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    17 views128 pages

    Biostatistics and Research Methodology

    Uploaded by

    Anu Agrawal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 128
    Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 CONTENTS UNITI Stastistics and Biostatistics ee 1.1 Introduction 3, 1.2 Types of Frequency Distribution 6, 1.3 Percent- age Distribution 7, 1.4 Bivariate and Multivariate Frequency Distribu- tion 8, 1.5 Graphical Presentation of Frequency Distribution 9 Measure of Central Tendency 16-33 2.0 Measure of Central Tendency 16, 2.1 Objective of measure of central tendency 16, 2.2 Types of Measure of Central Tendency 17 Measure of Dispersion 34-74 3.0 Measure of Dispersion 34, 3.1 Types of Variability 34, 3.2 Types of Measure of Dispersion 35, 3.3 Correlation 46, 3.4 A Chart : Method of Measuring a Correlation 48, 3.5 Error 58, 3.6 Multiple Correlation 59 UNIT II Regression 77-82 4.1 Regression Lines 77, 4.2 Least Square Method 78, 4.3 Least Square point of a straight line 78, 4.4 Line of Regression of Y on X 80 Probability and Standard Deviation 83-105 5.0 Introduction 83, 5.1 Some Important Definition and Their Meaning 83, 5.2 Probability of an Event 84, 5.3 Method to calculate standard deviation from probability 84, 5.4 Binomial Distribution 86, 5.5 Normal Distribution 89, 5.6 Probability Distribution 95, 5.7 Recurrence formula 96, 5.8 Mean of Poisson Distribution 97, 5.9 variance of Poisson. Distri- bution 97 Samples & Hypothesis 106-138 6.0 Important definition 106, 6.1 Sampling Criteria 106, 6.2 Criteria of selecting sampling procedure 107, 6.3 Restriction of sampling criteria 107, 6.4 Sample Design 108, 6.5 Characteristic of a good sampling design 109, 6.6 Limitation of Sampling 109, 6.7 Types of Sampling 109, 6.8 Hy- pothesis 115, 6.9 Types of “Testing of Hypothesis” 115, 6.10 Level of Significance 117, 6.11 Type I and Type II Error 117, 6.12 Power of Test 118, 6.13 Test Statistics 118, 6.14 Critical Region and Accepting Region 118, 6.15 Standard Error 120, 6.16 Testing of Hypothesis : Procedures 120 — UNIT + Nota Test aan Sees i, 72 nfl Reseach 12,73 Grp 15, El nrecio aon of Das 18 75 Scope and purpose 159,76 PAN etn pal preparation Clee 1678 Sule data te ods a ols 70 Reporting an sere Ne Meret Disndtotges and Advantages of Using Cheer toga Rereh 1912 Exprnetal Sues 172 univ oye locking Sytem for Troe Fao asian Stic 8, §2 Th 2 Design wit Too Blocks 183, 83 Re Noeling it £4 lnrctio to Praca! Components af ESSER Cina tral bien 385 85 Computer Store 17, PSS as 0,87 Mas 51 88 SAS212 89 Fpl Data 21, unTy Design and Aral of Expres wna 93 roan 27, 92 Factor Design 234,93 Response Surface Mahodagy 3 ro sail 9.256 Ly ont Introduction Statistic, iosaits, Frequency dirbton Measures of cen tndeny Mean Medan, Mode Prarmaceuea apis Murs ofcsperson: Dispeion, Range, standard deviation, Paracel problems Conan: edo, Kal Peron ete ofcarebaton Muli oes, Phar ‘maces eames unr Rogrson: Carve ing byte math fas squares, iting teins yaa bxand Soy pe regres stand err of resin Paracel amples Frotabiiy: Deion of pbb, Bw Astsbuson, Nomal dstbuion, Poston’ Aisne, properties -peblems Supe Population, aege sample, nl sample, Nall hypoth, aeratvehypoteis, SI cee of onpling peo sping Ero! pe, Emon ype Sandard emer tfmean GEM Pharmaceatcl ecmples Pana ets (test Sample, Pole or Unpaid and Paired), ANOVA, (One way an "Two wap), Lee Signanes diference uNIrit ‘Non armies: Wieaton Rank Sum Test Mann-Whitney U et Kesha Wal ts Fridman Test Tnoducton to Reseach: New foreach, Ned or design of Experts, Expl Design Teche lpr Graph Histogram, Pie Chart, Coble Graph eons suroe pot, Coun ite Designing the methodology: Sample sae determination and Power of sty, Report wait {bg and proce of dst, Protos, Cahors studies, Observational sts, Expeine ta std, Designing neal wal varius phases 1 STATISTICS AND BIOSTATISTICS Sis the technique to analyse the numeri st. These data represented the iserratons one eter though sata! or onstatitial ogi Im define ‘niet ora entire popuiton, based on varus sampling price, lio nce the ‘aus tenes forthe alecing ae cera eden, alton, ave, dpi hey ‘ich help in escebing nd ummering the carers etre of amping of ta edicl research el ‘The word sats’ has been derived rom he nti word san para ses i sean et ofa numeral gre called St tained by coating. Al, nthe singular ere mens calaon siiaion,analyscomparsion and meaning nkerpeaon ‘rave dota Acorn tn Cretn and Conn, a data at te snc whch dels ‘th he colon, aay and npaton of merc dat ( Data cbecon in eri! farm cen a8 dats ‘Array An aay cn be conse a mally sacred callin f data ete 4.44 DEFINITION oF stares Sass mens «mesure counted facto plo formation ated ae gue sch as height of «pers, birth af = body. Sttsir trough appareiy pra when sed in Slag sensei a “Since offre” Ie 4 Hel of study concerned with various eh igus or methods ofcolectons asiiaon, summaring interpretation of ta and Arai inferences, testing hypothesis and making socmmerdations 4.4.2 meaume oF srarisnics “The word ‘aii define ae 8) Aplua noun to mean numeral dt, uch a anal oucome of icine, yey hangs in eames A singular noun to refer to a thigues ad procures for colictng, descng avaljing and nterpeting mami dt, WD Snists may be dene a the aggregate of acts afc a4 ian by lily of uses, mumercl expressed of estimated according 8 rasonae Standard of scuray, allel in tema manner fr 3 preemie perp {td placed in ation to each ter, (orc Seria) @ Fo ST en d. eo" end Contes i) Se en el are for a compen (ape eee @ @2-& gue) Camonents sites Se aT gio deci sth a na “fo sd a exes 8 BOW: 1.9 BRANCHES Saas sess Fri igure Caton of Sati 4.4.4 MPORTANGE OF THE STUDY OF srATIsTICS Wehate etn iio emt 1D. Tobeableto eee conde ar, 1) Nawal isan vale ever i) Tsay aso be ale yen jou 1) Toft ep el ad ast esearch sil "Te noe of satis methods wil ip you undentand how ddson re mde and gie yous keer endentaig of hw tale you : 46 BIOSTATISTCS Bits Ia term ued when the ol of ais ae et the dats thats erved from bclogial scenes suck at medicine, The ol sod here of sai ae ‘ery Empotnt Inthe Fld and meal scons, “Matbematia Bilgy” i fast rowing wl designe and recognized suet and ne most ex moder appa of apie mathematics The Bowtie a scene of switon [Applicion snd Uses of Botte Todi wht normal or hea in a popuion. 1) To ind elie pony of» new dg wth pet o 8 standard drag, 1 Tocampare the elie ofa pats 1%) Tofind an association between wo stb such a dae nd amin, ass ed socal das Y)Tosentiy ig ad symptoms of ses or sre. 4.4.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Suppose the value fa variable ccs wie of mare na en eis fcberatons then the amber of eran of te vl i own athe eguecy ofthat wl The way of abating plo ata of vars arth especie feguency side by ie led 1 fequeny dtbton of hese dt Frequency dstibton wl he ft method sed to wll pganis he dats for Investigation A sytemati presennton the dl fo investigation Aspteatie present on of fleet ver token by the varies together with coresponding frequencies called requeneydstebtion, wich presented in bul for cle egueny tbe dus itrval arent give, the cll discrete fequency dstuton For ample a 1 1 6 2 2 8 3 3 0 ‘ 4 2 TC the cos itrats re ste, ten frequency dstibution i called continuous ‘hegeneydistrbuson For sample Ta a Tian we a : dass limit is called an exclusive 1 ects eral hat dos st elle PPE aot Sa Tenby oats Y om % 2 20 ” 3 oo a sp Theis a aes i opp ds led on nie de a a 1 2 C7 a 20 " 3 a 2 ‘et: nate whieh ss 02 dos pot sade he value 2 pe ie cs“ rd th wos 2 ie wpperii, TT regency eaibton tro pes 1 Grose gery auton 8 Unpoped guy ditsbton Groped fegueny dstsbton + lat oad rope egveney sittin ae wa, ables wi be coninaous, sich 3 88 ‘ley ae earned. Many mess ken ring di allt ine be ys itis, ih rad ine ae asin ngs atone rs i ou ee In ay sma mnt opp of dns ht eel cal cas Br For eample Covel touenyditsbton — 4 Family income (arabe) | Number of penons | Perentage Below 20000 rr me 229013000 us ‘sng0r-000 ma ‘ngor-s0900 m2 sn01-40,909 73 Above 000 73 [ole The above eae ba bast amps of pen ence teva {9 Ungrouped fequeny ditbution + Monty, we hav same ater data ht re poset inthe form ofa ungroupe frequency dstrbuton, in whch a tables generly developed to pay all smart ‘ales caine for apres vale THe appresch ed on 2 ete ta athe than ‘ontinaoue dat. Example of dts commonly eranied inthis manne nclade gender, ‘tnicy, marital statis, dlagost category of dy subject and vale obtained from the ‘eneurenent of variable, Following able the example of ungrouped frequency of sb- fits caret Vai © Pereniage Gender Fenule 2 57 Manta . Single 4 38 Marist 2 m0 Divorced « 98 Widowed 1 2a Specie grogp and ine nurber of sees Bat erovp, Poenage dion ae pau. iy "arn prt dns wi ings Ser ss ha ae erent srmple aes" comme igueny stoatn = type of percentage once en etna os at wines fat noes Eos: ci the Batons Thus be botom cgry would hve a commute re lent he sedans conmuae pecnag of 18 SS iP Teequency—|_ PCnB® 7 . ” » ® % 2 om o » “ 2 2 10 EE vase egueney sb PRN ME on tn gency dbo the munber of wares cai h thn tele Hate oer rt, tes nom as arte egueny tutor. "gnbaton fave wo arg itbuton Le the at Note barat oun row and tea in te ge [etre and sana cet muri det in the is eeoeneyDstebation of Say tbe mont a Tear TG) [SE NIOTHD 0 7 ° 7 6 5 5 = @ fa 0 a » 2 EJ o ‘Tike: Contos tibaton of ge for pacar salary ase) | San Peron as 0-20200 4) re al oa a on 7 2. Sra eqeney dtballon Frequency dstrbuton of more han vo va tale, Aleit ha ee eons dstbuton froqeney dtbation Ble, ‘then we ave min = 44327 meld deat, ‘The inprtant forms frequency dtuton righ ae fs Lin rune raph Histogram A Frequency polygon 1B raquancy curve ") Clrmmaalie fen veo ge eB Lie frequency ph "> Le feqency graph edo depicts disse dat In th raph thei dep on the wane and he fens on the ys Lines are dean aecrding othe en equi of diferent se "ample lhe fling able shows he ditto of marks of stadt. Dp the to a. 2 a [a | Nunberofapame 1 Ls 1 7 Ps tT © tae # The sears patton in milion) ven 32 Giise[ae- Tse Tan I ‘ | mm ; fo a iq 7 Ew 2) Missapam fer ala inter» isoga 5 of rectangular bas ’ ss epesannton of equncy distbuton by ast of etangul ‘thes prepa! ote ds egy. In pap the case ae show on the as nd he feu on te ys - ‘Ele repute Nora from he following table: nis on wal an| a0[ om [sal ( [Nereis] [7 fw | s | es | 6 ‘Seven | 1 Ee |: Ince of wre cs neal topo 1 Divide he cs itera nto ena dane stam te ong ae neva shown on sis and reer on Beampl 4: Preps slogan fr he floning dt Casieral To [ea Tae Lee Fre ss pap Slaton Hee the uti cs itera 10 ator sample went owe ‘ss nero cs i204 and ante a0 (90 ‘Since he st a ine 2040 stv ie th suites neal ide iit two equal cs itr A the earn at cas 8 2 andre 2 ‘0 « soy th wid of th dss 07 te sino he et cassie height ofthe rectangle o equ ved by 3. aly, adhe ques ‘nd dlc interval ae ge low Clas inerate | 010 [930] [ww] wa Sw [| Frequencies [se [w [wo [s [sls "Now dae te gap above abd ie i ML Tobe © oo 2 8 bt: Dagens Feet (. I ‘ €) Histogram for inctusive data Se ep ron nese habe conte an TERT eae imam forte tong at % See oe Tee lee [estas Tan] Se ution Fit cone given inv ats ino encsve data, [Mon [ees | wsms[ss [wsslosms [sas e575] seiel 1 a a "Now, de he a or wpe dt ie 4 Be ' SSRI EEarcaneeemen 7 4) Hisagran for midrae aies "sample & Const» Mtogram withthe help ofthe fellow mid vaas cat [so [go [asp [ 0 | Nootwones [es [7 [Tw Lu [ae Slaton. Hee, we convert given mi value eres no conus seis [css intra {0-200 [aon Tomei Taosn | No.of wosers | epee escapee geet pn ‘ny waph which hve moras os sella yg Fey pen 4 e0ph in which he vals ot vale en en sas ache oneene eeee 1s the curve cain png te ip fe pale etek ‘by the straight line, = sample 7. Draw a fegency pogo rh lowing aa Apinyes [oa | ow [wo [es] aw Ne olpaiens > § [a [Ps Pw Heer AL Xa) (9 Fregueney cure: Dar gm fr beget A eure can amen cae cane by ang the ne quency pa ys ard smote cv . EIN 6 br freuen ave fom the alli tbe xampl 9. Cont the fe tha ve nd mon tan. nn ne as Te Ta [BW] [rae en = ao a oP ome a : Ta tan OF | " Ga a * taoeell ena ‘oer | wan Pe Less than 30, e820 More than 20 | 63-7676 2 10 ‘Less than 40, 20410230 ‘More than 30 | 76-9667 re toons | mes | teens | xe tena | Smo | smtns | com : teen |vone | teens | Ses | : ee) ose. | oes | ses : xs wren | Tos -_a\e5 = e2 § (0) oman Fequney Cave Ope ca {Claphean be wee dep» commalave nny dtu. Fr drawing on : scene onda ere dt ile conver it commie frequency Chi the oom gue tn pot coreaponding tthe upper iis fe ‘secs The ints eespending to commelve frequency teach upper Ent othe as ‘Sjmeuty ne hd cone ined gap ical an oie “he efter iid “le hn ge" ad “ean og 2) Le than piv: For raving the lei han oie, the frequen are add comme ina ncening ere |, eater tan give: For eng ar than op, th commute freuen of ret css ae esate ina nushing oe. The uper iit fa class nea td ts eps commaltive fee a5 considered forthe contraction af move tad a oe ee gessgeas ba es are CT Important wpe of mesure of cena ede re gentle tence Cnt enecy a EE nye ee | Seer ci wenisens-an be fe er pec ere aa, | to econ ee ea 2 ee wgeearommn | otakem oem wk 2 maa nf nena me BD + 1 Snr er Tegestiicncen ae am at ti te = a sk ee Sane | oer ee | srl AES an aarge i. sing vale eced from FP * SE rcraenestet 2 crooner i renin pe os hihi anes described asa number ee ee eege a te vee 8 1 0 ASthmetie Mean oo e ied ome td meer fe cel en. alee vi ewncn wendy |__Sptinely ding tenet ar ety tg ae a cima ai a * | Wetec menses anne Trane entices so va a enol ‘Soe ered eg ne fimo widely ie a ene sail cut wih aps tuned eA fae ftw so angle. By Weighed erthmetic mean 8A) Simple athmetic mean: The simple arnt mean of st of values is dna by aivcing the sum ofthe values the umber of ake in thet denoted by + o AN (aletation of Mean isan individu sees ‘Tere are two methods: Diet and Shot eat method “4 9 Direct Method Ut Paes soir sop ne a dete ees ft wt oP “oh fr ompain, Te ep ukequnatiersiahp between deren! group aveBE Taps decson ming. ‘be the vals of the vari Then the atime mean, Sumofte aes a(n State ae Toate De lute tenets) ® 16 sand 225 f gapeansendnenenetbh owns 2631034928 oe aden ae no 16 262,175,188 1 acta Term hh en saan. Wee onsen se4 essne 81 ample Find he men #30 6,15 12.2.9, Salaon Hew a and Bx = DsBe5H1229S6 ‘hen Manne 3225, Indie Mato: 138 whe he rer of data is very ge. (0 Short eat meting: ere hehe Sevan om he awninns dt 1° sofas eae ‘aie sation tea caiantis 3 « eae bx202 60 ye 00rd oor mead To ete man false roca > aot nh ben 6 pied ey Bh ‘ep 22M sm fal guns. SI a ep ghee tm To tempi om eft a i me by mat Eee wT SoA] feet tte pene saa 4 = 7 = = - = a 2 a0 x = eo) = u oy = s 5a a Tee j aaa [vas name: From the flowing sti Gaon of equeney ion of marks obtained by 80 students in ‘Chl sel mes uaa nebo. Cals ss ‘moan [a |» | o | 2 fo a oe Step Deviation Method ‘This sinproved method of shat ct method Sep 1: Sc an seed mean Sep 2 Cael deviation dec Sep 3: Cau stp deviation & Sep 4: Map sep dein with fog et Sep 5: Take the sum of fa we get Sep 6: Fly, se the lowing forma Fan Rs 3 Wher ae interval (0) Weighed Asthetc Mean Wolpe artnet means dtd asthe clean of artnet msn by Pung Ti ae | Devan [Step deviation | F » | o m_| ante | ave | rae wm | « ws | eee ‘| m0 | 6 Fa “0 a |4 foe fo | aw | oo ° ° ft joo | ow s o 1 0 [ea] 3 0 2 1 on | 3 ‘ » a ° fae sing the formas Gens Dn me a be oe ea coe fo. we conve to x sie the weighs lat hen sly acorn te nfs ‘hela he meglio hes ake xe ‘Whe = Weihed sthne men W = Weigod sige to ferent ns Tmaase co eqn dtbaton If ff ar the fogs of he vr ves yt, spc, then the weighted atmate mean i ven by aaa ‘Semple 0, Caen weighed the ean fm he ovng btn ere erent et pt pre of va Bi tel Game sn eine tend ed = = ceca su vat he srs an 8 = neo en ate ms ee epi 1 ety sa rom, LgemeLae (Ras) > opan=tag m+Loee As ae72) bot =Haen tase insta) |= st iy og Log tose (un Hawn Mean: agen “The hamonc mean of vali he cpl the mean fhe pa fe ste i dete by HM ad at IM = Antilog|~.SLogs a= Reciprocal] 25 = one ani; Be] al ‘an 1 Dynes Income Gad 45s 7-7] SSH HD HS eae sample 1 Galea th HA. he flowing ube Xm Bm 8 al en woke are ven below. Caleulate the geome 2.22 POSTIONAL AVERAGE oan re Mode kane as st sng etn eter of ie mo see cempa ei feats ere cept Als a mar ch sno tue when ts tinged ase nie he le tao sent ae a ale «poston ee Sora amnge nn cig esening ede. $b Dang be loving rm feat mean are = Median nN = Nuno ems ta ives the haight of five stadt _ ea ca ee “1 (ome deer ea re ‘agp and 28h Flnd the medi ith weight Solon. ite arange he data in ecending ender of map. weight [24 | 28 | 28 | 295] 33 | 33 sing he mean Fra, eane (Efe 010 maaeet(f (©) Dizcrte oberatins ‘Step 1: fine the em by «and quency by ‘Sup 2 Cale he comme quency stp 4 Cale the value of mean by sing the flowing formula vaso ose, where = Lomer int ofthe mdi as ult equency of the tele median dass, 1 Case interval Sm of aqueny in series {Frequency of the median dss ‘ample te Cale the median from folowing data Twases [e000 | 100m | 1200 [ wos | 160100 Tworkes [8 2 6 = 6 Sel, “Ene. | Glan ital] Frequengy | Commlatve hequeney CO 1 | 0-100 3 = 2 | m0 2 2 3 | m0 6 36 4 fo e “ 140-160 6 0 28 eseaton ‘Tot we 2 cern i ae 2% cmmative agency Le. $7 andthe ve 4 Peanut fearcy8x= "ein sist 2$¢Hem ert f ter en (123-140) das intr Shep 1: ene te tr by cs el yan quency by Als, we have Sup 2: Clete arma iy. wet Ls i of median dat = Sp 3: Oba be of maa cs by sing he fling frm E — Pa ———————— i «Ll ! Median cases (S) tem mseot (2) te seteot (23) te = 25° em i he 40) cs ital Se Medan cls = 3040 Lam, N/2=0S, 90, 1236, in1D Now sean 4 NID wot 7 (os) ass anne eee the following data e cnn ante ri st Sewtiaet | wi 209 ja "Less than 0 96 a 7 =90+6256 3625 i gt | thane te | tenttan 1m ae i | Ses a | tn 0 angle. Gin main ON, he is om | | tame oe | tot | [Revere [ef [fe : rie Ca comm eg He SS | commute een = =—— om 7 7 | osama oo 2 ts » * « Saal 4 Whee) x Je = 362) 7% ? see a it - Brena ea) aa % nd | — - ‘ um Feta das (2) cnertin mee 15 ie : "j : = Lower lint of mde cs {= Ch nena f moda cae 2 ou <= Dileece ten he agen the oda cand prem se [2] a8 4 = lence beeen te eqn fhe modal dss nd pt ol dss 0 alent where Prauency of modal ss fy Rnguency of pre modal class {Progeny of pst modal as = Lowe tof mol ise sine ea ot and 18 cue! 4 = Chass interval of modal ea tap a ode ptf gn ate da Lite coananmns been 7 ‘Solution, Since the value 47 is occuring heighest mumber of time. 1 38) | ‘Hence mode = oN | Bhat ane mee or att) ae Wags 765 [170 | 190 [ wo | 200 [a0 Empioves [3 [as Te To Te Iz Solution. Se he vale 190 cxing height umber of ne So, the ale of mee ‘t ‘Example 21. Calculate mode for following data: xr a | Gees es oe ee Solon. nae le weave tds GHD a FHSS At ue whi ih gay ate een Wh Tene fo ott wefan ston sn = : enact aac Be | eng Els is ae Mn may ei ene gst a wm oi eee en ria la aPC vig with he lp any ape ‘ei anna ae pecs ch way 21 aspeion ant aie en og Phone, sf wil are maa = Fy vet indida S tose Vas eat te hen the eee | mang Nan pan the deed its in ue eileen ot eyo es inthe ech a Rel sity vars aes 0 0 a iy ‘a Espen tt proses ene 8 “hey a tr ie 7 1) Oberve eae 2) suet ee {Sampling er ‘oben er (bere er may jet or eet 1) Soe evervex ee: An terse may ange some ifort covicnments ier when opt a mowed ay be sal an sy elle Wclogial vara. te dang amine of csi ing haan bebavour ules walned propel 14% ‘toh ican emburaingquotns wich th peo may nt ke to arse pet te Sul hiery pean rly lng method ee, Some subject Irie ote do a wh oe ny norman, 1 Objective observation enor: may be added by an untrained ose ® wae «fl ‘oting resents lpn pe ne 2 Tsuna er Tiss ni erp Des eiphig machines ight ssn sppgonanecin ano mu ce une vaya ee ‘Sots dng wegen The: Or and ronal er amen le on sping eee 2 Sumping tor Aue dn sl pt edo sal Sin ct ston tah beng and ae ag oe va a ae pa lta etch bud eee pe pens rsa ae rs ea fou innit oneny sno ey 1 amor ocr when th emp ofthe dy ota ue erect of the poputon “ht ay tnd orang coon (1 Bett ry de bev ntrument nel delet ow tnt Scena hh us cy en ae Som winced Re nace of meg of dpe agen ow 2 Testun they ofan renee son Te ode obs rth conte fay SE Je compare two ornare sap wth read oi iy. fovea thw of oer sta mesa. feb 321 Range 1322 interquartile Range (or Que devition) 1324 Valance and Coffe of variance 3.24 RANGE ges defined te dlc even eight an wet van eg ‘Aw ere nesrect ges nowm oh “tit ree" 1 Mathematty Hshighot vas ad tthe vest vale hen 1 pang HL 3.96) iret ve = vas sna be 2.108 132 aot 97 an olen range fom tHe ston. ment of ange Fr the fll otiowing let 2.22 INTERQUARTILE RANGE (OR QUARTILE DEVIATION) “Then range of» group of abervaton ithe intra etween the aes of ‘te upper quate and the lower gua for tat group. Upper que of group is the “oe Sove whch 25% of the areata Lower quar she vl Below which [Sole crerons fal The mee ves we he ang which cove: he mile 50S tte eben in thw group lower gure, ond te upper uate O then, ‘ner que range = Q,-Q, y= Difence betnee third ad Sst que 1 Quail deviation oe sinter gure range is define os a-{a-0) 10 on ek runt ig nd ay a8 3223 Adame of Guerin 1 sem to understand and to cle oe bythe xtreme vals 2 ae tae S| cele: : z * a ; DIE ite satctry when aly he midlet group ses wth. 3222 Disadvantages of Que Deviation 1 ignores 5D ofthe eee values 10 snot ube for algebra. ‘sample 3, Calculate the ite quar ange, quale deviation and eoelficent of quale deviation rom the follwing abe giving he helghts of student iahaete [= | @][a@[alelelalela@ a aoe ficient of uate deviation, ==, i Cat of gure ace 8-8. 4 enon 2.2. MEAN eviATION ‘Mean devin is eine aan average or mean ofthe deviations of the values fom ‘aml wndeny (le ean, median ood Method ‘Sip 1 Define dat a5 eee pF th deviation ofeach cman he a, = Stop 4: rng tn neg sig devia an rete [Se Sip: Ai em ‘Mein Deviation =p» 24 Where N= Tol numberof vans sen rene Bi BED (or 36)" NEDA) ‘Were the mi pnt ofthe clas interval anf the fequency 3231 Advantages of mean deviation: 1) Mean deviation ey to undead and cute, 4 Mean be cleat by any method of ental eden. DMs cae att by the ere tee [0)t based on measurement ot on etinaton 3232 Dindvanages of mean deviton = Ignores he ign of va, {9 Tes no sable or accurate ad fre nay. | a amp Find e628 ston rae vv twig MB. $ nos covet of Mean Svnion FED 13.24 VARIANCE AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIANCE ‘The square of standard deviation scaled vasa hss ede Wal tts ie denoted by go) and defn er row da) + 2 sandevison and concent of mean deviation fom the see iif anges net en de \ gabon a 0 oa Feu [2 | s [es [5 | Selon ee [Sas nena [ a eG] Fegeng et | TI sa compen or vnunet 3 2 32 || Coe af ance bed w compre ay ne arr b a 625 different groups having different magnitude of the values or two characters in the same 2| om | 5 a |f hooper te 3 |e = i || tts cated tom standard deviation and men of ceri, The a st i| ee | os & 05 || ude sen no pe :| ee | 6 » bes Ex=125 Zf=90 ee se ces viis O7 “Bt seoredst ic ip te eres be spared ae coats oo gts may beeen et a ny to ay a opto nun asf amb ak oy of det in vo acho vanianee il eine se wl cal ory sae units ba thir andar devin, enya 8 { SEES Neen au hot frst ev-Sa0 ti kadeat d= 8100 22 ii on Sinieo= Saoass Ss yse00 58 vata 8» st000 5 Pare een) praca ee “So na ata ‘Step 1: Calculate mean ; ee neat Soin stoatmens ta ‘7 (Tk te ation he ged devin eT? sup 5: Apply the oral oz oo 0 case of runes dstbuton, we have 132.64 USES OF STANDARD DEVIATION = {deere the vrai devon of Inge dstrbuton fom todo a wtf varia, Tracts whee the veraton of dilference of an indivi om the mean by RSIS mudora dw sone spel reson (helps td ot ee which termine whether the diferenrs beeen means of ‘ample by cance (vy bp nding tebe tae of sample fr valid concsin. © Sieg oe fe a erin 8 sane 6 ie ae ea | ie cs owe os os oe a] sama en 4 fas_pa1y san eieBEoDats ->ft Gr) = fia Li fa _ Bi pa soapy nas = ao 381 2.67606 ; pln sue of 19a in lige the flowing stun fe file wa oa TON ae ao EPS = =: Bs] 1G) Quare deviation is (2/37 ofthe standard deviations t Tie teest ceo oa AS : 5 i lee epate o Selon, et asuned men (A= Sand ls interval H = 2 (do Quartedevistion 5/6 of the mean deviation S5[sate a] ca Pont Sia ae nll le 2) =e Brynner fd Sri a] )e | a ].| ie Sl r]s ]o fol oie myo ye fa [a = ime Total Eh=s0 a a =| 123-22 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR CORRELATION ihe chang in vals of ne varie kes costa rao with te change in vale of terval then sch fp elation known as ieee. FP ample ater dram fal the pol es nag ine wc ee — oe neem — hat eo Pen Se coe Xm rR Sem ecm] ws win | Yee fas pe pees 1 eoRRELATION oF CORRELATION oe tm ne eg ‘orien an cil roe, eave and er oe © 3) tan dno comiion 3) si atl nd Mile Caen aa ‘3.3.2.4 POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO ‘CORRELATION e “The correlation is said to be 2 non-inear if the value in one variable does not make a as romnrais No 20 aan deaeean (Meg ere sata oa sara at eects ieee ease hein aig be eee Haigh an Weight gt ines a Ian Ce eee sae mas te eval of er aie xo [aps [eT =| @ Santee (meen eS as ||: FB MESS cen neg orn 2 ne mane, the value ofboth varie SRS E pet ules hen ts said oberg caoation. be angen tala eo var wi ot afl the valu of ther vara en ‘becom are a ample f eave cote op ae “ Ppa ppp a ‘ample Ptr Coon a ‘ x at z | en os on) (i wreawesr (owes nate ny fain Bete wo ares, by wing graphical meth F | sia SAE eso sng nen og epee pola ver 0 seca ore 4 Senter ere Fees opted Fo Example Dew te So ate ase E eto Tar oe os Tf 3 the erton hgh pap we an yt val eel ele and Demet of Grp Med hl of ening i tip eee no vas eat! ing ny mbes cat, Cott of ‘Coreltion dt mir the doe of incre Ins ao eed momen coneton oie ced Fo Faia a | sa int wea te ph Bete weber Y a_i Er ee aay = be x opto we he dope or Pe nto ligt on terrae ve ae oa Payee dg coren ct tS ek paints Wee eat ene! Ath eed sa. ei a 3 peanuts Const ct Cm o- BaF ; a2 The seve Beri q ea wien To mt oR ae 3 ee) aye ae sls cers ; sis [2] [ 20/2 coat be Re eT = on = 9} | ae 2 | eho lee a (ial s) a [ofc | Tt | on sages ie » 4 4 16 iw | sm? 2 10 6 100, 36 a Se

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