University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science

Cluster Based Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Sensor Network

ELEE-1169-Research, Planning, and Communication

Dhanu
9-7-2023
Student Banner ID: 000000000
Student Email Address:***********
Contents
Part One update....................................................................................................................................2
Abstract:............................................................................................................................................2
Introduction to research area:...........................................................................................................2
Problems to be addressed:................................................................................................................2
Potential benefits:.............................................................................................................................2
Research Aims:..................................................................................................................................2
Research Objectives:.........................................................................................................................3
Scope:................................................................................................................................................3
Research Novelty:..............................................................................................................................3
Part Two................................................................................................................................................3
Research literature review:...............................................................................................................3
Summary of Research Gap:...............................................................................................................5
Part Three..............................................................................................................................................5
Approaches and Techniques to be used:...........................................................................................5
Project Workplan...............................................................................................................................7
Gantt Chart:.....................................................................................................................................10
Gantt Chart Explained :....................................................................................................................11
Key Deliverables:.............................................................................................................................11
Potential Risks:................................................................................................................................11
References...........................................................................................................................................11

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Part One
Abstract
Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the most well-known strategies for more effectively using the radio
spectrum. The CR method has been proposed as a workable approach to formulate the majority of the
restricted spectrum available. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are wireless sensor networks
with CR capabilities. Although clustering is a common tactic for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), it
has not been easy to use in CRSNs. The design problem is addressed using primary user (PU) privacy
restrictions and spectrum utilization criteria. In order to increase energy efficiency, system longevity,
and stability as well as the process of choosing the optimal cluster head, this research provides an
innovative and improved clustering strategy for CR sensor networks. The Energy Efficient Clustering
Scheme (ECS) approach, which has been suggested, pairs sensor nodes and alternates between active
and passive states to save energy. We use a jellyfish clustering technique to choose the Cluster Head
(CH) in the best way possible. We can guarantee a high data throughput by delegating decision-
making and selecting the transmission mechanism to the fusion center.

Introduction to research area

A cutting-edge radio technology called Cognitive Radio (CR) aims to improve radio band utilization
by making better use of the licensed spectrum. As a result, a CR network, also known as a secondary
network, enables us to access radio bands that are managed by a primary network that has a license.
As long as the primary network's performance is maintained or above a certain quality threshold, the
secondary network is free to make its own changes to the operating settings of its radio in order to
cohabit with the primary network. There are two sorts of CR networks: those that can function even in
the presence of interference and those that are immune to it. In traditional CR networks, secondary
transmitters (STs) are limited to primary receiver-free spectrums. In contrast, secondary users (STs)
are permitted to live with primary users (PRs) in CR networks for as long as they do not interfere with
PRs and do not affect the primary network's functionality. As a result, interference-tolerant CR
systems need the PRs to provide real-time feedback on the level of interference.
The basic architecture of CRSN is represented in the figure 1.

Figure 1: Cognitive Radio Network adn Cluster Head formation

Problems to be addressed
In CRN, cluster-based spectrum sensing may encounter a number of difficulties and difficulties.
Cluster creation, cluster head selection, data fusion and aggregation, cluster overhead, and changing
network conditions are some of the major problems.

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Advanced algorithms, protocols, and procedures that take into account the dynamic nature of CRN,
the sensing data accuracy, and the scalability of cluster-based systems are needed to solve these
difficulties. Additionally, for cluster-based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks to be reliable
and trustworthy, security and privacy issues must be taken into account, such as safeguarding private
sensing data and preventing assaults on cluster heads.

Potential benefits
Improved spectrum utilization, higher dependability, effective resource management, less
communication overhead, increased scalability, adaptive sensing capabilities, and robustness against
node failures are just a few benefits of cluster-based spectrum sensing. These advantages let CRN
better enable dynamic spectrum access, better utilize spectrum resources, and execute networks more
quickly.

Research Aims
The goal is to increase cluster-based spectrum sensing's effectiveness and dependability in cognitive
radio networks. The findings of this study can aid in the creation of adaptive and optimal methods that
increase spectrum usage, decrease sensing overhead, and provide more reliable and effective spectrum
access in CRN.

Research Objectives
A Cluster Head (CH) is primarily in charge of managing the spectrum in a Cognitive Radio Sensor
Network (CRSN). This person is in charge of collecting information from sensors on nodes spread out
over the entire cluster and then sending it to the fusion center. Power conservation is the main goal of
this strategy. Clustering, however, cannot be applied directly in a CRSN, unlike WSNs. In a CSRN,
clustering must be done carefully. For instance, in a CSRN, clustering necessitates that all of the
sensors on each node be within range of one another and communicate with the rest of the cluster over
the same channel.
Scope
To achieve the most efficient selection of cluster heads, we employ the Jellyfish algorithm. The
primary objective of the optimal cluster head is to facilitate energy-efficient communication among all
nodes within a cognitive radio network, while also achieving a high level of spectrum utilization.

Research Novelty
The efficiency of the proposed strategy is evaluated through the utilization of MATLAB simulation
software in this project. According to the simulation results, the proposed strategy is much more
effective than previous approaches, which extends the Cognitive Radio Sensor Network's (CRSN)
overall lifetime.

Part Two
Research literature review
Zhang et al. (2010) propose a Convex Optimization method for Cognitive Radio Networks to protect
primary radio transmissions. This technique incorporates an approach based on restricting interference
from both interference sources and interference temperature (IT). The future of CR system design
presents a range of intriguing and challenging issues. This paper elucidates the process of deriving
solutions for related problems by reorganizing established conclusions in the context of conventional
wireless networks. The examination of the application of this method to distributed communication
networks is also conducted.
Liang et al. (2010) provide a comprehensive analysis of statistical evaluation techniques utilizing
eigenvalue-based detection methods, specifically focusing on the utilization of exponential

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distribution values. In this discussion, we explore algorithms for selecting the maximum Eigen value
and the maximum condition number. In this study, the authors employ a random matrix approach to
derive the asymptotic distributions of the largest and smallest eigenvalues of the sample covariance
matrices. The paper presents the derivation of asymptotic probabilities for eigenvalues and the
number of conditions of the sampling covariance matrix. The analysis is conducted for a specific
configuration of antennas and a large number of samples. The objective is to determine the
probabilities associated with false alarm identification.
Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) have been proposed as a prospective remedy for the
inefficiencies associated with spectrum allocation. There is a need to establish wireless networks that
possess a high degree of reconfigurability and self-organizational capabilities. The utilization of the
underutilized radio spectrum is facilitated by cognitive radio technology. The process of spectrum
sensing is of great significance in the operation of cognitive radio communication systems. The
utilization of spectrum can be significantly enhanced through the implementation of an energy
detection method for spectrum detection. The data presented in this study illustrates the selection of
channels and the ratio of signal to noise used for transmitting messages to the target node. According
to the study conducted by Mahamuni et al. (2012).
Mahendru et al. (2022) explore the difficulty associated with selecting an optimal threshold in order to
minimize the probability of error in a low or minimum signal to noise ratio (SNR) setting. This study
investigates the issue of sensing failure and aims to determine an optimal threshold that minimizes the
occurrence of errors. To enhance the reliability of the detection process, a dual adaptive threshold
concept was introduced, and a suitable threshold equation was derived through a closed-form
methodology. The results obtained from the simulation reveal novel findings that indicate an
enhanced probability of identification and a reduced likelihood of error when the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) is low and there is uncertainty in the presence of noise.
Madhunala and Rallapalli (2020) propose the utilization of a distributed spectrum-aware clustering
(DSAC) methodology. This technique utilizes constraint-based clustering with spectrum awareness to
effectively group CRSN nodes. The primary focus of this study is to consolidate pairs of nodes or
clusters that exhibit geographic proximity and possess at least one shared communication channel or
utilize the same available channel. The integration of neighboring nodes or clusters is determined by
the minimum local distance. Once the desired number of clusters has been achieved, the clustering
procedure is iterated.
To enable cognitive radio (CR) functions like channel sensing and switching, sensor nodes must waste
substantial amounts of energy. Therefore, the development of a well-designed opportunistic channel
access strategy is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency in CRSNs. The authors set out to do this by
probing the conundrum of dynamic channel accessing in the service of improving the clustered
CRSN's energy efficiency. To maximize the energy efficiency of using a licensed channel for
intra and inter-cluster data transmission while still meeting the primary users' protection need, the
study also looked at resource allocation considerations. In addition, it is vital to determine when
sensor nodes should perform channel sensing and switch to a licensed channel in order to maximize
energy efficiency, given the energy requirements of doing so. The packet loss rate in the license-free
channel should be used to make this call. Additionally, the paper presents two new channel accessing
strategies to establish the timing of channel sensing and switching in the context of intra and inter-
cluster data transmission. (Ju Ren et al. in 2015)
This study examines a methodology for simultaneously optimizing system parameters in order to
achieve energy efficiency in cluster-based spectrum sensing (CBSS) within CRN. The design
challenge is formulated by taking into account spectrum usage restrictions and main user (PU)
protection considerations. An iterative approach with minimal computing cost is proposed in this
work. The goal of the method is to find the sweet spot between the ideal times for data transmission,

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data detection, and CR user density. The goal is to optimize the system's energy performance. With
simplicity as its primary goal, the design criterion combines the sensing time and the data
transmission time into a single metric. The key idea behind the proposed technique is to leverage the
impact of transmission power changes on the optimal sensing period and the accompanying false
alarm probability. A simulator is used to test how well the given method works. (Faroq Awin et
al.,2016)
A transmission scheme that prioritizes energy efficiency is proposed. Optimization of energy savings
during the reporting and exchanging of information is achieved through the use of clustering
algorithms. The brain's neurons are structured into groups called clusters, and the members of each
cluster report their decisions to a single "cluster head”. These cluster heads then employ a data fusion
technique to arrive at cluster-level decisions. In order to find out if the desired frequency range is
available, clustering decisions are sent to a centralized receiver. The simulation findings show that in
comparison to the standard system, the proposed strategy significantly reduces energy usage by 35%-
95%. Theoretical analysis is conducted to examine the transmission delay. The simulation results
indicate a substantial reduction in energy consumption for transmission. (Wenfang Xia et al., 2009)
For our two-tier hierarchical cognitive radio network, we offer a Distributed Spectrum Sensing (DSS)
scheme that is both energy-efficient and scalable. This system is also known as the cluster-and-
forward based DSS method. Our suggested method dynamically divides the tertiary users into
multiple clusters and appoints a Cluster Head (CH) from the tertiary users in each cluster at each time
step. Selected CHs collect spectral sensing data, process it locally, and report their fusion results to a
centralized hub. In order to mitigate the power consumption of secondary users, a strategy is
implemented where the chosen cluster heads (CHs) alternate as the fusion center. The fusion center is
responsible for processing the spectrum-sensing decision outcomes transmitted by the remaining CHs
and ultimately determining the final spectrum sensing decision. The results show that the suggested
method may achieve a high degree of accuracy in spectrum sensing even in environments with a low
average channel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Our suggested decision support system (DSS) scheme
and clustering approach are validated and assessed via performance evaluations, particularly with
regards to the dependability of spectrum sensing and the efficacy of energy utilization.( Jin Wei and
Xi Zhang)
Using a single primary user (PU) as an example, this research investigates the potential and
limitations of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering for energy detection-based cooperative spectrum
sensing (CSS) in a cognitive radio network (CRN). Secondary users (SUs) send the signal energy
they've picked up to the fusion center (FC). Two different combining strategies, selection and optimal
gain combining, are used at the fusion center (FC) to solve the sensor reliability problem. These
schemes are applied within two separate optimization frameworks. The primary research uses the
differential evolution (DE) algorithm to find the best possible cluster centers, with the goal of
optimizing detection while keeping false alarm rates to a minimum. The simulation results
demonstrate an enhanced level of sensing reliability in comparison to previous studies. In the
subsequent scenario, the issue is expanded to encompass the energy-efficient design of CRNs. In this
scenario, the secondary users (SUs) function as amplify-and-forward (AF) relays. The fusion center
(FC) evaluates the primary user's (PU) energy by summing the signals from all secondary users (SUs).
The overall goal of this research is to lower the total energy consumption of all SUs while maintaining
the established sensing requirements. (S.P. Maity et al., 2015)

Summary of Research Gap

Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) have garnered significant attention in recent times due to
their integration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and cognitive radio (CR) technology. Clustering
methods have been employed with varying degrees of success in enhancing network performance
within wireless sensor networks. Clustering pertains to the process of organizing a group of sensor

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nodes into a cohesive entit (a "cluster"). The level of similarity among nodes within a cluster is
greater than the level of similarity between clusters that contain dissimilar nodes. A distinct 'cluster
head' is allocated to each cluster. The individuals within the cluster employ sensors to gather data
pertaining to the designated environment, subsequently transmitting said data to a centralized
location. The oversight of spectrum management in a Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is
primarily carried out by a designated cluster head. The individual assumes the responsibility of
collecting data from sensors deployed across the entirety of the cluster and subsequently transmitting
this data to the fusion center. The main aim of this approach is to effectively preserve energy. In
contrast to WSN, clustering cannot be directly implemented in a cognitive radio sensor network
(CRSN). The clustering procedure in a Cognitive Social Robotics Network (CSRN) necessitates
meticulous attention. In the context of a Cluster-based Sensor Routing Network (CSRN), it is
necessary for clustering to ensure that all sensors within a given node are situated within the
communication range of one another and utilize a consistent channel for inter-cluster communication.
In addition, the development of clustering algorithms for WSN aims to optimize the accumulation of
target data while minimizing the associated network overhead. However, they still have a long way to
go before they can efficiently manage cognitive radio's spectrum-aware sensing and communication
capabilities. The utilization of clustering methodologies in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
(CRSNs) holds considerable importance due to its pivotal role in augmenting the operational efficacy
and longevity of the network.
In order to accomplish this objective, we present a novel clustering methodology for Cognitive Radio
Sensor Networks (CRSNs) that prioritizes energy efficiency. This approach is founded on the
principle of collaborative spectrum sensing, referred to as ECS. The present proposal is based on the
framework of spectrum-aware restricted clustering, which was initially introduced in prior scholarly
investigations. The proposed technique enables paired nodes to alternate between active and asleep
states, thereby mitigating power consumption during the sensing process. Additionally, the proposed
method operates in a self-organized fashion, leading to an increase in the network's longevity and
stability, as well as the optimal choice of cluster heads.

Part Three
Approaches and Techniques to be used
An improved clustering based Energy-Efficient distributed Spectrum Sensing (ECS) Method
In this research, we provide a detailed evaluation of a power-efficient spectrum sensing approach that
makes use of clustering algorithms. Henceforth, the term "node" shall be employed to denote a node
within a Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN). The proposed ECS strategy assumes and strives to
achieve

 • The transmission settings can be adjusted thanks to the cognitive-radio characteristics built
into every node, like spectrum detection and dynamic access. Furthermore, each node
possesses the ability to comprehend the radio environment in its vicinity
 The network of nodes exhibits a disorganized, compact, and repetitive structure
 In order to ensure effective communication between nodes, it is imperative that each cluster
possesses a minimum of one unoccupied communication channel that is shared with its
adjacent nodes
 The nodes are deployed in a random manner within a specified geographical area. Upon
obtaining the GPS coordinates of each node, the fusion centre or ground station receives this
data along with the node's distinct identifier and application category.
 Efficient identification of sources while taking into account specific applications. A leader is
designated for each CRSN cluster. The crucial step in the process involves the cluster head

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 collecting data from all cooperating nodes within the cluster and subsequently broadcast it to
the fusion centre.
Pairing and Coupling in Spectrum aware:
Similar to the decentralized spectrum-aware clustering (DSAC) technique, the proposed scheme for
ECS employs a spectrum-aware methodology for pair-wise coupling. Through the exchange of data
pertaining to their respective surrounding areas, the DSAC has the capability to merge the two nodes
that exhibit the closest geographical proximity. In addition, the DSAC methodology leads to a
significant rise in energy consumption as a consequence of the continuous monitoring of the target
and the communication that takes place between all nodes within the set and the cluster head. The
primary objective of this research is to reduce the CSRN's energy usage in order to improve the
network's reliability and extend its service life.
Jelly fish implementation for Cluster Head Selection
The majority of nodes within the Jelly Fish network engage in communication with cluster leaders,
who subsequently transmit the aggregated and compressed information to the ground station. At the
commencement of each round, every node utilizes a stochastic process to determine whether it will
assume the role of the cluster head for the ongoing round. Based on the designated target fraction of
cluster heads, a node is precluded from assuming the role of cluster head multiple times once it has
fulfilled this responsibility. In each successive round, each node has a probability of 1/i of being
deemed suitable for the cluster head. Meanwhile, at the conclusion of each round, all non-cluster
heads select the closest cluster head and proceed to join it. The determination of the data-transfer
schedule for each cluster node is subsequently carried out by the cluster leader. During the process of
collecting and transferring data, it has been observed that data transmission consumes a greater
amount of power compared to data fusion. A cluster head is expected to fail soon if its energy level is
lower than the average of the other nodes in the cluster.
The ECS method employed in our study leverages the residual energy of nodes to determine the
selection of cluster heads subsequent to the initial voting round. Furthermore, the process of selecting
cluster heads exclusively considers nodes that are in the Active mode. Consequently, a reduced
expenditure is observed in the realm of communication. In situations where all nodes have the same
initial energy levels, denoted as E0, the active nodes will independently choose themselves as cluster
heads through a distributed algorithm that relies on the probability of selecting a CH.
The selection of the optimal Cluster Head is achieved by employing the jellyfish algorithm. An
optimal approach to network organization involves the division of the network into clusters that are
easily manageable. By utilizing the CH (Cluster Head) mechanism, the two sensor nodes are able to
establish communication and share pertinent data regarding their respective geographical positions as
well as the amount of battery power remaining. Consequently, a cluster is formed that precisely
comprises the appropriate quantity of cluster members, referred to as CMs. There is a potential
prospect that in subsequent cycles, the generation of CH may be facilitated through the utilization of
surplus energy at sensor nodes. The cluster's size can be dynamically adjusted periodically based on
the total number of nodes, utilizing an algorithm inspired by the respiratory mechanism of jellyfish.
The rearrangement of parameters [Nmin, Nmax] is performed in order to minimize the presence of
redundant nodes and maximize the total number of Nc within circles generated by specific CHs. The
process of adding normal nodes to a cluster will continue until the count of cluster members (CM)
reaches the minimum threshold value (Mmin), with preference given to nodes that are in close
proximity to the cluster head (CH) in terms of geographical location.
Algorithm 1:
Step 1: Initialize network with N nodes and cluster Region CRi, set Nmin and Nmax for each cluster
by default

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Step 2: Form Cluster Members (CM), limits Mmin, Mmax
Step 3: check the number of cluster circle with maximum size of the cluster
if Nc> Mmax then
while (N1> Mmax) do
Step 4: Update the circle region by using step 3
End while
End if
else
Step 5: Check if Nc< Mmin do
While (Nc >Mmin) and CR ≤ CRi
CR= (1+a) CR
End while
End if
Step 6: return circle region

Transmission and Reporting of data in CRSN:

Following the establishment of pairwise connections, clustering, and PCH/SCH selection with
spectrum awareness, each active node proceeds to transfer sensor data to the CH within its designated
TDMA slot. It is imperative to acknowledge that the ECS system we have proposed does not
incorporate nodes in a state of Sleep during any form of data transmission. The data collected from
multiple nodes is consolidated by the cluster leaders and transmitted to the fusion center. This paper
does not delve into the various methodologies of decision making and data integration. The primary
aim of our research is to efficiently collect data regarding each cluster head and transmit it to the
fusion center. When it comes to reducing data volume and saving on network power, data collection is
a tried-and-true method. Given a system with a total of M nodes, where N represents the optimal
number of CH, the average cluster size can be determined using equation (1)
M
( −1) (1)
N
To facilitate the transmission of a Di bit message from a node to the CH, the communication circuitry
of each node necessitates the utilization of ETrans, while the transmission amplifier necessitates the
utilization of Eamp to attain a suitable signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. Based on the given equation,
When the distance d2 is subtracted from the distance d to the cluster's center, it becomes clear that a
node must waste energy to maintain its position,

E Nenergy = ( MN −1)( E 2
∗D i∗Eamp ∗Di∗d )
Trans (2)

The energy consumption of the cluster head during the reception of data from other nodes can be
represented by the variable EReceiver:
M
E Receiver =( E R∗Di ) ( −1) (3)
N
The energy dissipated by cluster heads is equal to the total energy expended by the corresponding
nodes, represented as Eexp, in the process of gathering and consolidating the data Di that originates
from each affiliated node.
M
E AE =( Eexp∗Di ) ( ) (4)
N

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The total transmission energy (T Ene) used by the CH to send the collected data (Dagg) to the fusion
center is a function of the two-way travel distance d2 between the two locations:
2
T Ene =T E∗Di∗E amp∗Di∗d (5)

The subsequent equations demonstrate that the cluster head depletes energy in each iteration by
acquiring data from its interconnected nodes, consolidating the collected data, and transmitting it to
the fusion center. The symbol TECH is used to represent the total amount of energy. Consequently,
the subsequent expression can be derived to represent the cumulative dissipation of energy
experienced by the leading cluster during each cycle:
T ECH =EReceiver + E AE +T Ene (6)

Algorithm 2: Energy Efficient Clustering for CRSN

Step 1: The Primary Cluster Head (PCH) is selected by using threshold comparison
Step 2: The PCH Transmit the message to its entire Cluster
Step 3: When a new node is detected, node uses MAC Protocol to send RREQ and balance energy to
its PCH via the request
Step 4: PCH accept and validate the received request and allow the nodes to join the CSRN and form
cluster using algorithm 1
Step 5: PCH calculates the rest of available energy using equation (6) and select the Secondary
Cluster Head (SCH) for new clusters
Step 6: Repeat step 1 to 5 until all messages are successfully broadcast in CSRN with low energy
utilization
Features and Advantages of VVC
1. Energy Conservation: The implementation of cluster-based energy-efficient spectrum
sensing techniques effectively mitigates energy consumption by minimizing redundant
sensing activities and optimizing the utilization of limited energy resources. This facilitates
the prolongation of the network's lifespan and enables a more sustainable mode of operation.
2. Enhanced Network Scalability: The process of clustering facilitates the partitioning of the
network into more compact and controllable clusters. The enhancement of scalability is
achieved by allowing each cluster to function autonomously, thereby mitigating the
challenges associated with overseeing a vast network and facilitating effective allocation of
resources
3. Improved Spectrum Utilization: Through the coordination of spectrum sensing within
clusters, energy-efficient spectrum sensing facilitates enhanced utilization of the spectrum
resources that are currently accessible. The identification of unused or underutilized
frequency bands is beneficial in facilitating the opportunistic access of cognitive radio nodes
to the spectrum.
4. Reliable Spectrum Sensing: The implementation of data fusion and aggregation
methodologies within cluster-based sensing methodologies enhances the precision and
dependability of spectrum sensing outcomes. By taking into account multiple sensing reports,
the cluster head can enhance its decision-making process regarding the availability or
occupancy of the spectrum
5. Flexibility and Adaptability: The proposed approach of cluster-based energy-efficient
spectrum sensing demonstrates the ability to effectively respond to changing network

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 conditions and fluctuations in the accessibility of spectrum bands. Real-time adjustments of
sensing parameters and cluster configurations enable efficient responses to variations in
primary user activity or network topology.
Incorporating cluster-based energy-efficient spectrum sensing into cognitive radio networks shows
promise because it improves the performance and reliability of spectrum sensing operations while also
allowing for more efficient use of the spectrum.
Project Workplan
The project steps were classified into distinct phases, ensuring an equitable distribution of both the
project work and the associated report and results. This analysis enhances comprehension of
individual sectors and their corresponding outcomes.
Phase 1
The initiation of the project is contingent upon receiving approval from the supervisor. The supervisor
provides guidance for the overall structure and addresses any inconsistencies in the objectives.
Subsequently, the objectives and outcomes can be delineated, accompanied by a suitable timeframe.
The main aim of the work can be stated as being conclusive in nature:
Various clustering algorithms are examined and subsequently selected. The utilization of a jellyfish
clustering algorithm has been proposed as a means to enhance the energy efficiency in spectrum
analysis.
Initially, it is imperative to engage in a thorough examination of the fundamental concept underlying
the subject matter, as well as conduct an extensive review of pertinent scholarly literature. This
approach will facilitate the acquisition of a more profound understanding of the preexisting CRN. It is
imperative to conduct a thorough analysis of the objectives and distinctions between the current
system and the proposed system, supported by appropriate references from scholarly literature. The
project can be segmented into multiple objectives and corresponding tasks throughout its duration.

 The acquisition of proficiency in the utilization of MATLAB, a simulation software,

necessitates dedicated study and deliberate practice
 To have a deeper understanding of the topic at hand, it is necessary to read and critically
evaluate relevant research publications.
 The proposed jelly fish algorithm is evaluated in comparison to other algorithms.
 The simulation outcomes are analyzed in terms of dead node versus active node comparison,
rounds of cluster head selection, and fusion center data transfer.
Briefly summarizing the greatest ideas that can contribute to the project's ultimate results is one way
to present the literature review. The program must be perfected such that any and all changes to the
channel rate may be simulated, as this is what ensures transmission efficiency. The reports will
include a comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature, an outline of the approaches to be taken, a
description of the research objectives and methodology, and a discussion of the expected results.
Phase 2
Clustering algorithms are used to organize nodes into groups with the hope of improving energy
efficiency during data transmission in a cognitive radio network.
Phase 3
Each simulation must undergo a thorough theoretical and economic evaluation to ensure that the
suggested concepts outperform current cognitive radio networks. The comparison efficiency must be
recorded, and it must fulfill all criteria with an increasing number of nodes and substantial data
transfers.

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Managing my thesis
My plan is to begin writing my literature review by the first week of May, as there were numerous
articles and reviews that I needed to reread in order to complete the rest of my simulation work.
Meeting with my advisor on a regular basis will allow me to gain a new perspective on my research
and highlight any weak spots. My plan was to write the methodology section of my thesis after I had
completed the data analysis on all of my samples.
Major checkpoints that must be reached in order to complete the project successfully
• Practice doing economic and sensitivity studies with the simulation software
• Finding the most economical method
• To construct a graph representing utility costs
• Validation of the model and a sensitivity study has been done

The subsequent enumeration outlines the various activities and deliverables associated with each
phase of the project.

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Gantt Chart

[Jesima Yasmeen Mohammed Ismail] [001244818] 12

Gantt Chart Explained
The literature review pertaining to the technique of CO2 capture has been scheduled for a duration of
approximately 29 days, commencing from the first week of May and extending until June. The section
under consideration holds significant value as it facilitates the analysis of numerous crucial features.
Additionally, it presents multiple research content accompanied by appropriate results, thereby
enabling the examination of simulation outcomes in a meaningful manner. Supervision is necessary in
order to revise the process until it reaches a state of perfection. During Phase 2, a total of 147 days
will be allocated to thoroughly comprehend the process and obtain the specification report through the
analysis of an appropriate methodology. The analysis of the results and the supervision of simulations
are necessary in order to obtain accurate findings. Sufficient meetings and discussions will be
conducted throughout the various stages. The final stage is recommended for the utilization of the log
book as well as for the analysis of the final report. The subsequent phase will involve the composition
of the dissertation, as well as the delivery of a presentation to showcase the methodology and
corresponding findings.

Key Deliverables
The key deliverables include:
 Abstract
 Research Aim
 Research Objective
 Literature Survey
 Research Gap
 Work plan
 Gantt Chart
Potential Risks
Potential issues may arise in the event of incorrect assumptions or manual errors within the system,
inadequate characterization of features, suboptimal choices regarding the model of operation,
selection of amines, equations, or design parameters.

References
[1] Zhang R, Liang YC & Cui S 2010, Dynamic resource allocation in cognitive radio
networks‟, Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, vol.27, no.3, pp.102-114.
[2] Liang YC, Pan G & Zeng Y 2010, „On the performance of spectrum sensing algorithms
using multiple antennas‟, Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2010),
2010 IEEE, pp.1-5.
[3] Shubhangi Mahamuni, Vivekanand Mishra & Vijay M.Wadhai 2012, „Efficient Energy
Detection Technique in Cognitive Radio Ad-hoc Network‟, International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), vol.46, no.11.
[4] Mahendru G, Shukla AK, Patnaik LM. An optimal and adaptive double threshold-based
approach to minimize error probability for spectrum sensing at low SNR regime. J Ambient
Intell Humaniz Comput. 2022;13(8):3935-3944. doi: 10.1007/s12652-021-03596-w. Epub
2021 Nov 30. PMID: 34868373; PMCID: PMC8630521.

[Jesima Yasmeen Mohammed Ismail] [001244818] 13

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