SOCI 349 REVIEW FOR EXAM 2 EXAM 2 IS SCHEDULED FOR FEBRUARY 21

Potential Essay

1. Name 5 of the steps in Allport’s progression from prejudice to hate actions. (ch 4)
• Stage 1: Antilocution
• Stage 2: Avoidance
• Stage 3: Discrimination
• Stage 4: Physical Attack
• Stage 5: Extermination

2. Discuss Bandura’s experiment with the bobo doll.

• Preschool aged children were divided into 3 groups.
• One group saw someone beat and kick the doll.
• The second group watched nonviolent treatment of the doll.
• The third group was the control group.
• The children who witnessed violence towards the doll were more likely to imitate aggression.

3. Discuss Adorno’s theory of the Authoritarian Personality.

• It refers to someone who strongly supports conventionalism.
• More than likely to have rigid and arrogant upbringing.
• With an “us” versus “them” mentality
• Which supports intolerance of minorities.
• This theory does have some real application for hate crime offender.

4. Discuss Altemeyer’s Right-Wing Authoritarian scale.

• 9-point scale with possible answer choices going from disagree to agree.
• Some of survey items ask about there being one right way to do things, getting back traditional values.
• The need for free thinkers.
• God’s law on pornography must be followed.
• Homosexuals and feminists should be praised for challenging traditions.

5. Discuss Realist Group Conflict theory.

• It seeks to explain the conditions that foment intergroup conflict and prejudice.
• A fundamental tenant of this theory is that competition for finite resources between and among groups.
• Can trigger feelings of threat, resentment, disagreement, and intergroup struggles in various forms.
• Theory acknowledges “in groups” and “outgroups”
• Those viewed as the “outgroup” who are a threat are further demonized and alienated.

6. Discuss Social Disorganization theory.

• This theory posits that when a community’s socializing institutions become weakened and nonfunctional.
• Then criminal behavior is more likely to occur as a matter of cultural transmission.
• If this theory were to explain hate crimes, we should see more of them happening in disorganized areas.
• But we don’t – they occur more often in socially organized and affiliated areas.
• So, the inverse view of social disorganization theory seems to explain hate crimes better.

7. Name and define the types of hate offenders according to Levin and McDevitt.
• They are said to come from troublesome childhood
• With problems in home and school.
 • Tend to lack formal criminal histories (because of their youth)
• Participate in a hate crime to gain social acceptance
• Enjoy comradery with their peers.

8. Name and define the 4 types of social bonds.

• Conventional values, beliefs, and practices increase the likelihood of law-abiding behavior.
• Attachment – reflects existence of significant and positive personal relationships.
• Involvement – demonstrates engagement in conventional activities.
• Commitment – investment in conventional goals and aspirations and the traditional way to them
• Belief – agreement with the consensus perspective and the formal rules and regulations and authority to
govern society.

9. Name and define the 5 adaptations to strain.

• This theory says crime results from the inadequacy of social structure to provide an array of conventional
means to achieve economic or other culturally defined successes.
• Conformist – accept culturally approved means and goals
• Ritualist – accept the means but not the goals; just “go through the motions” perspective.
• Innovator – aspire to goals but adopt a means that isn’t culturally/socially accepted in society.
• retreatism – they have given up on goals and the means.
• Rebel – seeks to replace conventional goals and means with the ones that they value.

10. Discuss social learning/cultural transmission theory.

• Crime is the result of observing and learning from intimate social groups then practicing social mores.
• Our social environments and who we interact with provides a continuous classroom.
• If social environments condone law breaking of a particular form, the resulting criminal behavior reflects
that pattern.
• Territorial white ethnic neighborhoods that have demonstrated resent towards outsiders moving in should
engage in more hate crimes.
• Areas of the country that resistant to social equality would produce more hate crime offenders.

11. Discuss the Ethnic Neighborhoods Resisting “Others” story.

• 1989 in Bensonhurst, NY was primarily a white, working class, Italian neighborhood.
• Young males were territorial and suspicious towards other groups.
• Used car advertisement in newspaper attracted 4 black teens to the area to see the car.
• They were attacked by a mob of young white males and one was killed.
• While many residents didn’t participate in the attack, they had similar sentiments to the attackers.

12. Name and define the 5 techniques of neutralization.

• Denial of responsibility – project blame for hate crime on “dangerous” minorities.
• Denial of Injury – hate crime victims are not seen as human or as inferior.
• Denial of victim – nonhuman or subspecies were attacked, so no real person was harmed.
• Condemnation of the Condemners – those who condemn act are race traitors or enemies of hate
movements.
• Appeal to higher loyalties – loyalty to white race supersedes any laws, democratic values, or religious
teachings.

13. Discuss Relative Deprivation theory.

• Increasing tensions and frustrations in societies where groups perceive a growing gap.
 • When one compares themselves to another, they are relatively worse off, but feel they deserve better than
others.
• For some white males, gains made by women, racial minorities etc. are a clear threat to their dominance.
• Their expectation of social status and well fare.
• This creates fear, anger, frustration, and subsequent aggression.

14. Name and define the 4 roles offenders can have in group attacks, according to Levin and McDevitt. (ch 5)
• Leader – person who ignites, shapes, and directs attack.
• Fellow traveler – joins in once attack begins.
• Unwilling participant – sees attack, doesn’t approve it, but does nothing to stop it.
• Hero – tries to stop the attack from occurring.

15. Name and define Willem’s 4 categories of racially motivated offenders.

• Sympathizers – join in to prevent disappointment of peers.
• Criminal thugs – already troublemakers with destructive behavior.
• Xenophobes – hate/fears foreigners, which often leads to hate violence.
• Right wingers – very conservative and want to physically enforce views, which often leads to hate violence.

16. Name 5 of the 7 things that a culture of hatred contains.

• Intense prejudice
• Discrimination against the hated race.
• Stereotyping
• Violence
• Exclusion

17. Name 5 of the 9 things that describe contemporary hate groups members.
• Radicalization online: many contemporary group members are exposed to extremist ideologies, propaganda,
and hate speech online – which fuels their beliefs.
• Disenfranchisement and alienation – Hate group members often feel disenfranchised, marginalized, or
alienated from mainstream society.
• Violent tendencies – Some hate group members exhibit a propensity for violence or aggression. They may
engage in hate-motivated violence.
• Us vs. them mentality – these individuals adhere to an “us vs them mentality” viewing those outside as
inferior and enemies.
• Recruitment and radicalization – hate groups actively recruit and radicalize new members through various
tactics.

18. Discuss the belief systems in the hate movement.

• Strong ideologies towards hatred for that race and perceiving them as dangerous and a need to take action.
• White supremacies have the idea that they are the “superior” race and asserting social dominance.
• Those who engage in Antisemitism have a strong hatred for jewish people based on beliefs and negative
experiences.
• They believe that they have the power to control and inflict fear and ostracism towards that race.
• Those who are hateful towards immigrants—these individuals believe they pose as a threat.

19. Discuss the recruitment strategies of hate groups.

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20. Name the notable elements from the NCVS study about hate crime victimization. (ch 6)
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21. What are the common features of anti-black hate crimes?

• Attacks occurred around the residence of victim.
• Occur in every geographical region of the US.
• Racist branding (use of racist symbols and slurs) including destructive acts.
• Perpetrators victimize children and women.
• Have a strong need to get rid of that race.

22. What are the characteristics of hate crimes against Asian-Americans?

• Relative economic success of Asians brings on resentment of some people.
• They are seen as being the same, despite their differences in ancestry and culture.
• They are seen as perpetual “foreigner”, even though they are native born Americans.
• Attacks are common at school brought on by many challenges.
• There is a cultural advantage.

23. Name 5 of the 12 patterns of hate crimes based on sexual orientation.

• Multiple perpetrators
• Variety of relationships to victims
• The attacks is isolating and traumatic.
• Psychological distress is increased with these victims.
• High level of reporting by victims
24. Discuss religious bigotry and community responsibility.

Potential Short Answer

1. What do social psychological perspectives focus upon? (ch 4)

a. These perspectives focus on how social environments, social construction of “other” and psychological
health work to shape attitudes and behavior.

2. Name a stage in Allport’s scale of prejudice and define how it is expressed by the perpetrator.
a. (Avoidance) – More intense prejudice, more likely to result in hostile action.

3. Name a stage in Allport’s scale of prejudice and define how it is experienced by the disliked group.
a. (Physical attack) – Intense prejudice, engages in violent action against disliked group.

4. What does social learning theory say?

a. A fundamental dynamic is the reinforcement or shaping of the learner’s behavior through rewards
(social approval) or punishment (social disapproval)
5. What do the criminological perspectives focus on?
a. These perspectives focus on the social conditions creating criminality and the likelihood of those crimes
to occur.

6. How can social bonds facilitate hate crimes?

a. Strong bonds to cultural values and practices which include embedded notions of bigotry facilitates hate
crimes.

7. Does strain theory work well to explain hate crimes? Why or why not?
a. No, economic strains create hate crimes, then we should see the poor and minorities doing it. Most hate
crimes are perpetrated by white individuals.

8. What does drift theory say about hate crime offending?

a. Hate crime offending is influenced by a combination of social and individual factors.

9. What does Kite’s Gender Belief System say?

a. Kite’s theory argues that heterosexual men reflect conventionality and gay men deviate from this norm.

10. Name and define 1 of the 3 components required for a crime to occur, according to Routine Activities theory.
a. Crime is the result of opportunities that arise from common daily activities.

11. Name and define 1 of Sibbit’s 3 types of community residents. (ch 5)

a. Territorial locals are community residents who have a strong attachment to the physical location or
territory where they reside.

12. Name and describe 1 of the 4 nonpoor, educated offenders named in chapter 5.
a.

13. What is a Hate group?

a. Consists of 2 or more individuals that have beliefs or practices that attack or malign entire class of
people for unredeemable characteristics.

14. What is a Hate movement?

a. Is a loose coalition of groups and organizations that exist around hostility towards a particular social
class.

15. Name 1 of the ways in which hate groups vary.

a. Their ideological beliefs and motivations.

16. Name 1 of the 4 questions that more research is needed to address it.
a. How can interventions and prevention strategies can be tailored to address specific needs.

17. What does Blee say lures people into hate ideology?
a. The promise of belonging and a sense of community.

18. So-called advocacy groups do what?

a. Promote and support specific causes or issues.
19. Name 1 of the findings of Gruenwald’s Far-Right Extremist Perpetrator Study.
a. They might feel marginalized or oppressed that they’re not benefiting from the current social and
economic system.

20. Name 1 of the points made about women in the hate movement.
a. They can play a role in recruitment and radicalization.

21. Why do we have minority-on-minority hate offending?

a. Refers to instances where individuals from different minority groups engage in acts of hate or
discrimination against each other.

22. What is 1 of the 3 tools do offenders in minority-on-minority hate crimes use?

a. Hate crimes may use us social media to spread hate, incite violence, and lure vulnerable individuals to
conform to their beliefs.

23. What does Neo-Deprivation theory say?

a. This theory posits that individuals or groups who perceive themselves as being deprived or
disadvantaged relative to others in society perpetuating feelings of resentment and hate.

24. Name 1 of the layers of bigotry and hate that a hate crime offender is embedded within.
a. They are embedded in prejudice, internalized bias, and extremist beliefs.

25. Name 1 of the 3 reasons why we must understand victimization better for hate crimes. (ch 6)
a. Hate crimes can help us understand the trends, why they occur, and leading to prevention and policies
tailored to these crimes.

26. Why are the impacts of hate crimes more traumatic than non-hate crimes?
a. Hate crimes can lead to feelings of fear, isolation, sense of self, questioning one’s personal identity.

27. Why do hate crime victims have a unique sense of vulnerability?

a. Hate crimes can induce a sense of vulnerability—hate is very strong and individuals who are targeted
questioning their identity which invokes the vulnerability.

28. What 2 factors exacerbate the vulnerability of hate crime victims?

a. Social stigma, and exacerbation of systematic inequalities.

29. What is the power threat hypothesis?

a. Likely hate crimes when hate crimes when whites believe incoming minorities.

30. What is the power differential hypothesis?

a. Likely hate crimes when hate crimes when whites dominate a neighborhood.

31. What was the galvanizing event for LGBTQI community response to hate crimes?
a.

32. Which religious groups have the highest rates of hate crime victimization and why?
a.

33. Who typically attacks the disabled?

 a.

34. Why do the disabled seldom report the attacks to police?

a.

35. Why are the homeless often attacked?

a.

36. Are the homeless a protected group under hate crime laws? Why is that important?
a.