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    14 Schumacher - The Philippine Background

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    Das G

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    Acknowledgments ‘The sesearch in Spain for the Georgetown Cniersiy dissertation fon which this book i ase was made pombe bya Fllnght Stem Grane im 1962-83, A grant from the Fanta Resesrch Center assed me in preparing the present work for puliation My sincere thanks go to the many people in the United Srtes, ‘Spin, Rome, and the Philippines who asted me with advice ana Ald in the locaton of materih. Similars thanks ae dur to the stuns and staf of the manners archives nota few of whom went much beyond the dena of eourews Senice in making matenieselsle to, To name individually all wha axed and encouraged me wuuhd Htemand a Tengthy lst But {cannot retain fom expresing my sat tude o Francs X. Clark $f, who fit interested me in Filip na tional in an undergraduate seminat on Ril almost iy yen ago, nd who has continued his iterest in my work ill the present to ‘Mathis Kiemen, O.FM, Professors Fg Wickberg and te ae Hay Benda, Horacio dela Coma, Sand Alfredo Parpan, §J, all of whom ead dhe manusrip io whole or in part at ferent sages, For chet ‘cans and suggestions Fam much indeed though, of couse the responsiiliy fr the defects af the work s only mine Nore conse, cuiseren The Philippine Background Early History Sins sere ft rough othe Pilippines by Magen in * esublsied ty Miguel Liper de Legepi when he founded the fist permanest Spanish sevlement onthe Mand of Cb. Learpi ad his siecesor gulch and fr the most part peace noua he ltzer part uf the Mads nder Spanish contol. Auge tian as accompanied Legarp, and were soon folloned by other eligi onder s0 that by the end of a eentury, the Irger prt of ‘he population nat Chitin, at exten srpang that in America the seligious orders layed » lavninant paren Philippine ile. Spanish colonization wa Hie for pracuesl purposes, especialy after the rapid. decay of che ricomienda ses, the willed cy of Manila ana ew other small seclements tn the immense majority of towns and villages, even down to the ninetwemh eentary, the only European to be found was the ‘masionay, and che Spanish government depesded on him 19 eat tl, ad large part administer, colony. Priess dive the building of roads and bridges, founded nd iecied the schools, upene! local native offi revolved eit problems, and defense! them against the exactions of Spanish gone nov and excomenderos. Ih the unceasing aids excried on by the Madi Moros fous the southern Isandson Christan semen, publ press Hhequenty tad to oxganie the restance and, mote than once, pot themehes tthe head of the mae mili teary ‘he war agaist the enemy. 1 & 2 (pre rape Bedgound Up to the end of the eighteenth conan the Philipines meant lite wo Spain in a material may excepeas the ferns ofthe gallon trade with Mexico, iatermediany between the merchants whe Hacked ' Manila with luxury goods fem China and the svernich maskets ‘of New Spain. On this uade the Spiniard of ManlaIned and prow pered, and were generally cantnt to lave the ies ofthe cont Is patiaccha le under its priest By the end of she eighesent century, however, the sivngs of & new eta were discernible. The intrieton ofthe tbncen manga the promotion of agrculue by enlightened genernorsgceral ike oxé Basco y Vargas and by the Rotl Phiipine Company, the tle ing of ceavictions again foreigners, the opening of the Pubes to world ale in 1884—all Belped to bring new life tothe clony Moreover the growing e¢onomie property gradual ed to the rte ofa wellzod elas of mestizos and natives, Nineteenth Century Spain Meatvhile, profound changes had beeu taking place within Spin ituelf, many of which were to hive thelr epercusions within the Phi ‘ppines,conburing tothe use of Filpine rationals Caer fers nt conditions inthe mother enntyFlipno nationale wou have emerged as a mater ofcourse. bat the pla. social, and econ ‘uation ef Spain ip the ler hal ofthe mineteenh century san of fea ican in setting the course which Flipino nainslom a ually took and, panicular; for determining the pe of ay ca Ped on By Fp lees The fr three quarters of the nineteenth century had! Beet a pe od af almost unimerapted chao and ent fn Spin Under cones Of the War of fcepenence agi he French haere tmider king” Joseph Bonaparte the fis steps toneré conan ‘goverment had been taken when he Consation of {812 an prox Claimed at Cia bythe Liberal Cotes, purporting t atin te ne ff Fernando Vl, On his cestoration in ISLA, Fetrundo had icky eumed to sbrolute government, and except for another cones "om interude, 1890 t 1895, Liberal sufered more or lew contin ‘us repression unl Fernand death in 1885, He was secede by his inant daughter Itbel. under the regency other mother Marta Cristina. Already eves ha broken out among The Pippin Bakgand = the followers of Don Carls, the King’ younger brother in support of the laters claim eo the throne, As the Carle were largely mae 3p of he absolut and tadiseaie who had found Fernando in suifisennyreacionary. Maria Castnasnenitaby ought and won the suppoe: ofthe Liberal forces, whose cons were to dominate in the succeed yeas ‘Though they managed to bing the Calat War wo an ed in 1899, the Liberals proceeded ta siden and perpetuate the breach between ther and che majority ofthe clergy x 1894 and IR85 nabs burned religious houses and murdered many of thelr cccspants inthe lage cls of Spin, with the tolerance, if not connivance, of the Liberal authorities fn T838 the Jems were suppreted, and hei property as confaate. In 1880 all monasteries and moat eamvens through ‘out the county were closed down, and thei property wis pot up for sale. The new Liberal constcuton oF 1897 seule all religious odes with few exceptions, which sgificaly inched thowe hoses engaged in preparing mssinares fr the Phippines. ‘These evens ld a manifold meaning forthe Church in the Pik lppines The excepion of the Philippine missonry clleges end of the frie acwalls Working i the Pippin from the decrees of cone cation and aeculsezatin showed the reliance even anilria gon craments pce on the religous orders or administering the afais tnd preseming the kal of dhe Philippines. The unjst and vex tious measures of the Liberal goveramens also had a mofold effect on dhe attitudes ofthe for ‘Their continued exitence in the Pitippines to cary on their ee ‘us work hud heen made to depend an their secular uefulnes to the Liberal governments Comcivaly ar unconsciously hey were um era comision vo act ore than evra he representatives of Soain vo uphold the authori he mther county At the are ume they ‘stably Hist he ideology chat ad actuated their spliation and erection i dhe mother county, and did all hey could 10 prevent the inredcton of Liberals and its reform int the Philippines. Both thewe ates would being them im confi sth the ring ences of Filipino nationale “The succeeding years upto 1808 saw various alternations of Mos ‘rae and Progressive Liberal governments, all eceatares of miliary revolt. At the same time, Kabel ITby her sailatingineapaciy her scandalous private life, her apparemly sincere, though unenlightened + Cerne Bend and perso, pie, atl er high-hande!afiiousies inane ‘ment ander the influence of her camarila steady lst favor. Finals she was overthrown by the September Revolt of 188 The evolutionan junta exew up the acl Conststion of 1869, a lexan ooking round fora monafeh Aer ma wars ae the cours uf Europe, and icalenals ocasoning the Franco Pr War, dhe provisional goverment chine Amis of Savor as king, The lamers abecauon alter to inet nica yeas wa led the Fist Republic which four presents iin angie seu govern. Meanshile Spas wax being prorated by the cantonal mute ‘meron ane sil and anew Crist war onthe ote Final, the Ary big closed the Cortes, etred a semblance of ‘order under the military dcaoship of General Fine Seman, an began to drive back the Cals. With the county sede to utes houston, te man wo was to domizae Spans pics fr the rest ef the centr, Antonio Ginovas de Caso, began te prepare the restr om ofthe Bourbon monarchy in she pen of young Afonso XU, on ‘flab I. Though his careful plans ose yp tie mona oa egal ais witout miliary smeerion were forestall by General Asenio Martner Campos" pronuncamiento in fv of Also in December 1874 de rexoraton took place sthout notable epson ‘ths ferment in Spain ads influence on the cause of Pip pine alfa. The deporations consequent upon the aoa cups prise to 1868 had brought a cers number of aberal and Republican cles to the county, who were, one may suppore not complete silent about chit ideas an keals. More import, te yea follow. dng the Revoltion of 1858 the Suex Canal opened, thus shortening the voyage from the mother counery fem tex or four months ip one. Besides facittang the journey of Filipinos to Eutope, ths ge + emendous impetus (othe Dod of functionaries which successive regimes had increasingly heen sending tothe Philipines ay the sup Pv of places for poitalvewards on the Peinsula proved nse uate to the demand! The Revolution ite, ost raical of dhe changes of goverment [ML this time, prowided not only a rapid succesion of governments fat Wome» Wl Hs pe ald ser cr Ie riypre Baten 8 cat accompanied by new applications of the spate em, bat 2 ew fotemorgeneral and an oeseas minster azsous oust the ne flemerate pracces of the Penal in the Philippines aswell The utero general was Ce Marine a Tore the minster, Segundo Mor Prendengs. Bu foe consdeing the measies taken by these ii ine IG rei, Kv como lo ook sae tren agian he nate sen an aay mately Bike to therefor Tne at woke asi by Moret and Debs Tore "he Hiipino Clergy andthe Caste Mutiny he espsion af dhe Jesus i ITES and the resounding fur of a iplanned ana impetuous attempt to replace he religious push Press ith haslordained and largely unt Filipina seesae pists had made the four orders of frats—the Dominicans, Fancicans, Augustinians, and Reclets (Discaleed Augusnians)—mere secure sesso ie Philgpne sto sre ob Seibel cay evar poses They woes be athe xl 0a her mig nt ne che Flay "ete tle owe poe he pone were ein ‘he Gn ot anor he Piper here ner comp it sean nom pe ow sel opt Naat ic Kor Teen ah may ren nh ded noe 0 (Pe “Mal Pipe” Ree (dM, eH 4) 7-8), ae Gri, gine Fee (Like Puppies aber ores sre nM tee en Jesh en anemone ome Penne epg ei he punted ney of te pron Cl Pee iin, Bc ‘one nde fra pat pt te: Pee Dsral Tete 38) Sev ab We Smee dt Hers An apt egeemnm evden bye Pema er ser he opaig of fe ad CO sePhtypre Bako than ever in hele posi a the mnatay ofthe Church inthe Phil !ppines. The fears arouse in Spanish governments sacs the ‘emancipation of Meco wiht pardcpation of native priests cased the State Likewise to put its dependence onthe fas whe mete a eosin the ninetecsth cen al Penida Spay ening tlt pasion athe expense of the native salar press Just asthe Flipine clergy was begioning to raise ise to higher iniellctua and poral sandr, the move vo temic uence stew apace Father Pedeo Peles. a Pikppineburs Spaniard who rose {© the posion of view eapiniae and temporary ued the archi cese of Mania after the dest of Achouliop Jone Avanguren in 86 le the light against the succemive royal decrees turing secular pu ishes over to he fas The srugale hal become partcay aeate ster the recur ofthe Jess tothe nad in J85, Asgned wo cower ihe sil pagan and Mem people of Minds, the Jesuit were given charge over the entre land. ieloding some partes among Christians hei by the Revletn cm de thet eas The later were give in compensation parses it the Archdiocese of Mania which ud i then beer adminatered by he Flip Since some of thee were anny the wealthiest pres she cone she prblen ee Hace aC Sf -Te oops he Nae Ce ‘Pea Galt A)! py ‘lrg pu =the ena tat coma ect een epee lesa of be nee ete rape ose ong ae ey Fue Pre Py, acne cvteg Rr of nes dee sumber ra isi tat ede Gon Reto ‘Ma 6) potable The pape ha joe ae eae oh shel fed eed Pp etn genre Cn San fon “Toph ee semn fo he cna prion o ginseng ‘chop Suche de Sa Jn Se he rn a he piel Iiingon BE one re Oe 11, Wyo rer tnd try and since their lous meant that members of the Flip lengy woul have Linde hope of becoming parish press the our was great Peiier, however ee the nent year athe na ofthe Manis ext. Aa acing the earthquake which destroyed i “Twig the campaign of the Filipino soul clergy aginst the rar rh piss sutfered «temporary setback, a pupil of Peer, Father José Borges s90n look ers lesderdip AL this juncrre Dela Torre atrhed i govemorgenecal, appeinted by the prsonal government eC up ater the Revolution of 1868, The neve of the Revoluaon Suited a group of iherabminded creole and mesizo lingers aad merchant o agitate fr efor, with Father Burgos and his pore fs among he elena them, De ls Torre eneturaged the aspirations ofthe reformias, abolishes censorship of the prem, and ried eyebroms in Spanish Manila by reveing a demonstration of pina into bis palace and alleged rig ems 2 Was tober Reform commissions mere Se up nnd public dncusions wok place inthe newspapers For the int ine. Thu on the hevs af the work nf thes efor commissions, of which Foes Jouquin Fone, O.. wat a member, came a series of de cows fam the new gonernment et opin 187, with Segsmmundo Mort as orereas miner, which mete bound to alenae the sympathy of ‘ie tars for any reforms. Among Moret’ decrees were one aking the Unsersy of Sinto Tem fem the Domiicans and pacing it ter she goverment, ae anctter authorizing all ry were themsehes, while aiming them continued pouesion of thet pa ishe in deface oftheir eligius superiors! With the accession of Amadeo, however, De Ia Tore was replaced by General Rall de Iauierelo iy Ape 1873 nguerdo, though che omine of an anteieal comstiuuonal regine, quickly et of the ‘lous dscusions his predecessor had encouraged and moved to ‘en othe former status quo, while More's tector withdrew net only the anusar decrees, Bot the reform decrees, The unfortnate 3. Pace are he capi nol fm Be ll poo a ng rnp at fore nt serio le exec ough he Reopen (dear Alo A pant: inked ermenty tie eae tea he flared the overseas proninces of Spin ta be integral pars of the ‘gnaschy, and as suc, the Phlppines had had representatives in "he Contes during th three consttonal periods up to 1887 i 183% che Liberal Coste bolted Phlppine representation and eclve thatthe overseas provinces were henceforth to be mle by special lus. The zeal was that inthe Philippines the Line de Jian onuinued to be ase ns, though gracally so modified bya seis of ha he a wee spn hei even dst ll gerd wd snes te Jt Fae is ace th Ma te op ‘cd R18 we: Ban Era aoa, S16 1 tak {See este Menor wren by Gono Genel Aine in 8 ine on she pian fe i ees ven pl cam ab he Seite ne medrese nth Spas Cvs does deine pe. ei nee a te ppl pe r 10 eatippine Bacground roval decrees extending various pares of Spanish essa law co the [nds as to leave considerable contusion and Opparunity for arb tray consrucion ofthe wa The govemorgeneal wa chil exertve of the coutiy with the widest OF powers He nas Tewse eapuimgeneral of a she armed forces of the coustey and vacesoyal patron ofthe Chueh ti the Luter fet fe named all parish price tthe proposal of ther prelaces, and could ab remove chem. He fad the right t spend any law coming from Mada and excensive pomers of apensinn aed Adamnisal of ficial of all departments of goserrinent. The dvctr of Chil Administration, Roweter, tuk charge of ax of the direct sanitation of en ir Those provinces under iil adninisaion mere gonemed by idemayor who exerted both execsive ant pial fio (nls an 1886 were these funchons separated. the Somer aged 12 the ei) governor, the Iter w the judge of Gist nance Thom rhe most Magn porn for ais face was erred sete Petmiston to uade was abolshed is 1844, the afc al Het inet» shunantopporuaniy to arts wealth beyond is node ay sly om the lca eel dd the Flipinon hates hand ia ihe gover sent. Each town vas governed by a geberadeal, who, Hike the akalde-mayor, exercised hath executive and juicial functions a the Joca level until justices of the peace were insted! in T8D4. He as sleced fom among the praia ofeach toma op composed tf the exgodernadoreles and the cabens de barangay” Since many cf the gabernadorcillos did ot uadertand Spanish, they were apt ae de em nn Mar Coven de ps ime 7 eu e326 ty ean nes ea he Spr sine te wt sipped eo een ne Salers ae eg hae aps Na pn es {Sts 06 Te arn can Cage se fpr oe a rere Regma assed by a kind of seeretay who ai, called the domi. The local polite foree was composed of exahng, sening without py 2nd generaly armed only with bamboo spears OF broader jue: ion tis s conta hn a the Guarda Gil, organized in 1869, ‘o fight oe Bandits whieh infested ny prosnces. was eompoxed ol Flipno soldier wth Spanish oficers Besides the money ebute feted om al Filpinos, with some excep loons sich a she pep, che palo sy day of compulsory an sual labor on public works, eedeemable by x money pavment) wat require af every mate. The plo was kewise der the superison tie gobernadoreilo, a yas the gua, te selection of comripis for compulsory mary serie A kes Figure im the local adenine ep othe parish rie Im general he seas the aupenising sepeeventatie of the Spanish gor ‘ernment for al ocala, howe sits une a appa was required fo smost al ats ofthe local ical. He anise tthe elecons of the fsa cifcials and appro was ecenary for dhe nominees He mas local choo! inspect, heal inspector prison inspect, speetor of the accouns! af the gobersadoccln and the eaberas de Duran: The censas is ee Is INC of amy conse regi of bith of deaths of martageeal reguized his approval. ll these end rumerous otier miellaness Fonction were delegated ohn by ay. is moral influence on local oficial was ikely ta be fr more ox tense, and ir seems dear that generally these alias sught—or recened—the ade ofthe pare om allocate Fnaly, the laws required shat his opinion be sought when & confidential doer vas beng daw up forthe adminaane deporaticn of vagrant or of een wn nn was sped cata ote per 6 12 US sens La dma gis 58 FT | lin of terpenes ng pas pet otk sesame ing» an deport one 8 opr wes same Reeth he pene wettee epowe he he si aoa a th re Tw ara ch c 12 | Php Betoun Education As in all Spanish colonies, atenoon had been gten io education ‘hom the eres aye. The Unser of Santo Toms, un by the Doinicans, kad been founded in 16UL, tn 1878 courses in medicine and pharmacy were added 10 the existing ficulties of theology, ph lnopay and canon and ci law (the secondary level at thi perad, there were the slr ef unto Toms and San Juan de Lewin ia Mania, th uier the Do misters, and the Ateneo Manipal, nun by the fests sace ci crue it 1854, but parth supported by the Ayuniamints of Sari For gis tere were a numberof schools run by dlleren congrege Hione of nuns Tp addition theve were 9 umber ef Lata schools? ander priate auapces in sarons places, aly of very mediate us ‘All ese schoo, including even te Ateaeo Municipal wre si fect tn the inspection of the Dominican Retr of the Univers of Santo Tomé, and their students weve obliged to appar fir exami ‘ions before «board appointed by him. The uninealyvas considered {wo be an offical insutauon, hough i sas supported entirely be the Dominica hacienda, se! recee no sae unde Up wo the middle of the ineteenuh century ble attention had been gen o primary eduction bythe government, ough in many places the misonaries had organized elementary school The year TWAS athe beginnings ofa public choo! sate, dna normal sco as founded ep provide teachers onder the tection of the esis, ‘The main purpose of the normal schol ato prode the teachers with a mastery of Spanish, a to spread Knoledge of ha language mong the mesic, The foe schol wee ander the sper of the parish pres poem et ew pig i itn mun Sandee ee a pee of tem neon pis en a a Religious Situation Tin oll of Spain's empite the chusch wat the most importants outnl eement ach zsituaon was mest ably eve Inthe Pit pe. Nowhere else was a native people Christanied 3 rapidly, and howieve ete di the minonare lend eo eompiewotay in ehionig the eure ofan indigenous population. The pomp and pagesney of Spanih Catholic had been ans pore fo the Phikpes, where is ole the if ofthe people was teectted en sone The ela scarey of pen, particule se the rural regione were people ined scattered oer wide ates, in eed hs tendency 0 cesce egos Ife on the Hess, procetons Sal ulter extemal practices Apparent, rlaenely he na done oS port wena religion satiation, especially 6 the later eightenth ‘dca unetenth cent, The sate shortage of farsa hs ine, the genera ow tle lee of he Spanish lrg #82 whole du Ing ik pr, ad the wretched ining gen ta the Flipino sel ‘egy 0 dot helped wo accentuate the external of Catholicism” 1 Th foo dc ne Pippi ewan af ne rah crutches Ek ok ic Sve Pe ot ene are 8 ane 7. te le spe rg as he pga” Fat: fan Hose of wostnn Minas "Our abe Und hee sed sn So et Fhe Jou Eva he agen sre he om ting ep a ‘i ea ye You they ae ch nel peta St ssa oh of he ma ot pre rpn p e (en he prt cnn ete og, ect suas! by ea mace ere wee Relig oe Tne ar a isan, an 7 ar Ea pri er inh Ton om 10K op tr ri ra pas oF ‘oe an eect em 187 4 6 em he 88 she ot sit ig ante oa et ep an rade Di 3-38 pcp Backend The religasiy ofthe prople,hemeves, snl their radonal yen ion forthe far, because of his ul 6 protector of his people agunst the abuses of exer Spaniard ned because of the ical presige which surrounded him, contaued uriminised, This had a ofl eee The now-inteectul character of toch of Catholicism among the mate of Flipinos led growing class of Filipinos eiacted abroad or ob- taining univers ining in the Phlppine to turn thet bac on Choc, On the ether hand, the devotion of he pele exes nal pracuces of religion offen beeame real fanaa, which wot oul repelled many ofthe dtatrados, it proved fenle ground fr expo ation of telgion, whether by uaserthy press or by consiout oF Uinconseious religious ra, ‘On the insitudonal level, the dainant roe ofthe reigows or. {ets in the Philippine chuveh, exiting fom the eats days, ha taken on 2 certain urinal pemmunence and inex, In 1808 {he fats in Spanish dominions had! been sepa frm theres "ivr orders and placed under a special veargenerl residing in Spin, no tesponsble in any way te Rome. This natraly increase the ex ‘hoiely naonal character of the ‘asin the Phippines who were the only ones offcialy remaining in Spanish tertry after 1836, and ‘nade them mc wate closely jer to the ineiesence of the Span ‘nh goveemmen in religious alas, ar othe advantage of ce tel ss le! A second major change wa the inteduston inthe ll eighteenth ‘ceotary of the eanonialinstuion ofthe friars a8 removable parsh ‘het, thus lege vemering them trom the jcsicion ol thee am speciors, while on the other and they were largely beyond! te vee of the bide because ofthe canonically exempt sts of the aren Bourbon imerference inthe alfa ef the Church, contnaed under the Liberal governments whic foloned, cera contsbuted nothing the eliious gor af the ores during the nee cent Not only did the trary as india pais press exercise exten sve legal and moral inluese inthe iss as corporate ents thes held an important postion in Philippine sole. Since gest maj 2 of pasbh press were fats, the arehbitup of Mans consulted ‘he Php akgrand the pe a he For iar ders al mate of momenta shed tan geste mba fi pres wee fae Sram ts at he cold sre a woh coaton Susie seep eosing ceva el am nel sees Mic, thn meat Oat ar intsne ely peed Pie pine sok a hole ‘er Je ured in 1850, they were accorded 2 place ane nals he ch wth he ther dere They neve ere Nowe wo have ed the cosh selves onan egal tng vive our tnaensl er, cena he ia smewat Thrtenepeon mine county Tiey wee alowed 0 rer oc Shon hat they renounce al othe propery which had ben {he hen heputson, wel a alee one ares. They ret nok one non among the pga and Mai of Mane an Jol, bee av monary ey seed nO cen fa inst as pasos, ht remsned completly abet er sipctonsand had ne priest gpa of Hepined of noma eles priges sy were eed han coer Hom cin ronal deca osm mor ral approsh tothe Pippin station, hampered. by ans heats opeaion an thw mee Sted o mee the ne Drlens society in taenson The the Pips The Eas Iie wortedconimsooy for thee hed years a mos the Se tppan af cht and sae had oral deloped does hen te ot cyte be ih ven bey Sr Bed cage v2 tender muy of he bere ted oh ute Chay tne pr shen om ee a tang a ‘nat oy) 0 tn Pa, 6 108 2 Pow Agen 1 st nt Fe Pam Xr Bsr, 2 in 3 FJ Me hui 5 Soper 173 no 3H Jas Rare 2 eb 1a the pbb odoal rt Nias O84, lp se sei cada Nati Mineo Rim 897) HOt od op Ra Marie igh te Prappne Background The pila station ad unorthodos oulook af he esd sich tne em meta apn tom the Wer de Ee pa the eof he Span regime le weve fen ne Sa ee ind om theme ca rey es peas the cag ofthe Jers Te propa of te nar orden hae sk party expan the rather tdci temper o te sce Shovere th tpt Fin testo, Many ofthe charges rede by te Pps propagandist were round wk eg towne inital eden fete whee !natonal eohesene he cages ere kl son ae

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