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u
UNIT-
Tmp. QueAliong

a
Blocking and consfounding

rm
sytm for two -lerel facorias.
Dufin Reqyesiion Mogeling.
trolain hypothuis teuting in
Simple and Motiple eqgesion Model. -
3) Disauss sjatishial
Spishalanolsis Using ExcEL),(SPS and also
:

ha
it appliationd-
,
Aso Aho noe on ujinibb sjqn of Expuinnts.

O Slodkiug and onfounding yen for tuo-level foctorials

lP
for

Blocks Tt is group
shih Confain elenans /experimartay
Units.
Blockiug Tt is the proM ct divjding the
l

expuimutal Unis injo homoQUn2OUS qroup or (blok)

we

that ae Similar to ON anothu.

Noub,
ussary because Unde homo quneous Condition,
re

ondition in
-there Mony whjch
it js not possib
puform all rUns 2 foctorial experimans.

Rlock pem Bisck!

Ca

PUM-u

pm +

spuiny levocitizin djdophac Mik

(moming Nghb
) (G)

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So, the Many Cose whet t may ba desirada
to vary the experimunt to
condiion ensUk tha

a
eatmuns equally etfechive in Mony situtions.

rm
blocking is
athod of dealing contvollabla
nuisano vaviablus
ushich offees tha kuonsu

ha
•
Whn tuso tevel factovial (2) is no. of
epliatu 'n'
tHms thun tach plicat is block.

© Confounding in 2 foctorial dessgn

lP
procuss Of eplication t ls improctial to
entie
eplicoate
t foctorial desin in 0 sngk block
So,
l

Confounding k design echniqt in which Cormplak

we

factorial experimunt is
aranged in
block.
TD
this, block sizA Smaller than DUmbr of
-teamn comoination in replica.
re

1) for (2 design

Singlu eplia of *dusiqn.

teatmnt
Ca

fach of the =( conbingtian

|2'
nuds th Somi amourt of
we
•for thiu, perform matujal.
(t) 4 (-) tstun
fo thil-

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Total fout comejnsttas Tablu of Plus NUS

sign for
t 2 dsign

a
Teatmant hceial dugn
Combinatian
AB

rm
B Bbck
Rlock, fkcigaud

J. (1) +
OxG
2. whe
2
3. b + 2 2
4. +

Now, In equation foum,

ha A8 iNtochion,
lP
A8= ab +(i)- a-b

Block ! Block 2
l

(4)
we

ab b

b) Assiqnmuntof thu four

a) Geomeie View
run to tuo ocks bl
re

fou 2 foctoia duiqn

Ca

Appliahau of comfmding - Reductin in xpimntal error

fonding
- nceased
pecaion

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Regesson Modelling : ttypothesis testing in sinple ond

Mutiple regreston Models.

a
Regrescion Tt is t

rm
estimaion of Unkoun valu of
Varialla from t knoun valu OF thu elat
variabl.
•
Regression Modeling

ha
It is o procuus of dete mining a
rlationship blus
moR inde pendent variass
to the
depnden Varioblu.
lP
pediciug the salu of product basd on their quali
ndupsndut
• Manks Of student to thw no.
of hour thy
studied.
l

1
dspudnt
indapnds.t
we

(YJ dspudt
Y a + bX Y=a+bx

-Oindaperdsnt
re

Y=
dspndut variablu
b: Alopa/tend

Hypothui tuting >

Ca

Hypothusu is
he assumption that we make

about te populahion pavamr or (Rearch)

Hypotheu teating is
tu procus by whch we
deiduy t
accaptanca
nd ejechon of Hypothui. -< Nl Aypotus.
Allenata hypotui:

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. Hypothis eting in Aimplu eon moduling

a
In simpla egyesion tmodel we
tudy t elationship
btwean thu tuo Covdinvous
Coutinvous e.

rm
variablus
ndupendut Variabl (*) aud dependent
othr is

variabla ().
predjctor and Y
is egardad as
egarded

ha
RipONsA Variall.
-01
o Fqvotion for this,
Y :
-
Y= 4, + a, X wh, dependet
X= indpendent
lP
-
thy Calculated a follou)
a,
slop
ZXY - n XY
a, =
l
we

Y- a, X

Ih this, we have to alulat f, teu(2-M

IFfcntl <fulteatn hypoth paud
re

Total sum of squares : kqeaon Sum of Errs Aum

Squares of squaes
Ca

SSvegsim +SSenon

Hypothusi testng n Multi ple Raesmim MOAllig

mulfila gession Modelling, thek

T
edupucdet and tuo ot MOR Indpondent Variablu.

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In qural, multgl Rqession
th multipl Rqesijon eg on
X,Y:, Yg-.
is qlven by

a
rm
.
Y> depundent vaialkl
X,.N,.- X= indapandant variabld.

ha
inkecopt
slope

ero..
lP
fo accapt
hypthi, fatolate < ttabulatcd.

3 Statistial fnalysis
l

Thust sprcjal proghamBoftuae

we

which USod for complus aoyzia .

Thuse proqragnns prouid pols that ah be USd
,
to orgajzu Inopet and pesent data sats.
re

Sfatistial anaysid softwae a

Excal

spssy
Ca

ee.

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statishicad fnalysis Usina MS
Exe!

MS
xul

a
(mirco Soft frol) s of the most
popular and Commonly usd softwot for data analyis

rm
and also tor ontain .
RCOrd
Spieadsha softesae wich Contain sSmall
mini boxes.
UsAd in making
relt

ha
,mauks huts ett..
et
This tool vse
Cost effective and also convenient to

.t Contain lets of features

lP
it Coain 3-D effets, chats qrap whch hss
in pesantotion f data

Can arang t arge

lavge data in a veny
l

appvopriati mannr.
we

provida various formula's uskidh

Can hib in

Colwlotion veny qicely aceuväl.

Afpplicaton,
re

for pivot
SummariR a list into o simpla fornmat.
it Summavie,
Ca

nalyz and pesent t data. This tool

Con be USAd to make bttey busing decision.

deoiptie Batistics I huls to find

man, mo
de, mdian aJnd ran2.

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yaviana aud std. deviotion
SkeuOnLss

a
Samplu Vaviona...

rm
fnchia
A .A Rovgh dunphim
2

ha
3
lP
Stotistia analy s Usig SPSS

SPSS Saistical Pockage fr te Socjal Scienca

C. Hadla and Dale H

in
developed by Norman H,
l

(1968.)
we

softwa which is Used for quick

I s a
high olu
voloma of Social Sciena data,
Qnalyci. ef
Collected from different mehoda of
re

computer proqram that is basi cally

SPSS is a
Quthoring dploymut,data mining
Used fo Survely,

tert analytica, sfahisiol amyc

analyci Ond collaboration.
Ca

different presutable
It basi Gally onvert
tu ( data into

form SUch qvaph, chavts,compaohie

pie chavts bar

Charts and On..

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How t works compuaea)
(afka intoalligit in

click, on stvated on uft- hand

a
windouw stat button

Sidi of s Compue Soen. Next, cck on program

rm
ond selkct IBM SPss satistia 26"

or on desktop
.
by diectly clicking thi icon

The fint spss Ahon tollow lng

ha
i) Run
t tutorial

) Typr In data

m) Run on ealcting queny

lP
iN) Geate a na queny ucing databas wiza vd
v) on
) Open existing data Sour
vi) (pen onotthur typt f file

- Thl stoe and eCordud informatin

l

Hesar chur visatd each

about fllowing VaiauA :

we

on
.Tt is ULed in duput
• Porticipant numbu - tele communiatiau

typu of partiipant deportmunt Banking.

Rating
- finanu
th qualti
re

Mavkat esearh
Ouw
ship of
t stok
haltho
Ca

Tha main aim of

cf Using the SPB SPSSpockag
s8( is to
eAarch prodlem
, formolat
defin elah deslgn,
(ollect and onalyza data and to
in eport peparation + pesention.

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Tt is vsud to quickly and acturately anolzs
th earch data

a
It hlbd by quantiotie eta technique which
at

rm
bing vsd in deision making.

t is Usad
by Hesearchr in tield ovk and data
collection

- T hlbs in tabubtion of eults

ha
- tabulahion 4 chi- squaved test
J heles in (vÒSS

It also helps In Reportwviting.

lP
initab
is a Sprcializd softuoe uohich is Used

,
to pefovm Vorious statistical nunurical and giaphial
l

okulation.
we

- IH ofers data to ep Wgejed

ba graphially in
t
-form of plots.

Magor typs of Commvda Used in

tiu softuort
re

Commonds CoMMOud and sub Comnd

Monu Sion

stotisti al Aoftwae a
that hlps USOr
Ca

data quickly and thun avay e

th data.
Thi data ah entd In t form of speadshut
Using
th Cay to prepar
and Caculoi Kewion.
hat

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.Practial omponent of induspial
paobns

a
Qufin

rm
maln am is to inprove ta quaty ef ik af
patieta
trey yea, to-127. cindc ialy incseau-.

ha
t mao Componnts af cinical biads'

involet af human subjects

n
MoUng foward him
lP
Compay sn Catl
mihod male tneAventian

foustng tnknons, fecs of mdiotin

l

Conductd bsfou nadication 'u pa o

we

Bjando of au

Cardwcted eay
exlshng scjentifie cati buidd an that
re

knauledg
tetig a cantin hypstus
stud putaoy
Ca

Guy faluti bias

Gtallg
mdiotia, pocdures r

sthu inteetis

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