Inorganic Chemistry | a 4 a © scanned with OKEN Scannerii Periodic A omic size n period (L to R) + Zep Attre™h sizey ’ in grOuP (T to B) = shell not sizet axceptions inert gas has highest radit in respective period HB>C>N>O>F a> Nar Mg > AL> Si? P>S> Cl 3a series go> TH? V> Cr < Min > Fe = rj * Fea (due €0 poor screening of 3d es) ZNi V> Fe 5. Ne, B, Be Ne> Be > B i ad Ve eres secycta #4 wet sd pel asec * 2 Ti, Zr, Hp Ti< Zr = Hy Al, B, Ga, In B OP > Bo Mal 9 Mg’ 7 Al” 2. PP aS > Cl aK > Ca” 2. TtoB Shell not wo (a) Li'(g) < Na’(g) < K'(g) < ROC) < €5°(9) (b) F< cf? < Br? «1? BAP > AD AY N7>N>N 2. Hydrated radius Li'(aq) > Na‘(aq) > K'(aq) > Rb“(aq) > Cs'(aq) Sizet @ Hydrated radiust conductance or Ionic mobilitys 3. lonisation Energy (AH oF IE or 1P) 1. Inert gas has highest |.E. in respective period due to fully filled configuration. 2. 2" period li Be BC N OF Ne Ps Li< B B, (228) (25*28"2p") © scanned with OKEN ScanneraM ie Be< B fate aeacap) Ge By Tl? Gar Arr in The (Lanthanoid Contraction) Ga > Al (poor screening of des) s. [5d > 3d > 4d] (due to LC) Q. Compare LE 1.Be CN BeN>0 BPS Ar Ar>P>S 4.7) Zr He Hy > Ti> Zr 5.Mg Ca Sr Mg > Ca> Sr 6Al Ga in Ga > Al> In 4. Electron gain enthalpy (2,,H) Exceptions 1. 2™ period BecNecN < B

2 period (due to vacant ‘a orbitals) uA 4 Cly E> Brot 5. S>Se>Te> P00 4 due to compact nature 6. Inert gases have zero or +e electro enthalpy. * Gain Q Compare 4H aLi Be O Be Se>0 4F ct or Cl> E> Br ssi C sire @N BF ; NCBCE 5. Electronegativity The tendency of an atom to attract shared pair e°s towards itself ADB (B>A)EN A&tB (B< AEN Trends aLtoR ENt 2.TtoB ENJ 21s 225 3 35 4 pep CON OF H, P (2.4) CLS (2.5) N, Cl 3 314 ASA CAT Ay A> A Inorgani¢ Chemist A © scanned with OKEN Scannera . Natu 5.Non metallic oxides > Basic re of oxides etallic oxides > Acidic s.neutral oxides NO, N30. CO ig avaphoterie oxides V,0s1 €F,0s ZnO, Al05, SnO, PLO, Beo, nO» PLOn v, r, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb, Be s.Amphoteric Metals vema car zanabe ali sanak pade bey main Acidic Strength 4.LtoR nMct AST Sas 2. ToB HyPO,>H,PO0,>H5PO, NMCL ASL due to Reso 3, Oxides of sare element +6 +4 AS 0 ON (SOz > SOz) 4. AS of oxyacids AS HON 4745 4B 4d HeI0,7HCIO,»HCIO,>HCIO +6 +4 H,S0,2H2S05 Periodic Table & Which of the following order is incorrect according to the prop against it? ance A) F,>Cl> Br, >, Oxidising power | (B) Hl > HBr > HCl > HF Acidic strength OF > Cl,> Br, 71, BDE (D) F>Cl> Brot EN . Compare basic strength Na, CuO, MgO, AlLOs Na,0 > MgO > CuO > Al,Os, Q Compare LP CNOF CCOCNCF Q. Compare E.N SPN oOo PéSeNco Q Compare ionic radii Ca. Ks cli Se Ca cK < cr < Q. Which is an amphoteric oxide (A) cao (B) SO, (Gr SnO (P) Sio, @ © scanned with OKEN ScannerChemical Bonding _s eee AZA>AZA>A-—A (Bond Strengty) s. 4. Fajan's rule small cation, polarising powert bigger anion Polarisabittyt & high charge on polarisationt covalent charactert co NaF> ke [irs dominate] cation or anion causes A i CC NaF < MgF, over size @. Compare covalent character? 2s ae 4, BeCl, > Bacly +- we He 2.Nacl < MgCl, < AlCl sik Remy bi 4.CuCl > NaCl Pseudo inert gas config. > Inert gas config. inert + 30°? 2. V.B.T (Valence bond theory) stsoo stpoo p +p (Head on or end to end) + 6 p + p (Lateral or sidewise) -> re i me 2, scan not form 2. Strength « overlapping area for same principal Q.N p-prs-prs—s 3. Strength of 1 bond 2p - 2pn > 2pm - 3dr > 2pn - Spn > Spe ape pre = Spr 4. 1 bond is weaker than o 3. Hybridisation 2 345678 Li BEB CNOEN 4.Find valence e°s of central atom He x > 20°, 0 + 6€°, N > se° 2. Find sharing €°s of side atom 5.0 + LP +UP E> 25p = 3 sp* = 4 sp" 5 spd(dz) 6 sp°d"(d,2_2, de) 7 SpE (dey, dye, de) 4-4= 00° =OLP O CHy 40+ OLP=45p° 5-32 2e°=4LP O Nig 30+2 LP =4sp" 8-(4+2) = 2 =2 LP O XeQniy 20+ 20+3LP= ssp'd 6-6 = 00e° =OLP O BCG Go + OLP = spd 4-4200° =0LP 2 Bel 40+ 0LP = 4 sp” . Find hybridisation of underlined atom €-(2+2) = 26 = 4 LP L.OSF, SQafy 10+20+1LP = 4 5p 8-2=6e°= 3 LP 2.18 Lg 20+3LP=s sp'd PT © scanned with OKEN Scannergo 200? 2 OLP xo NHS 20+0LP=2.sp casts LP. ct s © ghd LP=A 5} Bray 7 re 208) pat 1o126+2LP=5 sp°d & oe FOLP ero sor 20S BorOLP=3 Sp" . Cationic Anionic es spect part part velg(s) | Pela sp”) | PCL (spay pore (s) | PBrs (sp) | Br ,05(9) NO’, (sp) NOS (sp’) yer, @) | XeFs (99°C) | 0,9) | C10 (sp?) | C105 sp") odd e° molecules g-4sne?=2upe” * VS.EPR theory Lp-Lp > Lp-Bp > Bp-Bp Geometry or structure BP (0)+L.P = 2 Linear aka RW WWD = 3 Trigonal planar = 4 Tetrahedral = STBP = 6 Octahedral = 7 PBP LP Shape Own Linear Lawn Angular or v-shape or Bent Zorn Angular or v-shape or Bent wee Linear wx Trigonal planar nn Trigonal pyramidal wer Toshape Tetrahedral wan see-saw wee 54. planar wen TBP (Trigonal orn ornrow bi pyramidal) $9. pyramidal O wer __ octahedral Lawn distorted octahedral Ow PBP(pentagonal bi pyrarnidal) © scanned with OKEN ScannerHypbridisation | Molecules BP (0) spd 8-2 = o¢°=3LP 2 eho, 26 spd 8 4 cod 8-6=2e°=4LP 3 C108) 30 * Casaetsair #5 20 5. Dipole moment (1) 20 nonpolar 240 polar (BP) LP pt0 2 ° Becl, 3 ° BF 4 ° CH, 5 ° Pel, 6 ° SF, 7 ° IF, 2.(BP) LP peo 2 3 XeF, 4 2 XeF, Q. Polar or non polar? 4 49+ OLp =O non polar LP Shape (o +LP) Geometry 3 Linear 5 TBP see-saw 5 TBP 2 | trigonal pyramidal | Tetrahedral A Bent 4 Tetrahedral o-4=20°=4Lp 3. Sey 40 + 2Lp #0 non polar gor 1e iv) points N N Congrats IS AAS: CHy-Cl > CH,-F (qud) C~C1> C-F CH,-Cl > CHCl, > CHCl, » CCl, CD,F > CHF (D is more +ve than H) PCISF, < PFsCly nO p#tO wry © scanned with OKEN Scanner2 4 HH Ce se ¢ ae eel N M.0.T Bond order case 3: 1F 65 ina molecule ion 8 éno. of €° £20 | Pp oP P D Pp 2) (2) ol bs} [2] bas) 0 05 £ 15 2 25 | D | PoP oP P | ps| [ee] fez) (es) [ea] ol | Depa oe cemnaee Osh ao) | Case 2: If no. of es <8 [BABA] B.0 oN , 4 2 3 Hy Hy 2 2 2 @ BABA BABA BO= B.O= 2-0 1-0 2 2 ez. 205 2. Stability « B.0 f BO is same, then last €° in BMO is stable. DOO 2 BEX B.O« Bil Pro. of es = even (except 40 and 26)» dia Chemical Bonding 3. IF no. of es = odd —> para Find B.0 and Magnetic nature B, 108° 1 Pp | B, 106° 1 P @ 32 140° asp | BL 2 os P | "eE) 12° 2 D Cy tae? 25P Cz tte a5 p | Ny 240° 3 D 0, 15° 25P | 0, 1669 2 P 07,17 15p | F, 18° 4 D OF 18° 1 D| No 1s? 25P 214° 3 D| Note? 3 D FL 17° 15? | co 14e° 3 D Li, oe? D Q. Which of the following would have a permanent dipole moment? A) BF, (8) SiF, e~4z2e°=aLP (Or SF, (D) XeF, Q. Compare covalent character. MF < MCI < MBr < MI Q. Which is paramagnetic? (A) NO" @N (Cc) CO (DG 4 a30 tae tad D P > > Q. Which of the following two are isostructural? Ox & IF @rer Orsp (B) NHs & BPs BBPraLP BBPrOLP 4 Tetra + 3 Trigonal planar (0) cory & Soy 2BPVOLP SBP+aLP = 8 Trigonal planar = 4 Tetrahedral © scanned with OKEN Scanner& ely (D) PCl, SBPLALP = 6 octahedral TBP @ Which species does not exist? (A) Be BB, (0) B.S (DP) No coe ae? 10e 146° BO=0 Q In which molecule central atom has sp? (A) Becl, BF 25P.0LP 30PVOLP asp a (C) CoH, (D) NH; CHECH 2BPHLP pp = asp @. Compare bond length - BO - + NE Ne SNS ONLY NG ONS 45@ZB) 14@ 16@ Nn < NZS NZ @. Compare covalent character. ee ee eee LiCl < BeCl, < AlCl, < CCly R.| . in which molecule central at Qin at0m has 4p (A Xe (8) Ho" ‘2BP+3LP 3BP1Lp (C) XeFy (D) xer, aopralP eopiaip sBP+aLP =@) Q In chemical change BCl, —> BCI Hybridisation of P chghges Frong: 4 sp spa Q. Which has linear shape but not sp hybridisation (A) Xer, @) 6 2BP+SLP 2aPrLP Linear Linear Gv’ @v'a (C) C0, @r-Both A and B 20rv0LP 2 Linear » © scanned with OKEN Scanner1M, mo : | a, Na ZnOg+Hy | Sodium zincate |g commercial Methods | Gay electrolysis of acidified water | 2H,0(£) = 2H,+0, (i) For high purity H, (> 9.952) Euectro Ba(OH), (aq) Ba(OH), ——> Ba*'+ 20H™ H,0 ——> H+ OH 4H"+ 40° —> 2H, 40H ——> 2H,0 +0, +467 (0) It is obtained as by product in the production of NaOH & Cl, by electrolysis of Brine solution. Naci(aq) Nac! — Na’ + [CT] 1,0 — [H]]+ OH at cathode H' +e? —> ’H,t at anode Cl —> e? + “Clot (4) Reaction of steam on hydrocarbon & coke CoHania + HzO —> nCO + (2n+3)Hy CHy + H,0 270K, Corsi, OH = we # Steam methane reforming reaction CO & H, => Syn gas (ZnOr6r,0, CO+ 2H, ie wa) CH3OH 200-200 aten 300~400"C Coal gasification reaction CHO 220K 5 conn, AH = we Water gas shift reaction soore CO Ho ee To? C02 +H, OH = -ve Physical prop of H, 1. Itis colourless, tasteless, odourless, combustible gas. 2. It is lighter than air. 3. Insoluble in H,0. Chemical prop -cHo Hydroformylation Vanaspati RacHecH, inesPati ghee He on ¢ 2 R-cH,-CH, 2 = > R-(CH,)s: Ortho and para Hydrogen © scanned with OKEN Scanner1, Also known as nuclear spin isomers Net spin para => 0 ortho = double 3. T Ortho Para OK - 100% at liquefaction SO% 50% temp Metallic — Hydride s-block i tonic elements Hydrides~~~T > iu dride except LiH, BeH,, MoH, 5 covalent hydride P-block Electrical conductance LH > MH > CH Water Chemical Reaction 4. Amphoteric nature NH, [> NH, + OH™ H,0— HS eee 2 5H,0"+ Hs 2. Redox reaction Na 4a [oO NAOH + Hy Eo — 7 HE + 0, co, 9 CH20, + HO +O, 5. Autoprotolysis reaction H,0 + Ho HO? + Ho 75% at roorn temp 25% or high temp ie 1) 4. Chemical prop are same 5. Physical prop different MP & BP O>P Ti Hy 97 (d-block element) [> Electron deficient (octet incomplete) BH, (23th) | __ Electron precise (octet complete) CH, (24th) RH, atom has some LP) 15 & 16,47 group 4. Hydrated H,0 (@) Coordinated H,0 oH, Pt Lyon, [er(H.0) ICls |H0—4¢r OH, OY OM, (6) Hydrogen bonded teu.onas08 9) (¢)_ Interstitial H,0 ; BaCl,.2H,0 5. Hydrolysis reaction (@) P10, + H,0— H,PO, (®) Sicl, + Ho SIO, + HCL (© NP +H,0— NH, + OH — Electron Rich (octet comp but central 3cr Inoraanic Chemistry © scanned with OKEN Scannerof HO urs tus t HH wed water does Soft water - jive Lather gives Lather with soap With soap A HasCOONAH 9 (Cy7H3sCO0),MI+2Na" att (Meca, Mg) Seat Hardness Permanent due to presence of Ca & Mg sulphates and chloride emporary due to ence of Ca & Ig biearbonates B\se tle removal of Hardness 4. By boiling (For removal of temp hardness) Ca{HCO,), 82 CaCOg) + CO,1 + HzO Mg(HHC0,), Bay Mg(OH)o\ + 260.4 2. Clark's method GX{HC0,) ,+Ca{OH), ——> 2CACOsh + 2H,0 ‘Mg(HCO;),+2Ca(OH), ——> Mg(OH),4 + 2CAaCOz| + 2H,0 Forremoval of permanent Hardness 4. By washing soda (Na,CO;) MCl, + Na,CO, ——y MCOgi + 2NaCl MSO, + Na,CO, ——> MCO3| + Na,SO, (M= Ca & Mg) 2 Calgons method NAPs, (NaPOs)g Sodium hexameta phosphate Mtirogen ~~ NO,P.Or ——» 2Na’ + Na,P.OZ7 MP4 Na,P.02° sana’ +[NaMP,Oze] 3. Zeolite/permutit process : NaAlsiog —» Naz 2NaZ + M** —_» mz, + 2Na’ 4. Synthetic resin method RSO,H ——» RNa 2RNa + M* —» MR, + 2Na" lon exchange process Cation Anion exchange exchange R-HiM™—9MR,+H" — RNH,+H,O—RNH; OH RNH, OH + X™ RNH, X” + OH OH exchange for cl”, Heo3,s0;7 PPm wt. of solute - PPV ae we. of solution xPPm => x gm solute is present in 10° gm HO x gm solute is present in 20° mL H,0 Hydrogen peroxide 1. From Ba0,,8H,0 0 tees BaSO,+H,0,+8H,0 On Bad, 8H, @ © scanned with OKEN Scanneryp . From electrolysis of cone H,SO, 2Hs0, Hs 4.5.0, +2¢ Lab method for D0, + D,0 — KDSO, H,0, + OH ° Et et cA Hes ° 24 hgctlene 2-Ethylanthra- quinol quinone Volumetric strength of H,02 '10'V HO, 1 LH,0, solution gives 40L O, at STP According to the reaction: 2H,0, — 2H,0 + 05 LVS = 42.2 x MJ 2.[VS = 5.6 x NJ 3. [Strength (g/L) = oa x Vs] ws 4S 40. Chemical prop of H,0, (Perhydrol) Case 1: Acts as an O.A 1, InAM (Acidic Medium) Fe + H,0;7 Ly Fe? + H,07 s+ H,0;* £5 S07 2 In BM (Basic Medium) Fe + H.03* —> Fe®* OH? Mn®* + H.03* —> Mn + OH? + H,07 Om Case 2: Acts as a RA 2. InAM (Acidic Medium) Mod + H,03 > mnt + 6, Hodl + H,0, > Hel + 8, + Ho 2 nem (Basic Medium) f+ HzO, —> MnO, + 3 Et an +8, Structure Open book structure ere | asne 4 We et Som oe oe \ aN H coe ie Solid phase (at 110k) Bleaching action of HO, Oxidative bleaching H,0, > H,0 + [0] Coloured matter [Ly +D,0 — C,D, + Ca(OD), 50, + D,0 — DSO, AlyCs + Dz0 9 CD, + AI(OD), Practice Q. PH, does not exist why? High value of A,H (Heat of atomisation) & Aj H (electron gain enthalpy) of hydrager @ How many hydrogen bonded Ho mole, ave associated in CuSO,.5H,O (Blue vitri Ans. 2. colourless (permanent) eed © scanned with OKEN Scanner- a. Find strength of 10 V solution of HO, Q. Compare B.DE @) Hy, Da, Fa vs2 10 FH, MO, (M = K, Rb, Cs) M,O > M,0, > MO, Stability Oxidising power M0 H2O2 + 2MOH _ 2MOH 2M0,+2H,0—“> Ho, 3 Oxides Lio | Basicity & solubility Nas: Increases K,0 Rb,O €5,0 tonic Radii LEENA CR CRE coe @2OY OO ® Li > Nal > Ko RE > cg (a9) (aq) (a9) (a9) (agy 2. Reaction with HzO Hydrated Radi M+H,0 — MOH + SH, + Energy Lion | Basicity & neon | solbility KOH RbOH CsOH Increases 5. Reaction with Nz 2 HO, Lit Ny Li Wap LOH + NH, 4. Reaction with H M+H,—> MH Stabilit. LiH 4 NaH KH RbH CH decreases 5. Reaction with aq NH, M + (x+y) NH, —> [M(NH,), J" fe°(uH,),J Solvated electrons Reducing agent Paravnagnetic Conducting Blue colour © scanned with OKEN Scanner, reas eneoin . Blue — Bronze diamagnetic standing © NH3() — MNH, + Hot sean) + 4 no) amide with dry NHs Lithium imide (NH?>) bis LiNH + Hp NH] Ms MNH, + Hy Metal arnide (NH3) «. nection 1. sulphates (MzSO4) 150, | Salubility é thermal Stability Na,SOq £50 80,504 50+ | inereases 1i,$0, is insoluble Ui50, +4 Li,0 + $0, 4,50, 4 x (M= Na, K, Rb, C8) | Nitrates (MNO,) LINO, | Solubility & thermal Stability Natio, kNo, Rono, Co, Increases All nitrates are soluble Lino, 4 2 Li,0 + NO, + Op 4 i 2S MNO, +0, * Na, K, Rb, Cs) Ahoy ba 4. Carbonates (M,CO,) Li,CO, | Solubility & thermal Stability Na,CO, K,CO, Rb,CO, 05,00, Increases Liss is insoluble Li,CO, —*> Li,0 + CO, M,CO, +5 x (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) 10.Bicarbonates (MHCO,) LIHCO, | Solubility & thermal Stability NaHCO, KHCO, RbHCO, CSHCOs | iroveases LiHCO, does not exist as solid solution Rest all exist as solid MHCO, (M = Na, K, Rb, C5) 12.Halides (MX) MP & BP Covalent character LiF < LiCl < LiBy < Lit (Rest all chlorides do not form hydrates) F>Cl>Br>t Solubility BeF, ——> Bel, Ge)e tort Solubility L to RY Ag —> Agh oe toRt Solubility L to RL © scanned with OKEN ScannerSome Important Comp of Na 4. Sodium carbonate (Na,COs) Solvay ammonia process NH, + CO, + HzO — (NH,),COs [eo + H,0 NaHCO, + NH,Cl “M2ly NH'HCOS, | a Ca(OH), Na,CO, + CO, + H,O-—?NHz+CaCl,+H,0 Solvay ammonia process isnot used for preparation of K,COs due to more solubility of KHCO., Prop (@) Hydrated form is called washing soda Na,CO,.10H,0 (6) white erystalline solid Na,CO,.10H,0 (0) Heating effect (Glauber's Salt) Na,CO,.20H,0 273 Ky Na,CO,.H,O+9H,0 [ree NajCO, + H,0 Soda ash 2. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Castner-Kellner cell Brine solution (aq NaCl) Hg —> cathode C— anode Nael [Wafer H,0 — H" + OH™ At Cathode Na’ +e? > Na “2s aca) H,0 NaOH+H,+Hg At Anode cea Fel +? Prop (a) White solid (6) Melts at 594 K (©) Strong alkaline solution 3. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO,) (Baking soda) é Na,CO, + CO, + HzO —> NaHCO, Property:- (a) NaHCO, —*-> Na,CO,+ CO. + H,0 (b) Mild antiseptic (©) Fire extinguishers 4. NaCl (Common salt) 4.0 Crude salt ——> filter | HCL Li Na K Rb Cs Flame Test Crimson Yellow Violet Red Blue red violet cr Y Vi Re Bablu Practice Q. LiF & Cst are very less soluble why? Lif — due to High LE Csi —> due to Less hydration of Cs" . Find products (@) Na + H,0 — NaOH + Hy + Energy (0) Na+ 0, Naz0, (0) Na,O, + H,0 > NaOH + HO. Q. Prepare Na from NaCl Molten Nac Inorganic Chemisttd © scanned with OKEN Scannerpown's cell Atcathode Na’ +e? —y Na Atanode CP —> KCl, + €® Q. Compare tonic mobility in aq solution Li'(aq) < Na(aq) « K'(aa) < Rb'(aq) < Cs'(aq) Alkaline earth metals LE & EN Increase Decreases uP @?@?@?@>@ se ©'©’@@® Density ©? @>@>@>@ MP (Madhya pradesh) ko B.P (Bhopal) Density (Denge) Chemical prop 1, Reaction with O, (max covalent charac) oe re Be 2-5 Beo } Amphoterie ee o Mg —2-> MgO oe Ca—*5Ca0 | Basic ae se ero cae Ba —°2-5 Bao Oxide + H0 —> Hydroxide MO + H.0 —> M(OH). 2. Reaction with HzO steaw Be SS) BeO + Hy Mg 42. gos Hy 4.0 Mg ——» Mg(OH), + Hz Block, 4,0 M—) M(OH), + Hy Hydroxides ‘Awmpho — Be (OH), Mg(OH), | Solubility, Thermal stability & Basic charac _} acon), | Basie) OHH, Ba(OH), Increases Bec, 41,0 Y se(oH), coed [Be(H,0),1Cl, Bem et cl ° Be(OH), 28H NagtBe(OH)4] Berle ion [Be(iQicl, @ 3. Reaction with Na Ho +2 -> 2 NH + M(OI M+ Na MANG aes M = all alkaline earth metals 4. Reaction with Hy M+H,—> MH, M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba (M # Be) ean : Bell RAG —> BeH, + LiCl + AlCl, (BeH,), & (MgH,), are polymeric covalent hydride Rest all MH are ionic in nature. 5. Reaction with aq. NHs M+ (x+y) NH, —> [M(NH,),]”" + 2[e (NH) ] Blue colour cone" Conducting nature? piye —» Bronze Good RA Pararnagnetic —> diamagnetic Pararnagnetic © scanned with OKEN Scanner6. Reaction with dry NH {i ep MOM, + wet | 7. Sulphates (MSO,) thermal | Beso, | Solubility stability MgSO, crs) | "9 CaSO, SrSO, ineveases 1 99°) Decreases MSO, 49 MO + $0, + 0, 8. Nitrates M(NO,), TS | Be(No,), | Solubility Mg(NO.)., Ca(NOs), SV(NOs)s Ba(NO.), Increases Decreases M(NO;), —*-> MO + NO, + 0, 4. Carbonates (MCO,) TS| Beco, | Solubility MgCO, CaCO, SrCO, BacO, Increases Decreases mco, 4 mo + co, 40.Bicarbonates MCHCO,), All bicarbonates exist in sol” 4 M(HCO,), ———> MCO, + CO, + H,0 a” Note: 5 bicarbonates exist in solid form NaHCO, KHCO, RbHCO, CsHCO, NH,HCO; 11.Halides M+ X,—> MX, Best method for BeF, (NH,),BeF, —2-> Bek, + 2NH,F Best method for BeCl, BeO + C+ Cl, SP-FOK, Bory, og Structures of BeCl, (a) tn solid phase (BeCl,), Nghe, che r che re Yee Che Yel Ny, oy Be Be ican Coe cle a mee (6) In vapour phase (BeCl,), che cl Be Ny Be— Nace (0) When T is nearly 1200K. Becl, Cl—Be—Cl ” BeCl,* 4H,0 MgCl xH,O x= 68 CaCl,* 6H,0 SrCl,* GH,O BaCl,» 2H,0 Inorganic Chemists © scanned with OKEN Scannerry enti a w4it,0 "> BeCl,sH,0 + 3H,0 ag of BeCl e430 get AD BEN Gy Be(OH)cl hydroxy chloride p.Heating of MgClr@H,0 4 gcoHsO —*+ MgCl,*2H,0 + 4H,0 MgO “~ |: ‘Mg(OH)Cl + HzO a/dry Hel come Imp. comp. of Ca 4. Quick lime (CaO) MoP (a) From limestone (CaCOs) CaCO, 22721 127K, Cad + CO, Prop (a) White amorphous solid (b) High M.P (c)_ It absorbs moisture & CO, from atrnosphere Slaking of lime CaO + HO ——> Ca(OH), lump of ime lake lime Ca + CO, ——> CaCO, (a) It is basic in nature C00 + SiO, ——> CaSiO, Calium silicate CAO + O49 ——> Cas(POa)s Thomas slag Ble 2. Slaked lime Ca(OH), MOP (a) Cad + H,0 —> Ca(OH), Prop. (a) White amorphous powder (b) aq sol” is called lime water (c) Suspension of slaked lime is called mith of lime (A) When CO, is passed in lime water, milkiness appears. milky €0,+Ca(OH), —> CaCOs) + HzO Milkiness disappears when excess CO, & H,0 is passed. aaa soluble €AC0,+CO,+H,0 —> Ca(HCOs)2 (€) Ca(OH), + Cl, —> CaCl, + CalOCN, + HzO Calcium hypochlorite ca(0b)" a"(OCN +8. ca -4 3. Lime stone (CaCO;) MOP (a) Ca(OH), + CO, —> CaCO; + HO Excess CO, + H,0 should be avoided — Caco, + 2Nacl Prop (a) White fluffy powder (b) Heating effect caco, 2+ cao + c0, (o) Rxn with HCI & H,S0, ca™"cos” HS cacl, + CO, + HzO see CaSO, + CO, + HzO @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner4. Plaster of paris (POP) CaSO, . %4 HO ses 4 MOP. CaSO, .2H,O==“3 CaSO, .4H.0 Geapsum PoP [rose sira a0 + $0, + 0, “2s caso, Dead burnt plaster Flame Test Be & Mg do not show flame test Ca sr Ba Brick Crimson apple Red Red Green Name Formula 2. Indian salt petre | KNO, 2. Chile salt petre | NaNO, 3. Milk of magnesia | Mg(OH) 4. Caustic soda NaoH 5. Caustic potash | KOH 6. Plaster of paris CaSO, . 44H,0 7. Gypsum CaSO, . 2H,O 8. Dead burnt plaster | CaSO, 4. Caliche NaNO, + NalO, | 10. Epsow's salt MgSO, . 7H,0 41, Glauber’s salt Na,SO, . 10H, CalOM), 15. Lime stone (Marble) | CaCO, 12. Slaked lime ao @ Name Formula 44. Quick lime CAO. 5212 45. Soda ash |NasCO, 16. Washing soda Na,CO, . 40H,0 47. Bleaching powder | Ca0Cl, 18. Brine | agNacl 19. Nitrolim Cac, + Ny > cacn, oe 20. Baking soda [NaHeo, Practice @ (a) BeO is almost insoluble but BESO, i soluble in H,0? (6) Bad is soluble but BaSO, is insoluble in H,0? For solubility HE > LE For insolubility HE < LE @ Compare hydrated radii a ‘ > Sri > Bar Sut Be egy” Ban) > CMa ® Sag) ? Bay Q Compare solubility MgCl, > CaCl, > SrCl, > BaCl, due to HE > LE Q. Which covap is ionic in nature? (A) BeH, (B) MgH, A) Cal, (D) Becl, Hudrolith 40 MH > MOH + Hyt H,0 MH, ——> M(OH), + Hat inorganic Chemistry © scanned with OKEN ScannerP-Block (Boron Family) ————— a a ee t Al Ga tnereases Decreases exceptions i, Atami Radius geGacalTl> In> Ga 4 lonisation energy (2) - B>Tl> GarAl>in thy in due to LC Ga > Al due to poor screening of 3d’°e? Cent Properties 4. Reactivity towards air E+0, + E,0, EON, EN (2) B does not react in crystalline form @) Al forms very thin oxide layer (Al0s) ©) Amorphous B and Al can form oxides and nitrides pose Inert pair effect ALO, ns és do not "Ga,0, “Gao take part in bond sigan, formation R05 “Ing 2 ns 1s) 29 2p TO, *T1,0 be : Stability of +3 o-n | ee decreases down the Fad group a: Stability of +1 O-N increases down the group Ga" Ga’* Ga™ > Ga’* Decreases| n°” In" increases | tn” > in’* woot we < TI Oxides of B Acidic Al . Ga |Amphoterie '* | Basic nt {225 2. Rxn with acid and alkalies B does not react Al UHC, Alcl, + He Sodium metaaluminate Al SUMO, NaAlOg + Ha [ron Na[AKOH),] Sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate (Itt) 3. Reactivity towards Halogen E +X, —> MEX, /7EX Except (T£I,) Stability (2) +3 Halides decreases down the group (2) +3 Halides increases down the group © scanned with OKEN ScannerQ. Compare Reducing power (2) Gall, & Gal ages Ga"? > Ga"? oi? ee Lass sable @. Compare Oridising power (2) TICh, & TICl Gatl is better reducing agent 2 ae than GaCls, ‘More OK stable TICl, is better OA te ett than TICI. « Red” or Les More stable stable Some Imp. comp. of Boron 4. Borax # Tincal or suhaga Na,B,0,° 10H,0 Jewellers borax Na,B,0,* SH, Borax glass Na,B,0, (Seodiurs tetraborate) Borax Mop (2) From colemanite cao, 43B,0;, + Na,CO, -» Na,B,0, + NaBO, ke Na,B,0, + Ha,CO, Prop (2) Borax “sof” is alkaline in nature Na;B,0, + H.O » NaOH + H,B0, (WA + 58) SB WA (2) Borax can act as acidic buffer (3) Heating effect Na,B,0,-10H,0-4, na,B,0, Sodium Borie a Metaborate onbydride — > Nab, + 8,0, eas Glass bead (4) Structure N1a,8,0, - 40,0 Na[B,0{0H)F"- 2H.0 @ OH bona here AY On, Hoe B-OH): 8.0 oo “ee Nat OH (2) Hybridisation of B => sp? ks (2) Total B—O—B Bonds = 5 (3) Total B—O bonds = 14 (4) Total LP = 34 2. HyB0, (Borie acid) Mop (2) From borax Na,B,0, “2H, wact H,B0, Na,SO, + H,BO, HBO, + H,0 — [6(0H),] +H (2) From boron trihalides X= Cl, Br,t Bx, Oo HBO, + HX ZH] on 2—(Z_H] on GH] on aH, 2, HBF, + H,B0, [H,0: — BF,] Frova diborane BH, + 6H,0 —» 2H,B0, + GH,t HO[HH)—8—[H Jon \ HH HJOH Prop (2) It is @ weak monobasic ace ron protic LEX Inorganic Cham! © scanned with OKEN Scanner(BOW) T+ 144 ono yo-B-0H Ho mle 28 dy by OH [ethylene glyeot eee Hoe 9-6 on Hjo~ ~o[H_Ho] o- No Stable ig) Heating effect 100°C s50% H,80; > HBO, “> H,B,0, Metaborie Tetraboric acid fe acid fess Heating B,0, Boron sesqueonide (2) Structure [Tsp inter Molecular : ZS _- # Hydrogen Bonding 3. BiH, (Diborane) MOP (3) From BE, (0) BF + LiAIH, —> B,H, + LiF + AlFs (6) BF, + NaH 2225, NaF + BH, (2) From NaBH, NaBH, +7Ipq—> Ha + Nal + BHe ew GH) Ae) Prop Ren with Og PrBleck (Boron Family) By tHe +O, BO, +H,0 AM = ~ve Ren with Ho Ball + 61:0 2H,BO, + 6H,t ©) Ron with metat étal hydride (ME) M = Lior Na MH + BH, —> TBH (4) Ren with NH, # es NH (Excess) ur BH,.2NH, (BN), Inorganic Graphite FOO? BaNaH, Inorganic: Benzene RN, NH (5) Rxn with NH, 2° amine, 2° amine (Unsyrmmetrical bond breaking) [BH,(NHs).]" [eH (6) Rxn with 3° amine (ReN) & CO. (Symmetrical bond breaking) 2(BH-R5N) BHg:2R5N ByHe 2+ (BH ,-2C0) (7) Structure of BLH, # (a) B—H, = 20 - 20° @ (b) B-Hy-B = 30-22 @ @ © scanned with OKEN ScannerBanana Bond © BH, BAM, (P) Bond length x Metaborates M(BO,), @ C1205 + 8,0, —? Cr{BO;), Metaborates of cr Mn Fe Co ON og, Green Pink Green Blue Brown By, Gopal prasad Gupta ki badi barbead iy, 5. Rxn of NHg with BF 4 of Ho al afb — HS 4. Tf Io A Nn, a i~ pe | x ae or Complex 6. Occurance of B HBO, Orthoboric acid Na,B,0,*10H,0 Borax Na,B,0,°4H,0 Kernite 7. Occurance of Al Al,05°2H,O Bauxite Na,AIF, Cryolite 8. Hydrolysis of BCI, and AICI, Ho 4,0 BCl, > BOOH), —— [B(OH),1° 4,0 + AlCl, —=> [A(H,0) J 4. Acidic strength of trihalides of B [BF < BCI, < BBY, < Bl.) 2p-2p 2p-3p 2p-4p 2p-Sp practice Q. Boron is unable to form BE2”, why? due to non availability of vacant ‘a’ orbitals Q. White fumes appear around the bottle of anhydrous AlCls, why? He AlCl sure? CED Q Ef pig = -1.66V Esp = th 26 Inorganic Chamtrd © scanned with OKEN ScannerCompare (a) electropositive charac of Al & 71 (b) oxidising power of AP* and Ti Bay E,Pt e-P Also o-P Th > APY. @. Why HsBO5 is a weak acid? Because it is a non protic acid HsBO5 + HO = [B(OH),J” + Ht @. Compare stability *BCl, > TICl, Q. Compare Bond length B—F go Fe BFE No BB @ BCL, is non polar why? Clg. endl re 3BP+OLP Covalent Qa IF + ©) no i AIF, + NaF —, Na[AIF,] why? lonie for. AIF, Identify acidic basic and Amphoteric oxides. Am Ac Am BB Al,05, B,0s, Ga,0,, TI,Os, In,0, AUOH), a ® MH, @— => Ono, White pp Metal a Excess NaOH © Soluble complex (B) All, NafAKOH)4} Q. Aq sol" of Borax is alkaline why? $B Na,B,0, + HO —? NaOH + H,80 WA © scanned with OKEN Scannerc [BP si Ge Sn Decreases Increases Exce} 2 MP &LE C>Si> Ge> Pb> Sn J due to LC ns: 2. Density SiC CK GLKSH CPL 3 EN Six Ge=SnSi> Gex Sn Pb does not show catenation due to bigger size. Chemical Prop # 4. Reactivity towards oxygen # 2 E +0, —> £0 & £0, Neutral [¢0 | [co, Exist at ef SIO SiO, High Tewy gh Temp | Geo Ged, SnO SO, . pho Pho, | Amproterie Acidie strength EO, > EO Acidic 2. Reactivity towards H,0 Ho. C, Si, Ge ——> No Rxn Sn + H,0 —> SnO, + Hat steam Pb + HO —? No Rxn due to formation of protective film of oxidy (PbO) 3. Reactivity towards X 4 E+ X,—9 EX, & EX, (E = Ge, Sn, Ph Stability “4 E Top to bottom decreases 2 E Top to bottom Increases due to inert pair effect # Ge* Ge* eT Stability decreases Increases Pot Pu Ge" > Ge* sn Po > Pb > Sn “4 # SIF, Gecl- [SoH Exist due to vacant ‘a orbitals. # [SiCI,F°" does not exist due to bigger of cl. # Phi, does not exist due to ILP-E. # PbF, & SnF, are ionic in nature © scanned with OKEN Scanner5 of Carbon AON es Diamond sp network solid : 2 Non aromatic dangling Bonds are present > Good thermal conductor but. poor electrical conductor we Diamond s 7 abrasive, hardest subs on earth Other forms of elemental Carbon 1. Carbon black 2. Coke 3 Charcoal These are impure form of Graphite or fullerenes nm limited Supply oF air’ Hydrocarbon in absence of ‘Wood or cont eee P°Block (Carbon Family) Coke or Charcoal Gray nied i Fullerenes Se 4 Layered struc a Layers | 4. eo eS Gre held together by weak| Graphite SE, ig WEE Mal forego Baka eae aoe foe sue i Coo Buck minster fullerene I (Soccer bail) i 2 sp [2 sp? 3. Aromatic 3. Aromatic + dangling bonds are present | 4. No dangling bond % Good ‘conductor of heat! s. Good thermal and electrical and electricity | conductor. 6. Graphite Is Cs 7 7. Lubricant, soft, slippery { ao CE ea 5 Membered Rings = 12 Cro > Rughy ball Some Imp. Comp. of Carbon 4. CO (Carbon mono oxide) MOP (2) 26+0,—> 200 limited ‘suppy Carbon black (2) Lab method HoOOH coe s,0 *c Cone H.50, @ Mil © scanned with OKEN Scanner(3) + C+ Steam —> CO Hs H,0. Cat Syn gas. oF Water gas C+ air —> CO+ NS usalt Producer gas Prop # (2) Colourless, odourless, neutral, poisonous gas: (2) It is a powerful reducing agent WES aoe gee bt Fe,0, + 3CO > 2Fe + 3CO, aba AO ee Zn0 + CO > Zn + CO, Strue of CO xe c=o 16, 21, 2 LP B-0=3 2. Carbon dioxide (CO,) mop (2) C40, —3 00, (Excess) (2) CH, + 20, —> CO, + 2H,0 (3) Lab method 2460, + 21161 —> CaCl, + CO, + HO (4) Industrial method caco, 4» Ca0 + CO, Prop of CO, (2) It is colourless, odourless acidic gas (2) Solid CO, —> dry ice (2) Dissolve in H,0 to form HCO, H,CO, =—2 H’ + HCOS HCO} === H' + Coz” HCO, | HCO; Buffer sof” Which maintain the pH of blood (4) Photosynthesis hy 6C0,+12H,0—"“-9C,H,,0,+60,+6H,0 a BO=2 20,21, 4LP Some Imp. Comp of Silicon 1. SiO, or (SiOz)y, BD Network Solid oO oO | I —o-Si-—9-Si-o— pebedsel v0 Po Prop (2) Ren with HE SiO, + 4HF —— SIF, + 2H,0 H, Sif, (Soluble) (2) Ren with NaOH SiO, + NaQH — Na,Si0, + HO Sodium Silieate (3) SiO; ——> Crystalline quartz Avnorphous silica 2, Silicones # £R,SiO3, Organo silicon polymer asl & R,SICl4 , oesl lend 2CH,Cl + Si sie (CH,),SiC, (CHs),SiC1, 222-5 (CH,),S(OHs cH, cH, I | - Hor Ho -5\—(or=Be -9)- EF CH, CHs © scanned with OKEN Scanner1 polyener cain can be controlled by adding ggsicl 4,0. ' p,sicl ——> RoSi(OH) CH, CHs R [CH + Ho-—si-r OH Cy a Hs cH k =9-8-0-9-O-H=R CH, «CH, «OR Ho # R,SICl + R,SiOH R,SiPH+ Hosik, ——> R,Si—O—SiR, dimer Ha : Rsicl, “2° , RSIOH)s R R | i Ho +Ho—si—(ou + Ho —si—foH H— | | (OH) Hy H H T (3D-polymer), 2: ° o ead I I Simo ae SiO | 2 R R ms Bock (Carbon nag CH sie f (CHS! owder [> (CH.)5SiCl 1 (CH,),SiCl, 4 cH, sicl, 3. Silicates Silicates have SiO unit oat f o—-o0 views | oa | SRE Orthosilicate sioy~ ° Pyrosilicate | 51,05 1 Chain or =| (SiO, 2 eyelic silicate 2D (Si,0.n 2 3D (Si0,),, 4 4, Zeolites Honeycomb like structure Alcohol 224%, Gasoline ROH CHS, # Used to remove hardness # Used in petrochemical industries & © scanned with OKEN ScannerSome Imp. points of Carbon family (4) Hydrolysis of SiCl, sict, 7225 sion), + HCl Siliie acid (2) Carbon has unique ability to form multiple bonds (C=C, C20, CEN) due to small size & high EN. (3) GeX, is more stable than Gex, due to stability of Ge’* > Ge** due to inert pair effect. (4) POX, is more stable than PbX, due to stability of Pb > Pb* due to inert pair effect. (5) SIE, Gach, [Sn(OH) J spd? sp'd* sp*d* Practice @ CCI, does not hydrolyse, while SiCl, does, why? availability of vacant ‘d' orbitals #0 CCl, 4 No Ren it, HO, SiCl, —“s Si(COM), @ Find acidic, amphoteric & basic oxides? Acidic Neutral Amaphoteric Q. Thermmodynamically most stable allotrope of Cis Graphite G>rF>D en a @ Pbel, —4-» Poel, + cl, Less stable more stable ~ Q. Draw Resonating struc of COP & Hep ° eee { 0-C-0"—*"0-~C=0 10 = 0. o Woo I H-O-C—O" + H-O0—C=0 Nitrogen family E.N Size & B.P N P AS sb Bi decreases increases Exception M.P N Sb > Bi N&PCBICSb sh" Bi? Bi? ait asci, > Sbcl, > Bicl, Ce Ex,» ‘Ex, ‘& 4. Reactivit enetiaty towards Metals, MsE, ~ 3 Oxidation state CaN, Calcium nitride CasP, Calcium phosphide Some tmp. comp. of Nitrogen 1. Dinitrogen (N,) MOP. @ NHC + Na'NO™, -» NaCl + Nt + 2H,0 NH,NO, 4. Not + 2H,0 @Hy)xer,0, 2 0) +N,t+4H,0 Amasoniuin Green dichromate ©forvery N, © Azide 25 M+ Nat 2NaN, 2s 2Na + 3N, Ba(N), —4> Ba + 3N, Property: 4. Ny is inert at room temp due to High Bond diss. energy (N=N) 2. Ren with No NHt + Hydroxide ne. M+ Ny > Metal nitride Lien, tin 2S LidH + NH, #40, Mg + Na —> MgsNa => Mg(OH). + NH 3, Haber's process 2 Nag + 2H Ks 2NHsg + Heat Fav. cond” for NHs production Low Temp, High pressure © scanned with OKEN Scannerade Heat + N4(g) + 0,(g) = 2NO(9) Fav. cond” for NO production High temp, not affected by pressure Ammonia (NHJ) # MOP 4. From Urea NH,CONH, + 2H,0 —+ (NH4),COs = 2NH, + CO, + HO 2. From ammonium salts (@) NH,CI + NaOH” — NH,OH + Nacl (aq. HHs) (B) (NH,),S02" + Ca*(OH), —> 2NH,OH 3. Haber's process Prop 2. Colourless, Pungent smelling gas 2 Ren with metal salt + CaSO, (@) Z0"SO7” + 2NH,OH” —+ Zn(OH),1 white + (NH,), SO, (b) FeCl, + NH,OH — Fe0,. xH,O1 Brown Covaplex formation +NH,Cl (2) AgCl + 2NH,OH —+ [Ag(NH,),JCI Tollen's White Colourless reagent (b) CuSO, + 4NH,OH — [Cu(NH,),]50, Blue Schwitters Deep bive Nitric acid (HNO,) AO MOP 2. Nano, | KNo, “5, uno, 2. Ostwald process reagent NaHsO, or KHSO, 4NH, + 50, FUR, aig, 6H,0 500k, 4 bar’ Grom air) NO+HNO,— a NOz [10 HNO, + HNO, am © irkland Eyde process NN, + 0, = 2NO 9, No, [ne HNO, + HNO, NO + HNO, 2 # OH= Wwe Prop 2. Run with non metals HN, A Hy p, ee, s, Ms, H,50, + NO, + H,0 HIO, + NO, + H,0 HPO, + NO, + H,0 c HB, co, + H,0 + NO, 2. Ren with Metals Zn+ cone. HNOs—>Zn(NO,), +2NO,+24,0 4Zn+LOdil. HNO;—>4Zn(NO,), +N,0+SH,0 Cu + 4cone. HNO, —> Cu(NO,), + 2NO, +H,0 3Cu+ 8dil. HNO,» 3Cu(NO,), +2NO+4H,0 3. Brown ring Test (for NO3) No} + Fe* ge. ho + H.0 [Fe(H,0),7°" M2, [Fe(H,0), NOT” + H,0 Brown ving Complex Ke S5xOrd=2 4. Ran of Au & Pt with aqua regia (Cone HNO, + Cone HCI) Bas HNO, + HCI | NOCI + HO + [cl] Au + [Cl] — Aucl, fret 3 H[AuCl,] Aurochlorie acid * Pes ten — pecl, HL H,qPtCld Hexachloro Platinie acid © scanned with OKEN Scannerges of Nitrogen 4 MOP NH,NO;———N,0 + 2H,0 mona irate tio (nitric oxide) #ON = +2 # Colourless, neutral gas estruc #38) (Paramagnetic) #MOP 3,504 2NaNO,+2FeSO,——»Fe,(SO,);+ 2NaHSO, saan + 2NO + 2H,0 rieite 2 4. NOs (Nitrogen sesqui oxide) #0NE +3, # Blue solid, acidic MOP # 2NO +N,0, 252K, 2N,05 (NO,) 4 NO, (nitrogen dioxide) FONE 44. * Brown acidic gas # Src # O=N0 or O=N —O" #Mop (Para) Mop Met. “I nitrate 2, MO + NO, + Oz MF Alkaline earth metal, Pb, Zn, Cu, Li 2PHINO), 4 2), A226, apbo + 4NO, +O, "4 60 Famiyy ie % NOs (di Nitrogen tetra oxide) #ON = 44 # Colourless acidic Solid/liq. Oo oo # struc # 0-N-Ho0 or 6h hd oe a Toe 1,04 olurtes # MOP # 2NO, Brown s © N20; (dinitrogen penta oxide) #ON=45 # Colourless acidie solid ° # struc # 0-0-1 ho Oh 0) - il ts or O-N—O-N-6 ef ON MOP — AHN, + 8 P,0,9— 4HPO, + 2N,05 # Solid N,0, =» NO> NO; e 9 Phosphorus # White phosphorus MAP 1. From thomas slag Ca,(PO,), + S10, —> CASIO, + P4Oso |e +a P,+CO white Prop 4. white waxy solid 2. insoluble in HzO but soluble in CS, 3. Glows in dark 4. Kept under water @ © scanned with OKEN ScannerStructure e P, (White) Trigonal pyramid Lprbeco Total P-P = Bond (ipsa Chemical kxns # sei Chemical Rens # an Hypo Pipe 2. Rxn with alkali B, + SNaOH + 3H,0 — BH, + BNaH?PO, * Dispropor. 2 Ren with oxygen Sigma Bond = 32 Bond = 0 oe PO" sybriisation of P = sp? Sigma Bonds = 26 R TT Bond = 4 Hybri of P = sp* 2. fl SesPa dy omit Pome Upate I ° Red Phosphorus # MOP # White P, 222°C, Red P, Prop 2. non poisonous in nature 2. does not glow in dark 3 Insoluble in both HO & CS, @ Structure # Polymeric form ZP. ra P | * a NIP po 332 Black Phosphorus Red P,—2ZE, x-Black el (Rhombie) B-Black (Honcelinie) # Reactivity W>R>B # Stability W PH, + 3NaH,PO, White of CO, Prop 2. Colourless gas 2. Poisonous in nature 3. Basic in nature PH, + HBr—> PH! Br [er PHI 4. Rxn with metal salts 3CuSO, + 2PH, —> CusP, + 3H,S0, Black: 3HgCl, + 2PH, —> Hg,P, + GHC! S. Rotten fish smell 6. non inflammable when pure, inflammable in presence of Pas vapours. but becomes or Pe inorganic cher) © scanned with OKEN ScannerFr Ee of PH, ritication 1 Phy! HOt K+ HAO + PH inst Pure 1) , ia es in presence of OA like HNOg, Cly ! 3 OP ap : 2, Py He 4 Pls Wed sgisation of orgeidie tion acc” to dvago's rule yr Halides of Phosphorus ees Pel, # MOP #4. P, + 10C1, #4, 4PCly 2. Py + 1050,Cl, —» 4PCI, + 4050, (Sulphury! CMoride) Prop. # 2. Yellowish powder ur Pure 26 2 RLOAH ae clpci,¥-cl a : R—Cl RoW A Pel, + Cl, ues of Phosphorus ; oe ides OF POCI, PCl, aga we : +H > Polly + Agel wggs 2 P, 6 OCLs atte APCly Rcoci *°°9H swe BE + 850CI, —> 4PCls + 450, + 25,Cl, +POCl, 0. PCly + SnCly ate ial ass +HCl chloride @@o Hy. | 10LP 7 THsP On pnp, #3. Colourtess oily liq POCI, + 2HCI a iH H,0 ROO A HPO, + HCl ‘0c|<—\ POs aco Pch— white 7B. (5p"4) HPO Lied BLy>x ROH RCI + H,POs, 4. Solid PCI, Pcl, = PCI, pee 3 9°, trigonal Pyramidal acids of phosphorus oS P Basicity MOP ~~ Name Formula Structure = white P, + NaOH 8) by 1Poph. a ihe seid hs horous % i | Bu, » NaH,PO, x Pi Wo, ew *Phinic acid) H H,PO, hy Mek Fundy & @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner° i P.05 + H.0 (2) Ortho | 3 —P—OH As phosphorous acid HPO, ai >HsPo,, 2 (Phosphonic acia) OH ° s ff PCl, + HsPO, + H,0 (3) Pyro phosphorous H,P,0; HO—P—O—P—OH ee ¥ acid 2 l | > HAP, HO “4 ; H,P,0¢ g $ Red P, + NaOH (@) Hypophosphoric | 4. oy 22 =0 Ho-P—F—OH 4 oa usd OH OH H,P,0, i a P30, +H,O > Ortho phosphoric s oe 20's + Ha (s) ae H,PO, Ho—-F—0H ii,P0, 3 ou fog © ae H,P,0, HO-P—O-F—OH |2H.PO, 4. H,P,0,| 4 ci OH OH i & (7) Poly meta i i HPO, + 8 2 phosphorie acid Ce SPO; + Bra Some imp. points of N-Family Bicl, 2, pioct + Het 5 Pearl white 1. Dispro of HPO, Bismuth oxy chloride s 33 a 4H5PO; 4 5H,P0, + PH, 4. Nitrolim Cac, +N, Cal, + Nz —» CACN, +0 2. Run of AgNO, with H,PO, — aa 2 “ ; ‘ 4AQNO, + HyPO, + 2H,0 Carbide Cyananaide 1s eo cacn, +422, CaCO, + NHyt HPO, + 4AQ + 4HINOS |S ciiy PC, exist as a dimer 3. Hydrolysis of trichlorides (Pel,}" [PCty” Nel, #2, NH, + Hoct se spa? PCI, +20, HPO, + HCI ©. Solid PB, exists as [Per Br” White fumes me Soli i itronium nitrate Asch, 42, 05.0. uci 7% Solid NO, exist as Nitronium nit NOZ NOS shel, %2, spoet s He] % Pe 2 Imorganic Charis), © scanned with OKEN Scanneryr vanessa Bye cash sqrt of (HPOs)s Fle trimeric metaphosphoric acid cyl e rent Bonds = 15 Fore TT Bonds = 3 o 0 PO Bonds = 4 bo” Son P—O-P Bonds = 5 gostructure of PaSs ° © Bonds TT Bonds = 0 Lp =10 ammonia can be dried over quick lime (CaO) s2.Rm of NH, with Clp NH, + Cl, —+ NCI, + HCI (exces) NH, + Cl, —> NH,Cl + Na excess) 35.Ren of NH, with CaOCl, NH, + CaOCl, —> Nat 14.Rxn of NH,OH with HNO, NHLOH + HNO, —> [N30 $S.Acid Anhydride concept Acid Anhy 2HNO, N,O5 2HNO, NOs HNO, + HNO, NO, EO) 16, N docs mot form pentahalides due to non ailability of vacant ‘a’ orbitals. DAL ty I trikalides of N except NF. are unstable. nly NE ad NF, is stable due to great extent of lapping. teal trihali . rihalides except BiF, are covalent in ture, ee 18 BIF, is ionic due to Fajan’s rule. a does not exist due to LE MA Weds ~ 20.Cr & Al do not react with HNO, due to formation of passive film of oxide practice Compare acidic strength HPO, , HyPO, , HPO, “s 3 “5 HyPO, > HPO, > HsPO, Stability in Gr 1 Ory Lee H—P+0°> :9—P=o' H $o-H Q. Why does R,P = 0 exist but RyN = © does not? due to non availability of vacant 'd' orbitals in N Q. N show catenation less than P? ee N-N due to LP-LP repulsion in N Q Pll, + D,0 —> DsPO, + DCL oxygen Family Size oO | te & S| & mp & BP} S¢ | EN & density | Te Po Increases decreases # Electron affinity (Ep): rdue to S>Se>Te> POO Comat oxidation No. 4k +6 Stability of +6 ON decreases +4 O.N increases Stability Stability se* set te Te | due to LE po Po" decreases Increases @ © scanned with OKEN Scannerstability i SrgSte cea tee Po" < po” ON of oxygen zero oxide 2 Peroxide -4. Superoxide ~1/2 OS TAFT 44/2 KOs -1/3 OF, +2. O3F, + Prop 4. Reactivity Towards Hydrogen BE| Ha | sciatic strength & | Hs & i HAS, oe Nature Bond) Hate | Bond length angle) HP, decreases increases (BP & M.P) due to intermolecular H-Bondling HS < H,Se < H,Te < H,PO ¢| 2. Reactivity towards oxygen £0, £0, |op oxidisiS | oF ~ power SO, SO, StO, se0, Increases Imcreases | TCO. — TeO, P00, Poo, OP £0, > £0, 3. Reactivity towards halogen EX, EX, Covalent charac, Ex, 5 EX, (Fajan’'s rule) Small cation, Bigger anion, Some imp, Comp. of oxygen 4. Dioxygen M=Li MNO, 2+ MNO, + 0, M = all alkali except Li M(NO3), —> MO + NO, + 0, M = all alkaline earth metal Zn, Cu, py 2. KCIO, 4+ KCl+ 0, 3. KMnO, A» KzMnO, + MnO, + 0, Purple Green Brown 4. KeCr,0, A+ K,CrO, + Cr.05 + oO, Orange-Red Yellow green S. PbO, 4. Pbo+0, ‘miniuns or Red Litharge Lead or sindoor © H,0, 4+ H,0 +0, 7% Ag,0 45 Ag+0, Hgo 4. Hg +0, 8. Electro of HO Cathode 4H" + 4e° _. 2H, Anode 40H” —. 2H,0 + 0, + 4° Prop. of dioxygen # ne PbO, PbO, PbO, A500 |, 4 2 ZnO Y= 0. AOg 7 2S CH, CO, + H,0 ZnO + SO, * Colourless Paramagnetic gas (two unparied 3) BO=2 5 (Ozone) Mop x. x0, etre af ap ‘discharge > Prop 1.0. > iS pale blue gas, dark blue tig, violet back Solid © scanned with OKEN Scanner