.
 Trade Liberalization: Many countries have reduced tariffs and trade barriers to
promote international trade and participate more actively in the global market.
2. Investment:
 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Globalization has facilitated a significant increase in
FDI as companies seek to expand their operations and access new markets. FDI has
become a major driver of economic growth and technology transfer for many
nations.
 Portfolio Investment: Cross-border financial flows, such as portfolio investments in
stocks and bonds, have increased as capital markets have become more integrated.
 Investment Treaties: Countries have entered into bilateral and multilateral
investment treaties to provide protection and incentives for foreign investors.
3. Production:
 Offshoring and Outsourcing: Globalization has enabled companies to relocate
production facilities to countries with lower production costs. This offshoring and
outsourcing have led to shifts in manufacturing and service industries across the
globe.
 Access to Resources: Globalization has facilitated access to raw materials and
resources from different parts of the world, enabling more efficient production
processes.
 Technological Transfer: Globalization has facilitated the dissemination of
technology and best practices across borders, fostering innovation and productivity
gains.
4. Labor Markets:
 Migration: Globalization has increased labor mobility, leading to the movement
of workers across borders in search of better employment opportunities.
 Wage Pressures: Labor markets in developed countries may experience wage
pressures due to competition from cheaper labor in emerging economies.
 Skill Demands: Globalization has shifted the demand for certain skills and
expertise, with an increasing emphasis on knowledge-based and technology-
oriented jobs.
5. Economic Competition:
 Increased Competition: Globalization has intensified competition among
companies, both domestically and internationally, leading to innovation and
efficiency improvements.
 Market Access: Countries strive to improve market access for their goods and
services through trade agreements and competitive policies.
6. Economic Interdependence:
 Economic Shocks: National economies can be affected by economic shocks in
other countries due to increased interconnections in trade and financial
markets.
 Spillover Effects: Economic policies in one country can have spillover effects
on other countries, necessitating international coordination.
7. Policy Coordination:
 Monetary and Fiscal Policies: Policymakers may need to coordinate monetary
and fiscal policies to respond to global economic conditions and currency
fluctuations.
Overall, globalization has reshaped the dynamics of national
economies, making them more interconnected, interdependent, and
subject to the influence of global economic forces. While globalization
has brought numerous benefits, it has also presented challenges that
require careful economic policy planning and coordination at both
national and international levels.
A World of Ideas
Learning Outcomes:
 Understand how scholars have approached the relationship between media and
globalization.
 Differentiate the paradigms that developed in international communications development
 Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the paradigms which led to its loss of appeal
 Equip students with 21st century learning and develop higher order of thinking skills that
will lead towards a deeper understanding of global media cultures as well correlate the
said concepts to the Philippines in general and to oneself in particular.
Introduction
International mass media has played a vital role in enhancing
globalization as it linked societies closer, with the exchange of ideas, culture,
and multiple information. It has managed to do so with the help of capitalism.
However, the process of globalization of culture constitutes a debate on
whether mass media has been pluralistic and neutral in facilitating the flow of
ideas, or has it been an instrument for the domination of western culture.
One of the fuels, consequences, and manifestations of globalization is
the flow of culture from one geographical area to another. Culture in a simpler
terms, refers to humans’ way of life – how we present ourselves, what are the
choices we make and how, how we relate with one another, how we pursue our
aspirations.
Culture – way of life
manifested in tangible
objects and intangible
ideas we hold dear.
Culture are articulated in symbols or illustrations that convey
meanings. It is also manifested in language or a system of symbols that
enable members of a society to communicate with one another. It is
observed in our values (what we deem good, desirable, and important),
beliefs (what we deem true), and practices (how we do things). Most
importantly it is enshrined in our norms (rules, roles, and expectations that
we have and others have relative to our membership in a society).
We, humans, are carriers of cultures. We learn culture from our
homes and our communities through direct instruction from our parents or
through observations and participations in community affair - Cultural
socialization. Later on, when we go out and interact with people from other
groups, we experience a different culture – cultural exchange
One tendency is for us to interpret the other culture using our own
frame of mind and negotiate which aspect of this culture align with ours. For
some, they adopt to certain values and practices of the new culture –
acculturation. – to a lesser degree such that we may tend to adopt the new
culture only when we are in public – accommodation, or in a larger degree
such that we begin to resemble the people in the other group – assimilation.
The same process tends to be experienced by the other people we come to
interact with.
Global Media Cultures
Global media cultures refer to the diverse and interconnected forms of
media content, communication, and expressions that transcend national
boundaries and reach audiences worldwide. With the advent of advanced
communication technologies and the internet, media content can now easily
circulate across the globe, allowing people from different cultures and societies
to access and engage with a wide array of media products.
Key characteristics of global media cultures include:
1. Media Convergence: Global media cultures result from the convergence of
different media platforms and technologies, such as television, radio, print,
film, and the internet. This convergence enables the seamless flow of
media content across various devices and facilitates the global distribution
of media products.
2. Cultural Exchange: Global media cultures foster cultural exchange by

introducing audiences to content and perspectives from diverse cultures and
societies. This exposure to different cultural expressions can lead to a broader
understanding and appreciation of the world's cultural richness.
3. Homogenization and Heterogenization: On one hand, global media cultures
can lead to the homogenization of certain cultural elements as popular media
products and trends become widespread across the globe. On the other hand,
they can also promote heterogenization, allowing local cultures to resist and
reinterpret global influences, leading to hybrid cultural expressions.
4. Influence on Identities: Exposure to global media cultures can shape individual

and collective identities. Audiences may integrate elements from various media
sources into their identities, leading to the formation of transnational or
cosmopolitan identities.
5. Language and Translation: Global media cultures often require translation and
localization to make content accessible to diverse linguistic audiences. Subtitles,
dubbing, or adaptation of content are common practices to bridge language
barriers.
6. Transnational Media Companies: Large transnational media corporations play a
significant role in shaping global media cultures by producing and distributing
content that reaches audiences worldwide. These companies often tailor their
content to appeal to international audiences while balancing cultural sensitivities.
7. Media Activism and Social Movements: Global media cultures facilitate the
spread of social and political movements. Activists and advocates can leverage
digital platforms to reach a global audience and mobilize support for their causes.
8. Global Media Events: Events like the Olympic Games, World Cup, and major
entertainment awards ceremonies have become global media spectacles, drawing
massive international audiences and promoting a sense of global community.
9. Challenges of Cultural Imperialism: The dominance of certain media cultures
from powerful nations can raise concerns about cultural imperialism, where the
values and norms of one culture are imposed on others, potentially leading to the
erosion of local cultures.
10. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations: The global nature of media requires
careful consideration of ethical practices and regulatory frameworks to
address issues like misinformation, privacy concerns, and cultural sensitivity.
Global media cultures play a significant role in shaping how people consume and
participate in media content on a global scale. They have the potential to
promote cultural exchange, mutual understanding, and interconnectedness
among diverse populations. However, they also raise important questions about
cultural representation, power dynamics, and the preservation of local identities
in an increasingly interconnected world.
Globalization and Culture
While globalization has been rapid in contemporary times, the
innate desire to expand one’s horizon by wandering and exploring
different spaces is ingrained in humanity since its beginnings (Lule,
2014 citing Appadurai, 1996 and Chanda, 2007).
In earlier lessons, we learned that globalization facilitates sharing
of ideas, attitudes, and values across national borders due to increased
“contact between people and their cultures” – their ideas, their values,
their ways of life as observed in the globalization of lifestyles,
knowledge, and technologies.
Globalization and Culture
Cultural Flows – is a term often used to refer to this dynamics of culture
in the age of globalization.
Cultural differentialism, also known as cultural relativism or cultural
pluralism, is an approach or perspective that recognizes and respects
the diversity of cultures and believes that each culture should be
understood and evaluated in its own context, without imposing one's
own cultural norms, values, or standards. This concept asserts that no
culture is inherently superior or inferior to others, and that each culture
has its unique way of life, beliefs, traditions, and practices that are
meaningful within its historical and social context.
Key characteristics of cultural differentialism include:
Respect for Cultural Diversity: Cultural differentialism advocates for respecting and
valuing the diversity of human cultures. It recognizes that cultural practices, beliefs,
and values are shaped by historical, geographical, and social contexts and should not
be judged solely through the lens of one's own cultural perspective.
Avoiding Ethnocentrism: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as
superior to others. Cultural differentialism encourages individuals to be aware of their
own cultural biases and to avoid making judgments about other cultures based on
their own cultural norms.
Cultural Relativism: Cultural differentialism embraces the idea of cultural relativism,
which posits that each culture's practices and beliefs should be understood and
evaluated within the framework of that culture, rather than applying universal or
absolute standards.
Preservation of Cultural Identity: Cultural differentialism promotes the
preservation and protection of unique cultural identities, languages, and
traditions, especially in the face of globalization and cultural homogenization.
Cross-Cultural Understanding: Emphasizing cross-cultural understanding and
dialogue, cultural differentialism encourages people to learn from and engage
with different cultures, fostering mutual respect and appreciation.
Tolerance and Inclusivity: By acknowledging and respecting cultural diversity,
cultural differentialism fosters an environment of tolerance and inclusivity,
where people from different backgrounds can coexist harmoniously.
Challenges Power Imbalances: Cultural differentialism challenges power imbalances
and colonial legacies that historically led to the marginalization and erasure of certain
cultures and their contributions.
Promoting Human Rights: Cultural differentialism recognizes the importance of
human rights and acknowledges that some cultural practices may violate universal
human rights principles. It seeks to find a balance between respecting cultural
diversity and upholding fundamental human rights.
It is important to note that while cultural differentialism emphasizes respect for cultural
diversity, it does not condone practices that harm individuals or violate human rights.
Striking a balance between cultural relativism and universal human rights remains a
complex challenge in discussions of cultural differentialism.
Free Flow of Information: The Road to Modernization
The post- World War II period would mark the prominence of the
models of development through mass media and the free flow of information,
particularly under the leadership of the United States. Several scholars term
the models of communication and development as the modernization
paradigm which views that the reason for the absence of modernization in the
developing world is not due to the lack of natural resources. The primary
hindrance to a country’s development is the lack of human resources and
education and mass media would have the fundamental tasks of building
human capital.
Free Flow of Information: The Road to Modernization
Mass media were viewed to play critical rules in development in the
modernization paradigm. Wilbur Schramm – one of the pioneering students
scholars of this paradigm , observed a positive association between
communication components to that of the social, political and economic
components in national growth. According to him, “the task of the mass media
of information and the “new media” of education is to speed and ease the long,
slow social transformation required for economic development and in
particular, to speed and smooth the task of mobilizing human resources behind
the national effort. Another key proponent of modernization is David Lerner
who proposed that developing societies must follow the Western concept of
modernity in order to achieve development.
The presence of mass media in societies have been observed by
modernization scholars as correlated to the social, economic, and political
indices of development. The strength and power of mass media to influence
societies lies in its “ one-way, top-down and simultaneous and wide
dissemination” and its capacity to shape social processes, create meanings,
identities, and aspirations of a community. These theories greatly influenced
the development programs implemented by international agencies such as the
United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
United Nations, Development Program (UNDP), and the United States Aid for
International Development (USAID).
Demanding for the Balanced Flow of Information: A Fight against Cultural Imperialism
The cultural imperialism paradigm grew in influence from the 1960s to

the 1980s in the context of the Cold War and the period of decolonization and
post-colonialism. Third World countries formed the Non-Aligned Movement
with a united purpose stated in the Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of
1979, also known as the Havana Declaration.
The movements was also against the uneven flows of information
associated with uneven development through the pretense of the free flow of
information and the freedom of expression. In actuality, it meant “free-
market” expression, meaning those who owned the media had the right to
decide what was expressed in it.
Demanding for the Balanced Flow of Information: A
Fight against Cultural Imperialism
Cultural imperialism – the sum of the processes by which a society is brought
into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured,
forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to, or even
promote, the values and structures of the dominating centre of the system.
The concepts of “cultural imperialism” and “ media imperialism” have minor
differences but most of the international communication literature considers the
latter as a category of the former.
Media imperialism – defined by Boyd-Barret the process whereby the
ownership, distribution or content of the media in any one country are singly or
together are subject to substantial external proportionate reciprocation of influence
by the country so affected.
Cultural domination over less-developed countries that would foster
desires for Western lifestyles and products among post-colonial societies that
would pave the way for the entry of Western-based transnational corporations
that would then dominate non-Western economies.
The Western dominance in news broadcasting, specifically of
international news agencies such as Reuters, AFP, UPI, and AP, have been
viewed by scholars as contributory to the spreading of biased images and
prejudices of colonialism towards the South and reducing nations as places of
“corruption, coup and disasters”.
The limited agencies that serve as limited sources for international news
have been accused of contributing to the homogenization of global culture that
privileges Western interests and values and of influencing perceptions of
national governments by bringing global issues to the local level and vice-versa.
Forbes compiles our Global list using data from FactSet Research data to
screen for the biggest public companies in four metrics: sales, profits, assets
and market value. Our market value calculation is as of April 22 closing prices
and includes all common shares outstanding.
Media companies are organizations that operate in the media and
entertainment industry, engaging in the creation, production, distribution, and
broadcasting of various forms of content. These companies play a crucial role
in shaping the global media landscape, providing audiences with news,
entertainment, information, and other content through various platforms and
channels
Cultural Pluralism: Transition from
Homogenization to Heterogenization
Criticisms against the cultural imperialism paradigm would eventually pave the way for the
emergence of new paradigm termed “cultural pluralism”. Other scholars would also refer to
the paradigm as “cultural globalization”. The paradigm shift was a departure from the “one
way” model of cultural imperialism towards a more nuanced and sophisticated analysis of
“multidirectional flows” among country relations. It was a reaction to the treatment of the
paradigms of modernization and cultural imperialism to the role of the audience as passive
receptacles of information and ideas.
Heterogenization is anchored on the meaning of globalization as hybridization,
synchronization, re-territorialization, and indigenization
Criticisms of Heterogenization
• It is systematically Marginalizing the role of the State ( think global,
act local - Glocalization idea).
• The power it provides the audience without taking into account the
inequality of their access to media and communications.
• Neglect of the economic clout of global media firms
• Concentration in the United States
• It is not also reflective of the assumptions of the paradigm
Summary Conclusion
In the contemporary world, global media cultures have become a powerful force
in shaping societies, perceptions, and interactions on a global scale. Advances in
technology and communication have facilitated the rapid dissemination of
information, entertainment, and ideas across borders, transcending cultural and
linguistic barriers. As a result, people from diverse backgrounds now have
unprecedented access to a vast array of media content from around the world. Global
media cultures have sparked cross-cultural exchanges and dialogues, enabling
individuals to engage with different perspectives, values, and ideologies. They have
contributed to the formation of a shared global consciousness, fostering a sense of
interconnectedness and common humanity. Overall, global media cultures have the
potential to enrich societies, foster mutual understanding, and empower individuals
worldwide. By promoting media pluralism, respect for cultural differences, and ethical
reporting, global media can be harnessed as a force for positive change and social
progress in the contemporary world.
Globalization of Religion
Learning Outcomes:
 Understand how scholars have approached the relationship between Religion and
Globalization.
 Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
 Grasp the nuances, strengths, and weaknesses of the theses on secularization and the
resurgence of religion
 Equip students with 21st century learning and develop higher order thinking skills that will
lead towards a deeper understanding of the Globalization of Religion.
Definitions and Meaning of Religions
Religions have been diversely defined, both academically, by theorist in
the field of social science, and subjectively by people who engage in it.
Religion – a unified system of beliefs and practice related to faith, the sacred,
higher moral values.
Secularization – diminishing role of religion in the society
The globalization of religion refers to the process by which religious beliefs,
practices, and institutions are becoming increasingly interconnected and
influential on a global scale. As globalization facilitates greater communication,
migration, and cultural exchange across borders, religious ideas and traditions
are spreading beyond their places of origin and impacting diverse societies
worldwide.
Globalization of
Religion –
intermingling of
universal and local
religious beliefs.
The Concept of Religion
In its spiritual sense
idea of transcendence, relation to sacredness/ holiness, relation of people to the
ultimate condition of existence
In its material sense
Beliefs capable of motivating individuals/group to mobilize to achieve political goals,
suppress mass actions as a tool of repression.
With this understanding in mind on the two aspects of how religion is defined, we proceed
to the two broad and main arguments about the state of religion in the context of
globalization. First is the secularization paradigm where religion has been viewed to have
lost its influence to some extent with the advent of modernization, and the religious
resurgence thesis where modernization has caused a backlash and urged society to seek
refuge in religion due to the imposition of liberal and Western values that are incompatible
with people’s culture, belief and identity.
Religious globalization is not a new phenomenon, as religions have
historically expanded through trade, conquest, and missionary activities.
However, in the contemporary context, technological advancements,
international travel, and the rise of social media have accelerated the
dissemination of religious information, leading to new dynamics and
challenges.
This phenomenon has several key aspects:
1. Transnational Religious Networks: Globalization has enabled the formation
of transnational religious networks, linking believers, religious leaders, and
organizations across different countries and continents. These networks
facilitate information exchange, religious education, and cooperation on
shared religious goals.
2. Migration and Diaspora Communities: Globalization has led to increased
migration, resulting in the establishment of diaspora communities around
the world. These communities often preserve and propagate their
religious identities, contributing to the global spread of various faiths.
3. Religious Media and Technology: The internet and social media platforms
have become powerful tools for religious outreach and communication.
Religious organizations and individuals use digital platforms to share
religious teachings, engage with followers, and expand their global reach.
4. Interfaith Dialogue and Encounter: Globalization has facilitated greater
interfaith dialogue and encounter. People from different religious
backgrounds come into contact more frequently, fostering opportunities
for understanding, tolerance, and collaboration.
5. Religious Syncretism and Hybridization: The encounter of different religious
traditions in a globalized world can lead to religious syncretism and
hybridization, where elements from various faiths blend to form new
religious expressions.
6. Religious Tourism: Globalization has led to an increase in religious tourism,
with people traveling to visit sacred sites, pilgrimage destinations, and
religious events, promoting cultural exchange and spiritual exploration.
7. Global Religious Movements: Some religious movements have gained
international prominence, attracting followers and support beyond their
countries of origin. These movements often address global issues and
advocate for social and political change.
8. Challenges to Tradition and Authority: The globalization of religion can
challenge traditional religious authorities and practices. Modern believers
may encounter diverse interpretations and face choices between preserving
traditional practices and embracing globalized religious trends.
9. Ethical and Human Rights Concerns: The globalization of religion raises ethical
and human rights concerns when religious beliefs and practices clash with
universal human rights principles, such as gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights.
Overall, the globalization of religion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon

that impacts individuals, societies, and geopolitical dynamics. It presents
opportunities for cultural exchange, understanding, and cooperation, but also
poses challenges related to identity, tolerance, and coexistence in an increasingly
interconnected world.
On one end, globalization has affected religion in various ways. (1) It
paved way of the rise of religious nationalism, (2) turn of religion into
public life, (3) the proliferation of international terrorism, (4) the increase
of religiosity. (Roudometof, 2014).
 First, globalization gave rise to religious nationalism that came about
after the Second World War. For example in the Philippines crafting the
law is sometimes anchored on the lawmakers belief in Christianity. In
2018, a National Bible Day was declared as a special working holiday.
 Next, globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a reaction
to post – World War II modernism. The often forceful entrance of
religious traditions, such as the Catholic liberation theology and Islamic
fundamentalism, from private sphere into public life (Casanova, 1994)
Third, globalization affected the proliferation of international
terrorism. For one religious extremism – a large of political violence
anchored on the belief that a Supreme being grants violence in the act of
Glorifying one’s faith (Martin, 2017) – has become a central issue faced by
the global community.
Extremists believe that it is their duty to fulfill God’s Will through
violence. In 2017, the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a known
extremist group, triggered the locals Mindanao to launch the Marawi
Siege for five months.
Finally, globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity.
Brought about by the individual’s need to rely on his or her belief and
relationship with the supreme being.
 Global migration also influences religion, because of migration. Globalization has
forced the appearance of religious traditions in places monitory (Roudometof, 2014)
 This is called the Deterritorialization of religion. Deterritorialization is a cultural
feature that blurs the lines between characteristic of migration amidst globalization.
 Global migration also resulted in what Campbell (2007) called the Eaternization of
the West. The which is the starting point for the spread of world religions, is now
the recipient of a new system of beliefs from the East.
 On the other end, religion is influenced by global trends and impulse and is forced
to respond to new found situations (Roudometof, 2014). One good example is the
use of social media as tool for evangelization. American Evangelists Joel Scott
Osteen and Kirk Thomas Cameron make use of facebook and other social media
platforms to spread their beliefs.
The interaction of region and culture resulted in a global-local religion.
(Roudometof (2014) developed a model of four distinct glocalization –
indigenization, vernacularization, nationalization, and transnationalization.
1. Vernacularization – refers to blending of universal religions with local
languages. For instance, Arabic is used as Islam’s sacred language even
outside the Arab world, while Greek and Latin remains to be the primary
languages of Christianity.
2. Indigenization – transform a universal religion to suit the specifics of a
particular ethic group. An example is the practice of Islam by various ethnic
groups in the Zamboanga peninsula.
3. Nationalization – constructs a link between the nation and church. The
Philippines Independent Church, an independent Christian denomination, is
an example of a national modifiers to their religious identification.
4. Transnationalization – has complemented religious nationalism
by focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or
imagined national homeland. Iglesia ni Cristo is one good example of
this. This Christian organization is national in scope but it has
international reach that is easily identified as Filipino in its roots and
central authority.
 The globalization of religion brought two opposing result. Starting
from the late 20th century, religion has been a source of globe conflict
and peace.
 In Britain, Muslim were linked to the jihadist attack in June 2017 on
the London Bridge.
 Jewish extremist in Israel were accused of targeting and beating
Palestinians also in June 2017.
 The American-based organization New Christian Right questioned
the teaching of evolution in school in the same year.
Juergensmeyer (2014) claims that the conflicts are about identity
and economics and privilege and power.
 Osama bin Laden’s attack on the World Trade Center in 2001 was
triggered by the American exploitation of the oil reserves of the
Middle East, but the jihadist warriors carried out the attack for they
were willing to be martyred in the name of Allah.
 The Marawi City siege in which the ISIS - Maute group alliance was
responsible, was the small group’s quest for Bangsamoro identity and
power over its exclusive jurisdiction.
Secularization: Consequence of Modernization
Secularization - refers to the belief that religion would lose its significance with
economic development and modernization.
The thesis can be traced back to the classical works of Auguste Comte,
Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx who posited that modernization
involves a decline of religiosity among societies and providing different
explanations as to why this will occur.
Auguste Comte – one of the first theorist of secularization, posited that
society undergoes three stages: theological stage, metaphysical stage, and the
positivist/scientific stage.
Max Weber – argues that the men will undergo modernization which is a
process of the disenchantment of the universe with the replacement of
bureaucratization, rationalization, and secularization.
Emile Durkheim – He argues that the individualization of the societies
breaking the bonds of community.
Karl Marx – views religion as the opium of the people created by the material
conditions. Marx believed that religion would have no place in a communist
society where all individuals are treated equally with the eradication of class
division and the existence of the state.
Tschannen (1991) Secularization Paradigm - is a theoretical framework that

suggests a decline in the significance and influence of religion in modern
societies. The paradigm posits that as societies undergo modernization and
industrialization, religious beliefs, practices, and institutions will progressively
lose their importance, and secular values and institutions will gain prominence.
The secularization paradigm, as proposed by sociologists like Peter L.
Berger and James A. Tschannen, encompasses several core concepts that
characterize the process of secularization in modern societies. Among these
concepts, three key elements stand out:
1. Differentiation refers to the process of separating various societal
institutions and functions from religious influence. As societies
modernize, they undergo a differentiation of social spheres, with religion
becoming less integrated into areas such as politics, education, law, and
economics. In a differentiated society, religious authority and values are
no longer the primary guiding forces in these domains.
2. Rationalization: Rationalization is closely linked to secularization and refers to the
shift from traditional, religious explanations of the world to rational, scientific,
and empirical explanations. With modernization, scientific and rational thinking
become more dominant, leading to a decline in the belief in supernatural forces
and religious dogmas. Rationalization is often associated with the disenchantment
of the world, where natural phenomena are understood through scientific
principles rather than ascribed to divine or spiritual causes.
3. Worldliness: Worldliness, in the context of secularization, refers to a focus on the
material world and earthly matters, rather than on spiritual or otherworldly
concerns. As societies become more secularized, there is a trend toward
emphasizing the here and now, with a decreased emphasis on the afterlife or
transcendent realms. Worldly pursuits, such as economic prosperity, technological
advancements, and individual achievements, gain prominence over religious piety
or asceticism.
These three core concepts work together to shape the process of
secularization in modern societies. As differentiation occurs, religious
authority retreats from various social domains, allowing rationalization to take
center stage as the primary mode of understanding the world. This
rationalization, in turn, contributes to the worldliness of societies, where
secular values and material concerns become increasingly influential.
It is important to note that the secularization paradigm is a theoretical

perspective and has faced criticism and challenges from scholars who argue
that religion remains resilient and continues to play significant roles in various
societies. Nonetheless, these core concepts provide a framework for
understanding historical and sociological trends related to the changing role of
religion in modernity.
Gorski(2000)’s Four Basic Positions in
Understanding the theories
Gorski follows the same emphasis on differentiation as the uniting
concept across the paradigm of secularization. He provides an understanding
of theories into four basics positions:
1. The Disappearance of Religion Thesis: This position asserts that modernity
and secularization will inevitably lead to the disappearance or extinction of
religion. Proponents of this view argue that as societies become more
modern and rational, religious beliefs and practices will decline and
eventually fade away. They see secularization as an irreversible process
that will replace religion with other forms of belief or worldview.
Gorski(2000)’s Four Basic Positions in
Understanding the theories
2. The Decline of Religion Thesis: The decline of religion thesis acknowledges
that religion may lose its dominant position in society as modernization
progresses, but it does not predict its complete disappearance. This position
suggests that religious influence and institutional power may diminish, but
religion will continue to exist in some form, albeit in a less prominent role.
3. The Privatization Thesis: The privatization thesis contends that
modernization leads to the confinement of religion to the private sphere of
individual belief and practice. In this view, religion is separated from the
public and political domains, becoming a personal matter rather than a social
or collective force. It may be practiced in homes, places of worship, or within
one's conscience, but it is excluded from influencing broader societal issues.
4. The Transformation Thesis: The transformation thesis posits that
modernity and secularization bring about changes in religious institutions
and beliefs rather than their disappearance. This position acknowledges
that religion may adapt and transform in response to modern conditions. It
may take on new meanings, practices, and organizational structures while
remaining relevant in people's lives.
Goldstein(2009)’s Unilineal Conception of
the Secularization Process
Goldstein on the other hand, focuses on and questions the unilinear
conception of the secularization process. He identifies three different camps
within the old secularization paradigm;
1. Functionalists view secularization as a natural consequence of societal
development and modernization. They argue that as societies progress and
become more complex, they rely less on religious institutions and beliefs to
fulfill traditional functions.
2. Phenomenologists take a more nuanced approach to secularization, focusing
on the subjective experiences and meanings of religion for individuals. They
explore how religious beliefs and practices are transformed or reinterpreted
in the context of modernity.
3. Dialectic theorists propose a more complex and dialectical view of
secularization. They see secularization as a dynamic and interactive
process involving both the decline and persistence of religion.
Dialectic theorists acknowledge that religion may experience challenges
and declines in certain aspects, such as institutional authority or public
influence. However, they also recognize that religion can adapt, transform,
and even reassert itself in response to modernity's challenges. Dialectic
theorists often explore the interplay between secularization and religious
revival or the emergence of new religious movements in modern societies.
The resurgence of Religion in the Context of
Globalization
One of the most prominent works on the resurgence of religion is the
clash of civilization thesis of Samuel Huntington (1993). He argues that the
fundamental source of conflict that will dominate the global politics will be
cultural and not primarily economic or ideological. Huntington describes the
politics of civilizations where “the peoples and governments of non-Western
civilizations no longer remain the objects of history as target of Western
colonialism but join the West as movers and shapers of history”
He defines civilizations as cultural entities which are differentiated from
each other by culture, tradition, language, and history, and divides the world
into the Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindi, Slavic-Orthodox. Latin
America and African civilizations.
Azzouzi (2013)- the resurgence of religion is the
consequence of globalization
Azzouzi reaffirms the clash of civilization thesis and argues the revival
and resurgence of religion as a consequence of globalization. Religion acts as
a resistance against the adverse effects of globalization, especially how Islam
constituted a challenge due to the incompatibility of Islamic norms and beliefs
to the liberal aspects of globalization.
Globalization and its defining feature of hybridization or world cultures
and world religions, he argues, failed to be actualized and have even
strengthened religious identities that cannot intermingle or hybridize – such
as in the case with Islam and Christianity, also with Islam and globalization,
thus inclining them towards competition and clashes.
Criticisms:
1. Amartya Sen (1999) shares the same criticism of the inadequate recognition
of Samuel Huntington of the heterogeneities with cultures. He emphasizes
diversity as as essential feature of most of the cultures in the world, including
Western civilization.
Sen’s criticism are in line with his arguments against the “ Asian values”
thesis that Asian societies traditionally value discipline over political freedom
and democracy. He emphasized the lack of real basis for the claim as well as the
particular reference to East Asia which is often generalized as “ Asian values” in
its entirely. Such generalization exposes the failure to recognized the diversity
and variation among Asian cultures and even within East, South, and Southeast
Asian cultures where “ there is no homogenous worship of order over freedom
in any of these cultures.
Criticisms:
2. Edward Said cites Eqbal Amad and his articles in (1999 as cited in Said,
2005) who criticized the religious right constituted by fanatical and
absolutists tyrants promoting an Islamic order reduced to a penal code,
stripped of its humanism, aesthetics, intellectual quests and spiritual
devotion.
Edward Said’s problems of the conceptualization of civilization and
identities of Huntington into what they are not.
Summary Conclusion
Under the contemporary world, the globalization of religion has witnessed
both transformative and challenging effects. Globalization has facilitated the spread
of religious beliefs, practices, and communities beyond national borders, resulting in
increased religious diversity and interconnectivity. As a result, individuals now have
access to a wide range of religious traditions, leading to cross-cultural interactions
and religious syncretism. the globalization of religion has also sparked tensions and
conflicts, as different religious worldviews collide and compete for adherents and
influence. Issues of religious extremism, intolerance, and identity politics have
emerged, leading to cultural clashes and polarization. Overall, the globalization of
religion is a complex phenomenon that requires thoughtful navigation to harness its
potential for positive outcomes. By fostering dialogue, promoting tolerance, and
leveraging the positive aspects of religious globalization, societies can strive towards
greater understanding, cooperation, and harmony in the contemporary world.
The Global City
Learning Outcomes:
 Gain a fuller and a more solid understanding about the concept of Global City and the
other ideas associated with it;
 Be able to analyze the importance and significance of the Global City in the realm of
economic, political, and socio-cultural dimensions of the contemporary global setting;
 Be able to correlate the Concept of the Global City within the greater contract of
Globalization;
will lead towards a deeper understanding of the subject matter and correlate the topic in
the Philippines.
Introduction
In the contemporary world, the concept of the global city has emerged as a
significant phenomenon that encapsulates the interconnectedness of economies,
cultures, and societies. A global city can be defined as a metropolis that serves as a
hub for international business, finance, and cultural exchange. This essay explores
the multifaceted nature of global cities, highlighting their economic importance,
cultural diversity, and the challenges they face in maintaining their global status.
Global cities are key nodes in the global economic system, serving as centers
of finance, commerce, culture, and innovation. They play a crucial role in
facilitating international trade, attracting foreign investment, and hosting major
corporations and institutions. These cities are often characterized by their
cosmopolitan nature, multicultural population, and connectivity to the global
network of cities.
What is a Global City
A global city, also known as a world city or known by other terminologies as “alpha
city” or world center is a city regarded as a primary node in the global economic
network. a global metropolis, is a major urban center that plays a central role in the
global economic system and serves as a key node in the networks of finance,
commerce, culture, and communication. Global cities are vital hubs for international
trade, investment, and innovation, attracting businesses, professionals, and cultural
exchange from around the world.
The concept of global cities was popularized in the late 20th century by sociologist
Saskia Sassen and urban studies scholar John Friedmann. They identified certain cities
as having unique characteristics that set them apart as global players in the
contemporary world. Some of the most well-known global cities include New York,
London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, Dubai, and Shanghai. However, the list is
continuously evolving as cities around the world compete for global prominence.
Why Study Global Cities?
Globalization is spatial because: 1. It occurs in physical spaces, 2. What
makes globalization move is the fact that it is based on places.
Key features of global cities include
Globalization as a spatial phenomenon, Happens in physical spaces –
foreign investment, economic, opportunities, and human capital- move to cities.
Globalization is spatial as it is based on places. Global cities are integral to
globalization as it is essential to these global cities.
1. Economic Significance: Global cities are economic powerhouses, hosting
headquarters of multinational corporations, major financial institutions, and
global business centers. They are crucial in facilitating international trade
and investment and are often centers of innovation and entrepreneurship.
2. Cultural Diversity: Global cities are melting pots of cultures, with diverse
populations representing various nationalities, ethnicities, and languages.
This cultural diversity contributes to their vibrancy and cosmopolitan
character.
3. Connectivity and Transportation: Global cities have excellent transportation
infrastructure, including international airports, extensive public transit
systems, and efficient logistics networks. They are well-connected to other
cities and regions, allowing for the easy movement of people, goods, and
information.
4. Knowledge and Education: Global cities are home to prestigious universities,
research institutions, and think tanks. They attract scholars, students, and
professionals from all over the world, fostering intellectual exchange and
cutting-edge research.
5. Tourism and Hospitality: Global cities often draw a large number of tourists
due to their cultural attractions, landmarks, entertainment options, and
world-class hospitality services.
6. Financial Centers: Many global cities are prominent financial centers,
hosting stock exchanges, investment banks, and financial services firms.
They are critical in the global flow of capital and financial transactions.
7. Cultural and Creative Industries: Global cities are hubs for the arts,
entertainment, media, and creative industries. They showcase a rich
cultural scene and are centers for the production and dissemination of
creative content.
8. Influence on Global Affairs: Global cities often have a significant impact on
global affairs, as they play host to international organizations, diplomatic
missions, and major global summits.
Indicators for Globality
1. The foremost characteristics is Economic Power
 For example New York may have the largest stock market in the world, but
Tokyo houses the most number of corporate headquarters (613 company
headquarters as against 217 in New York).
Shanghai may have a smaller stock compared to New York and Tokyo, but it
has the World’s busiest container port, moving over 33 million container units
in 2013.
2. Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from
across the world
London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing
degrees.
3. To measure the economic competitiveness of a city the Economist
Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size, purchasing power
of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth.
 Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong
market, efficient and incorruptible government, and livability. It also houses the
regional offices of many major global corporations.
4. Global cities are also centers of authority
 Washington D.C, may not be as wealthy as New York but it is the seat of
American state power. Its major landmarks are the White House, the Capitol
Building (Congress), Supreme Court, Lincoln Memorial, and Washington
Monument.
5. The cities that house major international organization may also be
considered centers of political influence
 New York headquarters of United Nations
 Brussels headquarters of the European Union
 Jakarta not just capital of Indonesia, but also the location of the
headquarters of the ASEAN
6. Finally, global cities are centers of higher learning and culture
 New York City where we can find New York Times
Boston where we can visit the Harvard University
Los Angeles center of American film industry
Downsides in the Global City
 High housing cost
 Long working hours
 Competitive and precarious labor market
 Long commuting times
 Urban anonymity and relative social isolations
 A fear of strangers and crime after dark
 Residential hyper mobility
 Challenges of neighborliness and multiculturalism
The Global City and the Poor
The rich grow richer and the poor get poorer through the egalitarianism
of exchange class division widen cities become more ghettoized as the rich
seal themselves off for protection while the poor become ghettoized by
default.
As a city attracts more capital and richer resident, real estate prices go
up and poor residents to far away but cheaper areas. This phenomenon of
driving out the poor in favor of newer wealthier residents is called
gentrification.
Analyzing Global Cities
GaWC study
GaWC stands for "Globalization and World Cities." It is a research network and
academic project that studies the relationships between cities and their roles in the global
economy. The term "Global Cities" refers to cities that play significant roles in the
interconnected world economy, acting as major hubs for finance, commerce, culture, and
information exchange.
The GaWC research categorizes cities into different levels based on their integration
into the global economy and the extent of their influence. The ranking system classifies
cities into Alpha, Beta, and Gamma categories, with Alpha++ being the highest level of
global city and Gamma- being the lowest.
These rankings are determined based on various factors, including economic power,
financial services, cultural influence, political clout, knowledge creation, and connectivity
with other global cities. The research aims to understand the complexities of the global
urban network and how these cities interact to shape the dynamics of the global economy.
Global City Index
Global City Index consist of indicators and parameters used to determine and measure
the categories of global cities and to what extent they function as global cities. Global Cities
Index uses criteria across five dimensions:
1. Business activity – presence of headquarters, services firms, number of international
conferences, value of goods through ports and airports.
2. Human capital – size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of
international schools, international student population.
3. Information exchange – accessibility of major TV news, number of international schools,
international student population.
4. Cultural experience – number of sporting events, museums, performing arts venues.
5. Political engagement – number of embassies, consulates, international organizations,
political conferences.
Global Power City Index
Global Power City Index evaluates and ranks the major cities of the world
according to their magnetism or their comprehensive power to attract people,
capital, and enterprises from around the world. In 2011, a report called “The
Global Power City Index 2011” considered several functional areas:
I. Economy – refers to market attractiveness, economic vitality, business
environment, regulations, and risk.
II. Research and development – refers to research background, readiness for
accepting and supporting researches, and research achievement.
III. Cultural interaction – refers to trendsetting potential, accommodation
environment, dining and shopping, and volume of interaction
IV. Livability – refers to working environment, cost of living, security, and safety,
and life support functions
Global Power City Index
V. Environment – refers to ecology, pollution, and natural environment.
VI. Accessibility – refers to international transport infrastructure and inner city
transportation infrastructure.
Top 10 Global Power Cities Source: 2022 GPCI
1. London
2. New York
3. Tokyo
4. Paris
5. Singapore
6. Amsterdam
7. Seoul
8. Berlin
9. Melbourne
10. Shanghai
Global City and Mobility
Mobility refers to the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and
between urban areas. It is a critical aspect of urban life and plays a crucial role
in a city's economic development, social cohesion, and overall functionality.
Mobility includes various forms of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains,
bicycles, and walking, as well as the accessibility and efficiency of
transportation systems.
An increasing migration tendency and the desire to live in the cities bring
several problems closely knit to urbanization. One of these concern is the
mobility of people. By 2050, 70 percent of the people on earth will live in cities.
And if current trends continue, those people are likely to face even more
crowded conditions, polluted air, and overburdened infrastructures than we do
today
Global City and Mobility
Urbanization statistics warn us that the quality of life in many cities will
be decided by the degree to which major cities can implement intelligent,
sustainable transport solutions. Traffic is indeed a problem especially in highly
populated cities. Traffic congestion is increasingly becoming a global issue, with
drivers spending nearly 50% of their driving time in traffic in some cities around
the world. The Philippines is no exception. In Manila traffic is worsening and
accordingly to a study done by the Boston Consulting Group, motorist and
commuters get stuck in traffic for an average of 66 minutes daily. The said
study conducted in 2017 places Metro Manila 3rd worst in the South East
Asian.
The worsening traffic in Metro Manila now
costs P3.5 billion in lost opportunities per
day, highlighting the need for new and
modern infrastructure to ease congestion
according to a study made by Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Summary Conclusion
In the contemporary world, global cities have emerged as crucial hubs of
economic, cultural, and political influence. They serve as central nodes in the
global network, attracting talent, businesses, and capital from around the world.
These cities play a pivotal role in shaping the modern landscape, with their
international connectivity, diverse populations, and cutting-edge infrastructure.
The rise of global cities has intensified competition for talent, investment, and
innovation, leading to a dynamic urban environment that fosters creativity and
progress. However, global cities also face challenges such as inequality,
environmental sustainability, and mobility issues that require thoughtful planning
and management. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, global
cities will continue to be key drivers of economic growth, cultural exchange, and
social transformation, shaping the trajectory of the contemporary world.
Global Demography
Learning Outcomes:
 Have a better understanding of the demographic patterns of the world.
 Know how Global Demography affects the other aspects of our living in the current
world.
 Make the necessary correlations between Global Demography and Globalization.
 Be able to suggest solutions to the current concerns affecting Global Demography.
 Equip students with 21st century learning and develop higher order thinking skills that
will lead towards a deeper understanding of Global Demography in the attempt to
successfully correlate this concept in the case of the Philippines.
Introduction
Global demography under the contemporary world is a critical field of
study that examines the dynamics of human populations on a global scale. It
delves into the complex interplay of factors influencing population growth,
distribution, and composition across different regions and countries. In the 21st
century, unprecedented advances in technology, communication, and
healthcare have led to significant changes in global demographics, shaping the
current and future landscape of humanity. In this lesson, we shall shift our
focus to a very vital and truly indispensable component of Globalization;
people. Demography represents the study of statistics such as births, deaths,
income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of
human populations and thus poses an effect on globalization on a holistic level.
Patterns of Global Demographic Change
The current world population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase by 1
billion over the next 12 years and reach 9.6 billion by 2050, according to a
United Nations report, which points out that growth will be mainly in
developing countries , with more than half in Africa.
The population of the world’s 50 least-developed countries is expected
to more than double by the middle of this century, with several poor countries
tripling their population over the period. By contrast, the population of the
developed world is expected to remain steady at around 1.2 billion, with
population decline in some wealthy countries. (Bloom et.al, 2015). Global
demographic patterns were characterized by several significant trends and
changes. – Crude Birth and Death Rate, Global Fertility Rate, Infant and Child
mortality decline, Global Life Expectancy, and working age population.
 Crude Birth and Death Rate - the global birth rate was showing a declining
trend. Birth rate refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a
given population during a specific time period (usually a year). On the other
hand, crude death rates follow quite a different flow of activity. Death Rate
the percentage of people who die relative to the country’s population.
 Infant and Child mortality decline refers to the number of deaths of infants
under one year of age per 1,000 live birth in a given population during a
specific time period (usually a year). Child mortality typically includes deaths of
children under five years old per 1,000 live births during the same time period.
 Global Life Expectancy refers to the average number of years a person can
expect to live, assuming current mortality rates remain constant throughout
their lifetime. Global life expectancy at birth had increased from 66.8 years in
2000 to 73.3 years in 2019, and healthy life expectancy increased from 58.3
years to 63.7 years. This was largely due to gains in maternal and child health,
and to major investments and improvements in communicable disease
programmes, such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. But the 2020 data shows
how service disruptions contributed to an increase in deaths from tuberculosis
and malaria between 2019 and 2020.
 Working Age Population the working-age population is defined as the group
of individuals between certain age ranges who are considered to be of
working age and are typically engaged in or available for employment. The
specific age range defining the working-age population can vary across
countries and regions. However, a common range is usually considered to be
between 15 to 64 years old. The working-age population is a crucial
demographic for understanding labor markets, economic productivity, and the
potential workforce available to support a country's economy. It plays a
significant role in shaping the labor force participation rate, unemployment
rate, and overall economic growth.
The baby boom generation refers to a significant increase in birth rates
that occurred after World War II, mainly between the years 1946 and 1964. It
is called the "baby boom" because during this period, there was a notable
surge in the number of births in many countries, leading to a larger-than-usual
cohort of individuals being born. The baby boom generation had a profound
impact on global demography. As they reached adulthood, they contributed to
significant changes in society, the economy, and various other aspects of life
some key points about the baby boom generation and its impact on global
demographics: Size, Economic Impact, Retirement and Healthcare,
Dependency Ratios, Political Influence, Intergenerational Dynamics
Demographic Change and Its Economic Impact
Demographic change is consequential with respect to economic and social
development. The economic consequences of population growth, in particular,
have long been the subject debate. It was first believe that population growth
would lead to the exhaustion of resources. Demographic change, which includes
shifts in population size, age structure, fertility rates, mortality rates, and
migration patterns, has significant economic implications under global
demography. These changes can influence various aspects of the economy,
including labor markets, productivity, savings and investment, healthcare, and
social security systems. Here are some key economic impacts of demographic
change - Labor Force and Productivity, Economic Growth, Dependency Ratios,
Healthcare Expenditure, Pension Systems and Social Security, Consumer Behavior
and Demand, Immigration and Global Workforce, and Innovation and
Entrepreneurship
Some key economic impacts of demographic change
I. Labor Force and Productivity: Changes in the size and age composition of the
population directly affect the size and composition of the labor force. A
shrinking or aging workforce may lead to labor shortages and skill gaps,
potentially hampering economic productivity. Conversely, a growing and
youthful workforce can boost productivity if properly educated and employed.
II. Economic Growth: Demographic changes can influence economic growth
rates. Rapid population growth, if accompanied by favorable policies and
investments, can provide a demographic dividend, where a large proportion of
the population is in the working-age group, leading to increased productivity
and economic growth. On the other hand, population decline or an aging
population can pose challenges to sustaining economic growth.
III. Dependency Ratios: Changes in the age structure of the population affect
dependency ratios, which represent the number of non-working individuals
(children and the elderly) relative to the working-age population. High
dependency ratios can strain social welfare systems and public finances as a larger
proportion of the population relies on support from a smaller working-age
population.
IV. Healthcare Expenditure: Aging populations typically require more healthcare
services, which can lead to increased healthcare expenditures for governments
and individuals. This places additional pressure on healthcare systems, funding,
and long-term care services.
V. Pension Systems and Social Security: Demographic changes impact pension
systems, as a growing number of retirees relative to the working-age population
can strain funding. Governments may need to adjust retirement ages, contribution
rates, or benefit levels to ensure the sustainability of social security systems.
VI. Consumer Behavior and Demand: Changes in age structure can influence
consumer behavior and demand patterns. An aging population may lead to
higher demand for healthcare, leisure, and retirement-related products and
services, while a youthful population may create higher demand for education
and housing.
VII. Immigration and Global Workforce: Migration patterns also play a
significant role in demographic change and economic impact. Immigration can
mitigate labor shortages and support economic growth in aging societies, but it
can also raise social and political concerns.
VIII. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Demographic changes can influence
innovation and entrepreneurship. Younger populations may foster a more
dynamic and innovative business environment, while older populations may
contribute to a more experienced and stable workforce.
Thomas Malthus Point of view
In 1978, Thomas Malthus, perhaps the first of the population
pessimists, argued that the world’s resources would be unable to keep pace
with population growth. Food production would expand more slowly than
population, and many would lose out in the competition for food. Malthus
had a pessimistic view of demographic change and its economic impact, and
his ideas are often referred to as the "Malthusian theory.“
Malthus argued that population growth tends to outpace the growth of
food production, leading to a perpetual struggle between population and
resources. He proposed two main principles:
I. The Principle of Population: Malthus believed that population tends
to increase exponentially, whereas the growth of food production
increases arithmetically. As a result, the population will eventually
surpass the available resources, leading to overpopulation and its
related problems.
II. Checks on Population Growth: Malthus identified two types of
checks that limit population growth: positive checks and preventive
checks. Positive checks refer to factors such as famine, disease, and
wars that increase the death rate and reduce the population.
Preventive checks, on the other hand, include moral restraints
(such as abstinence and delayed marriage) to reduce the birth rate
and control population growth.
In terms of economic impact, Malthus believed that
overpopulation and resource scarcity would result in poverty, misery,
and social unrest. He argued that as the population expanded, the
demand for resources would increase, leading to higher prices and a
decrease in the standard of living for the majority of the population. In
his view, efforts to alleviate poverty and improve the well-being of the
poor would be futile in the long run because any increase in prosperity
would lead to higher birth rates, further exacerbating the population-
resource imbalance.
Population Neutralism
Population neutralism, also known as population stabilization or

population stability, is a concept in global demography that advocates for
maintaining a stable population size over time. The goal of population
neutralism is to achieve a balance between birth rates and death rates,
ensuring that the number of births equals the number of deaths, resulting in
zero population growth.
In other words, population growth by itself has no effect on economic
performance. Other factors such as openness to trade, educational attainment
and the quality of institutions determine whether economic progress can keep
pace with population expansion. Although fast-growing populations tend to
experience slower economic growth, when these other factors are taken into
account, the negative impact of population expansion disappears.
In the Philippines, the advocates of the controversial Reproductive
Health Law argues that if the population of the country could be checked using
policy measures such as RH Law, then progress and development can be easier
attained. The Reproductive Health Law, officially known as the Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, is a controversial piece of
legislation in the Philippines. It was signed into law on December 21, 2012,
after a long and contentious debate. The law aims to provide universal access
to family planning and reproductive health services, information, and
education to all citizens, with a particular focus on marginalized sectors of the
population.
The Impact of Demographical Changes to Globalization
It goes without saying that Demographical changes affect the
phenomenon of Globalization to a large extent. For instance, the changes in
population distribution and population growth might impact economic and
political policies of nation states. In fact, according to a World Bank report in
2013, ageing, migration, educational convergence and women’s growing
participation in the labor force all linked to the underlying demographic
transition help to shape countries’ comparative advantage. For instance, if a
country slows down on its population growth, there could be more capital that
can be infused on socio development aspects like improving education. An
improved education level can boost the competitiveness of people in the global
job market.
Here are some ways in which demographic changes
influence globalization
I. Labor Force Dynamics: Changes in the size and composition of the global
labor force can influence the availability and cost of labor in different
countries. Aging populations in some advanced economies may lead to
labor shortages, driving companies to seek labor from countries with
younger and growing populations. This can result in increased international
migration and the movement of workers across borders.
II. Migration and Diaspora Communities: Demographic changes, such as
population growth in certain regions and economic disparities between
countries, can drive migration flows. As people move across borders,
diaspora communities emerge, influencing cultural exchange, trade, and
investment ties between countries of origin and destination.
III. Consumer Markets: Changes in population size, age structure, and income
levels impact consumer markets globally. Growing middle-class populations in
emerging economies can create new opportunities for businesses to access and
serve larger consumer bases, fostering globalization of products and services.
IV. Aging Population and Social Services: The aging population in many
advanced economies is influencing global trade patterns. The demand for
healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and senior care services is increasing, creating
new trade opportunities for countries specializing in these sectors.
V. Health and Pandemics: Global demographic changes can influence the spread
of infectious diseases and the demand for healthcare products and services.
Population size, density, and age distribution can impact the severity and
transmission of pandemics, affecting global health and economic
interconnectedness
VI. Technological Connectivity: Demographic changes, such as increased
internet usage and digital literacy, can enhance global connectivity and
facilitate globalization through e-commerce, virtual collaboration, and
information exchange.
VII. Health and Pandemics: Global demographic changes can influence the
spread of infectious diseases and the demand for healthcare products and
services. Population size, density, and age distribution can impact the severity
and transmission of pandemics, affecting global health and economic
interconnectedness.
Summary Conclusion:
Global demography is a fundamental aspect of the contemporary world,
reflecting the intricate patterns of human populations and their dynamic
interactions. This field of study highlights the impact of various factors, such as
fertility rates, mortality, migration, and aging, on the size, distribution, and
composition of populations worldwide. The 21st-century has seen significant
demographic shifts, including rapid population growth in some regions, declining
birth rates in others, and the increasing prevalence of aging populations. These
demographic trends have far-reaching implications for social, economic, and
environmental dynamics. Policymakers and stakeholders must recognize and
respond to the challenges and opportunities arising from these changes, such as
ensuring adequate healthcare and social services for aging populations,
addressing urbanization and its associated challenges, and promoting sustainable
population growth.
Global Migration
Learning Outcomes:
 Gain a fuller understanding of the dynamics of Global Migration;
 Understand the various reasons for Global Migration;
 Have a better appraisal of the issues and concerns related to migration;
 Be able to correlate Global Migration with Globalization; and
will lead towards a deeper understanding of Global Migration and how it can impact
oneself and the Philippines.
Migration is the crossing of the boundary of
a political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period of time. It includes the
movement of refugees, displaced persons,
uprooted people, as well as economic
migrants.
Refers to the process of individuals or groups

of people moving from one place to another,
typically with the intention of establishing a
new permanent or semi-permanent
residence in the destination location. This
movement can occur within a country
(internal migration) or involve crossing
international borders (international
migration).
Migrant - any person who is moving or has moved across an international border
or within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1)
the person’s legal status; (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary;
(3) what the causes for the movement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is.
International migrants are individuals who have moved across international
borders and changed their country of usual residence. In other words, they are
people who have left their country of origin and established a new permanent or
semi-permanent residence in a foreign country. International migration can be
voluntary, where individuals choose to move for various reasons, such as seeking
better economic opportunities, family reunification, education, or lifestyle
preferences. It can also be forced, where individuals are compelled to leave their
home countries due to factors such as conflict, persecution, environmental
disasters, or other circumstances beyond their control.
Humanity seems to be always on the move. Throughout history, we have
seen how civilization and empires arose out of constant human mobility. We have
witnessed how patterns of social transformation as well as institutions were
shaped because of the desire to explore and the zeal to discover. There are various
reasons for migration, including seeking better economic opportunities, fleeing
conflict or persecution, reuniting with family members, pursuing education or
employment opportunities, or seeking better living conditions and quality of life.
Migration can be voluntary or forced, depending on the circumstances and
motivations behind the move. Migration has been a significant aspect of human
history and continues to shape societies and cultures worldwide. It plays a crucial
role in demographic changes, labor markets, cultural diversity, and international
relations. Governments and international organizations often grapple with
managing migration flows, balancing the benefits and challenges it presents, and
ensuring the protection and integration of migrants into their new communities.
International Migration 2020 Highlights
COVID-19 has disrupted all forms of human mobility through the closing
of national borders and halting of travel worldwide. Preliminary estimates
suggest that the pandemic may have slowed the growth in the stock of
international migrants by around two million by mid-2020, 27 per cent less than
the growth expected since mid-2019, according to a report by the United
Nations released today.
Growth in the number of international migrants has been robust over the last
two decades, reaching 281 million people living outside their country of origin
in 2020, up from 173 million in 2000 and 221 million in 2010. Currently,
international migrants represent about 3.6 per cent of the world’s population.
The report, International Migration 2020 Highlights, by the Population Division of
the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), provides the latest
estimates of the number of international migrants by country of destination,
origin, age and sex for all countries and areas of the world.
Mr. Liu Zhenmin, UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, said
“The report affirms that migration is a part of today’s globalized world and shows
how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the livelihoods of millions of migrants
and their families and undermined progress in achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals.” The report found that two thirds of all international migrants
live in just 20 countries. The United States of America remained the largest
destination, hosting 51 million international migrants in 2020, equal to 18 per cent
of the world’s total. Germany hosted the second largest number of migrants
worldwide, at around 16 million, followed by Saudi Arabia (13 million), the Russian
Federation (12 million) and the United Kingdom (9 million).
Key facts about recent trends in global migration
The number of international migrants grew to 281 million in 2020, meaning
that 3.6% of the world’s people lived outside their country of birth that year,
according to the United Nations’ International Organization for Migration
(IOM). The increase came despite widespread restrictions on travel and
international movement in the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic.
Here are eight key facts about international migrants, based on the latest
available data from the UN and other sources.
1. Europe and Asia have the most international migrants - An estimated 86.7
million international migrants lived in Europe in 2020, followed by 85.6
million in Asia. The number of international migrants living in these two
regions has steadily increased since 2005, according to the IOM.
The Latin America and Caribbean region has the fastest-growing international
migrant population. Since 2005, the region’s international migrant population
has roughly doubled. International migrants make up a larger share of
Oceania’s population than any other region. In 2020, 21.4% of all residents in
Oceania – which includes Australia, New Zealand and various Pacific island
nations and territories – were international migrants. The Northern America
region is second after Oceania, with migrants making up 15.7% of the
population. In Europe, migrants account for 11.6% of the population. In all
other world regions, they represent 2.3% or less of the population.
2. The United States has more international migrants than any other country -
With nearly 51 million migrants in 2020, the U.S. leads the world on this
measure by a wide margin. Germany has the next-largest such population with
about 15.8 million migrants, followed by Saudi Arabia with 13.5 million. (For
the U.S., the UN counts some people living in the 50 states or the District of
Columbia as international migrants even if they were born in Puerto Rico or
other U.S. territories; those born in Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories are
U.S. citizens at birth.)
3. India remains the top origin country for the world’s migrants - India has
been a large source of international migrants for more than a century. In 2020,
17.9 million international migrants traced their origins back to India, followed
by Mexico with about 11.2 million and Russia with about 10.8 million.
4. Remittances – the money that migrants send to their home countries –
decreased by about $11 billion from 2019 to 2020 as the coronavirus pandemic
arrived.
5. India has been the world’s top receiver of remittances since 2010. -
Remittances to India grew from $53 billion in 2010 to $89 billion in 2021.
The U.S. has been the top sending country for remittances since 1990, the
earliest year with available statistics. In 2021, international migrants living in
the U.S. sent $73 billion in remittances globally.
6. The number of displaced people in the world rose to a new high of 89.4
million in 2020 - Displaced people are those forced to leave their homes due to
conflict, violence or disasters. They include refugees, asylum seekers, and
people internally displaced within their country of birth.
7. The share of international migrants who are men has ticked up in recent
decades. - In 2000, 50.6% of international migrants were men and 49.4% were
women. By 2020, men made up 51.9% of global migrants while 48.1% were
women, according to estimates by the United Nations.
8. A majority of the world’s international migrants lived within their region of
origin in 2020. - While some migrants may go to new regions of the world, a
majority (54.9%) lived within their region of origin in 2020. However,
international migration within regions still varies widely.
Reasons for Global Migration
Some people choose to migrate, for example someone who moves to
another country to enhance their career opportunities. Some people are
forced to migrate, like someone who moves due to war or of famine. Global
migration is driven by a complex interplay of factors, and people choose to
move or are forced to migrate for various reasons. Some of the main reasons
for global migration include:
I. Economic Opportunities: Seeking better job prospects and higher wages is
a significant driver of global migration. Many individuals move to other
countries in search of improved economic conditions and the potential for
a higher standard of living.
2. Family Reunification: Family ties play a crucial role in migration decisions. People often
move to join family members who have already settled in another country, aiming to
reunite with their loved ones.
3. Conflict and Political Instability: Armed conflicts, civil wars, and political instability can force
people to flee their home countries to seek safety and protection in other nations.
Political- i.e. civil strife, wars, and the need for asylum
- Syria
- Afghanistan
- South Sudan
- Myanmar
- Somalia
- Democratic Republic of Congo
4. Environmental Factors: Environmental disasters, such as hurricanes, floods,
droughts, and other climate-related events, can displace populations and drive
environmental migrants seeking more favorable living conditions.
5. Education and Research: Students and academics often migrate to other
countries to pursue higher education, research opportunities, or professional
development.
6. Asylum and Refuge: People seeking asylum and refugees flee their home
countries due to well-founded fears of persecution, violence, or human rights
abuses and seek protection in other countries.
7. Health and Healthcare: Some individuals migrate for better access to
healthcare services, medical treatment, or to escape health crises in their home
countries.
8. Quality of Life: Factors such as political stability, safety, education,
healthcare, and overall quality of life can influence migration decisions.
9. Globalization and Labor Demand: Globalization has led to increased demand
for skilled labor in various sectors, prompting migration of skilled workers and
professionals to meet these needs.
10. Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Urbanization draws people from
rural areas to cities and metropolitan areas in search of job opportunities and
improved living conditions.
11. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural exchanges, intermarriages, and social
ties across borders can influence migration patterns.
Summary Conclusion:
Global migration is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon that significantly
impacts societies, economies, and cultures worldwide. Driven by various factors such
as economic opportunities, family reunification, political instability, environmental
changes, and conflict, people choose to move or are forced to migrate across
international borders. This movement of individuals and communities has far-
reaching implications for both the countries of origin and destination, as well as the
migrants themselves. Migration has the potential to contribute positively to host
countries by bringing diverse skills, cultural richness, and innovation. However, it also
presents challenges related to integration, social cohesion, labor markets, and the
management of cultural diversity. Addressing the complexities of global migration
requires comprehensive and inclusive policies that safeguard the rights and well-
being of migrants while promoting the mutual benefits of a diverse and
interconnected world.
Push and Pull Factors of Migration
Learning Outcomes:
 Distinguish between push factors (reasons that compel people to leave their home country)
and pull factors (attractions that draw people to a new destination).
 Recognize and describe common push factors such as economic hardship, political
instability, armed conflict, environmental disasters, and lack of opportunities for education
and healthcare.
 Identify and explain common pull factors such as better economic opportunities, political
stability, access to education and healthcare, family reunification, and a higher standard of
living.
 Analyze real-world examples of migration and critically evaluate the push and pull factors
that influenced the movement of people in these scenarios.
Push – Pull Factors of Migration
Sociologist have long analyzed migration in terms of the “push – pull”
model. This model differentiates between push factors that drive people to
leave home , from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push
factors occurs within sending states, that is, those that send migrants abroad,
while pull factors occur within receiving states, that is, states that receive
immigrants from sending states abroad.
Push factors are negative aspects of the sending country, while pull
factors are positive aspects of the receiving country. In fact, these
differentiating factors are really two sides of the same coin. In moving
migrants must not only find a lack of benefits at home (push factors) but also
expect a surplus of benefits abroad (pull factors)
In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those that drive people
away from a place and draw people to a new location. A combination of push-
pull factors helps determine migration or immigration of particular populations
from one land to another.
Push factors are often forceful, demanding that a certain person or
group of people leave one country for another, or at least giving that person or
people strong reasons to want to move—either because of a threat of violence
or the loss of financial security. Pull factors, on the other hand, are often the
positive aspects of a different country that encourage people to immigrate in
order to seek a better life. While it may seem that push and pull factors are
diametrically opposed, they both come into play when a population or person
is considering migrating to a new location.
Push factors are the reasons why people leave an
area. They include:
1. Economic Hardship: High levels of poverty, limited job opportunities, low
wages, and lack of economic prospects can drive people to seek better
livelihoods elsewhere.
2. Political Instability: Political unrest, conflict, persecution, and human rights
violations can force individuals to flee their home countries to find safety
and security in other regions.
3. Environmental Challenges: Natural disasters, such as floods, droughts,
earthquakes, and other environmental hazards, can lead to displacement
and prompt people to move to more stable and habitable areas.
4. Lack of Basic Services: Limited access to essential services, such as
education, healthcare, clean water, and sanitation, can push individuals
to seek better living conditions in areas with better infrastructure and
amenities.
5. Social and Cultural Factors: Discrimination, social exclusion, and
cultural practices that hinder personal development or restrict
opportunities may motivate people to migrate to more inclusive and
accepting societies.
6. Demographic Pressures: Rapid population growth and limited
resources can create environmental stress and intensify competition for
essential resources, prompting migration to less crowded areas.
7. Armed Conflicts and Violence: Ongoing conflicts and violence in the form of
wars, civil unrest, or gang-related activities can force people to leave their
homes to escape danger and find safety elsewhere.
8. Lack of Educational and Professional Opportunities: Limited access to
quality education and professional development prospects can motivate
individuals to move to regions offering better educational and career
opportunities.
9. Family Separation: The desire to reunite with family members who have
already migrated to other areas can act as a significant push factor.
10. Limited Freedom and Human Rights: Suppression of personal freedoms,
lack of human rights protections, and political oppression can drive individuals
to seek refuge in countries that prioritize individual liberties and human rights.
Pull factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They
include:
1. Economic Opportunities: Attractive job prospects, higher wages, and
the potential for better living standards can draw people to regions or
countries with robust economies.
2. Political Stability: A stable political environment and effective
governance can be appealing to individuals seeking safety and
security in a new location.
3. Quality Education: Access to quality education and academic
opportunities can entice students and professionals to migrate in
pursuit of advanced learning and career advancement.
4. Healthcare Services: Countries with well-developed healthcare
systems and better medical facilities can attract individuals seeking
improved health services and a higher quality of life.
5. Family Reunification: The opportunity to be with family members
already residing in another area can serve as a strong pull factor for
migration.
6. Cultural Appeal: The allure of diverse cultures, languages, and
lifestyle can attract individuals seeking new experiences and exposure
to different ways of living.
7. Safety and Security: A perception of safety and reduced crime rates
can make a region or country an attractive destination for individuals
seeking a peaceful environment.
8. Environmental Attractiveness: Favorable climate, scenic landscapes,
and natural beauty can draw people to migrate to areas offering a more
pleasant and appealing environment.
9. Better Living Conditions: Access to improved housing, infrastructure,
and amenities can be appealing to individuals seeking a higher standard
of living.
10. Opportunities for Entrepreneurship: Favorable business
environments and opportunities for entrepreneurship can attract
individuals looking to start or expand their businesses.
Summary Conclusion:
In conclusion, push and pull factors are critical drivers of
migration, shaping the movement of people across regions and
countries. Push factors represent the reasons why individuals or
communities leave their current areas, such as political instability,
economic hardships, conflicts, environmental challenges, and lack of
opportunities. On the other hand, pull factors entice individuals to
migrate to new locations, including better economic prospects, political
stability, access to education and healthcare, family reunification, and
improved living conditions.
Summary Conclusion:
Real-world examples of migration, such as the Syrian refugee crisis, Mexican
migration to the United States, and the Great Migration in the United States,
demonstrate how the interplay of push and pull factors influences migration patterns.
Understanding these factors is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to develop
informed and compassionate migration policies that address the root causes of
migration, ensure the safety and well-being of migrants, and promote inclusive and
sustainable development in both countries of origin and destination.
Recognizing the complexity of migration decisions and the diverse aspirations
of migrants is essential to foster empathy, promote integration, and harness the
potential of migration for mutual benefit. By addressing the underlying push factors
and creating opportunities that align with the pull factors, societies can work towards
more inclusive, cohesive, and resilient communities that embrace the diversity and
contributions of migrants in shaping a prosperous and interconnected world.
1. In the era of globalization, economic policy is primarily characterized by:
- Embracing an interconnected and interdependent world economy
2. Which of the following is a common objective of trade policy adjustments in response to

globalization?
- Attracting foreign investments to boost domestic industries
3. How does globalization typically impact employment in various sectors?

- It can lead to the movement of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, affecting
employment in specific sectors.
4. Sovereignty and Policy Autonomy Nations must balance the benefits of globalization with
maintaining sovereignty and the ability to pursue independent economic policies.
- True
5. What is one of the effects of globalization on economic competition?

- Intensified competition, leading to innovation and efficiency improvements.
6. How has globalization impacted access to resources in production processes?

- Facilitated access to raw material and resources from different parts of the world.
7. What characterizes economic policy in the era of globalization?

- Navigating challenges and opportunities in an interconnected world economy
8. True or False: Coordination of macroeconomic policies among countries is crucial to address

global imbalances and economic spillovers.
- True
9. True or False: Policymakers may need to implement labor market reforms and social policies
to ensure workforce adaptability and social protection due to the effects of globalization.
- True
10. How should economic policies address environmental challenges in a global context?
- By promoting responsible production and consumption patterns
11. What is a key concern for policymakers in the context of globalization and economic policy?
- Ensuring that benefits are broadly shared and addressing income inequality
12. What is the main focus of policymakers in terms of income distribution and inclusive growth
in a globalized world?
- Broadly sharing the benefits of globalization and reducing income inequality.
13. How has increased foreign direct investment (FDI) contributed to globalization?
- By promoting the integration of national economies as companies invest in and operate
across different countries
14. What is one of the key drivers of globalization that has enhanced the coordination of
economic activities worldwide?
- Advancements in technology
15. What has played a vital role in enhancing globalization by linking societies and facilitating
the exchange of ideas and culture?
- International Mass Media
16. What does culture refer to in simpler terms?

- Way of life manifested in tangible objects
17. What does cultural exchange involve?

- Interactions with people from other groups
18. What does global media cultures foster by introducing audiences to content and
perspectives from diverse cultures and societies?
- Cultural exchange
19. What is the approach that recognizes and respects the diversity of cultures and believes that
each culture should be understood and evaluated in its own context?
- Cultural Differentialism
20. ___________ involves interactions with people from different groups, leading to the adoption
of new cultural practices.
- Cultural Exchange
21. ___________ encourages individuals to be aware of their own cultural biases.

- Ethnocentrism
22. ___________ fosters an environment of tolerance and inclusivity.

- Cultural Differentialism
23. ___________ is a category of cultural imperialism.

- Media imperialism
24. ___________ involves interactions with people from other groups, which can lead to hybrid
cultural expressions.
- Cultural Exchange
25. The dominance of certain media cultures from powerful nations can raise concerns about
__________.
- Media Imperialism
26. __________ is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others.
- Ethnocentrism
27. What is the term for the process through which information, ideas, and entertainment are
exchanged worldwide through media?
- Global Media Culture
28. What is the process of learning culture from our homes and communities through direct
instruction from our parents or observations and participation in our community affairs called?
- Cultural Socialization
29. Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural exchange?
- The mutual sharing of cultural elements between different groups
30. What does religion refer to in its academic and subjectives definitions?
- A system of beliefs and practices related to faith and higher
31. What is the globalization of religion referring to?

- The formation of transnational religious networks
32. In its material sense, what aspect of religion can mobilize individuals or groups for political
goals?
- Beliefs capable of motivating individuals/ group to mobilize to achieve political goals
33. How has globalization contributed to the spread of religious identities?

- Through increased migration and the establishment of diaspora communities
34. How has globalization facilitated in terms of interfaith dialogue?

- Greater interfaith dialogue and encounter
35. How has globalization impacted religious tourism?

- It has increased religious tourism, promoting cultural exchange, and spiritual exploration.
36. What challenge can the globalization of religion pose to traditional religious authorities?
- It can challenge their role and practices.
37. How has global migration influenced religion?

- It has led to the appearance of religious traditions in new places.
38. What does vernacularization refer to in the context of religion?

- The blending of universal religions with local languages
39. How does nationalization relate to religion?
- It establishes a link between the nation and and the church
40. What event is associated with Osama bin Laden’s attack on the World Trade Center in
2001?
- The exploitation of oil reserves in the Middle East
41. What organization questioned the teaching of evolution in school in 2017?

- The New Christian Right
42. According to Max Weber, what is modernization?

- A process of disenchantment of the universe
43. How does Karl Marx view religion?

- As the opium of the people
44. What does ethnocentrism refer to?

- The imposition of one’s own cultural norms on other cultures
45. What term is used to describe a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic
network and plays a central role in the global economic system?
- Global City
46. What is one of the key characteristics of global cities related to economic power?
- Presence of multinational corporations
47. Which of the following is a key feature of global cities related to transportation?
- Excellent transportation infrastructure
48. What contributes to the large number of tourists in global cities?

- Presence of landmarks and entertainment options
49. How can global cities influence global affairs?

- By hosting major international organizations and diplomatic missions
50. What does GaWC stand for in the context of global cities?
- Globalization and World Cities
51. What does the Global Power Cities Index evaluate and rank major cities according to?
- Economic power and comprehensive power to attract people, capital and enterprises
52. What indicator of economic power is mentioned in the context of global cities?
- Presence of corporate headquarters
53. What aspect makes global cities attractive to talents from around the world?
- Economic opportunities
54. Which city is considered Asia’s most competitive city due to its strong market, efficient
government, and livability?
- Singapore
55. Which city is known for housing the headquarters of the United Nations?
- New York
56. What is the focus of the GaWC research network and academic project?
- Relationships between cities in the global economy
57. What is the focus of the Global Power City Index evaluation and ranking major cities?
- Market attractiveness
58. What is the indicator mentioned for evaluating the environment of a city in the Global Power
City Index?
- Pollution
59. What do global cities serve as major hubs for, according to the GaWC research network?
- Finance
60. How can an aging workforce impact labor shortages and economic productivity?
- An aging workforce can lead to labor shortages and skill gaps, potentially hampering
productivity.
61. How do high dependency ratios affect social welfare systems and public finances?
- High dependency ratios strains social welfare systems and public finances
62. How do governments respond to demographic changes that impact pension systems?
- They raise retirement ages to address funding challenges
63. How can immigration mitigate the economic impact of demographic changes in aging
societies?
- Immigration can mitigate labor shortages and support economic growth
64. What is the goal of population neutralism in global demography?

- To achieve a balance between birth rates and death rates for zero population growth.
65. What does the term crude birth rate refer to in global demography?
- The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population during a specific time
period.
66. What does the dependency ratios refer to in the context of demographic change?
- The number of non-working individuals (children and the elderly) relative to the working
age population.
67. What does population neutralism aim to achieve in global demography?

- A balance between birth rates and death rates for zero population growth.
68. What roles does immigration play in demographic change and its economic impact?
- Immigration mitigates labor shortages and supports economic growth.
69. What does the term technological connectivity refer to in global demography?
- The use of technology to enhance global connectivity
70.How do global demographic changes influence the spread of infectious diseases and the
demand for healthcare products and services?
- Population size, density, and age distribution can impact disease severity and healthcare
demand.
71. According to the United Nations report, what is the projected world population by 2050?
- 9.6 billion
72. Where is the most of the population growth expected to occur by 2050?
- In Africa
73. What is the Crude Birth Rate?

- The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population during a specific time
period.
74. How does the Crude Death Rate differ from the Birth Rate?
- The Crude Death Rate measures deaths, while the Birth Rate measures live births.
75. How has global life expectancy changed from 2000 to 2019?
- It increased from 66.8 years to 73.3 years
76. What contributed to the increase in global life expectancy between 200 and 2019?
- Gain in maternal and child health
77. What are some communicable diseases mentioned as factors affecting life expectancy?
- Tuberculosis and Malaria
78. According to the provided date, what caused an increase in deaths from tuberculosis and
malaria between 2019 and 2020?
- Service Disruption
79. Which global media platform is known for its user-generated context and viral trends?
- Youtube
80. Which global media network is primarily known for its focus on professional networking and
job opportunities?
- Jobstreet
Midterm • Facebook
LESSON 1: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE • Bertelsmann
• Viacom
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE • CBS
• Baidu
Free flow of Information: The Road to • News Corp
Modernization
ANNUAL GLOBAL RANKING OF THE
1.Models of development through Mass LARGEST MEDIA COMPANIES IN THE WORLD
Media and the free flow of information • Television- most important advertising
(Modernization of Paradigm) medium.
• Internet - replaced print media as the
2.Mass Media plays a critical role in the second.
modernization paradigm • Print Media - goes down to third.
3.Positive association between CONTRIBUTION OF MEDIA IMPERIALISM
communication components to that of the SCHOLARS
social, political, and economic components in
• Demand change in UNESCO's
national growth.
communication policies based on the
NWICO debate.
• Developing societies must follow the Western
• Report of the MacBride Commission aimed
concept of modernity in order to achieve
to promote independence, diversity, and
development.
pluralism of media, and to strengthen the
• Treat Mass Media as a factor that intervenes national media of the South.
between antecedents and consequences of
modernization. CRITICAL OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
• Criticisms were also laid down against these PARADIGM
theories.
• Against its theoretical coherence
• Government espousing this Western Model of
• Romanticizing the national as an agent of
Modernization used the media system to control over resistance which could be oppressive and
the population rather than promoting education for homogenizing
democracy.
• The theory may have to be reevaluated as
• Such Criticisms mark the shift to the cultural the new media penetrate into developing
imperialism paradigm. nations
DEMANDING FOR THE BALANCED FLOW OF
CULTURAL PLURALISM: TRANSITION FROM
INFORMATION HOMOGENIZATION TO HETEROGENIZATION
• The cultural Imperialism Paradigm grew in
influence Cultural Pluralism
• Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979 • result of the criticisms against cultural
also known as the Havana Declaration imperialism
• Against uneven flow of information • also known as Cultural Globalization
• Slight differences between cultural
imperialism and media imperialism Transition from "one way" to "multidirectional
• Cultural Domination paved the way for the flows"
entry of Western-based transnational
corporations that would dominate non- Heterogenization
western economies. • is anchored on the meaning of
globalization as hybridization,
synchronization, reterritorialization, and
WORLD'S LARGEST MEDIA indigenization
COMPANY (2014)
• Google
• Walt Disney
• Comcast
• 21st Century Fox
Criticisms of Heterogenization TSCHANNEN (1991) SECULARIZATION
• It is systematically Marginalizing the role of PARADIGM
the State ( think global, act local - Three Core Concepts of Secularization
Glocalization idea). Paradigm:
• The power it provides the audience without 1.Differentiation
taking into account the inequality of their 2.Rationalization
access to media and communications. 3.Worldliness
• Neglect of the economic clout of global media
firms . Concentration in the United States Secularization Paradigm
• It is not also reflective of the assumptions of • is a family of theories that vary in terms of
the paradigm. the extent of the decline or displacement of
religion, the direction of the process, and
LESSON 2:THE GLOBALIZATION OF the driving forces they ascribe to
RELIGION secularization.
CONCEPTS OF RELIGION GORSKI(2000)’S FOUR BASIC POSITIONS IN

• In its spiritual sense UNDERSTANDING THE THEORIES
o idea of transcendence, relation to • The disappearance of religion thesis
sacredness/ holiness, relation of people • The decline of religion thesis
to the ultimate condition of existence. • The privatization thesis
• In its material sense • The transformation thesis
o Beliefs capable of motivating
individuals/group to mobilize to achieve GOLDSTEIN (2009)’S UNILINEAL CONCEPTION
political goals, suppress mass actions as a tool of OF THE SECULARIZATION PROCESS
repression. The three (3) different camps within the old
secularization paradigm:
SECULARIZATION: CONSEQUENCE OF • the functionalists
MODERNIZATION • the phenomenologists
• Secularization - refers to the belief that • the dialectic theorists
religion would lose its significance with
economic development and modernization. THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN THE
CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
• Auguste Comte - the founder of positivism, a Clash of civilization thesis by Samuel
philosophical and political movement which Huntington
enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second • it will be the cause of the resurgence of
half of the nineteenth century. religion.
• Max Weber- life as a duty. claimed that “the • it will be cultural not economic or
ascetic conventicles and sects ... formed one ideological.
of the most important foundations of modern
individualism. Azzauzi (2013)- the resurgence of religion is the
• Emile Durkheim - Religion is “a unified consequence of globalization.
system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things, that is to say set apart and Criticisms:
forbidden, beliefs and practices 1. Amartya Sen’s inadequate recognition of
which unite into one single moral community, called a Huntington of the heterogeneities with
church, all those who adhere to them” cultures.
• Karl Marx – religion is the sigh of the 2. Edward Said’s problems of the
oppressed creature, the heart of the heartless conceptualization of civilization and
world, and the soul of the soulless conditions. identities of Huntington into what they are
It is the opium of the People. not.
LESSON 3: GLOBAL CITY • High percentage of residents employed in
the services sector and information sector.
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY? • High-quality educational institutions,
• Also known as “Alpha City” or “World including renowned universities,
Centers” international student attendance, and
• Regarded as a primary node in the global research facilities.
economic network • Multi-functional infrastructure offering some
• An urban center that enjoys significant of the best legal, medical, and
competitive advantages and that serves as a entertainment facilities in the world.
hub within a globalized economic system • High diversity in language, culture, religion,
(Brenner, 1998) and ideologies.
• It serves as an important focal point for
business,, global trade, finance, tourist, and ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
globalization to exist (Sassen, 1994) GaWC ranked World Cities by their connectivity
through four(4) “advanced producers services”.
THE NEW WORLD ORDER OF CITIES • Accountancy
• Established World Cities • Advertising
• Emerging World Cities • banking/finance
• New World Cities • Law
Six (6) Cities stand out: Manila is listed as an Alpha City

1. London • means that Manila is considered as an
2. New York emerging global economic player.
3. Paris
4. Tokyo GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
5. Hong Kong Current Performance of Cities based on the 27
6. Singapore metrics spanning five dimensions:
• business activity
ESSENTIAL TRAITS OF GLOBAL CITIES • human capital
• There is an apparent presence of a variety of • information exchange
international financial services notably in • cultural experience
finance, insurance, real estate, banking, • political engagement
accountancy, and marketing. Evaluation of the Global Cities Outlook of a
• Headquarters of several multinational city’s potential based on the rate of change for
corporations 13 metrics across four(4) dimensions:
• The existence of financial headquarters, a • personal well-being
stock exchange, and major financial • economics
institutions • innovation
• Domination of the trade and economy of a • governance
large surrounding area.
LESSON 4: WORLD RELIGION
FIVE WORLD RELIGIONS HAVE HAD A
PROFOUND IMPACT ON CULTURE AND
ESSENTIAL TRAITS OF GLOBAL CITIES CIVILIZATIONS.
• Major manufacturing centers with port and • Christianity
container facilities.
• Judaism
• Considerable decision-making power on a
• Islam
daily basis and at a global level.
• Buddhism
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in
• Hinduism
business, economics, culture, and politics.
• Focal point of media and communications for
JUDAISM
global networks.
• Judaism is a monotheistic religion. This
• Dominance of the national region with great
means that followers believe in one God.
international significance.
• In Judaism, the Ten Commandments are
the guide for moral and religious conduct.
• According to Jewish thought, God gave his BUDDHISM
laws and commandments in the Torah. This is • The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha
the written record and beliefs of Hebrews. The Guatama known as Buddha. As the
Torah is the first five books of the Old founder, Buddha is the key figure
Testament in the Bible. Buddhism,
• Although Jews live in many areas of the world, • Buddha taught his followers the Four Noble
the country of Israel is the Jewish home state Truths. He also gives an Eightfold Path to
or country. Enlightenment.
• Buddhism began in northern India. Asoka’s
CHRISTIANITY missionaries spread Buddhism from India to
• Christianity is a monotheistic religion since China and other parts of Asia
the followers of Christianity believe in only one
God. HINDUISM
• Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God. • Hinduism does not have a single founder
They believe in the New Testament which but it originated in India. Hindus believe in
records the life and teachings of Jesus. one deity with many forms.
• Christians believe that there is life after death. • The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is
The way a person lives while alive determines called the "caste system." The caste
what life after death will be like. Righteous, system is basically a simple division of
moral living will be rewarded in the afterlife. society in which there are four castes
• Early church councils determined or arranged in a hierarchy and below them the
established Christian doctrine. Christianity is outcast caste.
practiced all over the world but is concentrated • Hindus believe in reincarnation of the spirit
in North and South America and Europe. in another life form after death. A person
• The holy book for Christians is the Old and may be reborn successively into one of five
New Testament of the Holy Bible. This has the classes of living beings depending on the
religious teachings and followings recorded for person's own actions.
Christian believers. • Karma is the belief that a person’s actions
determine his destiny in his next
ISLAM reincarnation.
• Followers of Islam believe in the supremacy of
one God, therefore, Islam is a monotheistic
religion. Followers of the Islam religion are DISTRIBUTION OF RELIGION
known as Muslims. • Five world religions have had a profound
• Muslims call their God, Allah. Islam followers impact on culture and civilization. These
believe that the prophet Muhammad is the religions are found worldwide, but their
messenger of Allah. followers tend to be concentrated in certain
• The Five Pillars of Islam are the five most geographic areas.
important acts of a Muslim.Devout Muslims will
perform the Five Pillars faithfully because they GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S
consider them essential for pleasing Allah. MAJOR RELIGIONS:
• The Holy book for Muslims is the Koran. • Judaism – Concentrated in Israel and North
Muslims believe that the Koran was revealed America
to Muhammad by God. • Christianity – Concentrated in Europe,
• Mecca is the most holy city in Islam. It is North and South America
located in Saudi Arabia. Followers of Allah • Islam – Concentrated in the Middle East,
journey on pilgrimages to Mecca and face Africa, and Asia
Mecca during their daily prayers. • Hinduism – Concentrated in India
• Medina, which is a city located in western • Buddhism – Concentrated in East and
Saudi Arabia, was the home of Muhammad the Southeast Asia
prophet. Medina only permits Muslims to enter
and there is a shrine to Muhammad in this holy
city.
PA ACTIVITY SA Ppt
LESSON 5: INFLUENCE OF WORLD • Pilgrimage (Hajj)
RELIGIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD • Fast during Ramadan
MONOTHEISM BUDDHISM
• Began in Palestine with the Jews—- • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Abraham is the founder of: • Four Noble Truths
• Judaism— • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
• Islam • Spread of Buddhism from India to China
• Begun by Abraham about 2000 BCE and other parts of Asia, resulting from
Asoka’s missionaries and their writings
Common Beliefs: • Basic Tenets of Buddhism
• God created the universe • The world is full of suffering
• God continues to govern the universe • Meditation is our only escape
• The Ten Commandments were given to Moses • Nirvana is the ultimate goal
by God on Mt. Sinai and must be followed • Follow the Eightfold Path
JUDAISM EIGHTFOLDPATH
• Monotheism • Right Understanding
• Ten Commandments of moral and religious • Right Thought
conduct • Right Speech
• Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews • Right Action
• Founder: Abraham • Right Livelihood
• Followers are called Jews • Right Effort
• Believe that God made a covenant with • Right Mindfulness
Abraham and his people (Israelites) • Right Concentration
• Adherents are worldwide, but most are in
Israel Holy book is the Torah (= the first five POLYTHEISM
books of the Old Testament of Christian Bible) • Polytheism is the worship of more than one
• Worship in a Synagogue god.
• May accept gods from other religions
CHRISTIANITY • Choose your favorite god
• Monotheism
• Jesus as Son of God HINDUISM
• Life after death • Many forms of one god
• New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus • Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma
• Establishment of Christian doctrines by early • Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and
church councils actions result in future consequences
• Worship in a church
• Holy Book: Bible POLYTHEISM
• Hinduism
ISLAM • From India around 1700 BCE
• Monotheism • No single founder—3rd largest religion
• Muslim name for their God is Allah • Holy Book: Rig Veda
• Muhammad, the prophet • Brahman is the source of all divinity
• Holy Book: Qur’an (Koran) (holiness)
• Mecca and Medina • Believe in reincarnation (soul is reborn
• Started his religion in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. many times based on Karma).
This is the holiest city in Islam. • Caste System (top to bottom)
• Muslims worship in a mosque • Good Karma
MUSLIMS MUST FOLLOW THE FIVE PILLARS OF • OK Karma
ISLAM: • Untouchables
• Stating the Faith • Bad Karma
• Prayer 5 times/day facing Mecca
• Charity to poor HINDU GODS
• VISHNU terror Afghanistan and Pakistan are in the
• SHIVA news.
• BRAHMA
LESSON 5: GLOBAL CITIES - THE URBAN
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING AND QUESTION AGE
• Five world religions have had a profound
impact on culture and civilization. These GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
religions are found worldwide, but their • Increased international air travel is one of
followers tend to be concentrated in certain the key traces of globalization, bringing
geographic areas. (pp. 700-714) cities into closer contact and at the same
• Where are the followers of the five world time, highlighting the difference between
religions concentrated? them.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S AN URBAN HIERARCHY

MAJOR RELIGIONS Hamlet
• Judaism: Concentrated in Israel and North • Small collection of homes
America • population 10-100
• Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and
North and South America Village
• Islam: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, • Rural in character?
and Asia • Population less than 10,000
• Hinduism: Concentrated in India
• Buddhism: Concentrated in East and Urban area
Southeast Asia • Defined by land use? E.g., 75% built up, by
function?
CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL
ISSUES...ETHIC/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS Town
• Developed and developing nations face many • Larger than a village but smaller than a city
challenges. These include migrations, ethnic • With town charter!
and religious conflicts. • Less than 100,000 population?
• What are some challenges faced by the
contemporary world? City
• Legal status in some countries
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS • Over 100, 000?
Middle East
• Muslim in fighting (Sunni vs. Shi’a), Muslims Conurbation
(Arabs) vs. Jews (Israel), Strict vs. moderate, • Urban area incorporating adjacent centers
Muslims vs. Christians (United States) • e.g., former free-standing towns and
villages. After Geddes 1915
Northern Ireland
• Protestants vs. Catholics Metropolis
Balkans • Large urban agglomeration, usually over 1
• Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fight one another million?
for land (their own nation) 1990s
Millionaire city
Horn of Africa • By definition, over 1 million
• Consists of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
Djibouti. Drought, disease, and piracy has Megacity
been a problem in this region. • Urban metropolis over 10 million
South Asia Megalopolis
• Consists of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, • Chain of adjacent metropolitan areas. After
Bangladesh, Nepal, et al... India and Pakistan • Mumford 1938 The Culture of Cities
have a history of disputes and with the war on
World or global city
• A global centre for finance, culture, political • “we have reached the end of an era of
influence (Sassen 1990s) association of urbanisation with Western
style industrialisation and socio-economic
Eperopolis characteristics”
• Continental city’ after Doxiadis 1968
London’s ecological footprint
City limits • 125 times its own area to provide the
• London commuting resources it consumes
• The London plan • 197,500 sq km
• Richard Florida‘Megalopolis • UK has 210,000 sq km productive surface
• Eperopolis or Ecumenopolis Doxiadis 1968
• Changing distribution of cities Another view of London
• 8% of UK carbon emissions
China: ‘Enter the dragon’ • 12% of population
• Net addition ½ billion urban population • 20% of GDP
• Accounting for ¼ of global economic growth by • Lower waste per capital
2030 • Less water and electricity per £1 gross
• Most rapid rural-to-urban transition in human value added
history. • Lower CO2 per £1 gross value added
• Under 20% urban 1970 to over 50% by 2020
Ecopolis now?
Defining a global city • city builders "worshipped at the altar of the
• Command points in the organization of the automotive god, and idealised mobility and
world economy freedom” Peter Hall, professor of planning
• Key locations and marketplaces for finance and regeneration UCL
and specialised services • “to improve the social and environmental
• Major sites of production, including innovations condition of cities the top priority is to cut
• Around 70 worldwide car use”
Centres of innovation ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY

• Major information and communication centres Environmental impact
• Access to the largest markets (for specialist • in terms of resource use and pollution
and mass consumption) Quality of life
• Competitive environment requires business to • what the city is like for people to live in
innovate Future proofing
• Encourage formal and informal interaction • how well the city is preparing for a
between wide range of financial, managerial, sustainable future
technical, marketing and trade skills and
experience The media as resources in the identity quest?
• Diverse networks, information loops produce • Sexuality, Body Image, Consumerism
knowledge capital • Power, Technology and Aggression
• Global capitalism demands such knowledge • Nationality, Ethnicity, and Class
• Even a low innovation success rate leads
to a virtuous circle of innovation and Globalization, Immigration, and Social Diversity
success. • The national cultural curriculum: cultural
knowledge as the glue of society = the
2: THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL CITIES cannon and the melting pot/ mosaic/ salad
2.1Urbanisation and development bow
• for many poor nations, urbanisation has little to • The Canadian Broadcast System
do with industrialisation, but rather is linked Mandate: reflecting our lives, informing our
with the creation of jobs in the service sector” citizens, consolidating our values and telling
our stories to each other
1. Inequality within cities: Life in 21st Century
Cities Disneyfication: Colonization of the Imagination
or Market Liberation?
• Mouse ears vs coon-skin caps? A universal
child articulated around traditional children’s Animation: fantasy & a site for global politics
culture values (folklore, wholesome play, • Association with “innocence” of childhood &
music) or a national mythology based on neutrality (“odorless” product)
American values? • A site where political battles take place
• Barbie and Americanization: The erosion of • Fantasy world: experience differences &
cultural boundaries by mass media and “otherness” during establishing sense of
commercialization (the triumph of american “self” or “subjectivity”
programming genres)
• G.I. Joe and action toys: resisting militarized Aspects of the study
masculinity • How the imaginary of animation contributes
to or undermines the formation of national
McDonaldization and Cultural Convergence : identity, through recognition of “self” in
Ritzer, G. relation to the “other”
• Market Power: hamburgers and rationalization • The manner in which transnationally
of the global mass production and distribution traveling anime paradoxically operates with
system national culture to challenge the Western
• 30,000 outlets in 121 of 193 countrie aesthetics
• •43% of the global fast food market
• $ 41 billion annually spent at McDonalds BACKGROUND OF ANIME AS GLOBALIZED
CULTURE
Resisting Cultural Colonization (1) Disney discourse: Wonderful world of Disney·
• Can con: the music industry Suppression of “others”·
• The book Industry Solidify the self-other binary opposition
• Subsidized national production • The Three Caballeros, Aladdin,
Pocahontas·
NFB the sweater:
• Hybridity and multiculturalism Limitation of Disney power
• Play culture and the bond within diversity • Failure & Criticism
• But the fate of hockey? Product on the ice!
Interaction of anime with “others” Anime as a
Sesame-ization (Hendershot) hybrid text: Bhabha’s “hybridity”
• Glo-local culture: 50% own production • “the third space”
• Cinar scams • Reinforcement of colonizer’s power vs
• Canadian Ambivalence: Joe’s rant and Molson “threat”
Canadian (we are what you aren’t)
Anime’s hybridity as “the third space”:
• Are Carebears Canadian?
• celebration of the previously marginalized
Canada as the globalization laboratory? • destabilization of power hierarchy
• Toy industry: name a Canadian toy or game?
o Reclaiming community: Parade of the 1) INTERACTION WITH THE US HEGEMONY
Lost Souls • “If you are the parent of an American child,
• Two questions about globalization of children’s then you may well have noticed how
marketing Japanese our kid culture has become. No
set of image has dominated childish desires
Homogenization vs. mobility: quite so handily over the last five years or
so as the amalgams of cuteness and power
• Lemish study
in the Japanese-made cartoons...” (New
York Times,December 15, 2002)
Hybridity vs. Multiculturalism
• “.... It’s (anime) outside the
• Mulan and Bollytoons
mainstream....exotic, deferent, not
Globalized Children’s Culture:implications of
American.... [Compared to Disney,] it’s a
animeconfronting the West & Asia
highly developed art form and we need to
• Kaori Yoshidaat Simon Fraser University,
get away from our candy coated Disney
March 31, 2005
films.... Anime can be watched at any age.
• Spirited Away (2001)
Most anime have plots and try to be different.” 3) “OTHER” ASIA IN MIYAZAKI’S HYBRIDIZED
ANIME:REPRESENTATION OF JAPANESE
De-Japanizing of characters SUPERIORITY?
• “Japanese animators look on the other side of • Importance of the “past” & Japan’s
mirror, America” (Oshii 1996: 78) association with Asia
• “Before the Japanese came into contact with • Visual: absence of Western-ness; “other”
Westerners, they depicted themselves with Asia in Japan’s “past”
Asian features and often smaller than life eyes.
After the war however, standards of beauty CONCLUSION
that many Japanese aspired to has been those (1) The phenomena of anime: the empowerment
of the West. Girl comics of the post-war began of local cultures which leads to resist the global
to depict characters with the round eyes, long (or the West, the US)
leggy look of fashion models of Paris and New (2) Intensification of cultural hybridity in anime
York. text
• “The general consensus also among fans an (3) Miyazaki’s anime:
animators alike also is that if all Japanese • problematizes the notion of Western
characters are drawn looking Asian, the show aesthetic homogenization
becomes very boring visually.” • exposes (implicit) power relations between
• “I also know that it is the expressed desire of Japan and “other” Asia
the non-blonde Other for those characteristics
that are seen as the quintessential markers of DEMOGRAPHY
racial aesthetic superiority that perpetuate and • Represents the study of statistics which
uphold white supremacy.” illustrates the changing structure of human
population and thus poses an effect on
(2) INTERACTION WITH “OTHER” ASIA: globalization on a wholistic level.
IMPLICATION OF REPRESENTATION OF • Pertains to the composition of a particular
“SIMILAR OTHER” human population.
• Geographical proximity, cultural affinity? o demographic pattern
• Historical conflicts within Asia o “baby boom” generatio
• “Asianism”: strategic auto-Orientalism? o population momentum
• Experience of shared “Asian modernity”
• Leo Ching’s study of Asian pop culture(Oshin, PATTERN OF GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC
Doraemon) CHANGE
• Lag between Japan and the “other” Asia CURRENT WORLD POPULATION
STATISTICS/PROJECTIONS
MIYAZAKI’S ANIME: HYBRIDITY & • Disparity in population growth between
JAPANESENESS countries
(1) Hybridized characters & “Japanese-ness” • Crude Birth and Death Rates - Crude birth
• Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) rate indicatesthe number of live births
• Kiki’s Delivery Service(1989) occurring during the year, per 1,000
• Celebration of “others”(Spirited Away 2001) population estimated at midyear.
Subtracting the crude death rate from the
2) Re-discovery of Japanese-ness or self- crude birth rate provides the rate of natural
alienation? increase, which is equal to the rate of
• Re-introducing Japanese tradition (Japanese- population change in the absence of
ness) migration.
• De-familiarlization of “Japanese Thing” • Global Fertility Rate
• Princess Mononoke (1997) • Infant and Child Mortality Decline
• Setting: 13-14C Japan • Global Life Expectancy
• Characters: Samurai WarriorsJapanese • Working Age Population
• looking protagonists
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND ITS ECONOMIC
• Traditional houses, scenery
IMPACT
• Consequential with respect to economic and
social development.
• Thomas Malthus point of view
• food production will not be able to keep up • Democratic Republic of Congo
with growth in the human population, resulting
in disease, famine, war, and calamity REASON FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION
• The population optimists’ point of view II. Economic
• Population Neutralism • In search for better opportunities
THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

GLOBALIZATION 1. The sending and receiving countries
● Demographic changes affect the phenomenon 2. The situation for the developing countries
of globalization to a large extent 3. The situation of the developed countries
● Demography has shaped reading pattern since
antiquity ENVIRONMENTAL – DISASTER DRIVEN
● Daily demographic transition in europe MIGRATION
● The rise of asia's population its role at the • Environmental Problems and Natural
heart of the global economy Disasters
• The importance of “Environmental
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE ROSER’S Refugees”
EXPECTATION IN THE NEXT HALF-CENTURY: • Statistics of environmental migrants
• There will be continued but slowing population • The Effects of Desertification due to climate
growth. change
• The world’s population is ageing and the
growth in the sheer number of elderly people THE PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION
will be huge.
• International migration will continue, but the • Analysis of Migration through push-pull
extent is unclear. model
• Urbanization will continue, but here, too, the push factor is the one that drives people to
pace is impossible to predict leave home
• pull factor is the one that attracts migrants
GLOBAL MIGRATION to a new locatio
• It is an essential aspects of demographic • Push – negative aspects of the sending
analysis. country
• Humanity seems to be always on the move. • Pull – positive aspects of the receiving
• The core dynamics of Global Migration. country
• 2017 International Migration Report of United
Nation THE PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION
• Some basic concepts related to Migration OTHER FACTORS:
NETWORK FACTOR
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT 1. can either facilitate or deter migration.
• A person who is living in a country other than 2. includes cost of travel, ease of
his/her country of birth. communication, and international business
• The difference between immigration and trends.
emigration. 3. not related to specific country
• Both activities of immigrating and emigrating 4. have profound effect on international
can bring a host of positive effects for both the migration
host and home countries.
• Migrants as the most vulnerable members of examples of Push Factors
society • Lack of Economic opportunities
REASON FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION • Lack of Safety
I. Political- i.e. civil strife, wars, and the need for • High Criminality
asylum • Crop Failure
• Syria • Drought
• Afghanistan • Flooding
• South Sudan • Poverty
• Myanmar • War
• Somalia • Higher Employment
• More Wealth change residency from Manila to Davao is
• Better Service an example of Internal Migration.
• Good Climate • An American who decides to live in
• Safer, less Criminality California from his homegrown New York
• Political Stability city also illustrates this type of migration
• More Fertile Land
• Lower Ricks from Natural Hazards INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
• Is the movement from one country to
TRENDS IN GLOBAL MIGRATION another. An example of this is a Chinese
• Continuous growth in number of international who joins his/her family in the USA for
migrants permanent settlement.
• High-income countries host almost 2/3 of all • An example is a South Korean with'
international migrants cosmetics business in the Philippines
• Data analysis by geographic region decides-to live with his family in the country.
MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION TWO FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION;

1. Immigration refers to movement into or
• The Intrinsic Relationship between Migration
entry to a particular country for permanent
and Globalization
settlement.
• Variety of ways that affected Migration and
2. Emigration refers to movement outside
Globalization
or exit from a particular country with the intention of
• Globalization produces countervailing forces not returning. Expatriation (abandonment of one's
challenges and Prospects country and renunciation of one's citizenship), most
• Continued rise in international migration during of the time, is the result of emigration.
the coming decade
• Persistent migration streams will bring new According to United Nations Department of
problem in the years ahead- Human Economic and Social Affairs (Population
Trafficking- Terrorism- Increased Racism Division);
• international migration is a global
GLOBAL MIGRATION phenomenon that is growing in scope,
• Global migration can be understood as a complexity and impact.
cause-and-effect relationship, though the • Migration is both a cause and effect of
causes are just as numerous as their effects. broader development processes and an
• People move across international borders for a intrinsic feature of our ever-globalizing
variety of reasons, including (though not world.
limited to) Safety. Natural disaster. Political • Most of the international migration brings
conflict positive aspect to the receiving and sending
countries.
THE TERM “MIGRATION • It is being proven that migrants, whether
• Migration is the movement of people from one permanent or temporary, helps in the
place to another with the purpose of changing growth of a receiving country's GDP.
their residence, either temporarily or
permanently. • Opiniano (2007) describes the Filipinos
• It is also one of the demographic components overseas migration movements as mainly
advances and innovative transportation and economic in nature, whether the movement
communication technologies that have driven is temporary in nature, permanent
globalization forward, especially nowadays, settlement, or unauthorized or clandestine
migration may it be legal or illegal has migration. But some nationals of other
drastically increased in number. countries are forced to leave their country
• It is a fact that migration whether transnational because of armed conflict, threats of
migration or circular migration as ParreÑaias terrorism and/or persecution from their own
(2010) terms it is a byproduct of globalization government.
INTERNAL MIGRATION
• Is the movement from one place to another
within a country. A Filipino who wishes to
FACTORS OF MIGRATION ECONOMIC PUSH FACTOR
Sociologists primarily classify factors of migration • It includes not finding a job or a possibility of
into two; an available job, but the wage is not enough
1.The Push Factors; and to uplift one's life. To work in a country with
2.The Pull factors. this kind of meager pay cannot build a
dream house, car or can school children to
The push and pull factors can be classified; schools with "quality education" is an
a.Socio-cultural Factor; example of mentality that migrant workers
b.Economic Factor; (especially in developing countries) might
c.Political factor; have.
d.Environmental factor • Looking around and observing that there
are rampant sights of poverty might push us
Push Factor to go elsewhere especially if we want our
family to have a better life thus escaping the
influence of "thinking poor" mentality. High
cost of living may be factored in like if a man
or woman's income and expenses cannot
keep pace with the high cost of living in their
area (e.g. huge cost of housing), they
probably move in a place where cost of
living suits their economic capability.
• According to Fr. Anthony Paganoni (1984),
Filipino employment overseas provides a
Factors safety valve for those discontented
nationals to leave and to seek abroad for
the fortune in order to evade what is felt to
be in a unsatisfactory work and life situation
at home.
ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH FACTOR

• It includes natural disasters, threat of
radiation, drought and high levels of
pollution and even epidemic can make
people leave.
• An environment with limited resources like
food, water and others might discourage
people to live in that place hence move out.
POLITICAL PUSH FACTOR • There are also instances that people are
● It Refers to what the government does. force to leave their place because of
● Their decisions to the affairs of nation is environmental circumstances beyond their
exploitative or harmful in nature to the extent of control (e.g. Hurricane Katrina in US,
shutting people to speak or participate Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, deadly
● People may find it as a political operation of earthquake and tsunami in South Asia and
the government because of its inability to Japan
recognize individual rights
● This may lead to political instability wherein the PULL FACTOR
government cannot contain any longer the
• Refers to any human or nature factors that
political order or as a whole cannot maintain
attract people to live in a new residential
control over the Country in a period of time;
area or location. These are things or
even though government is changing, and the
reasons that bring people go to where they
head of government is Replace constantly
want to go.
because of unstable government hence people
• These are the expectations or positive
may go out of the system by leaving the
things which attract people to the new
country with such political climate
place.
• These are basically the opposite of the push
factors
TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION
SOCIAL PULL FACTOR • The advent of innovative technologies such
• If certain societies respect other cultural as communication and transportation,
diversities, recognize personal freedom and migrants form new kind of connections to
embraces social equality, people are their country of destination.
encouraged to move in this location. • Levitt (2004) posits that when people could
• A place with better social services like belong to two or more societies at the same
education, communication, transportation, time participating simultaneously in between
lower crime rates and healthcare is also a plus or among social relation, transnational
factor which people are encouraged to move in migration exists already. According to him,
transnational migrants or transnationals are
POLITICAL PULL FACTOR terms used to indicate persons who might
• It is when there is peace and no war (or no be migrated to another land immersed and
threat of war) especially within its boundaries. participating but maintain still his or her
There is a sense of justice through its efficient homeland ties and interest.
court justice system. The government • Aguilar Jr. (2012) in his paper,
recognizes individual rights hence there is Differentiating Sedimented from Modular
personal freedom Transnationalism: The View from East Asia
takes migrant transnationalism as referring
ECONOMIC PULL FACTOR to a social process characterized by
• This pull factor denotes "for a greener substantively bifocal consciousness and
pasture." People go to places or countries orientation, as well as regular practices of
where there is plethora of opportunities to conducting migrants' lives across state
make them earn more money hence to live a borders, of living out significant domains of
better life. social life both "here" and "there.
• Wages that they cannot earn if they employed • According to " Basch et al., (1994), Schiller
themselves in their sending country. et al., (1992), Portes et al., (1999) taken
• Migrant workers are encouraged to go to from Ozkul (2012) delineates that
countries that are more developed not only transnational migrants' participation in
because of high paying jobs but great multiple networks across countries did not
opportunities to better themselves in terms of pose a problem to their integration in their
their craft and socioeconomic status. countries of residence but this might go
against the conventional assimilation theory,
ENVIRONMENTAL PULL FACTOR which argued that as immigrants adapt to
• It includes less pollution, stable climate and no their new country of residence, their
threats of epidemic. connections with their country of origin
would diminish over time (Alba and Nee,
Highlights: 1997; Gordon, 1964).
• Migration it can also based on people's will. • There might be theories clashing around but
• If people are willing to migrate, they are needless to say, there are connections
classified' to be voluntary migrants and many formed among migrants whether in terms of
of which are economic migrants. their country of origin, country of destination
• Aside from people who are for "greener and its flexibility to connections and flows
pasture," seasoned citizens who wish to reside across other countries.
in a place endearing to them for their • But most importantly as Levitt puts it,
retirement is an example of voluntary migrants. together, they can transform the economy,
• Whereas if people have no choice or are culture, and everyday life of whole source-
forced to leave their homes, they are called country regions. They challenge notions
involuntary migrants. about gender relations, democracy, and
• They may also be called also as refugees. what state should and should not do,”
People are moving out because of their lives • But not all migrants are considered
and homes are in danger due to natural transnational migrants; there are migrants
disaster, war, civil unrest or consistent threat of who are at some point in their lives more
terrorism focused to their countries of origin while
others are more participatory in their host
country.
• Transnational can be both participatory
simultaneously.
• There are some who involve themselves to
transnational practices or activities yet not all
the time, few could be more engaging in a
regular basis.
• With these two combined, possible
transformations is expected. This description is
almost true specifically to Filipina mothers
which according to the study of ParreÑaias
affirmed to an extent by Mandianou and Miller
(2011) that women despite their physical
absence, still attempt to perform all parenting
and emotional work from a distance as
opposed to the physically present fathers who
are conspicuously less involved
Transnational migration > Migration from one

nation - State to another but participate
simultaneously regarding social relations
CIRCULAR MIGRATION
• Circular migration or repeat migration is the
temporary and usually repetitive movement of
a migrant worker between home and host
areas, typically for the purpose of employment.
• It represents an established pattern of
population mobility, whether cross-country or
rural-urban.
A dimension of sustainable development affects food availability and raw material preservation globally.
A. Demographic Challenge
B. Environmental challenge
C. *Resource Challenge
D. Population challenge
Balancing economic growth to strengthen management systems and ensure widespread use of better
technology requires____.
A. Pro-people sustainability program
B. Planning
C. *Legislation and policy intervention
D. Community-biased training program
There is food security when all people, at all times, have physical, [social], and economic access to
sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
A. *Food Agricultural Organization
B. World Food Summit
C. World Food Conference
D. Global Food Security Program
It is the availability, at all times, of adequate world food supplies, of foodstuffs to sustain a steady
expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices.
A.*Global Food Security
B. Global Food Consumption
C. Global Food Commodity
D. Global Food Concern
It is the central key to the development goal in the lesson Sustainable Development.
A. Economy
B. Technology
C. Income
D. *People
Sustainable development refers to the capacity of the system to accommodate

A. *Changes
B. Stability
C. Access
D. Consistency
The core concerns of global institutions are to ensure food availability and food supply.
A. Food sufficiency
B. Food security
C. *Peace and development
D. Human growth
The social phenomenon requires collective efforts and community partnership for the future of humanity.
A. Sustainable development
B.*Conventional development
C. Economic development
D. Trade development
Issues of random projections on environmental and demographic challenges.

A. Economic growth
B. Food security
C.*Sustainable development
D. Community development
A great transition for development is essential in the attainment of sustainability rather than localism.
A. Humane global civilization
B. *Equitable global civilization
C. Sufficient global civilization
D. Accessible global civilization
Its attainment means demonstrating and or maintaining an activity or process without exhaustion.
A. Availability of food
B. Accessibility to resources
C. *Sustainability
D. Realizability of goals
A paradigm that requires a change in industrial civilization, achieving sustainability at the global level and
socially just global society.
A. *New Sustainability Paradigm
B. New Equity Paradigm
C. New Socialist Paradigm
D. New Economic Paradigm
In curbing population growth to achieve sustainability, access to contraception ad family planning is

usually associated to
A. Freedom to determine ways of family planning
B. Principle of Obligation
C. Social responsibility
D. *Freedom of choice
Economics, ecology, and equity are the core principles of ______.

A. Humane society
B. *Sustainable society
C. Just society
D. Equitable society
Diversity and organic recycling are highly significant in achieving a sustainable society. focused on____.
A. *agriculture supporting ecosystems
B. Biodiversity
C. Intervention system for climate change
D. Gas emission prevention
Partnership and ___ efforts are one great transition towards eco-communalism, emphasizing bio-
regionalism, localism and face-to-face democracy, and technological and economic sufficiency.
A.*Collective
B. Unified
C. Communitarian
D. Mutuality
A consequence of barbarism where social classes are divided based on the socioeconomic standing in
society.
A. Social categories
B. Social groups
C. *Social stratification
D. Social disorder
The eventual result of barbarization if the mechanisms of social control are not enforced, resulting in
lawlessness and disorder in society.
A. Terrorism
B. Political strife
C. Wars
D. *Destructive anarchy
An essential feature of balanced growth that is significant in pursuing a better future for humanity is
legislation and policy intervention.
A. Social planning
B. *Strengthening management systems
C. Governance
D. System operations
The balance between individual rights and obligations starts when the __ __ends to realize the fullness of
humanity and a sustainable society.
A. *Social welfare
B. Social stability
D. Social Equity
By the 21st century, its fate shall be shaped by population, resources, and environmental changes.
A. Society
B. *Humanity
C. World
D. Community
One of the significant transitions to achieve a sustainable paradigm is more ____rather than to retreat into
localism.
A. *Equitable global civilization
B. Humane global civilization
C. Just global civilization
D. Progressive global civilization
Russia’s renewed invasion of neighboring __ in February 2022 marked the start of Europe’s deadliest
armed conflict in decades (CRS,2022).
A. Mariupol
B. Bucha
C. Kyiv
D. *Ukraine
A critical transition is a well-distributed welfare with economic activities oriented towards ___.
A. Development
B. Innovations
C. *Services
D. Food security
This determines food security stability for each family.

A. Salary rate
B. Economic situation
C. Trade and import
D. *Job security
In sustainability, the goal must be focused on the development of the ___, and the economy is the second
priority.
A. Government
B. Cultural institutions
C. Cross border trade
D. *People
The worst consequences of barbarization mainly due to __ __are a drastic fall in global population levels,
loss of institutions, productive capacity, and technology.
A. Environmental degradation
B. *Economic collapse
C. Political strife
D. Moral decay
Non-correct utilization of the food commodities, insufficient food supply, and inaccessibility are the causes
of ___ ___, reasons why more than 1.2 billion poor people in the world are hungry.
A. *Food insecurity
B. Food wastage
C. Imbalances in food production
D. Food commercialism
Sustainable development means satisfaction of human needs and ___ ___ for the people.
A. Convenient life
B. Stable life
C. *Quality of life
D. Good life
Improved health or knowledge, opportunities for people to use their acquired capabilities, work
availability, and leisure conditions are attributes essential for sustainable development.
A. Resource capital
B. Social capital
C. *Human capital
D. Economic capital
A global sustainability indicator explains how to manage third-party and private costs as actual costs and
social costs as valuable costs.
A. Expand market
B. *Externalise cost
C. Sustained economic growth
D. Satisfaction of needs
According to the World Food Program (2009), it is the household’s ability to acquire an adequate amount
of food regularly.
B. Sufficiency of food
C. Accessibility to food
D. Utilization of food
This concept is not just to confine to hunger and malnourishment alone.

A. *Global Food Security
B. Global Food Consumption
C. Global Food Commodity
D. Global Food Concern
He was the one who created the three paradigm shift of food security.
A. Weber
B. Marx
C. *Maxwell
D. McGraham
The first shift of three paradigms was created between ______ and ________.
A. 1950 and 1960
B. 1960 and 1970
C. *1970 and 1980
D. 1980 and 1990
It stressed the importance of livelihood security as a key household priority and component of food
security.
A. First Shift
B. *Second Shift
C. Third Shift
D. Fourth Shift
It moved away from a purely calorie-counting approach to food security.

A. First Shift
B. Second Shift
C. *Third Shift
D. Fourth Shift
A person who, by either birth or naturalization, is a member of political community, owing allegiance to the
community, and being entitled to enjoy all its civil rights and protection.
A. Global Citizen
B. *Citizen
C. National Citizen
D. Birth Right
An assumption put into this concept is that, there is an emerging world community and such community
has a nascent set of values and practices.
A. *Global Citizenship
B. Citizenship
C. National Citizenship
D. Naturalization
A way of living that recognizes our world in an increasingly complex web connections and
interdependencies.
A. *Global Citizenship
B. Citizenship
C. National Citizenship
D. Naturalization
Someone who nurtures personal respect and respect for others, wherever they live.
A. *Global Citizen
B. Citizen
C. National Citizen
D. Naturalized Citizen
A ___ encourages individuals to think deeply and critically about what is equitable and just and what will
minimize harm to our planet.
A. Citizen
B. *Global Citizen
C. National Citizen
He is aware of the wider world and has a sense of his own role as a world citizen.
A. Natural Citizen
B. Citizen
C. National Citizen
D. *Global Citizen
He respects and values diversity.

A. Natural Citizen
B. Citizen
C. National Citizen
D. *Global Citizen
He has an understanding of how the world works.
A. Citizen
B. *Global Citizen
C. National Citizen
He is outraged by social injustice.

A. *Global Citizen
B. Citizen
C. National Citizen
He participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global.
A. Natural Citizen
B. Citizen
C. National Citizen
D. *Global Citizen
Balancing of economic growth to strengthen management systems and ensure widespread use of better
technology requires
A. Pro-people sustainability program
B. Planning
C. *Legislation and policy intervention
D. Community -based training program
According to the World Food Program (2009), ___ is a household’s ability to acquire adequate amount of
food regularly.
B. Sufficiency of food
C. *Accessibility to food
D. Utilization of food
The core of development is __.

A. Economy
B. Technology
C. Income
D. *People
Sustainable development refers to the capacity of the system to accommodate___.
A. *Changes
B. Stability
C. Access
D. Consistency
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, [social] and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food.
A. *Food Agricultural Organization
B. World Food Summit
C. World Food Conference
D. Global Food Security Program
One of the challenges which confronted sustainable development that has greatly affected food
availability in the context of raw material preservation is __ __.
A. Demographic challenge
B. Environmental challenge
C.*Resource challenge
D. Population challenge
Food availability and supply are the core concern of __ __.

A. Food sufficiency
B. Food security
C. *Peace and development
D. Human growth
______ exists when in the context of sustainability, collective efforts and community partnership for the
future of humanity are compromised.
A. Sustainable development
B. *Conventional development
C. Economic development
D. Trade development
Unexpected projections, environmental and demographic challenges are issues that beset ___ ___.
A. Economic growth
B. Food security
C. *Sustainable development
D. Community development
One of a great transition in attaining sustainability is attaining a more ___ ___ ___ rather than localism.
A. Humane global civilization
B. *Equitable global civilization
C. Sufficient global civilization
D. Accessible global civilization
To achieve ___means demonstrating and or maintaining an activity or process without exhaustion.

B. Accessibility to resources
C. *Sustainability
D. Realizability of goals
The ___ ___ ___requires change in industrial civilization, achieving sustainability at the global level and
socially just global civilization.
A. *New Sustainability Paradigm
B. New Equity Paradigm
C. New Socialist Paradigm
D. New Economic Paradigm
In curbing population growth to achieve sustainability, access to contraception ad family planning is

usually associated to _______________.
A. Freedom to determine ways of family planning
B. Principle of Obligation
D. *Freedom of choice
Economics, ecology and equity are the core principles of ____.

A. Humane society
B. *Sustainable society
C. Just society
D. None of the above
Diversity and organic recycling are highly significant in achieving a sustainable society. This is mainly
focused on____________.
A. *agriculture supporting ecosystems
B. Biodiversity
C. Intervention system for climate change
D. Gas emission prevention
Partnership and ___ efforts is one great transition towards eco-communalism where emphasis are on bio-
regionalism, localism and face-to-face democracy and technological and economic sufficiency.
A. *Collective
B. Unified
C. Communitarian
D. Mutuality
______ is a consequence of barbarism where social classes are divided based on the socio-economic
standing in society.
A. Social categories
B. Social groups
C. *Social stratification
D. Social disorder
Barbarization may result to ____ if the mechanisms of social control are not enforced resulting to
lawlessness and disorder in society.
A. Terrorism
B. Political strife
C. Wars
D. *Destructive anarchy
An important feature of balanced growth significant in pursuing a better future for humanity is legislation
and policy intervention which is important in__ ___ __.
A. Social planning
B. *Strengthening management systems
C. Governance
D. System operations
The balance between individual rights and obligations starts when the __ __ends to realize the fullness of
humanity and sustainable society.
A. *Social welfare
B. Social stability
D. Social equity
The enemy to public liberty is ________.
A. Poverty
B. *War
C. Famine
D. Ignorance
War is the parent of ____________?

A. *Army
B. Charismatic leaders
C. Peace ideologies
D. Religious revivals
He developed the Just War Theory.

A. St. Stephen Samaria
B. St. Paul Tarsus
C. *St. Thomas Aquinas
D. St. Peter Caesar
War presents a serious ___________.

A. *Moral dilemma
B. Psychological dilemma
C. Physical dilemma
D. Political dilemma
A criteria set out for Just War where all possible means for peace is no longer available.
A. The intention must be right
B. There must be a declaration of war
C. There must be hope for success
D. *It must be a last resort
A criteria set out for Just War where the result is change that is sustainable and is beneficial to most
concerned.
C. *There must be hope for success
D. It must be a last resort
A criteria set out for Just War wherein the reason is to overthrow slavery and oppression.
A. *The intention must be right
A criteria set out for Just War wherein both parties are not caught by surprise and have enough time to
prepare.
B. *There must be a declaration of war
A criteria set out for Just War wherein peace talks have broken down.
D. *It must be a last resort
The stand of the Catholic Church on war that states individual responsibility to maintain peace.
A. 2327
B. 2328
C. 2329
D. *2330
The stand of the Catholic Church on war that states that anything that goes against the law of nations is
considered crimes.
A. 2327
B. *2328
C. 2329
D. 2330
The stand of the Catholic Church on war that states the weakest and the underprivileged are those who
feel the destructive effects.
A. 2327
B. 2328
C. *2329
D. 2330
This is an example of spending for peace.

A. *Infrastructure Development
B. Military Weapons Development
C. Arms Production
D. Anti-terrorism Training
The human cost of war example where people seek asylum and become refugees.
A. Inflation
B. *Displacement
C. Checkpoints
D. Trade and business ceases
The United Nations was created ____________.

A. Before World War II
B. *After World War II
C. Before World War I
D. After World War I
Defense spending has a tendency to rise during times of ____________.

A. Population hardship
B. Environmental hardship
C. *Economic hardship
D. Intelligence hardship
The total cost of war versus poverty is placed at ________________.

A. $129 Trillion per annum
B. $129 Million per annum
C. *$129 Billion per annum
D. $129 Thousand per annum
An example of one of the defense giants who make a profit during war is
A. *Boeing
B. Aramco
C. Astra
D. Pfizer
Being an apparatus of power, every state performs important functions, in which ____ is one of them.
A. *maintenance of internal order
B. participate in any warfare
C. declare martial law
D. all of the above
War contributed indirectly to the industrialization; likewise, industrialization propels disunity.

A. *First statement is true; second statement is false
B. First statement is false; second statement is true
C. Both statements are true
D. Both statements are false
A state is an apparatus of power; the armed forces serve as the power of the state.
A. *First statement is true; second statement is false
B. First statement is false; second statement is true
C. Both statements are true
D. Both statements are false
_____ contributes in the advancement of warfare and war techniques.

A. ongoing conflict
B. *computer technology
C. economic condition
D. state regulation and policies
It is known as the most violent form of conflict.

A. racial discrimination
B. hatred
C. *war
D. violation of human rights
When is war considered “unjust”?

A. when war is the only resort to resolve the conflict
B. *when the ordinary citizens are the target of war/conflict
C. when war is declared
D. all of the above
In 2010, the total amount spent to military technology was $1.63 trillion. This report was issued to imply
that countries around the world ______.
A. spent adequate amount for their military
B. spent less amount for their military
C. *spent large amount for their military
D. spent balance and/or equal
It is considered as the most advance and innovative form of technology being used in warfare.
A. *drones
B. guided missiles
C. microwave radar
D. atomic bomb
What is known as the ‘state of military tension and political rivalry that existed between the United States
and the former Soviet Union from 1950 to 1980?
A. Civil War
B. *Cold War
C. Ideological war
D. War against communism
The country that accounted for the 43 percent of the world’s military spending in 2010 is ____.
A. Soviet Union
B. Great Britain
C. *United States of America
D. China
The military spending in 2010, which is considered the largest single percentage of any nation, was
concentrated in military operation in _____.
A. Iran and Iraq
B. Syria and Lebanon
C. Saudi Arabia and Dubai
D. *Iraq and Afghanistan
From 1950 to 2005, the year with the highest recorded number of active conflicts combined was ___.
A. 1980
B. 1985
C. *1987
D. 1990
The development of small groups becoming larger political chiefdoms is the result of ___.
A. mutual agreement of countries
B. United Nations resolutions
C. *war
D. no peace agreement
The kind of conflict that remains constant and high since 1950s is ___.
A. *internal conflict
B. interstate conflict
C. international conflict
D. all of the above
The kind of conflict that remains low since 1950s is _____.

A. internal conflict
B. *interstate conflict
C. international conflict
D. organizational conflict
The _____ century began the transformation in warfare because of technological innovation.
A. 19th
B. *20th
C. 21st
D. 18th
War is largely responsible for what?

A. mass destruction
B. *creating the advanced civilization in which we live
C. recurring global conflict
D. environment degradation
Which of the following is not a sociological theory of war?

A. Structural-Functionalist perspective
B. *Historical materialism perspective
C. Conflict perspective
D. Symbolic interactionist perspective
When war is happening, it usually gives members a “common cause” and a common enemy. What
sociological theory of war is this?
A. *Structural-Functionalist perspective
B. Historical materialism perspective
A major function of war is that it produces unity among societal members. What sociological theory of war
is this?
The U.S. Department of Commerce regulates the export of parts produced for use on commercial airlines
whereas the Department of State imposes stricter controls on parts produced for military aircraft to
prevent sales to countries at odds with U.S. foreign policy objectives. What sociological theory of war
is this?
War is the result of antagonisms that emerge when two or more groups struggle for control of resources.
What sociological theory of war is this?
C. *Conflict perspective
Feminists emphasize the social construction of aggressive masculine identities and their manipulation by
elites as important reasons for the association between masculinity and militarized violence. What
sociological theory of war is this?
C. *Conflict perspective
Meanings and definitions influence attitudes and behaviors regarding conflict and war. What sociological
theory of war is this?
D. *Symbolic interactionist perspective
The majority of Americans believe that Osama Bin Laden makes America a safer place. It creates a sign
of patriotism. What sociological theory of war is this?
D. *Symbolic interactionist perspective
Explanations that emphasize the existence of “ancient hatreds” rooted in deep psychological or cultural
differences between ethnic groups, often involving a history of grievance and victimization, real or
imagined, by the enemy group. What is this?
A. Constructivist explanation
B. *Primordial explanation
C. Racial explanation
D. Ethnic explanation
Explanations that emphasize the role of leaders of ethnic groups in stirring up hatred toward others
external to one’s group. What is this?
A. *Constructivist explanation
B. Primordial explanation
C. Racial explanation
D. Ethnic explanation
________ may result in a different government or a new set of leaders but does not necessarily lead to
such large-scale social change.
A. World War
B. Revolutions
C. Battlefield
D. *Civil War
____________and civil wars involve citizens warring against their own government and often result in
significant political, economic, and social change.
A. World War
B. *Revolutions
C. Battlefield
D. Clash struggle
As State A secures its borders and interests, its behavior may decrease the security of other states and
cause them to engage in behavior that decrease A’s security.
A. International relation
B. Hostile Attack
C. Dual Clash
D. *Security Dilemma
Cold War largely involved conflict over ______________

A. Capitalism vs Socialism
B. Capitalism vs Democracy
C. Capitalism vs Anarchy
D. *Capitalism vs Communism
Which of the following is not the cause of War?

A. Conflict over natural resources
B. Conflict over religious hostilities
C. Conflict over nationalism
D. *Conflict over diplomatic relations
Some countries engage in war in an effort to maintain or restore their national pride. What is the cause of
war on this sentence?
A. Patriotism
B. *Nationalism
C. Security Dilemma
D. Militarism
World War II was largely a war over ____________
A. Fascism vs Capitalism
B. Fascism vs Communism
C. Fascism vs Socialism
D. *Fascism vs Democracy
Wars over differing religious beliefs have led to some of the worst episodes of bloodshed in history. What
is the cause of war on this sentence?
A. Nationalism
B. Security Dilemma
C. Militarism
D. *Ideologies
A characteristic of the international state system that gives rise to unstable relations between states.
A. Nationalism
B. *Security Dilemma
C. Militarism
D. Ideologies
Despite such predictions, tensions in the Middle East have erupted into fighting repeatedly in recent years
like in the issue of oil. What is the cause of war on this sentence?
A. Nationalism
B. Security Dilemma
C. Ideologies
D. *Natural resources
Maxwell’s first paradigm on food security is about __________.

A. *academic and policy discourse on food security
B. importance of livelihood security
C. access to food that is preferable
D. food business industry
Maxwell’s second paradigm on food security is about __________.

A. academic and policy discourse on food security
B. *importance of livelihood security
C. access to food that is preferable
Maxwell’s third paradigm on food security is about __________.

A. academic and policy discourse on food security
B. importance of livelihood security
C. *access to food that is preferable
One of the criticisms of this shift is about disregard for power relation.
A. First Shift
B. Second Shift
C. *Third Shift
D. Fourth Shift
One of the criticisms of this shift is about emphasis on a trade-based approach.

A. First Shift
B. Second Shift
C. *Third Shift
D. Fourth Shift
It resulted in small groups and villages becoming incorporated into larger political chiefdoms.
A. Peace
B. Orderliness
C. *War
D. Conflict
It contributed indirectly to the industrialization and technological sophistication that characterize the
modern world.
A. Peace
B. Orderliness
C. *War
D. Conflict
An apparatus of power and a set of institutions.

A. City
B. Event
C. *State
D. Nation
An apparatus of power and a set of institutions.

A. City
B. Event
C. *State
D. Nation
The most violent form of conflict.

A. Peace
B. Orderliness
C. *War
D. Conflict
Neo-Malthusian perspective is about ____________?

A. Peace
B. *Control of population
C. War
D. Conflict
Governmental and social failures is part of _______________?

A. *Barbarization
B. Balance Growth
C. Eco-Communalism
D. Great Transition
Strong collective efforts towards small-scale is part of _______________?

A. Barbarization
B. Balance Growth
C. *Eco-Communalism
D. Great Transition
Provide greater social equity and environment protection is part of _______________?

A. Barbarization
B. *Balance Growth
C. Eco-Communalism
D. Great Transition
Consumption of resources refers to ____________________.
A. Barbarization
B. *Commodities and energy
C. Eco-Communalism
D. Great Transition
Achieving sustainability at the global level is part of _______________?

A. Barbarization
B. Commodities and energy
C. Eco-Communalism
D. *New Sustainability paradigm
The absence of this is qualified by the presence of hunger and malnourishment.

A. Food development
B. Commodities and energy
C. Eco-Communalism
D. *Food security
Maxwell’s has ___________ paradigm Shift on Food Security.

A. 2
B. *3
C. 4
D. 5
The following are Trends and Challenges to Global Food Security except for _______________.
A. Climate Change
B. *Peace and order
C. Population Growth and Urbanization
D. Rising Food Price and Poverty
It inspires developments that are useful to civilians.

A. *Structural-Functionalist Perspective
B. Conflict Perspective
C. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
D. War Perspective
It refers to attitudes and behaviors that support war develop in childhood.

A. Structural-Functionalist Perspective
B. Conflict Perspective
C. *Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
D. War Perspective
They emphasize the social construction of aggressive masculine identities and their manipulation by
elites as important reasons for the association between masculinity and militarized violence.
A. *Feminists
B. Psychologists
C. Anthropologists
D. Phenomenologists
Military-Industrial Complex was connoted by him to close association between the military and defense
industries.
A. *Dwight Eisenhower
B. Marcus Shefton
C. Michael Engelbert
D. Andrew Zinnger
It is the result of antagonisms that emerge when two or more groups struggle for control of resources.
A. Peace
B. Control of population
C. *War
D. Conflict
It is the problem in globalization that the world are currently facing up until now and considered as
pandemic.
A. War
B. Poverty
C. *Covid-19
D. Hunger
The process or the activity can be maintained without exhaustion or collapse.

A. Development
B. Activity
C. *Sustainable
D. Capacity
These resources are from natural materials, can be recycled and can help the environment.
A. *Renewable
B. Non-Renewable
C. Rechargeable
D. Non-Rechargeable
These things can destroy the environment and can change in to our climate.
A. *Pollution
B. Food
C. Water
D. Soil
It is about people, not necessarily the economy.

A. *Development
B. Activity
C. Sustainable
D. Capacity
The three Es in sustainable society are ________________.

A. Economy, Ecology, Ecotourism
B. Economy, Employment, Ecosystem
C. *Economics, Ecology, Equity
D. Economics, Equality, Ecosystem
Family planning was considered as ________________.

A. *Freedom of choice
B. Freedom of wants
C. Freedom of needs
D. Freedom of self
The following are considered biological base except for ________________.

A. soil
B. forest
C. atmosphere
D. *lithosphere
Basic material needs to be satisfied was considered as________________.
A. social life
B. *social obligations
C. social investigations
D. social responsibility
Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully. Then choose the best answer.
It requires a profound comprehension of people’s existence, immersion to the system,

the functionality of roles, and analysis of these through the utilization of the
interdisciplinary approach.
*modernization
globalization
internationalization
secularization
The act of departure and settling in one country can positively affect both the host and
home countries.
*Immigration
Emigration
Movement of population
Immersion
It is used to deliver a passage of communication.

*Media
Transportation
Globalization
Channel
The year media was popularized because there was a need to talk about certain issues.
1900’s
1910’s
1930’s
*1920’s
It was developed a long time ago together with the development of stone tools.
Image
Transportation
*Language
Media
It is the first form of communication which was created by Homo Sapiens.

sand painting
oil painting
*cave painting
water painting
These are the following forms of communication of ancient humans except one.
Songs
Storytelling
*Chats
Smoke signals
What makes humans different from other species?

*Development of language
Development of feet
Development of brain
Development of species
These are the effects of language on human lives except one

Learn to cooperate
Help pass information
Able to understand each other
*Create War and Chaos
It is essential in communication but imperfect.

Social Media
*Language
War and Conflict
Civil Disorder
Which of the following played a vital role in enhancing globalization as it linked societies
closer, with the exchange of ideas, culture and multiple information?
*Mass Media
Religion
Economy
Globalization
What do you call the process and practice of promoting one culture over another which
occurred during colonization and where one nation overpowered another country?
Globalization
Mass Media
Culture
*Cultural Imperialism
Which of the following part of Media culture which is a system for transmitting visual
images and sound that are reproduced on screens, chiefly used to broadcast programs
for entertainment, information, and education?
Radio
Print Media
*Television
Internet
Which of the following is considered as the World’s largest media companies in year
2014?
Bertelsmann
Facebook
*Google
Walt Disney
Who among the following scholars observed a positive association between

communication components to that of the social, political and economic components in
national growth?
Benedict Anderson
David Lener
Everett Rogers
*Wilbur Schramm
Who among the proponent of modernization proposed that developing societies must
follow the western concept of modernity in order to achieve development?
Benedict Anderson
*David Lener
Everett Rogers
Wilbur Schramm
Who among the following proponent of modernization emphasized the role of printed
communication and capitalism in insisting nationalism and the sense of belongingness
among the people who do not know each other, by creating imagined communities?
*Benedict Anderson
David Lener
Everett Rogers
Wilbur Schramm
Which of the following argues that global audiences are exposed to media messages
dominantly deriving from western industrial states?
Cultural Pluralism
Media
Culture
*Cultural Imperialism
Which of the following media remains the most important advertising medium according
to Zenith Optimedia in 2016?
Radio
Print Media
*Television
Internet
Which of the following model employs a more optimistic perspective on the role of the
audience and its capacity to react, resist and recreate information and ideas that media
exposes them?
*Cultural Pluralism
Media
Culture
Cultural Imperialism
Models of development through Mass Media and the free flow of information.
*Modernization paradigm
Cultural Imperialism paradigm
International paradigm
Heritage paradigm
Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979 is also known as _______________.

Paris Declaration
*Havana Declaration
European Declaration
None of the choices
They play a critical role in the modernization paradigm.

Business people
Educator
*Mass Media
Globalization
It is the largest media company who got the highest revenue in 2014 from the media.
Walt Disney
Facebook
*Google
21st Century Fox
It is the largest media company who got the 2nd highest revenue in 2014 from the
media.
*Walt Disney
Facebook
Google
21st Century Fox
It Is the most important advertising medium in the annual global ranking.

*Television
Internet
Print Ad
Social Media
It Is the 2nd most important advertising medium in the annual global ranking that
replaces print ad.
Television
*Internet
Digital Print Ad
Social Media
It is a result of the criticisms against cultural imperialism.
Modernization pluralis
*Cultural pluralism
Globalization
Heritage pluralism
It is anchored on the meaning of globalization as hybridization, synchronization, re-

territorialization, and indigenization.
Globalization
Homogenization
*Heterogenization
Cultural pluralism
Developing societies must follow the _______________ of modernity in order to

achieve development.
*Western concept
Northern concept
Southern concept
Eastern concept
In its spiritual sense the idea of transcendence, relation to sacredness/ holiness, relation
of people to the ultimate condition of existence.
*Religion
Culture
Globalization
Belief
In its material sense its beliefs capable of motivating individuals/group to mobilize to

achieve political goals, suppress mass actions as a tool of repression.
*Religion
Culture
Globalization
Belief
It refers to the belief that religion would lose its significance with economic development
and modernization.
Globalization
Religion
*Secularization
Internationalization
These philosophers were considered as Secularists EXCEPT for

___________________.
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Emile Durkheim
*Aristotle
It is a family of theories that vary in terms of the extent of the decline or displacement of
religion, the direction of the process, and the driving forces they ascribe to the
secularization.
Modernization paradigm
*Secularization paradigm
Cultural Imperialism paradigm
Globalization paradigm
The following are the different camps within the old secularization paradigm EXCEPT
for ___________.
the functionalists
the phenomenologists
*the sociologists
the dialectic theorists
These are Gorski (2000)’s Basic Positions in Understanding the theories EXCEPT for
____________.
The disappearance of religion thesis
The decline of religion thesis
The privatization thesis
*The globalization thesis
It refers to the belief that religion would lose its significance with economic development
and modernization.
Historical materialism
Capitalism paradigm
The observation and classification of facts are the beginning of the scientific stage,
where there is no place for any belief or superstition. Everything concludes rationally.
Theological stage
Metaphysical stage
Divine stage
*Positivist stage
Natural phenomena are explained as being the result of supernatural or divine powers.
*Theological stage
Metaphysical stage
Divine stage
Positivist stage
It is the extension of the theological stage. It refers to explanation by impersonal
abstract concepts.
Theological stage
*Metaphysical stage
Divine stage
Positivist stage
According to __________, Men will undergo modernization which is a process of the

disenchantment of the universe with the replacement of bureaucratization,
rationalization and secularization over the magical, metaphysical and the religions.
*Max Weber
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
Which of the following is not the four basic positions in understanding the theories
according to Gorski?
The decline of religion thesis
The privatization thesis
The transformation thesis
*Utilitarianism thesis
Which is not belong in the Goldstein (2009)’s Unilineal Conception of the Secularization
Process?
The functionalist
*The positivist
The phenomenologist
The dialectic theorist
Who is the person behind the Clash of civilization thesis?

Bryan Wilson
David Martin
*Samuel Huntington
Peter Berger
It is a family of theories that vary in terms of the extent of the decline or displacement of
religion, the direction of the process, and the driving forces they ascribe to the
secularization.
Historical materialism
Capitalism paradigm
Under Tschannen Secularization paradigm, _________ focuses on scientization and

sociologization.
Differentiation
*Rationalization
Worldliness
Positivism
According to _________, Religion is the opium of the people created by the material
conditions.
Max Weber
*Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
It is a belief capable of motivating individuals/group to mobilize to achieve political

goals, suppress mass actions as a tool of repression.
Politics
*Religion
Agenda
Economy
Which is not related to the concept of Religion by Haynes in its spiritual sense?
idea of transcendence
*ideology of god
relation to sacredness/ holiness
relation of people to the ultimate condition of existence
In the Gorski (2000)’s Four Basic Positions in Understanding the theories, who is the
person behind the transformation thesis?
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
*Talcott Parsons
person behind the privatization thesis?
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
*Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
person behind the disappearance of religion thesis?
*Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
person behind the decline of religion thesis?
Auguste Comte
*Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
Which is not considered as the phenomenologist that focuses on Goldstein (2009)’s

Unilineal Conception of the Secularization Process?
Peter Berger
*David Martin
Thomas Luckmann
Alfred Schutzz
Which is not considered as the functionalist that focuses on Goldstein (2009)’s Unilineal
Conception of the Secularization Process?
Talcott Parsons
Robert Bellah
*Bryan Wilson
Niklas Luhman
He argues that the secularization paradigm comprising of a variant theories revolve

around the core theory of differentiation that branches out to different argument of the
direction of individual religiosity in the modern era.
*Philip Gorski
Bryan Wilson
David Martin
Alfred Schutzz
According to _______, Institutionalized religions are replaced by new and personalized

faiths
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
*Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
According to ________, religion is viewed to undergo generalization across social

systems with the sacred becoming more fragmented but not less public.
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
*Talcott Parsons
According to__________, where there is the decline of religion but not the complete of
the scientific worldviews, thus the possibilities of revival of new gods or religions.
Auguste Comte
*Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
According to _______, religion is supplanted by science.

*Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Thomas Luckman
Talcott Parsons
According to___________, religion is a social control and was not only used by those in
power to oppress.
Max Weber
*Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
What is a Global City?

A nation considered as an organized political community under one government.
A global city index
It is the creation of business situations
*It is a city which is a primary node in the global economic network
What is Global City index?

*a list of the world`s most powerful and important cities
business, people, media, entertainment and politics
the city that is strong in certain areas
the creators of business situations
The creators of the Global Cities Index looked at 5 factors.

job, buildings, schools, universities, people
*business, people, media, entertainment and politics
population, housing, agriculture, poultry, and resorts
hotel, resort, entertainment, media, schools
This factor is about of how many global companies are in the city.
*business factor
entertainment
media factor
politics
This factor is about_______ if the city has music, types of restaurants, museums, and
sports.
business factor
*entertainment
media factor
politics
What is not covered in the Global Cities index?

food
business
education
*weather
An alpha level city that are highly integrated cities, filling advanced service needs.
Alpha +++
Alpha ++
*Alpha +
Alpha -
An alpha level cities that are cities most integrated with global economy.
Alpha +++
*Alpha ++
Alpha +
Alpha –
An alpha level city that link major economic states and regions to the world economy.
Alpha +++
Alpha ++
Alpha +
*Alpha –
The following are the alpha + cities except one.

*Vienna
Singapore
Paris
Hong Kong
The following are the alpha - cities except one.

Dublin
Melbourne
Washington D.C
*New York
It is known as the alpha ++ cities.

Singapore and Paris
Moscow and Milan
*London and New York
Manila and Taipei
It is the largest stock exchange in the world, with an equity market capitalization of just
over 26.6 trillion U.S. dollars as of July 2021.
Washington D.C
*New York
Beijing
London
What is the largest manufacturing country in the world?

Philippines
Australia
*China
Africa
Also known as “Alpha City” or “World Centers”.

*Global City
Model City
Governed City
All Cities
It serves as an important focal point for business, global trade, finance, tourist, and
globalization to exist.
*Global City
Model City
Governed City
All Cities
How many cities are considered as the Established World Cities?

4
5
*6
7
The following cities were considered as part of “big six” EXCEPT for_______________.
London
*Vancouver
New York
Paris
Manila belongs to this category of the world because it has a potential city.
Established World Cities
*Emerging World Cities
New World Cities
Big six Cities
Manila is listed as a ______________ that means that Manila is considered as an

emerging global economic player.
*Alpha City
Beta City
Charlie City
Delta City
An urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub
within a globalized economic system.
*Global City
Model City
Governed City
All Cities
Demography as a field in statistics is used primarily to _____.

acknowledge certain phenomenon in oceans, land areas and others.
destruct the structure of population.
describe the phenomena related to the changes in the world religions.
*monitor the changes in the birth and death rate of a paticular community.
The global population is expected to reach _____ by 2050 according to UN Report.

3.5 billion
5.6 billion
7.5 billion
*9.6 billion
The following are determining factors in the rise or decline of a population, except
_____.
crude birth
death rate
migration
*ethnic groups
Which is NOT true in the following statements about the current global demography?
*The fertility rate among developed countries is higher than in developing countries.
Both economic and social developments affect the fertility rate of one country.
Provision of family planning services may reduce the fertility rate of one country.
Decline in fertility rate is observed in countries where women are given the opportunity
to work outside of home.
Which statement is TRUE with regards to global life expectancy?

The average life expectancy of individuals is decreasing.
*The average life expectancy of individual is increasing.
The average life expectancy of individuals (combined) is 78.
The number of people over the age of 60 is smaller compared to the number of those
aged 15-24.
The working age population is defined as those aged _____

18 to 60
16 to 64
*15 to 64
15 to 60
He is known as a population pessimist.

Ester Boserup
*Thomas Malthus
Simon Kuznets
Julian Simon
Based on the prediction of the United Nations, it is estimated that __________.

There will be a decline in the population by 2050.
*The number of elderly people will be huge.
Ageing is thought to be a concern only among the developing country
Fertility rate is high among the developed and developing countries.
Optimists believed that ____________.

*Population growth aided economic development.
Population growth would lead to the exhaustion of resources.
Population growth would end competition for food.
Population growth help lead the way to ffreedom.
What is the result of the decline in fertility rate of one country?

*The median age is rising.
Mortality rate is declining.
Life expectancy is lowering.
Overpopulation
It represents the study of statistics which illustrates the changing structure of human
population and thus poses an effect on globalization on a holistic level.
*Demography
Sociology
Geography
Anthropology
It pertains to the composition of a particular human population.

*Demography
Sociology
Geography
Anthropology
It affects the phenomenon of globalization to a large extent.

Geographic Changes
Private Changes
*Demographic Changes
Heritage Changes
The following are patterns of global demographic change EXCEPT for
______________.
Global Fertility Rate
Infant and Child Mortality Decline
*Global Economic Status
Working Age Population
One of his expectations in the next half century is there will be continued but slowing
population growth.
Malthus
*Roser
Thomas
Samson
The following pertains to the demography composition EXCEPT for ______________.

demographic patterns
*gen Z generatino
baby boom generation
population momentum
I. Represents the study of statistics which illustrates the changing structure of human
population and thus poses an effect on globalization on a holistic level.
II. Pertains to the composition of a particular human population.
Which statement best describes Demography?
Statement I is correct, while statement II is wrong.
Statement II is correct, while statement I is wrong
Both statements are wrong.
*Both statements are correct.
These are Roser’s Expectation in the next half-century on world’s population.

There will be continued but slowing population growth.
The world’s population is ageing and the growth in the sheer number of elderly people
will be huge.
*International migration will not continue, but the extent is unclear.
Urbanization will continue, but here, too, the pace is impossible to predict.
“Once necessary that the people should multiply if the race was to survive and be
fruitful. But now to preserve the race it is necessary that the people hold back the power
of propagation.” This statement came from _____________.
*Hellen Keller
Thomas Malthus
Bloom and Freeman
Bloom and Canning
According to _____________ in addressing a challenge of a large youth cohort, ages
12-24, the importance for a long term economic growth of investing in education and
health of the young and the need to ease entry into the labor market.
Thomas Malthus
Bloom and Freeman
Bloom and Canning
*Jimenez and Murthi
In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 72.0 years was the average life
expectancy at birth of the global population. Is the statement correct?
No, because it is 67.0 years.
No, because it is 70.0 years.
*Yes, based on that year survey.
Yes, but it was actually 71.5 years
These are the domino effects of over population in one state, except.
Increasing number of unemployed.
Poverty increases, particularly the marginalized people.
Crime rate also increases.
*Economic activity continues.
These are the objectives of Reproductive Health Law, except_________.

*To increase mortality rate
To avoid morbidity to both parent and the child
To encourage health safety for parent to be.
To educate the proper use of contraceptive.
Of the growing population in the Philippines, do you think One Child Policy or the
Legalization of abortion is the solution?
Yes, because the government can make any laws for the benefits it’s people.
Yes, because this is to avoid the domino effect of over population.
*No, because it is a violation of the authority given to us by God as procreator of life, as
Christian country.
No, because it is an act of immorality.
A state that is Economically stable, is also Politically stable, according to Mao Zedong of
China. These are the advantages, except__________.
Stable prices of commodities.
Sustainable growth.
Creates the right environment for job creation.
*Dependent from neighboring countries.
This is true about Immigration, except______________.

It increases the population of the recipient state.
It is because of job seeking.
It gives additional income of the origin state.
*It has no effect at all, because people has the right to travel.
Understanding ____ requires a profound comprehension of people’s existence,

immersion to the system, the functionality of roles, and analysis of these through the
utilization of the interdisciplinary approach.
*Modernization
Globalization
Internationalization
secularization
The act of departure and settling in one country can positively affect both the host and
home countries.
*Immigration
Emigration
Movement of population
Immersion
Globalization is the most significant driving force for the geographic expansion of
Modernization
*International Migration
Development of communication
Glocalization
The phenomenon of exiting from one country to another location for a certain purpose.
*Emigration
Immigration
Glocalization
Migration
A person who is living in a country other than their country of birth.

International traveler
*Internation al Immigrant
International investor
International researcher
A ____reason of global migration is due to wars, civil strife, and asylum.

Economic
Social
Cultural
*Political
An __effect of migration-related to the financial and stable condition of the developing

countries.
Cultural
Social
Political
*Economic
A field of science that deals with the study of understanding the population dynamics.
Sociology
Anthropology
Economics
*Demography
They are the most vulnerable members of society because of their exposure to new
things in a new
environment.
Tourist
*Migrants
Traveler
Exchange students
The better comprehension of global migration in the field of academics requires the use
of_____________.
Social Science approach
Quantitative approach
Qualitative approach
*Interdisciplinary approach
The development of the sending and receiving countries is an ___reason of global

migration.
Political
Cultural
Social
*Economic
The recent movement and exiting of Afghanistan people from their country to another
country is ___rooted in conflicts.
Economically
*Politically
Culturally
Socially
The military coup in ___resulted in the political mass protest and staging of mass action
of people in the country.
*Myanmar
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Somalia
They are the most vulnerable members of society because of adaptation and
adjustment to a different cultural setting.
Tourists
Foreign Investors
International Citizens
*Migrants
A phenomenon that is always driven by progress in transports, information, and

communication technology.
Globalization
International Migration
*Modernization
Demography
A core dynamics of global migration deal with exchanging traditions and practices,
learning language, and sharing ideas and new knowledge.
Norms
*Culture
Religion
Social media
An international phenomenon of diaspora of people from their place of origin to another

location due to political conflict and wars.
*Global Migration
International tours
Mass Movement
Mass Action
The central concept is related to migration because both signify transfer, movement,
and exit from the place of origin.
*Emigration
Glocalization
International connection
Tourism
The 2017 International Migration Report of United Nation is about ________________.

*Havana Declaration
UNESCO evaluation
WTO guidelines
UNICEF program
The continent with the most migrants according to the 2017 International Migration
Report of the United Nations.
Asia
Europe
Africa
*South America
The recent attack of Russia in ___, the capital of Ukraine, resulted in the death of two
civilians and devastation of the neighborhood.
*Kyiv
Kharkiv
Odessa
Dnipro
One of the pressing issues that concern international migration is ___________.

A.the political condition of the different countries
B.the development of the country of origin
C.*in search for better opportunities
D.in search of conflict with other nations
This is the second largest country in Africa beset by sporadic political conflict causing
people to migrate.
Syria
*Democratic Republic of Congo
Afghanistan
Somalia
The recent attack of Taliban in ___ which resulted to the killing of thirteen US
servicemen and evacuation and emigration of 120,00 people marked the end of the US
military operations in the country.
Syria
Somalia
*Afghanistan
Democratic Republic of Congo
Both activities of immigrating and emigrating can bring a host of positive effects for both
the host and __ ___.
Country of Origin
*Home countries
Neighboring countries
Trading countries
It is a country that experienced a famine never before in its history in the middle of 19th
century.
Guatemala
*Ireland
Great Britain
France
Emigrants who were forced to leave Irelands by their English Landlords rented
unseaworthy vessels called___________________.
Giant Ships
Voyage ships
*Coffin ships
Cargo ships
It is a term coined by Essam EL-Hinnnawi to describe people who have been forced to
leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently because of a marked
environmental disruption that jeopardizes their existence or seriously affects the quality
of their life: _____________________.
Displaced refugees
Non-territorial refugees
Affected refugees
*Environmental refugees
Most of the developing nations tend to be disproportionately affected by environmental

disasters (as in the case of 32.4 million displacements in 2012) mainly due to what may
be referred to as ___________.
“Compounded vulnerability”
*“Mixed vulnerability”
“Lack of resources”
“Unforeseen circumstances”
It is one of the reasons and a trend which has led to a wave of North African migrants to
escape from to flee to Western Europe: ___________________________.
*Crop failure and water shortage
Technology failure and unemployment
Civil and tribal
Military Rule
“Push-pull model” is long migration term which has been studied by

______________________.
*Sociologists
Anthropologists
Environmentalist
Economists
This is a term that refers to or occurs in countries that send migrants abroad (sending
states) _________.
*Push factors
Pull factors
Contributing factors
Motive factors
This is a term that refers to or occurs in countries that receives migrants in their
countries (receiving countries) _______________________.
Push factors
Motive factors
*Pull factors
None of the above
Ambiguous factors in international migration that facilitate or deter migration such as

cost of travel, ease of communication and international business trend are called:
________________________________.
Coordination factors
Communication factors
*Network factors
Travel factors
The following are examples of push factors or reasons why people leave an area (their
home countries) to go and live in another area/country except:
_________________________________.
Lack of economic opportunities
Higher criminality
Drought
*Good climate
Which region or continent is said to have added more international migrants than any,
between 2000 and 2017?
Europe
Africa
*Asia
North and South America
This continent is said to have added second largest international migrants between the
years (2000 and 2017). What is this continent being referred to?
_____________________
Latin America and the Caribbean
*Europe
Central America
Australia
It has been said that international migration would now constitute the most “populous
country” if all these migrants were to live in one place as a country. What is the name
being given to this county? ________________________
World’s Fourth country
*World’s Fifth country
World’s sixth country
World’s second country
Among illegal industries it is third largest illegal industry or trade worldwide. What would
be the industry/trade being pointed out here?
__________________________________.
Illegal Drugs
Arms trafficking
*Human trafficking
Terrorism
Political conflicts and civil strife have been cited as among major factors that have
caused massive displacement of various social groups and sectors of people, mostly
involves____________________________?
Old members of society
Men and children
*Women and children
Poor people.
The most important pull factor for the United States is_______.
Political
*Economic
Pollution
cultural
Ambiguous factors of migration also called as________.

push factors
*network factors
online factors
pull factors

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Economic Policy in the Era of Globalization

1. Trade Policy: Globalization has led to a surge in international trade, and

3. Financial Market Regulation: In the era of globalization, financial

5. Macroeconomic Coordination: Given the interdependence of

7. Intellectual Property Rights: Protecting intellectual property rights is crucial

10. International Cooperation and Institutions: Effective economic

4. Transportation: Improvements in transportation infrastructure have made it

Overall, globalization has reshaped the way countries interact and

2. Cultural Exchange: Global media cultures foster cultural exchange by

4. Influence on Identities: Exposure to global media cultures can shape individual

The cultural imperialism paradigm grew in influence from the 1960s to

Overall, the globalization of religion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon

Tschannen (1991) Secularization Paradigm - is a theoretical framework that

It is important to note that the secularization paradigm is a theoretical

Population neutralism, also known as population stabilization or

Refers to the process of individuals or groups

2. Which of the following is a common objective of trade policy adjustments in response to

3. How does globalization typically impact employment in various sectors?

5. What is one of the effects of globalization on economic competition?

6. How has globalization impacted access to resources in production processes?

7. What characterizes economic policy in the era of globalization?

8. True or False: Coordination of macroeconomic policies among countries is crucial to address

16. What does culture refer to in simpler terms?

17. What does cultural exchange involve?

21. ___________ encourages individuals to be aware of their own cultural biases.

22. ___________ fosters an environment of tolerance and inclusivity.

23. ___________ is a category of cultural imperialism.

31. What is the globalization of religion referring to?

33. How has globalization contributed to the spread of religious identities?

34. How has globalization facilitated in terms of interfaith dialogue?

35. How has globalization impacted religious tourism?

37. How has global migration influenced religion?

38. What does vernacularization refer to in the context of religion?

41. What organization questioned the teaching of evolution in school in 2017?

42. According to Max Weber, what is modernization?

43. How does Karl Marx view religion?

44. What does ethnocentrism refer to?

48. What contributes to the large number of tourists in global cities?

49. How can global cities influence global affairs?

64. What is the goal of population neutralism in global demography?

67. What does population neutralism aim to achieve in global demography?

73. What is the Crude Birth Rate?

CONCEPTS OF RELIGION GORSKI(2000)’S FOUR BASIC POSITIONS IN

Six (6) Cities stand out: Manila is listed as an Alpha City

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S AN URBAN HIERARCHY

Centres of innovation ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY

THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION TWO FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION;

ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH FACTOR

Transnational migration > Migration from one

Sustainable development refers to the capacity of the system to accommodate

Issues of random projections on environmental and demographic challenges.

In curbing population growth to achieve sustainability, access to contraception ad family planning is

Economics, ecology, and equity are the core principles of ______.

This determines food security stability for each family.

This concept is not just to confine to hunger and malnourishment alone.

It moved away from a purely calorie-counting approach to food security.

He respects and values diversity.

He is outraged by social injustice.

The core of development is __.

Food availability and supply are the core concern of __ __.

To achieve ___means demonstrating and or maintaining an activity or process without exhaustion.

In curbing population growth to achieve sustainability, access to contraception ad family planning is

Food availability and supply are the core concern of .