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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN BASIC WORDS

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 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN BASIC WORDS

KANCHAN PAL P.G SHOLAR*

Here this article will discuss about common signs of mental illness but before describing
about this, just read about mental health once …………..

Mental Health: Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual can realize his or
her own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a
contribution to the community.

Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your
mood, thinking and behavior. Many people have mental health concerns from time to time. But a
mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause
frequent stress and affect your ability to function. A mental illness can make you miserable and
can cause problems in your daily life, such as at school or work or in relationships. In most
cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and psychotherapy.

“Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances
and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors.”
Some are given below :-

 Feeling sad or down

 Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate
 Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt
 Extreme mood changes of highs and low
 Withdrawal from friends and activities
 Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping
 Detachment from reality (delusions), paranoia or hallucinations
 Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
 Trouble understanding and relating to situations and to people
 Problems with alcohol or drug use
 Major changes in eating habits
 Sex drive changes
 Excessive anger, hostility or violence
 Suicidal thinking

There's no easy test that can let someone know if there is mental illness or if actions and
thoughts might be typical behaviors of a person or the result of a physical illness. Sometime
 its difficult to differentiate a disorder from symptoms which are trying to tell the difference
between what expected behaviors are and what might be the signs of a mental illness isn't
always easy. common signs of mental illness in adults and adolescents can include the
following:

 Excessive worrying or fear

 Feeling excessively sad or low
 Confused thinking or problems concentrating and learning
 Extreme mood changes, including uncontrollable “highs” or feelings of euphoria
 Prolonged or strong feelings of irritability or anger
 Avoiding friends and social activities
 Difficulties understanding or relating to other people
 Changes in sleeping habits or feeling tired and low energy
 Changes in eating habits such as increased hunger or lack of appetite
 Changes in sex drive
 Difficulty perceiving reality (delusions or hallucinations, in which a person experiences
and senses things that don't exist in objective reality)
 Inability to perceive changes in one’s own feelings, behavior or personality (”lack of
insight” or anosognosia)
 Overuse of substances like alcohol or drugs
 Multiple physical ailments without obvious causes (such as headaches, stomach aches,
vague and ongoing “aches and pains”)
 Thinking about suicide
 Inability to carry out daily activities or handle daily problems and stress
 An intense fear of weight gain or concern with appearance.
 Sometimes symptoms of a mental health disorder appear as physical problems, such as
stomach pain, back pain, headaches, or other unexplained aches and pains.

Glossary of Mental Health Terms

Abuse :-A group of terms in wide use but of
varying meaning. In DSM-IV, 'psychoactive
substance abuse' is defined as a 'maladaptive
pattern of use indicated by ... continued use
despite knowledge of having a persistent or
recurrent social, occupational, psychological
or physical problem that is caused or
exacerbated by the use [or by] recurrent use
in situations in which it is physically
hazardous'. The term 'abuse' is sometimes
used disapprovingly to refer to any use at
all, particularly of illicit drugs. Because of
its ambiguity, the term is not used in ICD-10
(except in the case of non-dependence-
producing substances); harmful use and
hazardous use are the equivalent terms in
WHO usage, although they usually relate
only to effects on health and not to social
consequences.
Addiction, Drug or Alcohol: Repeated use
of a psychoactive substance or substances,
to the extent that the user (referred to as an
addict) is periodically or chronically
intoxicated, shows a compulsion to take the
preferred substance (or substances), has
great difficulty in voluntarily ceasing or
modifying substance use, and exhibits
determination to obtain psychoactive
substances by almost any means.
Alcohol and drug dependence: A cluster of
physiological, behavioural and cognitive
phenomena in which the use of alcohol or
drugs takes on a much higher priority for a
given individual than other behaviours that
once had greater value. The alcohol or drug
withdrawal state refers to a group of
symptoms that may occur upon cessation of
alcohol or drug after its prolonged daily use.
Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders:
Conditions resulting from different patterns
of alcohol consumption include acute
alcohol intoxication, harmful alcohol use,
the alcohol dependence syndrome, and the
alcohol withdrawal state. Acute intoxication
is a transient condition following intake of
alcohol resulting in disturbances of
consciousness, cognition, perception, affect
or behaviour. Harmful use of alcohol is a
pattern of alcohol consumption that is
causing damage to health. The damage may
be physical.
Anorexia nervosa: A disorder characterized
by deliberate weight loss, induced and
sustained by the patient. It occurs most
commonly in adolescent girls and young
women, but adolescent boys and young men
may also be affected, as may children
approaching puberty and older women up to
the menopause. The disorder is associated
with a specific psychopathology whereby a
dread of fatness and flabbiness of body
contour persists as an intrusive overvalued
idea, and the patients impose a low weight
threshold on themselves. There is usually
undernutrition of varying severity with
secondary endocrine and metabolic changes
and disturbances of bodily function. The
symptoms include restricted dietary choice,
excessive exercise, induced vomiting and
purgation, and use of appetite suppressants
and diuretics.
Anxiety disorders. Anxiety is an emotion
characterized by the anticipation of future
danger or misfortune, along with excessive
worrying. It can include behavior aimed at
avoiding situations that cause anxiety.
Autism :-A neuro-developmental condition
which is usually diagnosed in the first 3
years of life. Generally parents become
concerned when their child has delays in
speech development, limited social
relatedness, and restricted interests and
activities.
Autism-Spectrum Disorders: The umbrella
term 'autism spectrum disorders' (ASDs)
covers conditions such as autism, childhood
disintegrative disorder and Asperger
syndrome. Core symptoms include a
variable mixture of impaired capacity for
reciprocal socio-communicative interaction
and a restricted, stereotyped repetitive
repertoire of interests and activities.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders
may have decreased general intellectual
ability.
Behavioural disorders: An umbrella term
that includes more specific disorders, such
as hyperkinetic disorder or attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other
behavioural disorders. Behavioural
symptoms of varying levels of severity are
very common in the population. Only
children and adolescents with a moderate to
severe degree of psychological, social,
educational or occupational impairment in
multiple settings should be diagnosed as
having behavioural disorders. For some
children with behavioural disorders, the
problem persists into adulthood.
Bipolar Disorder:- A type of mood disorder
with marked changes in mood between
extreme elation or happiness and severe
depression during adolescence.
Bizarre delusion:- An absurd, totally
implausible, very strange false belief.
Blocking:- Abrupt interruption in train of
thinking, before a thought or idea is finished
; after brief pause, person indicates no recall
of what of what was being said or was going
to be said ( also known as thought
deprivation) .
Blunted Affect :- A disturbance in affect
manifested by a severe reduction in the
intensity of externalized feeling tone.
Bulimia nervosa: A syndrome characterized
by repeated bouts of overeating and an
excessive preoccupation with the control of
body weight, leading to a pattern of
overeating followed by vomiting or use of
purgatives. This disorder shares many
psychological features with anorexia
nervosa, including an over concern with
body shape and weight. Repeated vomiting
is likely to give rise to disturbances of body
electrolytes and physical complications.
There is often, but not always, a history of
an earlier episode of anorexia nervosa, the
interval ranging from a few months to
several years.
Catatonic disorder:- Catatonic disorder due
to another medical condition occurs in the
context of sexual medical conditions.
Childhood Autism: A pervasive
developmental disorder defined by the
presence of abnormal and/or impaired
development that is manifest before the age
of 3 years, and by the characteristic type of
abnormal functioning in all three areas of
social interaction, communication, and
restricted, repetitive behaviour. The disorder
occurs in boys three to four times more often
than in girls.
Conduct Disorder :- A repetitive and
persistent pattern of behavior among
teenagers which they violate the rights of
others, or violate norms or rules that are
appropriate to their age.

Conversion disorder :- Repressed instinct
changes into sensory motor symptoms(body
changes).
Conversion hysteria:- Hysterical paralysis
convert into self-punishment.
Dementia: Dementia is a syndrome due to
disease of the brain – usually of a chronic or
progressive nature – in which there is
disturbance of multiple higher cortical
functions, including memory, thinking,
orientation, comprehension, calculation,
learning capacity, language, and judgement.
Consciousness is not clouded. The
impairments of cognitive function are
commonly accompanied, and occasionally
preceded, by deterioration in emotional
control, social behaviour, or motivation.
Dementia is not part of normal ageing.
Although it can occur at any age, it's more
common in older people. (mhGAP
intervention Guide, WHO, 2010). This
syndrome occurs in a large number of
conditions primarily or secondarily affecting
the brain (2). Alzheimer's disease is the most
common form of dementia and possibly
contributes to 60–70% of cases. Other major
contributors include vascular dementia,
dementia with Lewy bodies, and a group of
diseases that contribute to frontotemporal
dementia. The boundaries between subtypes
are indistinct and mixed forms often co-exist
(3). Dementia affects each person in a
different way, depending upon the impact of
the disease and the person's pre-morbid
personality. The problems linked to
dementia can be understood in three stages:
 early stage – first year or two;
 middle stage – second to fourth or fifth
years;
 late stage – fifth year and after.
Depressive disorders. These include
disorders that affect how you feel
emotionally, such as the level of sadness and
happiness, and they can disrupt your ability
to function. Examples include major
depressive disorder and premenstrual
dysphoric disorder.
Dissociative disorders. These are disorders
in which your sense of self is disrupted, such
as with dissociative identity disorder and
dissociative amnesia.
Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct
disorders. These disorders include problems
with emotional and behavioral self-control,
such as kleptomania or intermittent
explosive disorder.
Depression :- A type of mood disorder
characterized by low or irritable mood or
loss of interest or pleasure in almost all
activities over a period of time.
Developmental Disabilities A disability of
a person which is attributable to a condition
closely related to mental retardation which
results in impairment of intellectual
functioning or adaptive behavior.
Developmental disorder: An umbrella term
covering disorders such as intellectual
disability / mental retardation as well as
pervasive developmental disorders including
autism. These disorders usually have a
childhood onset, impairment or delay in
functions related to central nervous system
maturation, and a steady course rather than
the remissions and relapses that tend to
characterize many other mental disorders.
Despite a childhood onset, the
developmental disorders tend to persist into
adulthood. People with developmental
disorders are more vulnerable to physical
illness and to develop other priority
conditions mentioned in the mhGAP-IG and
require additional attention by health-care
providers.
Drug Use and Drug Use Disorders:
Conditions resulting from different patterns
of drug use include acute sedative overdose,
acute stimulant intoxication or overdose,
harmful or hazardous drug use, cannabis
dependence, opioid dependence, stimulant
dependence, benzodiazepine dependence,
and their corresponding withdrawal states.
Harmful use of drugs is a pattern of drug
consumption that is causing damage to
health. The damage may be physical (as in
cases of infections related to drug use) or
mental (e.g. episodes of depressive disorder)
and is often associated with damage to
social functioning (e.g. family problems,
legal problems or work-related problems).
Eating Disorder:- Unhealthy pattern of
eating characterized by preoccupation with
food and distorted body image.
Elimination disorders :- These disorders
relate to the inappropriate elimination of
urine or stool by accident or on purpose.
Bed-wetting (enuresis) is an example.
Epilepsy/Seizures: Epilepsy is a chronic
condition, characterized by recurrent
unprovoked seizures. It has several causes; it
may be genetic or may occur in people who
have a past history of birth trauma, brain
infections or head injury. In some cases, no
specific cause can be identified. Seizures are
caused by abnormal discharges in the brain
and can be of different forms; people with
epilepsy can have more than one type of
seizure. The two major forms of seizures are
convulsive and non-convulsive. Non-
convulsive epilepsy has features such as
change in awareness, behaviour, emotions or
senses (such as taste, smell, vision or
hearing) similar to mental health conditions,
so may be confused with them. Convulsive
epilepsy has features such as sudden muscle
contraction, causing the person to fall and lie
rigidly, followed by the muscles alternating
between relaxation and rigidity, with or
without loss of bowel or bladder control.
This type is associated with greater stigma
and higher morbidity and mortality.
Evidence Based Practice:- Evidence-Based
Practice (EBP) comprises empirically-
validated processes that facilitate the
conscientious, explicit and judicious
integration of individual clinical expertise
with the best available external clinical
evidence from systematic research in
making decisions about the care of
individual patients.
Fugue :- Taking on of a new identity with a
the old and which often involves travel or
war new environments.
Generalized Anxiety disorder:
Anxiety that is generalized and persistent
but not restricted to, or even strongly
predominating in, any particular
environmental circumstances (i.e. it is "free-
floating"). The dominant symptoms are
variable but include complaints of persistent
nervousness, trembling, muscular tensions,
sweating, lightheadedness, palpitations,
dizziness, and epigastric discomfort. Fears
that the patient or a relative will shortly
become ill or have an accident are often
expressed.
Gender dysphoria :- This refers to the
distress that accompanies a person's stated
desire to be another gender.
Hyperkinetic disorder / attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : The main
features are impaired attention and
overactivity. Impaired attention shows itself
as breaking off from tasks and leaving
activities unfinished. The child or adolescent
shifts frequently from one activity to
another. These deficits in persistence and
attention should be diagnosed as a disorder
only if they are excessive for the child or
adolescent's age and intelligence, and affect
their normal functioning and learning.
Overactivity implies excessive restlessness,
especially in situations requiring relative
calm. It may involve the child or adolescent
running and jumping around, getting up
from a seat when he or she was supposed to
remain seated, excessive talkativeness and
noisiness, or fidgeting and wriggling. The
characteristic behavioural problems should
be of early onset (before age 6 years) and
long duration (> 6 months), and not limited
to only one setting.
Hypoactivity(hypokinesis):- Decreased
activity or retardation, as in psychomotor
retardation; visible slowing of thought,
speech, movements.
Hallucinations :- False sensory perceptions
not associated with real external stimuli;
there may or may not be a delusional
interpretation of the hallucinatory
experience.
Hypersomnia:- Excessive sleeping.
Illusions:- Misperceptions or
misinterpretations of sensory stimuli.
Insomnia:- Lack of or diminished ability to
sleep.
Intellectual Disability: A significantly
reduced ability to understand new or
complex information and to learn and apply
new skills (impaired intelligence), with a
reduced ability to cope independently
(impaired social functioning) which started
before adulthood, and has a lasting effect on
development. Disability depends not only on
a child's health conditions or impairments
but also and crucially on the extent to which
environmental factors support the child's full
participation and inclusion in society. The
use of the term "intellectual disability" in
this Declaration includes children with
autism who have intellectual impairments.
For the purposes of this Declaration, the
term also encompasses children who have
been institutionalized because of a perceived
disability or family rejection and who
acquire developmental delays and
psychological problems as a result of their
institutionalization
Jargon aphaisa:- Words produced are
totally neologistic; nonsense words repeated
with various intonations and inflections.
Mental Illness:- Disorder of thinking,
feeling, and behaving.
Mental disorder prevention: Focuses on
reducing risk factors and enhancing
protective factors associated with mental ill
health with the aim of reducing the risk,
incidence, prevalence and reoccurrence of
mental disorders.
Mental Disorders: Mental disorders
comprise a broad range of problems, with
different symptoms. They are generally
characterized, however, by some
combination of disturbed thoughts,
emotions, behaviour and relationships with
others. Examples are depression, anxiety,
conduct disorders in children, bipolar
disorders and schizophrenia. Many of these
disorders can be successfully treated.
Mental Health: Mental health is a state of
well-being in which an individual can
realize his or her own potential, cope with
the normal stresses of life, work
productively and make a contribution to the
community.
Mental Health Legislation: Mental health
legislation, or mental health provisions
integrated into other laws (e.g. anti-
discrimination, general health, disability,
employment, social welfare, education,
housing, and other areas), may cover a broad
array of issues including access to mental
health care and other services, quality of
mental health care, admission to mental
health facilities, consent to treatment,
freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment, freedom from discrimination, the
enjoyment of a full range of civil, cultural,
economic, political and social rights, and
provisions for legal mechanisms to promote
and protect human rights (e.g. review bodies
to oversee admission and treatment to
mental health facilities, monitoring bodies to
inspect human rights conditions in facilities
and complaint mechanisms).
Mental health policy and mental health
plan: The official statement of a government
which defines the vision and details an
organized set of values, principles,
objectives and areas for action to improve
the mental health of a population. A mental
health plan details the strategies, activities,
timeframes and budgets that will be
implemented to realize the vision and
achieve the objectives of the policy as well
as the expected outputs, targets and
indicators that can be used to assess whether
implementation has been successful.
Mental health promotion: "Aims to
protect, support and sustain emotional and
social well-being and create individual,
social and environmental conditions that
enable optimal psychological and
psychophysiological development and
improve the coping capacity of individuals.
Mental health promotion refers to positive
mental health rather than mental ill health."
Mental Health Services: The means by
which effective interventions for mental
health are delivered. The way these services
are organized has an important bearing on
their effectiveness. Typically, mental health
services include outpatient facilities, mental
health day treatment facilities, psychiatric
wards in a general hospital, community
mental health teams, supported housing in
the community, and mental hospitals.
Misuse, drug or alcohol: Use of a
substance for a purpose not consistent with
legal or medical guidelines, as in the non-
medical use of prescription medications. The
term is preferred by some to abuse in the
belief that it is less judgemental.
Neurodevelopmental disorders. This class
covers a wide range of problems that usually
begin in infancy or childhood, often before
the child begins grade school. Examples
include autism spectrum disorder, attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
learning disorders.
Neurocognitive disorders. Neurocognitive
disorders affect your ability to think and
reason. These acquired (rather than
developmental) cognitive problems include
delirium, as well as neurocognitive disorders
due to conditions or diseases such as
traumatic brain injury or Alzheimer's
disease.
Obsessive-compulsive and related
disorders. These disorders involve
preoccupations or obsessions and repetitive
thoughts and actions. Examples include
obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding
disorder and hair-pulling disorder
(trichotillomania).
Oppositional Defiant Disorder :- An
ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant,
and hostile behavior toward authority
figures that seriously interferes with the
youngster’s day to day functioning.
Other behavioural disorders: Unusually
frequent and severe temper tantrums and
persistent severe disobedience may be
present. Disorders of conduct may be
characterized by a repetitive and persistent
pattern of dissocial, aggressive or defiant
conduct. Such behaviour, when at its most
extreme for the individual, should be much
more severe than ordinary childish mischief
or adolescent rebelliousness. Examples of
the behaviours may include: excessive levels
of fighting or bullying; cruelty to animals or
other people; fire- setting; severe
destructiveness to property; stealing;
repeated lying and running away from
school or home. Judgements concerning the
presence of other behavioural disorders
should take into account the child or
adolescent's developmental level and
duration of problem behaviours (at least 6
months).
Post-traumatic stress disorder: Arises as a
delayed or protracted response to a stressful
event or situation (of either brief or long
duration) of an exceptionally threatening or
catastrophic nature, which is likely to cause
pervasive distress in almost anyone.
Predisposing factors, such as personality
traits (e.g. compulsive, asthenic) or previous
history of neurotic illness, may lower the
threshold for the development of the
syndrome or aggravate its course, but they
are neither necessary nor sufficient to
explain its occurrence. Typical features
include episodes of repeated reliving of the
trauma in intrusive memories ("flashbacks"),
dreams or nightmares, occurring against the
persisting background of a sense of
"numbness" and emotional blunting,
detachment from other people,
unresponsiveness to surroundings,
anhedonia, and avoidance of activities and
situations reminiscent of the trauma. There
is usually a state of autonomic hyperarousal
with hypervigilance, an enhanced startle
reaction, and insomnia. Anxiety and
depression are commonly associated with
the above symptoms and signs, and suicidal
ideation is not infrequent. The onset follows
the trauma with a latency period that may
range from a few weeks to months. The
course is fluctuating but recovery can be
expected in the majority of cases. In a small
proportion of cases the condition may follow
a chronic course over many years, with
eventual transition to an enduring
personality change.
Psychoactive drug or substance: A
substance that, when ingested, affects
mental processes, e.g. cognition or affect.
"Psychoactive" does not necessarily imply
dependence-producing, and in common
parlance, the term is often left unstated, as in
"drug use" or "substance abuse”.
Psychological first aid (PFA): Humane,
supportive response to a fellow human being
who is suffering and who may need support.
It entails basic, non-intrusive pragmatic care
with a focus on listening but not forcing
talk, assessing needs and concerns, ensuring
that basic needs are met, encouraging social
support from significant others and
protecting from further harm.
Psychosis: Characterized by distortions of
thinking and perception, as well as
inappropriate or narrowed range of
emotions. Incoherent or irrelevant speech
may be present. Hallucinations (hearing
voices or seeing things that are not there),
delusions (fixed, false idiosyncratic beliefs)
or excessive and unwarranted suspicions
may also occur. Severe abnormalities of
behaviour, such as disorganized behaviour,
agitation, excitement and inactivity or
overactivity, may be seen. Disturbance of
emotions, such as marked apathy or
disconnect between reported emotion and
observed affect (such as facial expressions
and body language), may also be detected.
People with psychosis are at high risk of
exposure to human rights violations.
Psychosocial disabilities: Refer to people
who have received a mental health
diagnosis, and who have experienced
negative social factors including stigma,
discrimination and exclusion. People living
with psychosocial disabilities include ex-
users, current users of the mental health care
services, as well as persons that identify
themselves as survivors of these services or
with the psychosocial disability itself.
Physical Abuse:- Physical abuse occurs
when a person responsible for a child or
adolescent’s welfare causes physical injury
or harm to the child.
Personality disorders. A personality
disorder involves a lasting pattern of
emotional instability and unhealthy behavior
that causes problems in your life and
relationships. Examples include borderline,
antisocial and narcissistic personality
disorders.
Paraphilic disorders. These disorders
include sexual interest that causes personal
distress or impairment or causes potential or
actual harm to another person. Examples are
sexual sadism disorder, voyeuristic disorder
and pedophilic disorder.
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
A complex psychiatric illness that can affect
young children. It is characterized by serious
problems in emotional attachments to others
and usually presents by age 5, but a parent,
caregiver or physician may notice that a
child has problems with emotional
attachment by their first birthday.
Respite Care: temporary provision of care
for a person with mental illness, for example
dementia, by people other than the primary
caregiver. The term "respite care" is used to
cover a diverse range of services. Respite
care can take place in the home of the
person, in a day-care centre, in the
community (e.g. attending a social event) or
in a residential setting. It may vary in terms
of who provides the care (trained or
untrained staff or volunteers). Respite care
may also vary in duration – ranging from a
few hours to several weeks – and may
involve daytime-only care or overnight care.
Respite care may be planned or, in an
emergency, unplanned.
Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder,
characterized by profound disruptions in
thinking, affecting language, perception, and
the sense of self. It often includes psychotic
experiences, such as hearing voices or
delusions. It can impair functioning through
the loss of an acquired capability to earn a
livelihood, or the disruption of studies.
Schizophrenia typically begins in late
adolescence or early adulthood. Most cases
of schizophrenia can be treated, and people
affected by it can lead a productive life and
be integrated in society.
Self-harm: A broader term referring to
intentional self-inflicted poisoning or injury,
which may or may not have a fatal intent or
outcome.
Stigma: A distinguishing mark establishing
a demarcation between the stigmatized
person and others attributing negative
characteristics to this person. The stigma
attached to mental illness often leads to
social exclusion and discrimination and
creates an additional burden for the affected
individual.
Suicidal behavior: A range of behaviors
that include thinking about suicide (or
ideation), planning for suicide, attempting
suicide and suicide itself.
Suicide: The act of deliberately killing
oneself.
Suicide attempt: Any non-fatal suicidal
behavior, refers to intentional self-inflicted
poisoning, injury or self-harm which may or
may not have a fatal intent or outcome.
 Substance Abuse / Dependence:- Use and
abuse of drugs and alcohol.
Sexual Abuse:- Teenage sexual abuse
occurs when an adolescent is used for
gratification of an adult’s sexual needs or
desires. Severity of sexual abuse can range
from fondling to forcible rape.
person has trouble coping during or after a
stressful life event. Examples include post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute
stress disorder.
Young Onset Dementia: Defined typically
as onset before the age of 65 years; a rare
condition.

Sleep-wake disorders:- These are disorders

of sleep severe enough to require clinical
attention, such as insomnia, sleep apnea and
restless legs syndrome.

Sexual dysfunctions:- These include

disorders of sexual response, such as
premature ejaculation and female orgasmic
disorder.

Substance-related and addictive

disorders:- These include problems
associated with the excessive use of alcohol,
caffeine, tobacco and drugs. This class also
includes gambling disorder.

Somatic symptom and related disorders:-

A person with one of these disorders may
have physical symptoms that cause major
emotional distress and problems
functioning. There may or may not be
another diagnosed medical condition
associated with these symptoms, but the
reaction to the symptoms is not normal. The
disorders include somatic symptom disorder,
illness anxiety disorder and factitious
disorder.

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:-

These are adjustment disorders in which a

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