PERIODIC TABLE

PERIODIC TABLE CHEMISTRY
PERIODIC TABLE
SYNOPSIS - 1
Introduction:
You must have visited a library. There are thousands of books in a large
library. In spite of this if you ask for a particular book, the library staff can
locate it easily.
How is it possible?
In library, the books are classified into various categories and sub-categories.
They are arranged on shelves accordingly. Therefore location of books
becomes easy.
Let us come back to chemistry. Most of the matter that we see, touch and
feel is made up of compounds. There are millions of such compounds existing
presently. You will be surprised to know that compounds are formed as a
result of various permutations and combination of only about 110 odd
elements. To study properties of these elements and their compounds is a
tough task.
How then was this task simplified?
This task was simplified by simple classification of elements into few groups.
Instead of studying each and every element or compounds, we just learn
the properties of groups.
The attempts were made by different scientists to classify elements based
on their properties.
Necessity for classification of elements
Following are the reasons for the classification of elements.
(a) The classification may help to study them better.
(b) The classification may lead to correlate the properties of the elements
with some fundamental property that is characteristic of all the
elements.
(c) The classification may further reveal relationship between the different
elements.
Early attempts for classification
i) Greeks classification:
The ancient Greeks erroneously suggested that all matter consisted of
four elements only - Earth, air fire and water. But, their idea could not
be supported by the experiments.
ii) Classification on the Basis of Valency
Realising the importance of valency in chemistry, an attempt was made
to classify elements on this basis.
The monovalent elements were classed together and so
were the divalent ones, the trivalent ones and so on.
However, such classification suffers from the following drawbacks.
1. Several elements have variable valency, e.g., iron has a valency of 2
and 3, copper 1 and 2, tin 2 and 4, lead 2 and 4, etc. This makes the
position of such elements uncertain.
VII Class - Chemistry 172
CHEMISTRY PERIODIC TABLE
2. Such classification does not explain the diverse nature of elements

having the same valency. For example, both sodium and chlorine are
monovalent, but they are quite different from each other in chemical
behaviour. Sodium is a strongly *electropositive metal whereas chlorine
is a strongly *electronegative nonmetal.
iii) Lavoisier’s classification - metals and non-metals:
By the late 1860’s, more than 60 chemical elements had been identified.
Based on similar physical and chemical properties, Lavoisier and early
chemists classified the elements into metals and non-metals.
i) Elements which were malleable and ductile, good conductors of
heat and electricity and possessed characteristic metallic lustre
were named as metals.
ii) Elements which were brittle, bad conductors of heat and electricity
and did not possess metallic lustre were named as non-metals.
Certain elements such as antimony, arsenic, boron, silicon and
tellurium resembled metals in some respects and non-metals in
certain respects and were therefore metalloids.
Lavoisier
Reasons for rejection of classification into metals and non-metals:
i) Some of the elements behave both as metals and non-metals.
ii) The elements were divided only into two broad categories which does
not help much in the study of elements.
iv) Dalton’s classification:
In 1808, John Dalton published the first list of atomic

weights in his ‘Table of the relative atomic w eights of the
ultimate particles of gaseous and other bodies’ . He changed
chemists’ ideas from a qualitative to a quantitative basis,
and started the chemical revolution during the 19th
century.
John Dalton
Major contributions leading to the development of modern periodic table
i) Dobernier’s classification:
In the year 1829, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, a German

scientist, was the first to classify elements. He grouped the
elements that showed similar chemical properties into
groups of three called ‘Triads’. The distinctive feature of a
triad was the atomic mass of the middle element.
Johann
Wolfgang Dobereiner
173 VII Class - Chemistry

When elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic

mass, the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately
the arithmetic mean of the other two elements of the triad.
Examples of Dobereiner’s Triads

Arithmetic
Element Lithium Sodium Potassium
mean
Atomic 7  39
7.0 23.0 39.0  23.0
mass 2
Strontium Barium Arithmetic

Element Calcium
mean
Atomic 40  137
40.0 87.5 137  88.1
mass 2
Chlorine Bromine Iodine Arithmetic

Element mean
Atomic 35.5  127
35.5 80 127  81.25
mass 2
Significance of Dobereiner Triads:
This classification of elements in triads had greater significance in predicting
the atomic mass and properties of the middle element. However, only a few
elements could be arranged in such triads.
Defects of Triad Classification:
(i) Quite a large number of similar elements could not be grouped into
triads.
Example: Iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, zinc and copper are similar
elements but cannot be placed in the triads.
(ii) It was possible that quite dissimilar elements could be grouped into
triads.
As Dobereiner failed to arrange the then known elements in the form
of triads, his classification was not very successful.
Example: For example, carbon (12), nitrogen (14) and oxygen (16) can
form a triad but their properties are entirely different from each other.
ii) De chancourtois classification :
The next reported attempt was made by a French geologist, de
Chancourtois in 1862. He arranged the then known elements in order
of increasing atomic weights and proposed a cylindrical table of elements
to display the periodic recurrence of properties. He observed that the
elements with similar properties arranged in a vertical line form the
centre of the spiral. However, this did not attract much attention.

Newland’s classification:
John Alexander Reina Newland was a chemist as well as a

lover of music.
He arranged many of the known elements in the increasing
order of their atomic masses. It was noticed that the eighth
element was similar in properties to the first element, just
like the eighth note in music - Western as well as Indian.
John Alexander Reina Newland
Western Indian
Lithium Sodium
Do Sa (atomic mass - 7) (atomic mass - 23)
Beryllium Magnesium
Re Re (atomic mass - 9) (atomic mass - 24)
Boron Aluminium
Me Ga (atomic mass - 11) (atomic mass - 27)
Carbon Silicon
Fa Ma (atomic mass - 12) (atomic mass - 28)
Nitrogen Phosphorus
So Pa (atomic mass - 14) (atomic mass - 31)
Oxygen Sulphur
La Da (atomic mass - 16) (atomic mass - 32)
Fluorine Chlorine
Ti Ni (atomic mass - 19) (atomic mass - 35.5)
Do Sa — —
The eighth element after lithium is sodium. It is similar to lithium in many

of its chemical properties. Similarly, the eighth element after sodium is
potassium, whose properties are similar to sodium. The eighth element
from fluorine is chlorine both of which are similar in their properties. The
eighth element from nitrogen is phosphorus and both these elements are
similar in properties.
Based on this observation, Newland stated his law of octaves thus
When elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic
mass, the eighth element resembles the first in physical and
chemical properties just like the eighth note on a musical scale
resembles the first note.
However, a very important conclusion was made that there is some systematic
relationship between the order of atomic masses and the repetition of
properties of elements. This gave rise to a new term called Periodicity. It is
the recurrence of characteristic properties of elements arranged in a table,
at regular intervals of a period.

Achievements of the Law of octaves

(i) The law of octaves was the first logical attempt to classify elements on
the basis of atomic weights.
(ii) Periodicity of elements was recognised for the first time.
Defects of Law of Octaves
(i) This law could be best applied, only up to the element calcium.
(ii) Newly discovered elements could not fit into the octave structure.
(iii) It failed to exhibit this feature with heavier elements.
Lother Meyer classification:
In 1869, Lother Meyer, a German chemist, studied physical properties like
atomic volume, melting point, boiling point etc. of various elements and
plotted a graph between the atomic volumes (atomic volume of an element
is the atomic mass divided by the density of the element) and atomic masses
(in amu) of the elements. From the atomic volume-atomic mass curve shown
in figure. Lother Meyer observed that the elements with similar properties
occupy approximately similar positions on the curve.
60
50
Atomic Volume (cm )
40
3
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Atomic Mass (a.m.u.)
This fact can be illustrated by studying the following examples:
(i) The most strongly electropositive alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb) which have
similar properties occupy the peaks on the curve.
(ii) The less electropositive alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Cd, Sr) occupy the
descending positions on the curve.
(iii) The most electronegative elements (i.e., halogens viz. F, Cl, Br) occupy the
ascending positions on the curve.
(iv) The noble gases (Ne, Ar, Kr) which have similar properties occupy similar
positions on the curve.
On the basis of his observation, Lother Meyer proposed that the physical
properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses
(atomic weights}.

Lother Meyer arranged the then known elements in the tabular form in the
increasing order of their atomic weights.
NOTE
It may be noted that the pattern of the curve remains the same if
a graph is plotted between atomic volumes and atomic numbers
(in place of atomic masses or atomic weights) of the elements.
Mendeleev’s periodic table
With the failures of many attempts, there was a choatic mess in the
arrangement of elements. An end to this chaotic mess of elements was put
by Mendeleev.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist was the first for successful
arrangement of elements. In 1869, he published a periodic table of elements
.
Meaning of Periodic Table
A periodic table is a chart in which the elements have been arranged in such a way
that :
i) The elements having similar properties are placed in the same vertical
column, called group.
ii) In the term “periodic table”, the word “periodic” means that the elements
having similar properties are repeated after certain definite intervals or
periods.
iii) The word “table” means that the elements have been arranged in the tabular
form.
Moseley’s Periodic Law:

Henry Moseley discovered a new property of elements called ‘atomic number’
which provided a better basis for the classification of the elements.
The Moseley’s periodic law on the basis of atomic number concept is “The
physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
numbers”
Moseley discovered the atomic numbers from X-ray spectra of elements by
bombarding the elements with cathode rays and the elements emitted
respective X-rays of characteristic frequency.
Atomic number ‘Z’ can be related to frequency of the X-rays emitted by
using v  a  Z  b  where a, b are constants for an elements.
A plot of v against Z gives a straight line.
Mendeleev’s periodic table

According to Mendeleev’s the physical and chemical properties of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights.
Mendeleeff’s periodic table is also known as short form of periodic table.
Elements are arranged in 10 horizontal rows known as series which are
grouped into 7 periods.
Leaving 9 and VIII, each group is subdivided into subgroups known as A and
B group.
Group VIII of the Mendeleef’s table consists of three triads known as

transition triads and they are

i) Fe, CO, Ni
ii) Rul, Rh, Pd
iii) Os, Ir, Pt
Mendeleeff has a fore sight to leave some gaps in the periodic table for 3 -
elements and these elements are discovered latter and include in the table.
Those three elements are
1) eka boron presently known as Scandium
2) eka silicon presently known as Gemanium
3) eka aluminium presently known as Gallium
Mendeleeff corrected the atomic weights of Be, In and Os by using corrected
valency of elements.
Atomic weight = Equivalent weight x valency.
Demerits:
i. The position of hydrogen is not correctly defined. It is still not certain whether
to place hydrogen in group I A or VII A.
ii. In certain pairs of elements like, Ar (40) and K (39); Co (58.9) and Ni (58.6);
Te (127.6) and I (126.9) the arrangement was not justified. For e.g., argon
was placed before potassium whereas its atomic mass is more than potassium.
In this case, the periodic law is violated.
iii. Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass but
same atomic number. For e.g., there are three isotopes of hydrogen with
atomic mass 1, 2, and 3. According to Mendeleev’s periodic table these should
be placed at three separate places. However isotopes have not been given
separate places in the periodic table.
(iv) Certain chemically dissimilar elements have been grouped together. Elements
of group IA such as lithium, sodium and potassium were grouped with
dissimilar elements such as copper, silver and gold.
(v) Mendeleev’s table was unable to explain the cause of periodicity among
elements. That is by the elements with similar properties fall one below the
other, if they are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic weights.
(vi) Fourteen elements that follow lanthanum called lanthanides and fourteen
elements following actinium called actinides were not given proper places
in Mendeleev’s periodic table.

WORK SHEET - 1
Single Answer Type

1. The law of triads was proposed by :
1) Dobereiner 2) Newlands 3) Lother Meyer 4) Chancourtois
2. Gallium was named by mendeleev.
1) Eka - Al 2) Eka - Ge 3) Eka - Si 4) Eka - Z
3. Which of the following is not a Dobereiner triad?
1) Cl, Br, I 2) Ca, Sr, Ba 3) Li, Na, K 4) Fe, Co, Ni
4. The law of triads is applicable to :
1) Lithium, beryllium, boron 2) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine
3) Chlorine, bromine, iodine 4) Sodium, potassium, rubidium
5. Select the following pair of elements in which their arithmetic mean of
atomic weights is equal to the atomic weight of strontium.
1) Lithium, Barium 2) Sodium, Calcium
3) Calcium, Barium 4) Sodium, Barium
6. Which of the following is wrong triad?
1) Chlorine, bromine, iodine 2) Lithium, sodium, potassium
3) Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen 4) Calcium, strontium, barium
7. What was the number of elements in each set into which Dobereiner
classified the elements?
1) 2 2) 3 3) 8 4) 18
8. Which of the following statements is not correct about modified Mendeleev’s
periodic table ?
1) It consists of nine groups and seven periods.
2) Group VIII like groups I-VII has been divided into two sub-groups A and B.
3) The group of an element in the periodic table represents its valency.
4) The elements of group IB are called coinage metals.
9. Considering the chemical properties, atomic weight of Be was corrected
based on
1) electronic configuration 2) valency
3) atomic number 4) both 2 and 3
10. Mendeleef corrected the atomic weight of
1) Be 2) N 3) O 4) Cl
11. Anamalous pair in Mendeleef’s table is
1) Li, Na 2) Mg, Al 3) Co, Ni 4) Be, B
12. Eka silicon is now called as
1) Gallium 2) Scandium 3) Germanium 4) Indium
13. Zero group was introduced by
1) Lother Meyer 2) Mendeleef 3) Ramsay 4) Lockyer
14. Total number of groups in Mendeleef’s table
1) 18 2) 9 3) 7 4) 10
Multi Answer Type

15. Which of the following is an anamalous pair
1) Ar-K 2) Co-Ni 3) Te-J 4) Th-Pa

16. Mendeleef table, the triad of VIII group are

1) Fe, CO, Ni 2) Ru, Rh, Pd 3) Os, Ir, Pt 4) Cu, Ag, Au
Reasoning Answer Type

17. Statement I: Sodium is a strongly electropositive metal.
Statement II : Chlorine is a strongly electronegative nonmetal.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true and Statement-II is the correct
explanation of Statement-I.
2) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true but Statement-II is not the correct
3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
18. Statement I: Grouping the elements having the same characteristics is known
as classification of elements.
Statement II :The classification of elements help the study of elements and
their properties easier.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true and Statement-II is the
correct explanation of Statement-I.
Comprehension Type
Necessity for classification of elements
Following are the reasons for the classification of elements.
(1) The classification may help to study them better.
(2) The classification may lead to correlate the properties of the elements
with some fundamental property that is characteristic of all the elements.
(3) The classification may further reveal relationship between the different
elements
19. The elements which are malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and
electricity are named as :
1) Non-metals 2) Metals 3) Metalloides 4) None
20. The elements which are not malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat
and electricity are named as :
21. The elements posses both metallic and non metallic characteristics are
named as:

SYNOPSIS - 2
Modern periodic law :
Neils Bohr constructed the long form of periodic table based on the electronic
configurations of the elements.
Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers and electronic configuration.
There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the periodic table.
The salient features of groups are:

(i) There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table which constitute 18
groups or families. The groups are numbered as 1, 2, 3,... up to 18. All
the members of a particular group have similar outer shell electronic
configuration.
(ii) The elements of groups, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are known as
normal or representative elements.
(iii) Except group 18 elements, elements from each group have their
outermost energy level (valence shell) incomplete while the inner energy
levels (core shell) are partially filled (d-block) or completely filled.
(iv) The elements of groups 1 and 2 have outer shell configuration as ns1

and ns2, respectively whereas those of groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
possess ns2np1, ns2np2, ns2np3, ns2np4, ns2np5 and ns2np6 configuration
of valence shell, respectively.
(v) The elements of groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 possess ns 1 or
ns2 (ns0 also in some cases) in their valence shell with a core of
(n–l)s2,(n–1)p6, (n – 1)d1to10. These are known as transition elements.
(vi) There as 14 elements just after lanthanum (La: at.no. 57, group 3)
and another 14 elements just after actinium (Ac : at.no. 89, group 3)
which are placed at the bottom of the main table. These are known
as lanthanides and actinides, respectively. These have the electronic
configuration
(n - 2)s2p6d10f1–14,(n – 1)s2p6d10f1–14,(n–1) s2p6d0–2, ns2.
The salient features of periods are :

(i) Seven horizontal rows of the periodic table are known as periods.
(ii) Each period begins with the outermost electron entering into a new
principal quantum number and completes after the outer-most shell’s
p-subshell is complete.
(iii) The number of period denotes the number of outermost shell of that
element.
(iv) The first element of each period (except 1 period) is an alkali metal and
the last element is an inert gas.
(v) The periods are described below :
1st period very short period 2 element
2nd and 3rdperiods short periods 8 elements
4 and 5 periods long periods
th th
18 elements
6th period very long period 32 elements
7 period
th
incomplete
To avoid the inconvenience 14 elements, which do not include lanthanum
and actinium belonging to 6th and 7th period are placed in two separate rows
at the bottom of periodic table (now called as lanthanoids and actinoids
respectively).
Period Energy levels Number of elements

in the
period
1st period 1s 2
2nd period 2s 2p 8
3rd period 3s 3p 8
4th period 4s 3d 4p 18
5th period 5s 4d 5p 18
6th period 6s 4f 5d 6p 32
7th period 4s 5f 6d 7p

WORK SHEET - 2
Single Answer Type

1. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in.
1) Increasing mass 2) Increasing volume
3) Increasing atomic number 4) Alphabetically
2. Elements of I B and II B are called
1) Normal elements 2) Transition elements
3) Alkaline earth metals 4) Alkali metals.
3. The elements of groups, IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA and VIIA are collectively
called.
1) Noble gases 2) Representative or normal elements
3) Transition elements 4) Inner transition elements
4. The 3d-transition series contains elements having atomic numbers ranging
from.
1) 22 to 30 2) 21 to 30 3) 21 to 31 4) 21 to 29
5. Elements with atomic number 93 and onwards are called.
1) Actinides 2) Lanthanides 3) Transuranics 4) Rare earths.
6. Which pair of elements is from the same period of the periodic table ?
1) Cl, Br 2) Na, Ca 3) K, Br 4) Cl, Li
7. The atom having the valence shell electronic configuration 4s24p2 would be
in:
1) Group 2 or IIA and period 3 2) Group 12 or IIB and period 4
3) Group 14 or IVA and period 4 4) Group 14 or IVA and period 3
8. The element with atomic number 57 belongs to.
1) Lanthanides 2) Actinides
3) Transition elements 4) Representative elements
9. The elements beyond uranium (Z = 92) are called:
1) Synthetic elements 2) Trans uranic elements
3) Both 4) None
10. Number of elements present in the fifth period of the periodic table is :
1) 8 2) 10 3) 18 4) 32
11. Which of the following pair has both members from the same group of periodic
table?
1) Mg, Ba 2) Mg, Na 3) Mg, Cu 4) Mg, Cl
12. If the atomic number of an element is 33, it will be placed in the periodic
table the: 1) 1st group 2) 3rd group 3 )
5 group
th
4) 6 group
th
13. The basis for the classification of elements in the modern periodic table is
1) Electronic configuration 2) Atomic weight
3) Atomic volume 4) Equivalent wieght
14. The element with electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d10 4s2 4p5 belongs
to
1) 4th period, VA group 2) 5th period, IVA group
3) 4th period, VIIA group 4) 7th period, IVA group
15. The element with atomic number 12 belongs to …. Group and …. Period
1) IA, third 2) IIIA, third 3) IIA, third 4) IIA, second

16. The number of periods in the long form of periodic table is

1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 18
17. The elements with atomic numbers 39 to 48 belong to
1) Forth period 2) Fifth period 3) Sixth period 4) Third period
18. The first lanthanide is
1) La 2) Ce 3) Th 4) Lu
19. Most of the radio active elements are in
3) Representative elements 4) Second transitional series
20. The position of element with Z = 24 in the periodic table is
1) V A group & 4 period 2) VI B group & 4 period
3) IV A group & 3 period 4) III B group & 3 period
Multi Answer Type

21. Group 18 (or zero group) elements are also called as:
1) Inert gases 2) Rare gases 3) Noble gases 4) Inactive gases

22. Statement I : The number of elements in 2nd and 3rd period is equal.
Statement II : The number of elements in 4th and 5th period is equal.
23. Statement I : Lanthanide series includes inner transitional elements.
Statement II : Lanthanide series starts with lanthanum and ends with lutetium
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Description of Periods
The salient features of periods are :
(i) Seven horizontal rows of the periodic table are known as periods.
(ii) Each period begins with the outermost electron entering into a new
principal quantum number and completes after the outer-most shell’s p-
subshell is complete.
(iii) The number of period denotes the number of outermost shell of that
element.
(iv) The first element of each period (except 1 perio4) is an alkali metal and
the last element is an inert gas.

24. The 3rd period of the periodic table contains:

1) 8 Elements 2) 32 Elements 3) 18 Elements 4) 19 Elements
25. In a period, elements are arranged in strict sequence of:
1) Decreasing charge in the nucleus. 2) Constant changes in the nucleus.
3) Equal charge in the nucleus. 4) Increasing charge in the nucleus.
Matrix Matching Type

26. Column-I Column-II
Period number Nature of period
a) 4 1) Very long period
b) 3 2) Long period
c) 2 3) Short period
d) 1 4) Very short period
5) Incomplete period
a) Shortest period 1) Cs to Rn
b) Short period 2) Rb to Xe
c) Long period 3) Li to Ne
d) Longest period 4) H to He
5) H to Ne
SYNOPSIS - 3
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS INTO BLOCKS
Elements are classified into four blocks on the blocks on the basis of
differentiating electrons enters into which subshell of the main shell.
They are :
i) s-block elements ii) p-block elements
iii) d-block elements iv) f-block elements
1,2
s-
block
s - block
p - block
d - block
gp. 3
f - block

(i) s - block:
1. The elements in which the differentiating electrons enter the s-subshell.
2. s-subshell can accomadate only 2-electrons, hence S-block elements are
arranged in two groups, IA, IIA.
3. General electronic configuration is ns1 2 .
4. The elements IA group elements are called Alkali metals and that of IIA
group elements are known as Alkaline earth metals.
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr elements have 1 electron in their outer shell with
“ns1” general outer shell configuration, they belongs to IA.
5. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Alkaline Earth elements) have 2-electrons in
their outer shell, with “ns2” general outer shell configuration, they belongs
to IIA.
• S-block elements are soft metals and have low melting points.
• S-block elements are highly electropositive and have low ionisation
energies.
• S-block elements are highly reactive and form ionic compounds.
• S-block elements are good reducing agents.
(ii) p - block:
(a) Differentiating electrons enter into p-subshell.
[b] p-orbital can accomadate 6-electrons, hence p-block elements are
arranged in 6-groups they are from III A and O-group.
[c] General electronic configuration ns1 2 np1 6 .
(d) p-block elements are metals, non metals , metalloids and inert gases.
1. p-block elements forms ionic as well as covalent compounds.
2. p-block elements have relatively high values of ionisation energies.
3. p-block elements are non metals and are highly electronegative.
4. They show variable oxidation states and form acidic oxides.
(iii) d - block:
(a) The elements in which the differentiating electron enters the d-
subshell of the penultimate energy level are called d- block elements.
(b) This block is situated in between ‘s’ and ‘p’ blocks of the periodic table.
(c) It contains elements of groups IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIII
groups.
(d) The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n-1) d1-10ns1-
2
, where (n-1) represents the penultimate shell and ‘n’ represents the
outermost shell.
(e) It includes weak metals.
4. d - block elements are further classified into following transition series on
the basis of which (n-1)d is being filled.
1) 1st Transition series - 3d series - electronic configuration.
3d1-10 4s1-2[Sc(Z=21) to Zn (Z=30)]
2) 2nd Transition series - 4d - series - electronic configuration.
4d1-10 5s 1-2 [Y(Z=39) to Cd (Z=48)].
3) 3rd Transition series - 5d - series - electronic configuration.
5d1-10 6s1-2 .[La (Z=57), Hf (Z=72) to Hg (Z=80)]
4) 4th Transition series - 6d - series - is an incomplete series.

General characteristics of d-block elements are:

• They are hard, high melting metals showing variable oxidation states.
• They form coloured complexes and form ionic as well as covalent
compounds.
• Most of them exhibit paramagnetism and possess catalytic properties.
• They form alloys and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
(iv) f - block:
(a) The elements in which the differentiating electron enters the f-subshell
of the anti-penultimate (third to the outer most shell ) shell are called
f- block elements.
(b) This block is placed separately at the bottom of the main periodic table.
(c) It consists of two series of elements placed at the bottom of the periodic
table. The elements of first series follow lanthanum and are called
Lanthanides and the elements of second series follow actinium and
are called actinides.
(d) The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n-2)f1-14 (n-
1) d 0-1 ns2, where ‘n’ represents the outermost shell, (n-1) represents
the penultimate shell and (n - 2) represents the anti penultimate
shell.
General characteristics of f-block elements are:
• They are hard and have high melting metals showing variable oxidation
states.
• They form coloured complexes and have high densities.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS BASED ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
1. All the elements are divided into four types on the basis of their chemical
properties and electronic configuration.
They are
1) Inert gases 2) Representative elements
3) Transition elements
4) Inner transition elements
1. Inert gases
i. He, Ne, Ar, Kr Xe and Rn belongs to 0 group in the periodic table are called
Inert Gas elements.
ii. Except He 1s  ,2
all the other elements have ns 2 np 6 outer electronic
configuration.
iii. All are chemically inert due to the presence of stable ns 2 np 6 (octet)
configuration in their outer most shell.
iv.   2
He is inactive due to its completely filled ‘K’ shell 1s .
v. All are monoatomic gases
vi. They are also known as Rare gases (or) Aerogens.
2. Representative elements
i. Excluding ‘0’ group, remaining s and p block elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA,
VIA, VII A) are called representative elements.
ii. Their general outer electronic configurations ns1 2 np15
iii. Metals, nonmetals and metalloids are present in representative elements.
3. Transition elements

i. Elements which have incompletely filled or partly filled d-orbitals either in

elementary state or in any possible oxidation state are called as transition
elements.
ii. Their properties are intermediate to s- and p-block elements.
iii. The general electronic configuration is  n  1 d 110 ns1 2 .
Special characteristic properties of transition elements are
 They are hard and heavy metals
 Variable Oxidation states
 FOrmation of coloured ions due to d-d-transition
 Formation of metal complexes
 Paramagnetism
 Catalytic activity
 High M.P. B.P and densities.
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 Alloy formation
These characteristic properties are due to
a) Small size b) High nuclear charge c) Unpaired electrons in d-
orbitals
4. Inner transition elements

 These elements have three outermost shells incomplete i.e., n,  n  1 and
 n  2 .
 The f-block elements are called inner transition elements.
 General configuration  n  2  f 114  n  1 d 0 or1ns 2
 There are two series of inner transition elements.
4f-series - Lanthanide series - 4 f 114 5d 0 or 1 6 s 2 .
5f-series - Actinide series - 5 f 114 6d 10 or 1 7 s 2
In periodic table, lanthanides are present between 57 La & 72 Hf and Actinides
are present between 89 Ac & 104 Rf .
 Lanthanides are rare earths, and all most all Actinides are radioactive.

WORK SHEET - 3
Single Answer Type

1. On the basis of electronic configuration, all the elements in the long form of
the periodic table have been grouped in.
1) 3 Blocks 2) 2 Blocks
3) 4 Blocks + lanthanides 4) 3 Blocks + lanthanides + actinides.
2. The elements whose outer electronic configuration vary from ns2np1 to ns2np6
constitute.
1) s-Block of elements 2) p-Block of elements
3) d-Block of elements 4) f-Block ol elements
3. Ce — 58 is a member of :
1) s - block 2) p - block 3) d - block 4) f - block
4. The element with the electronic configuration [Xe]4f7 5d1 6s2 lies in the:
1) s-Block 2) d-Block 3) f-Block 4) Actinide series
5. The atomic number of the following represents the element in the d - block:
1) Z = 46 2) Z = 36 3) Z = 16 4) Z = 57
6. The differentiating electron of lanthanides enters in the:
1) 4f subshell 2) 5f subshell 3) 5d subshell 4) 6d subshell
7. Rare earth elements are :
1) d - block elements 2) Lanthanides
3) p - block elements 4) Representative elements
8. Long form of the periodic table is based on:
1) Atomic size 2) Atomic mass
3) Atomic number 4) Electronegativity
9. Manganese belonges to .......... of periodic table:
1) ‘s’ block 2) ‘p’ block 3) ‘d’ block 4) ‘f’ block
10. The long form of periodic table has:
1) 8 horizontal rows and 7 vertical columns.
11. The long form of periodic table was developed by:
1) Bohr 2) Mendeleeff 3) Rutherford 4) Rang and Warner
12. d - block elements in long form of periodic table are placed:
1) On the extreme left 2) In the middle
3) On the extreme right 4) At the bottom
13. Elements of ‘d’ group are called:
1) Transition elements 2) Transuranic elements
3) Metals 4) Metalloids
14. The element with ns np as outer electron configuration is a
2 4
1) alkalimetal 2) chalcogen 3) noble gas 4) halogen

15. The outer most orbit of an element “X” is partially filled with electrons in ‘s’
and ‘p’ subshells. Then that element is
1) an Inert gas 2) a Representative element
3) a Transition element 4) an Inner transition element
16. Which of the following is not a representative element
1) Sodium 2) Boron 3) Calcium 4) Chromium

17. Which of the following electronic configuration corresponds to an inert gas?

1) 1s12s22p5 2) 1s22s22p6 3) 1s22s1 4) 1s22s22p63s1
18. Lanthanum belongs to ...... block
1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4) f-block
19. The first lanthanide is
1) La 2) Ce 3) Th 4) Lu
20. Most of the radio active elements are in
3) Representative elements 4) Second transitional series
Multi Answer Type

21. Which of the following is correct about s-block elements?
1) The elements in which the electron enters the s-subshell of their
outermost energy level are called s-block elements.
2) This block is situated at the extreme left of the periodic table.
3) This block contains elements of groups IA and IIA.
4) None of the above.
22. Which of the following is correct for d-block elements?
1) These elements is situated at the extreme right side of the periodic
table.
2) General electronic configuration of these elements is ns2,np1-6
3) They show variable oxidation states.
4) This block elements form alloys.
23. Which of the following are correct statements for d-block elements?
1) 1st Transition series is 3d series of electronic configuration 3d1-10 4s1-2
2) 2nd Transition series is 4d - series of electronic configuration 4d1-10 5s1-2
3) 3rd Transition series is 5d - series of electronic configuration 5d1-10 6s1-2.
4) None of these

24. Statement I: f-block elements are hard, high melting metals showing variable
oxidation states.
Statement II : f-block elements form coloured complexes and have high
densities.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true and Statement-II is the
correct explanation of Statement-I.
25. Statement I: p-block elements form ionic as well as covalent compounds.
Statement II : In p-block elements, most of them are non-metals.

Comprehension Type
The elements in which the last electron enters the d-subshell of the
penultimate energy level are called d- block elements. 2nd Transition series
- 4d - series - electronic configuration. 4d1-10 5s1-2 [Y(Z=39) to Cd (Z=48)].
26. Which of the following elements belong to s - block of periodic table?
1) Chalcogens 2) Alkaline earth metals 3) Pnicogens 4) Halogens
27. Which of the following pair of elements with atomic numbers belong to p-
block?
1) 15 and 35 2) 3 and 5 3) 24 and 29 4) 15 and 55
28. Identify the element in which the differentiating electron enters into s-
orbital but is placed in p-block
1) He 2) Li 3) Be 4) B

a) First transition series 1) Incomplete series
b) Second transition series 2) 5d1-10 6s1-2
c) Third transition series 3) 4d1-10 5s1-2
d) Fourth transition series 4) 3d1-10 4s1-2
5) 6d series
SYNOPSIS - 4
PERIODICITY - PERIODIC PROPERTIES:
 When elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, elements
with similar properties reoccur (due to similar outer electronic configuration)
at regular intervals in the periodic table. This is known as periodicity.
 Elements coming at intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 will have similar properties
and thus grouped in one particular group.
Ex : Elements with atomic number 1, 3, 11, 19, 37, 55 & 87. Elements with
atomic number 4, 12, 20, 38, 56 & 88 will have similar properties.
Atomic radius :
 The distance between the centre of the nucleus and the electron cloud of
outer most energy level is called atomic radius.
 Three types of atomic radii are considered based on the nature of bonding
they are
a) Crystal radius b) Van der waals radius c) Covalent radius
 Atomic radii expressed in angstrom, nanometers, picometer units.
1Å  101 nm ;1Å  102 pico.metres
Crystal Radius (Atomic Radius) - Half of the internuclear distance between
the adjacent atoms of a solid metallic crystal is called crystal radius or
metallic radius.

Ex : Distance between two sodium atoms is 3.72Å, crystal radius of Na = 3.72/2

= 1.86 Å.
Van der waals radius - Half of the internuclear distance between two non
bonded atoms of different molecules which are very close to each other due
to vander waals forces is called Vander waals radius .
The distance between two adjacent chlorine atoms of different Cl2 molecules
is 3.6A0, Vander waals radius of Cl is 1.8A0.
Vander waals radius is 40% greater than covalent radii.
It is used for molecular substances in the solid state only.
Covalent Radius term is generally used in reference to non-metals.
Covalent radius - Half of the inter nuclear distance of the two atoms held
together by a covalent bond is called covalent radius.
A A A B
Covalent radii Covalent radii
Ex : a) in Cl2, Cl - Cl bond distance (Internuclear distanc) is 1.98A0.

Covalent Radius of Cl = 0.99Å.
b) in diamond C-C bond distance is 1.54Å.
Covalent radius of C = 0.77A0.
In metals, the crystal radius (atomic radius) is slightly more than the covalent
radius.
As the number of covalent bonds between two atoms increases the covalent
radius decreases.
Ex: The covalent radius of carbon decreases with increase in the number of
CC CC CC
 
bonds between carbon atoms. 1.54 A 0 1.34 A 0 1.20 A 0
 
Van der waal radius > crystal radius > covalent radius.
Variation of atomic radius in groups:
 In groups, from top to bottom, the atomic radius increases gradually due to
the increase in the number of orbits and it over weighs the effect of increased
nuclear charge.
Variation of atomic radius in periods:

 In a period from left to right, atomic radius decreases as the nuclear charge
increases.

 On moving from left to right across a particular period, the atomic radius
decreases upto Halogens and increases to Inert gases.
 In a given period, alkali metal is the largest and halogen is the smallest in
size.
Variation of atomic radius in transition elements:

 In transition elements the decrease in size in a period across a particular
transition series is less than in case of representative elements, this is due
to screening effect of (n-1)d electrons
 Hence, the atomic radius decreases slightly as we move from left to right in
a transition series.
Variation of atomic radius in Lanthanides:

In Lanthanides (Ce-Lu), the atomic and ionic radii decreases steadily.
This steady decrease in atomic and ionic radii is known as “Lanthanide
Contraction”
The contraction is due to the fact that f-orbitals are not capable of providing
effective shielding for the valence electrons from nuclear attraction.
Consequences of Lanthanide contraction :
a) Atomic sizes of 4d and 5d transition elements become almost equal,
due to which their properties are very close.
b) Zr and Hf resemble very closely.
c) The crystal structure and other properties of lanthanides are very
similar.
d) Separation of lanthanides is not easy from their mixture.
Variation of atomic radius in actinides:

The size of the trivalent ions of these elements decreases as we move from
left right this is because of poor shielding effect of f-electrons.
IONISATION ENERGY (IE)

1. Ionization potential: The minimum amount of energy required to remove
the most outer - most shell electron from an isolated neutral gaseous
atom is called ionization potential.
2. IE is measured eV/atom or kJ/mole or K.cal/mole.
1 eV / atom = 23.06 K.Cal/mole = 96.45 KJ/mole
3. Energy required to remove an electron from unipostive ion to convert it
into dipositive ion is IE2.
4. Energy required to remove an electron from dipositive ion to convert it
into tripositive ion is IE3.
5. Ionization potential depends on :
 With increase in the atomic size “IP” decreases due to decrease in
attractive force of nucleus on outer most orbit electrons.
 With increase in the effective nuclear charge IP increases.
 As the positive charge on cation increases, IP increases.
 As the -ve charge on anion increases, IP decreases.
 If the valency electrons are more penetrated into inner shells, IP
increases.
IP of s-electrons > IP of p-electrons > IP of d-electrons > IP of f-
electrons.
 IP is more for atoms with exactly half filled and completely filled orbitals.
Ex : IE1 of N > IE1 of O IE1 of Be >IE1 of ‘B’
IE1 of P > IE1 of S IE1 of Mg >IE1 of ‘Al’
 Atoms of inert gases have highest IP values due to the presence of
completely filled orbitals.
 In any period an Alkali metal atom has lowest IP and Inert gas element
has highest IP.
 In periods from left to right side IP increases, due to decreases in
atomic size and increase in effective nuclear charge.
 In groups from top to bottom, IP decreases due to the increase in the
atomic size and increase in the screening effect of inner electrons.
 IE order among 2nd period elements.
IE1 Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F < Ne
IE2 Li > Be C < N < O > F < Ne
 IE order among 3rd period elements
IE1 - Na < Mg > Al < Si S < Cl < Ar
IE2 - Na > Mg < Al > Si Cl < Ar
 Element with Lowest IP - Cs
 IE1 of Be greater than B due to
 Knowledge of successive IE can be used to find the number of valence
electrons
 For alkali metals the IE2 shows sudden jump.
 For alkaline earth metals, the IE3 shows sudden jump.
 The number of IE possible for an atom of an element is equal to its
atomic number.
Factors affecting ionization energy:
i) Ionization energy  nuclear charge (Zeff)
ii) Ionization energy  1/atomic size
iii) Ionization energy  1/screening effect of the inner electrons as due to
more screening effect, Zeff decreases and removal of valence electron
is easier.
iv) Ionization energy  stable electrons configuration. As fulfilled or half
filled orbitals electronic configurations as stable so removal of electron
is difficult hence more ionization energy is needed.
v) Ionization energy  penetration effect of the electrons. Example, more
close is the orbital to the nucleus, more will be the value of ionization
energy due to more force of attraction between electrons and nucleus.
s > p > d > f.

WORK SHEET - 4
Single Answer Type

1. Vander waal’s radius is used for:
1) Molecular substances in gaseous state only
2) Molecular substances in liquid state only
3) Molecular substances in solid state only
4) Molecular substances in any state
2. The distance from the centre of the nucleus to its outermost orbit is called
1) Atomic size 2) Atomic density
3) Atomic pressure 4) Ionisation potential
3. In comparison to the parent atom, the size of the.
1) Cation is smaller but anion is larger.
2) Cation is larger but anion is smaller.
3) Cation and anion are equal in size.
4) All the three are correct depending upon the atom.
4. Atomic radii of fluorine and neon in Angstorm units are respectively given
by:
1) 1.60, 1.60 2) 0.72, 0.72 3) 0.72, 1.60 4) 1.60, 0.72
5. Which of the following has largest size?
1) Mg2+ 2) Rb+ 3) Li+ 4) Na+
6. The largest atom among the following is :
1) Sodium 2) Silicon 3) Potassium 4) Calcium
7. Which of the following relation represents the correct relationship of the
radius of an atom, its cation and its anion?
1) Atom = Cation = Anion. 2) Atom > Cation > Anion .
3) Atom > Cation < Anion. 4) Atom < Cation > Anion .
8. The ionic species having largest size is:
1) Li+ (g) 2) Na+ (aq) 3) Rb+ (aq) 4) Li+ (aq)
9. The ionization energy of N is more than that of oxygen because
1) Nitrogen has half-filled p-orbitals.
2) Nitrogen atom is smaller in size than oxygen atom.
3) Nitrogen contains less number of electrons.
4) Nitrogen is less electronegative.
10. With which one of the following configurations, the lowest value of first IE is
associated?
1) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 2) 1s2, 2s2, 2p5
3) 1s , 2s , 2p
2 2 6
4) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2
11. The factor not affecting the ionization enthalpy is
1) Size of atom 2) Charge in the nucleus
3) Type of bonding in the crystalline lattice 4) Type of electron involved.
12. The correct order of variation in the sizes of atoms is
1) Be>C>F>Ne 2) Be<C<F<Ne 3) Be>C>F<Ne 4) F> Ne > Be >C
13. Which one of the following has the largest radius.
1) Na+ 2) Mg2+ 3) O2– 4) Al3+
14. Which one is the correct order of the size of the iodine species?
1) I > I+ > I– 2) I > I– > I+ 3) I+ > I– > I 4) I– > I > l+

15. The radii of F, F-, O and O2- are in the order

1) O2->F–>O>F 2) O2–>F–F>O 3) F–> O2–> F>O 4) O 2–>O>F–>F
16. The element with highest ionisation potential is
1) Na 2) Ar 3) Cl 4) P
Multi Answer Type

17. Atomic radius depends upon.
1) Number of bonds formed by the atom 2) nature of bonding
3) oxidation state of the atom 4) None of the above
18. Which of the following effects the atomic radius?
1) Effective nucler charge 2) Number of orbits
3) Shielding effect 4) None of these
19. In groups from top to bottom, IP decreases due to :
1) increase in the atomic size
2) increase in the screening effect of inner electrons.
3) decrese in the screening of inner electrons
4) None of these.

20. Statement I: Half of the internuclear distance between the adjacent atoms of
a solid metallic crystal is called crystal radius .
Statement II : The effect of increase in the number of orbits in an atom
increases the atomic size.
21. Statement I: The decreasing order of the radii is : Anion > Atom > Cation ;
I  I  I ; H  H  H
Statement II : When a neutral atom gains one (or) more electrons a negative
ion called anion is formed.
22. Statement I : Second ionization enthalpy will be higher than the first ionization
enthalpy.
Statement II : Ionization enthalpy is a quantitative measure of the tendency
of an element to lose an electron.
23. Statement I: With increase in the atomic size “IP” decreases due to decrease
in attractive force of nucleus on outer most orbit electrons.
Statement II : With increase in the effective nuclear charge, IP increases.
Comprehension Type
In atoms, the electron cloud around the nucleus extends to infinity.The
distance between the centre of the nucleus and the electron cloud of outer
most energy level is called atomic radius. Atomic radius cannot be determined
directly, but measured from the inter nuclear distance of combined atoms,
using X-ray diffraction techniques.
24. Atomic radius is measured by:
1) Rutherford’s  -ray scattering experiment 2) X-ray diffraction technique
3) Mulliken oil drop method 4) All
25. The atomic radii in case of inert gases is:
1) Ionic radii 2) Covalent radii
3) Vander waals’ radii 4) None
26. Atomic radii of fluorine and neon in Angstrom units respectively are given
by
1) 0.72, 1.60 2) 1.60, 1.60 3) 0.72, 0.72 4) None of these

a) Size of anion  1) Increases
1
b) Size of cation 2) Decreases

c) Atomic radii in a period 3) Effective nuclear charge
d) Atomic radii in a group 4) Number of orbits
5) Electronic repulsion
1) Ionization energy  1) On moving left to right in a
period
2) Units of ionization energy 2) e.V/atom or K.cal/mole
3) Ionization energy decreases 3) On moving down the group
4) Ionization energy increases 4) Nuclear charge
5) Stable electronic configuration

SYNOPSIS - 5
Electron affinity ( Electron Gain Enthalpy)
1. “The amount of energy released when an electron is added to valence shell
of an isolated gaseous atom is called electron affinity.”
2. It is represented by EA or A and its unit is eV/atom or KJ/mol or Kcal/mol.
A(g )  e0  A(g )
1 H  EA1
2. The addition of second electron in an anion is more difficult and energy is
needed to overpower the repulsion forces between negatively chatged atomic
sphere and the test electron. This energy being greater than energy released
during gaining up of electron, i.e., why higher EA values (EA 2, EA 3) are
endoergic in nature.
A(g )  e  A(g

2
) H   E.A 2
 e
3
A (g ) H   E.A 3
and EA 3  EA 2  EA1
144442 44443
Always Endoergic
3. EA1 values are exoergic (however for some elements endoergic e.g., noble
gases and alkali earth metals) while rest all are endoergic.
4. EA values can be derived by Born-Haber cycle.
5. Factors influencing EA:
Effective nuclear charge: More is the effective nuclear charge, more is the
attraction of nucleus towards test electron and thus more will be
electron affinity.
Size of atom: Greater is the size of valence shell, lesser is the attraction
and in turn lesser is the E.A.
Ellipticity of subshell: More closer is the subshell to the nucleus, easier is
the addition of electron in that subshell and thus EA for addition of
electron
-s > p > d > f.
Nature of configuration:
i) Halffilled configurations are more stable and so addition of electron in
it is not energetically favourable.
e.g., E.A1 for C > E.A1 for N
6
C = 1s2, 2s2 2p2 (Incomplete p-subshell and so addition of electron is
easier, conf.will turn into halffilled).
7
N = 1s2, 2s2 2p3 (Halffilled p-subshell , so addition of electron is not
favourable).
ii) Completely filled subshells have no vacancy for electron to be added.
So EA for such element is taken zero. e.g.,
For noble gases, EA=0, similarly IIA elements have completely filled s-
subshell (ns2) so their EA values are also taken as zero.
6. Variation electron affinity in groups:
In a group from to top to bottom EA values decreases due to increase in size.
e.g.,

gp.1 H Li Na K Rb Cs
E A 1 (K J / m ol) 7 2 .8 59 .8 5 2 .7 48 .3 6 4 6 .8 9 4 5 .5 0
But in gps. of p-block elements, EA1 value increases on moving from II
period to III period. e.g.,
EA1 for B, C, N, O & F < EA1 for Al, Si, P, S and Cl respectively.
The above irregularity can be explained on the basis of small size of
elements of II period. Due to small size they have high electron density
 Ch arg e 
  and so repel the test electron.
 Volume 
7. Variation electron affinity in Periods:
(a) In a period from left to right EA values increases, because effective
nuclear charge increases on moving left to right.
e.g.,
In IIperiod Li Be B C N O F Ne
EA1(eV /atom) 0.54 0 0.33 1.13 0.20 1.48 3.62 0
But the increase is not regular and exception are expressed in blocks.
These disorders are observed when we move.
i) From gp. 1 to gp. 13 in all the periods: It is because in gp. 1 elements
test electron enters in np-subshell, n-s subshell being closer to nuclei,
can accept test electron more easily and i.e., when EA values for IA
elements are higher than gp. 13 electrons. Gp. 2 elements (alkine
earth metals) heve complete ns-subshells, so their EA values are
abnormal and highly positive.
ii) From gp. 14 to gp. 15:
EA1 for C, Si etc. > EA1 for N, p etc. respectively.
Elements of gp. 15 have halffilled np3 subshells, so addition of extra
electron in this subshell is not energetically favourable. On the other
hand gp. 14 elements have incomplete np2 subshell so can accept
electron easily to obtain more stable configuration (np3).
WORK SHEET - 5
Single Answer Type

1. In a period, the element with highest electron affinity belongs to:
1) Group 1 2) Group 2 3) Group 17 4) Group 18.
2. The element with highest electron affinity belongs to:
1) Period 2, group 17 2) Period 3, group 17
3) Period 2, group 18 4) Period 2, group 1
3. From which of the following species, it is easiest to remove one electron ?
1) O (g) 2) O2– (g) 3) O+ (g) 4) O– (g)
4. Ionisation energy of F is 320 kJ mol . The electron affinity of fluorine
– –1
would be:
1) ––320 kJ mol–1 2) ––160 kJ mol–1 3) 320 kJ mol–1 4) 160 kJ mol–1
5. Electron affinity of inert gases is :
1) High 2) Low but positive 3) Moderate 4) Almost zero
6. The element having very high ionisation energy but zero electron affinity is:
1) H 2) F 3) He 4) Be

7. Which of the following has zero electron affinity?

1) Oxygen 2) Fluorine 3) Nitrogen 4) Neon
8. The decreasing order of electron affinity of halogen’s is
1) F > Cl > Br > I 2) F < Cl Br F > Br > I
9. Which has high Electron Affinity
1) F 2) O 3) I 4) N
Multi Answer Type

10. Which one of the following statements are correct ?
1) Greater is the nuclear charge, greater is the electron gain enthalpy.
2) Nitrogen has zero electron gain enthalpy.
3) Electron gain enthalpy decreases from chlorine to iodine in the group.
4) Chlorine has highest electron gain enthalpy.
11. On which of the following factors, electron affinity depends?
1) Atomic size 2) Nuclear charge
3) Electronic configuration 4) None of the above

12. Statement I: The lower electron gain enthalpy of fluorine than that of chlorine.
Statement II : Chlorine is smaller in size than fluorine..
13. Statement I: Electron affinity is numerically equal to ionization energy but
opposite to each other.
Statement II : Halogens have the highest electron affinity in their resoective
periods.
Comprehension Type
Electron affinity of an element is equal to the “The energy released when
an electron is added to valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.” It is
represented by EA or A and its unit is eV/atom or KJ/mol or Kcal/mol.
In general, on moving down in a group, EA values decreases due to increase
in size. Generally EA values increases on moving left to right along a period.
It is because effective nuclear charge increases on moving left to right.
14. The correct order of electron affinities of Si, P and Cl is:
1) P > Si > Cl 2) Cl > P > Si 3) Cl > Si > P 4) Si > P > Cl
15. The correct order of electron affinities is:
1) Cl > Si > Na > Ar 2) Si > Cl > Na > Ar
3) Cl > Na > Si > Ar 4) Cl > Si > Ar > Na
16. Electron affinities of halogens are in the order.

1) F > Cl > Br > I 2) Cl > F > Br > I 3) Cl > Br > I > F 4) Cl > Br > F > I

a) Units of electron affinity 1) Nuclear charge
b) Highest electron affinity 2) eV/atom
value among halogens is
c) Electron affinity  3) On going down the group
d) Electron affinity decreases 4) Chlorine
5) kJ/mole
SYNOPSIS - 6
Electronegativity
1. The tendency of an atom to attract the shared electron pair towards itself in
a molecule is called Electronegativity.
It is the power of an element of attract the shared pair of electrons between

two
covalently bonded atoms.
When two atoms are linked by covalent bond then bond pair of electron is
attracted
by more electronegative atom. It has no unit.
Electronegativity is totally different from electron affinity. Former is the

property
of atom in bonded state while later in isolated atom.
Factors affecting electronegativity:
Effective nuclear charge: Higher is the effective nuclear charge of an atom
more is its power to attract shared pair of electron and thus more is
electronegativity.
Screening effect: More is the Screening effect produced by inner electrons
, more is the repulsive force experienced by valence electrons. So
posibility of entry of electron will be less.
Size of the atom: As the size of valence shell increases, net nuclear force
on valence electron desreases, thus electronegativity decrease.
F Cl Br I
4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5
Oxidation state: An atom in higher oxidation state is more electronegative,

as it has more effective nuclear charge. e.g.,
Electronegativity of Fe 3+ > Electronegativity of Fe 2+
Hybridization: Greater is the s - charecter in hybrid orbital, greater will be
its electronegativity. e.g.,
Hyb.orbital s - charecter Electronegativity
sp3 25% 2.48
sp 2
33% 2.75
sp 50% 3.29

Electronegativity calculated by mainly two scales they are

1) Pauling scale 2) Mulliken’s scale
Expression of electronegativity: Following scales are used:
i) Pauling’s approach: According to Pauling’s scale the bond formed
between the two atoms A and B must be stronger than the average of single
bond energies A ––– A and B ––– B molecules. According to him the
electronegativity difference between two atoms A and B (  A   B ) is given
by:
 A  B = 0.208  (  is in K.Cal./mole)
In SI units, X A  X B  0.1017  (  is in Kj/mole)
where X A and X B are the EN’s of A & B.
 is a measure of the polarity of A-B bond.
 = Experimental BE - Theoritical BE
 = Actual BE - 1/2 [ E A A  EB  B ] . BE = Bond energy
ii) Mulliken’s approach: According to Mulliken, electronegativity of an

atom is average of I.E. and E.A.
I . E  E . A.
M =
2
I.E. and E.A. are ionization energy and electron affinity in electron volts.
Mulliken values are  2.8 times greater than pauling values.
Thus,
I . E  E . A. I . E  E . A.
P  
2  2.8 5.6
If I.E. and E.A. are being measured in kJ mol–1 then equation becomes as
I . E  E . A.
 M 
2  96.48
( Q 1eV/molecule = 96.48 kJ mol–1)
I . E  E . A. I . E  E . A.
Also P  
2  96.48  2.8 540
VERIATION OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY IN GROUPS:
In groups from top to bottom EN decreases. Because increasing atomic size
in groups.
VERIATION OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY IN PERIODS:
In periods from left to right EN increases. Because decreasing atomic size
in periods.
Electronegativity values are used to know the nature of chemical bond.
Example: If EN difference is less than 1.7 the bond is covalent in nature.
Equals to 1.7 the bond is 50% ionic in nature.
More than 1.7 the bond is ionic in nature.
1. Alkali metals has low EN value.
2. Highest EN elements if F(4.0)
3. Next to F, oxygen has high EN (3.5)
4. Least EN element is Casium (0.7)

5. Strength of Bond: Increase in the difference in electronegativities, makes

the bond more strong.
Example: Bond strength in HX ( X  F , Cl , Br , I )
HF > HCl > HBr > HI.
METALLIC & NON-METALLIC NATURE:
If an element has low electro negativity, and high EP, then it will have high
metallic nature.
The groups IA and IIA elements have strong metallic nature.
Group VI A and VII A elements have strong non-metallic nature.
Variation in groups:
On moving from top to bottom
a) non metallic nature decreases
b) metallic nature increases
Variation in period:
On moving from left to right
a) Metallic nature decreases
b) non metallic nature increases
Order of metallic nature
Alkali metals > Alkaline earth metals > d-block > p-block.
ACIDIC AND BASIC NATURE OF OXIDES:

Generally metal oxidies are in basic nature
Example: Na2O, BaO, MgO and CaO .
Generally non-metal oxides are in acidic nature
Example: SO2 , P2O5 , CO2 , P2O3 and NO2 .
Oxides of metalloids are amphoteric.
Example: As2O3 , Sb2O3 .
Acidic oxides dissolve in water to form acidic solutions.
Basic oxides dissolve in water to form basic solutions, known as hydroxides.
In groups from top to bottom
a) acidic nature of oxides decreases
b) basic nature of oxides increases
In periods from left to right
a) Basic nature of oxides decreases
b) Acidic nature of oxides increases
Diagonal relationship
It is observed that the first few elements of period 2 resemble those placed
diagonally across them, in period 3. More generally, the first element of a
group is different from the rest in that group and resembles an element of
the next group, in the next period.

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Period 2 Li Be B C N O F
Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Thus,
(i) lithium (group IA) resembles magnesium (group IIA),
(ii) beryllium (group IIA) resembles aluminium (group IIIA), and
(iii) boron (group IIIA) resembles silicon (group IVA).
This relationship is called a diagonal relationship. The pairs of elements,
Li/Mg, Be/Al and B/Si are called diagonal pairs. This relationship, however,
does not exist in the latter half of the period.
WORK SHEET - 6
Single Answer Type

1. Atom of an electronegative element becomes an ion by:
1) Gain of electrons. 2) Loss of electrons.
3) Loss of its radius. 4) Serving as a reductant.
2. In any period of the periodic table, the electronegativity of elements...as we
move from left to right.
1) Increases 2) Decreases 3) Remains constant 4) None.
3. The calculation of electronegativities was first done by:
1) Pauling 2) Mulliken 3) Bohr 4) Slater
4. Which of the following element has the highest electronegativity ?
1) As 2) Sb 3) P 4) S
5. Electronegativity of ‘F’ on Pauling’s scale is 4.0. What is the value on Mulliken’s
scale?
1) 10.5 2) 11.2 3) 6.3 4) 4.2
6. On the pauling’s electronegativity scale the element next to F is:
1) N 2) Cl 3) O 4) Ne
7. According to pauling, the electronegativity difference between two atoms A
and B is directly proportional to:

2
1) 2  AB  ( AA  BB ) 2) AB
  AA BB
1/2
3)  AB   AA BB 4) AB  AABB 
 
8. When the polarity of bond A-B is “  ” expressed in SI units, the relationship
between their Electronegativity difference is:
1) X A  X B  0.1017  2) X A  X B  0.208 
3) X A  X B  0.1017  4) X A  X B  0.1017 

9. According to Milliken, the electronegativity of an atom is given by:

1) Ionization energy + Electron affinity .
2) Ionization energy - Electron affinity.
1
3) [Ionization energy + Electron affinity ].
2
1
4) [Ionization energy - Electron affinity]
2
10. A bond is said to be 50% ionic if the electronegativity difference between
two atoms is about
1) 1.0 2) 1.7 3) 2.5 4) 3.0
11. The electronegativity of Be is same as that of
1) Al 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Li
12. The element with high electronegativity is
1) Chlorine 2) Sulphur 3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen
13. Element with high electronegativity is
1) Nitrogen 2) Chlorine 3) Fluorine 4) Hydrogen
14. Going from Fluroine, chlorine, bromine to iodine, the electronegativity
1) increases 2) first decreases then increases
3) decreases 4) changes randomly
15. Which of the following is true about metallic character, when we move from
left to right in a period and top to bottom in a group ?
1) Increases both in the period and group.
2) Decreases both in the period and group.
3) Decreases in the period and increases in a group.
4) Increases in the period and decreases in a group.
16. Which of the following has greatest metallic character?
1) Na 2) Mg 3) Al 4) Si
17. Which of the following elements is most metallic?
1) Al 2) Mg 3) P 4) S
18. About two thirds of elements in the periodic table are:
1) Metals 2) Non-metals 3) Metalloids 4) Radioactive
19. Which element has the greatest tendency to lose electrons?
1) F 2) S 3) Cs 4) Be
20. The set of elements, which can readily lose electrons is:
1) Cl, Br, I 2) S, Se, Te 3) Na, K, Rb 4) B, Al, Ga
21. The oxide of an element with electronic configuration 1s 2s22p63s23p3 is:
2
1) Acidic 2) Basic 3) Amphoteric 4) Neutral

22. The element that forms most basic oxide is:
1) Calcium 2) Sodium 3) Magnesium 4) Aluminium
23. The strongest reducing agent is:
1) K 2) Al 3) Mg 4) Br
24. Of the following elements of III period, the strongest reducing agent is:
1) Na 2) Mg 3) P 4) Cl
25. Among NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH and Zn(OH)2, the weakest base is:
1) NaOH 2) Ca(OH)2 3) KOH 4) Zn(OH)2

26. Among NaOH, KOH, LiOH and CsOH, the strongest base and weakest bases
are respectively:
1) LiOH, CsOH 2) CsOH, LiOH 3) NaOH, KOH 4) KOH, LiOH
27. Amongst the following oxides which is least acidic?
1) Al2O3 2) B2O3 3) CO3 4) NO2
28. Which of the following is most acidic in nature?
1) F2O 2) Cl2O7 3) SO2 4) NO2

29. Which of the following is most basic?
1) Mg(OH)2 2) Ca(OH)2 3) Ba(OH)2 4) Sr(OH)2.
30. The less electropositive element is
1) Na 2) Be 3) Li 4) Mg
31. Electropositivity is very high for
1) Al 2) Ge 3) Li 4) Ba
32. The most electropositive element is
1) Cs 2) C 3) Cl 4) K
Multi Answer Type

33. Which one of the following factors affects the electronegativity?
1) Effective nuclear charge 2) Screening effect
3) Size of the atom 4) Oxidation state
34. On moving from left to right in a period electronegativity values increases
because:
1) Of decreasing atomic size 2) Of increasing nuclear charge
3) Of increasing atomic size 4) Of decreasing nuclear charge
35. Which of the following is/are correct order of increasing electronegativity in
group?
1) Cs < Li 2) Ba < Be 3) Sn < C 4) None of the
above
36. Which of the following scales are used to express electronegativity ?
1) Pauling’s scale 2) Allred and Rochow scale
3) Mulliken’s scale 4) None of these

37. Statement I :The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is called electro negativity.
Statement II :Electro negativity value of atmium is 2.2

38. Statement I: The smaller the Ionisation energy (IE) of an element, the greater
will be its tendency to lose electrons and thus greater will be its metallic
character.
Statement II : (IE) increases on moving along a period left to right and decreases
down the group.
39. Statement I: Metalic character increases on going down a group from top to
bottom.
Statement II : Ionisation enthalpy decreases on going down a group from top to
bottom.
40. Statement I:Non-metalic character increases across a period from left to right.
Statement II : A more electropositive element has less metallic character.
41. Statement I: Oxides of metals are usually basic.
Statement II : Oxides of non - metals are acidic.
Comprehension Type
Electronegativity can be defined as the tendency of an atom in a molecule
to attract the shared pair of electrons tow ards itself.U nits of
electronegativity:Electronegativity, being a relative property, does not have
units.As we move from top to bottom in a periodic table, the atomic size
incre ases and the nuclear attraction decrease . This decreases the
electronegativity.Fluorine is the most electronegative element.In a period,
the highest electronegativity is of halogens and the lowest is of alkali metals
42. On moving down in group, electronegativity ________ .
1) Increases 2) Decreases
3) Remains same in all elements 4) None of these

43. Among F, Cl, Br and I, which is having more electronegativity value?

1) F 2) Cl 3) Br 4) I
44. Units of electronegativity is:
1) K cal 2) Joules 3) No units
4) eV/atom

a) Highest electronegativity value 1) Effective nuclear charge
b) Least electronegative element 2) S - character in hybrid orbital
c) Electronegativity  3) Site of the atom
1
d) Electronegativity 4) Cs

5) F
a) Size of an atom decreases 1) Metal
b) Sulphur 2) From left to right decreases
c) Nitrogen 3) Low electro positive element
in V group
d) Bismuth 4) Non-metal
5) High electropositive element
in V group
a) A strong base 1) MgO
b) A strong acid 2) SO3
c) Acidic oxide 3) HClO4
d)Basic oxide 4) NaOH
5) Al2O3
KEY & HINTS
WORK SHEET - 1 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 2
6) 3 7) 2 8) 1 9) 4 10) 1
11) 2 12) 3 13) 3 14) 2 15) 1,2,3
16) 1,2,3 17) 2 18) 2 19) 2 20) 1
21) 3


1) 3 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 3
6) 3 7) 3 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3
11) 1 12) 3 13) 1 14) 3 15) 3
16) 2 17) 2 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2
21) 1,3,4 22) 3 23) 3 24) 1 25) 1
26) A-2 27) A-4

B-3 B-3,5
C-3 C-2
D-4 D-1

1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 5) 4
6) 1 7) 1 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2
11) 1 12) 2 13) 1 14) 2 15) 2
16) 4 17) 2 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2
21) 1,2,3 22) 3,4 23) 1,2,3 24) 4 25) 1
26) 2 27) 1 28) 3 29) A-4

B-3
C-2
D-1


1) 3 2) 1 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2
6) 4 7) 3 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1
11) 3 12) 3 13) 3 14) 4 15) 2
16) 2 17) 1,2,3 18) 1,2,3 19) 1,2 20) 2
21) 1 22) 1 23) 1 24) 3 25) 3
26) 1 27) A-3 28) A-5

B-4 B-2
C-2 C-3
D-1 D-1

1) 3 2) 1 3) 1 4) 3 5) 4
6) 3 7) 4 8) 1 9) 1 10) 1,3,4
11) 1,2,3 12) 1 13) 2 14) 2 15) 1
16) 2 17) A-2

B-4
C-1
D-3

WORK SHEET – 6 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 4
6) 3 7) 4 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2
11) 4 12) 1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 3
16) 1 17) 2 18) 1 19) 3 20) 3
21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 24) 2 25) 4
26) 4 27) 4 28) 3 29) 4 30) 2
31) 3 32) 1 33) 1,3,4 34) 2 35) 1,2,3
36) 1,3 37) 2 38) 1 39) 1 40) 1
41) 2 42) 2 43) 1 44) 3 45) A-5

B-4
C-1
D-3
46) A-2 47) A-4

B-1 B-3
C-5 C-2
D-3 D-1

PERIODIC TABLE

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PERIODIC TABLE

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PERIODIC TABLE CHEMISTRY

2. Such classification does not explain the diverse nature of elements

In 1808, John Dalton published the first list of atomic

In the year 1829, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, a German

173 VII Class - Chemistry

When elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic

Examples of Dobereiner’s Triads

Strontium Barium Arithmetic

Chlorine Bromine Iodine Arithmetic

VII Class - Chemistry 174

John Alexander Reina Newland was a chemist as well as a

The eighth element after lithium is sodium. It is similar to lithium in many

175 VII Class - Chemistry

Achievements of the Law of octaves

VII Class - Chemistry 176

Moseley’s Periodic Law:

Mendeleev’s periodic table

177 VII Class - Chemistry

transition triads and they are

VII Class - Chemistry 178

Single Answer Type

Multi Answer Type

179 VII Class - Chemistry

16. Mendeleef table, the triad of VIII group are

Reasoning Answer Type

VII Class - Chemistry 180

The salient features of groups are:

181 VII Class - Chemistry

The salient features of periods are :

Period Energy levels Number of elements

VII Class - Chemistry 182

Single Answer Type

183 VII Class - Chemistry

16. The number of periods in the long form of periodic table is

Multi Answer Type

Reasoning Answer Type

VII Class - Chemistry 184

24. The 3rd period of the periodic table contains:

Matrix Matching Type

27. Column-I Column-II

185 VII Class - Chemistry

VII Class - Chemistry 186

General characteristics of d-block elements are:

187 VII Class - Chemistry

i. Elements which have incompletely filled or partly filled d-orbitals either in

4. Inner transition elements

VII Class - Chemistry 188

Single Answer Type

1) alkalimetal 2) chalcogen 3) noble gas 4) halogen

189 VII Class - Chemistry

17. Which of the following electronic configuration corresponds to an inert gas?

Multi Answer Type

Reasoning Answer Type

VII Class - Chemistry 190

Matrix Matching Type

191 VII Class - Chemistry

Ex : Distance between two sodium atoms is 3.72Å, crystal radius of Na = 3.72/2

Covalent radii Covalent radii

Ex : a) in Cl2, Cl - Cl bond distance (Internuclear distanc) is 1.98A0.

Variation of atomic radius in periods:

VII Class - Chemistry 192

Variation of atomic radius in transition elements:

Variation of atomic radius in Lanthanides:

Variation of atomic radius in actinides: