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Dominican Catholic School

114 Chalan Pale Ramon Lagu, Rt. 1
Yigo, Guam 96929

DYSLEXIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON LEARNING

A Research Paper
Submitted to
Teacher Iñigo L. San Pablo Jr.

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Subject Requirements in
English 8

By
Johanna Calanayan
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May, 2020
Dedication

This research is dedicated to all

individuals who have or know
someone who struggles
with dyslexia.

Table of Contents
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Cover page……………………………………………………………………............... 1
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………… 2
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………... 3
Chapter I Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 4
A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………………… 4
B. Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………... 4
C. Scope and Limitation ………………………………………………………….. 5
D. Significance of the Study……………………………………………………… 5
Chapter II What is Dyslexia? ………………………………………………………. 6
Chapter III What are the Effects of Dyslexia on Learning? ………………………… 8
Chapter IV What are Some Treatments for Dyslexia?………………………………. 10
Chapter V Summary/Conclusion & Recommendations ………………………………. 13
A. Summary/Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 13
B. Recommendations …………………………………………………………….. 13
Works Cited …………………………………………………………………………… 14
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………... 16
Letter of Request/Approval …………………………………………………… 17
Annotated Bibliography ………………………………………………………. 18
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study​.

Children with dyslexia often find life in school challenging. Dyslexia affects

people throughout their lives, and it will change at various times. It ​is thought to be one

of the most common language-based learning disabilities and results from poor decoding

ability; affecting more than half of the learners with learning difficulties. This disorder

occurs among all groups, regardless of race or age. The International Dyslexia

Association reports that 15-20% of the world’s population experience a minimum of one

symptom of dyslexia.

B. Statement of the Problem​.

In order to facilitate the discussion in this study, the researcher formulated the

following questions:

1. What is dyslexia?

2. What are the effects of dyslexia on learning?

3. What are some treatments for dyslexia?

C. Scope and Limitation​.

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The researcher will use articles, essays, websites, and books to create this

research. The aim of this project is to further comprehend what dyslexia is and how it

affects many individuals in school and in their daily life. The researcher will also

describe how this makes a difference to learning.

D. Significance of the Study​.

This research can help people recognize that dyslexia is not something to joke

about. Dyslexics may often experience frustration, anger, anxiety, or depression when

they have the ​inability to meet expectations. To manage these sorts of issues, they need to

realize their learning incapacity. By the end of this research, everyone should learn to

have patience and know the struggles that these individuals are going through. The reader

can have an understanding when dealing with a person who has dyslexia during certain

situations.

CHAPTER II
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WHAT IS DYSLEXIA?

Dyslexia is a learning disability that causes reading difficulties and affects brain areas

when processing words. It is not a disease but is caused by a hereditary, brain-based,

phonological disability. ​People with dyslexia are special and have their own strengths and

weaknesses. Many dyslexics have unique talents. They are excellent at drawing, sports,

architecture, graphics, electronics, physics, drama, music, or engineering.

At first, dyslexia was referred to as “word blindness” by Adolf Kussmaul, a German

neurologist. He noticed that some of his patients had been unable to read properly and placed

words in the wrong order. In 1887, Rudolf Berlin called this difficulty “dyslexia” which is from

the Greek word, dys, meaning difficult, and the word lexis, meaning word or speech.

Pringle-Morgan published the first case of developmental dyslexia in the British Medical Journal

on 7 November 1896. He believed that reading and writing problems were due to "congenital

word blindness," and for several years, visual processing deficits induced dyslexia. In 1925, an

American neurologist, Dr. Samuel T. Orton presented the first theory of how reading difficulty

emerged. Throughout his work, he created many teaching methods, which are still in use today.

Dyslexia is developmental or it can be acquired. Acquired dyslexia is​ caused by damage

to the brain and happens after the person has learned to read while developmental dyslexia is
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diagnosed when a child is struggling to read. There are different types of dyslexia. These

include:

● Phonological Dyslexia

● Surface Dyslexia

● Rapid Naming Deficit

● Double Deficit Dyslexia

There are also learning disabilities that a dyslexic can have such as dyscalculia, dysgraphia, or

Left-right disorder.

CHAPTER III
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WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DYSLEXIA ON LEARNING?

Dyslexia makes it hard for a person to understand words, spell, write, and read. This

affects everyone differently. Dyslexics can also have problems with speaking. It could be

difficult for them to comprehend what people mean when they are talking. These complications

are hard to find in the beginning, but they can result in many issues in school and other

workspaces.

At first, children with dyslexia are able to keep up with their peers but when they enter

higher grade levels, they can be in a lot of trouble. These are several things they struggle with:

● Spelling common words

● Reading out loud in front of classmates

● Become tired or frustrated from reading

● Difficult to decode logos and signs

● Understanding rules

Some kids, who haven’t been diagnosed, often suffer from low self-esteem because they

think that there is something wrong with them, and are told that they are not trying hard enough

to learn to read. Bullying and teasing cause dyslexics to read and write slowly compared to

others. They become frustrated and ashamed of their inability and are being called lazy or stupid.
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These sayings can affect how they feel about themselves and the way they learn. This results in

many students giving in to peer pressure, and it makes socializing with other students

complicated.

Dyslexia makes it difficult for students in certain subjects. Writing is one of them. They

also find comprehending and reading in Science and Social Studies hard. Math can be tough for

some. To help them cope with this, concentration and time management needs to be practiced.

CHAPTER IV
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WHAT ARE SOME TREATMENTS FOR DYSLEXIA?

Dyslexia is diagnosed by professionals who have the right types of tests and who are

knowledgeable about learning disabilities. The tests will see how well he or she reads and writes.

These experts have different methods of working to support dyslexic's learning skills. Most

schools provide extra support and specialized instruction. Parents can also help children with

dyslexia at home.

There are no medications or cures for this condition, but treatment such as therapy can

contribute to the problem. Numerous strategies are used to assist people with dyslexia. Some

educational techniques involve::

● teaching children decoding skills

● teaching them how to comprehend

● visualization

● repetition and review of skills

● building vocabulary

Accommodations, something supplied for convenience, are sometimes needed in the

classroom. These may include:

● a quiet place to work

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● extra time for test-taking

● exception from foreign language classes

● option to give verbal answers

● larger print of words

● repetition of instructions

● setting accommodations such as a separate room

● presenting a small amount of work

● providing additional activities

● preparing a glossary of terms related to the lesson

Sometimes parents don't know how to help and support their children who are

struggling with this condition. They can do this by:

● making learning playful

● congratulating them for their hard work

● reading together

● teaching them to organize

● not expecting perfection

​ Multiple advice and techniques that are used to help children are relevant for adults and

teenagers too. Using the multisensory approach can enhance memory and ability to learn.

Utilizing technology can help with writing and organizing daily activities. This is because they

contain a visual environment that better suits their method of learning and working. It is easier

and useful to break significant tasks and actions down to smaller efforts​.
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CHAPTER V
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SUMMARY/CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

A. Summary/Conclusion​.

Dyslexia lasts for a lifetime. It can either be inherited or developed during

childhood. If left untreated, it would get worse. Student’s learning and emotions are

affected when they have this condition. Though it can’t be cured, there are several

treatments that can help individuals who struggle with this.

B. Recommendations​.

In order to get a better understanding of this study, the researcher recommends the

following:

1. Dyslexia’s effects on a student's social skills

2. Dyslexia’s effects on emotions

3. Diagnoses that can be confused or associated with dyslexia

Works Cited
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Reid, Gavin, and Shannon Green. 100 Ideas for Supporting Pupils with Dyslexia. Continuum,
2008​.

Reid, Gavin. Dyslexia: a Complete Guide for Parents and Those Who Help Them.
Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

“Dyslexia .” NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/conditions/dyslexia/.

“Dyslexia - Symptoms and Causes -.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education .
and Research, 22 July 2017,
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552.

Team, Understood. “What Is Dyslexia?” What Is Dyslexia, Understood, 17 Apr. 2020,

www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/child-learning-disabilities/dyslexia/what-i
s-dyslexia.

“Frequently Asked Questions.” International Dyslexia Association,

dyslexiaida.org/frequently-asked-questions-2​/.

“Understanding Dyslexia (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth.” Edited by Cynthia M.

Zettler-Greeley, KidsHealth, The Nemours Foundation, Sept. 2018,
kidshealth.org/en/teens/dyslexia.html.

Nteam. “What Is Dyslexia?” Australian Dyslexia Association,

dyslexiaassociation.org.au/what-is-dyslexia/.

Dyslexia, www.dyslexia-aware.com/dawn/history-of-dyslexia.

“The History of Dyslexia.” LDRFA, 18 Dec. 2019, www.ldrfa.org/the-history-of-dyslexia/.

“The History of Dyslexia.” History Today,

www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/history-dyslexia.

“Dyslexia in the Classroom: What Every Teacher Needs to Know.” International Dyslexia
Association, dyslexiaida.org/dyslexia-in-the-classroom/.

Loop, Erica. “How Does Dyslexia Affect Learning?” The Classroom | Empowering Students in
Their College Journey, 10 Jan. 2019,
www.theclassroom.com/dyslexia-affect-learning-4610434.html.

Martinelli, Katherine. “Understanding Dyslexia.” Child Mind Institute,

childmind.org/article/understanding-dyslexia/.

Admin. “Does Dyslexia Affect Memory?” Dyslexiadeb, 5 Mar. 2020,

www.dyslexiadeb.co.uk/single-post/Does-Dyslexia-Affect-Memory.
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“Learning to Learn.” Yale Dyslexia,

dyslexia.yale.edu/resources/dyslexic-kids-adults/stories-from-dyslexics/learning-to-learn/.

Appendix 1

Curriculum Vitae
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Name: Johanna Calanayan

Age: 13
Physical Address: 161 Tun Luis Dueñas Street Yigo, Guam
Email address: ​hannabc226@gmail.com​ / jcalanayan@dcsguam.com
Contact number: 864-2154

Academic Background:
Course of Study Name of School Year Completed
Middle School Dominican Catholic School 2019-2020
Elementary Dominican Catholic School 2016-2017

Awards & Recognitions (​ Academic and Non-academic awards, if applicable)​

Awards Event/ Sponsoring Agency Year
Iron Chef Dominican Catholic School 2020
Speech Choir Dominican Catholic School 2020
UN quiz bee Dominican Catholic School 2019
Christmas Broadway Musical Agana Shopping Center 2019
Honor Roll Dominican Catholic School 2013-2019

Membership in Clubs, Organization, etc.

Name of Clubs, Organization, etc. Position School Year of
Membership
National Junior Honor Society Member 2018-2020
Student Council Treasurer 2 2019-2020
Campus Ministry Member 2019-2020
Performing Arts Member 2019-2020
Class officer Peace Officer 2018-2019
Class officer President 2017-2018

Participation in Trainings, Workshops, Religious Event, etc.

Event Venue Date ​(Month & Year)
Life Chain Dominican Catholic School October 2019
Santa Marian Kamalen Procession Agana Cathedral December 2017-19
March for Life Agana Cathedral January 2020
Investiture of the Sacred Pallium Agana Cathedral January 2020

Appendix 2
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Letter of Request/Approval

161 Tun Luis Dueñas,

Yigo, Guam 96929
February 22, 2020

Mr. Inigo San Pablo Jr.

English 8 Teacher
Dominican Catholic School
Yigo, Guam 96929

Dear Teacher Inigo:

Greetings of Peace!

I have the honor to present to you the following titles for my research paper arranged according
to my preference for your approval:

1. The Role of Memory in Dyslexia

2. Dyslexia and Its Effects on Learning
3. Exploring Dyslexia and Its Implications

Hoping for your kind approval. Thank you in advance.

Sincerely yours,

Johanna Calanayan
Researcher
Appendix 3
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Annotated Bibliography

Martinelli, Katherine. “Understanding Dyslexia.” Child Mind Institute,

childmind.org/article/understanding-dyslexia/. This website helped the researcher get
some data needed to conduct this research. It shared dyslexia’s meaning and symptoms. It
also stated some ways to help children who have the condition.

“The History of Dyslexia.” LDRFA, 18 Dec. 2019, www.ldrfa.org/the-history-of-dyslexia/. This

gave the researcher much information about the development of dyslexia throughout
history. The website also includes the main contributors to its discovery.