Minarto 2021 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1951 012051

Journal of Physics: Conference Series
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International Symposium on Physics and Applications(ISPA 2020) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1951 (2021) 012051 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1951/1/012051
Application of Moving Average (MA) and Upward

Continuation Methods to Bouguer Gravity Anomaly Data for
Fault Analysis of the Earthquake Risk Area of Timor and
Flores Islands
Eko Minartoa and Naila Yuni Azhari

Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya
E-mail: aminarto@physics.its.ac.id
Abstract. An interpretation of the subsurface structure of the island of Timor and Flores has
been carried out based on an analysis of gravity data. The island of Timor and Flores, which is
passed by the Ring of Fire, is one of the areas that have a high seismic level. This is due to
subduction zones and fault activity. Therefore, this study aims to qualitatively and semi-
quantitatively analyze the existence of faults and their types by utilizing secondary data from
free-air gravity anomalies. This data is processed into Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) data
by determining the average density of the surface using the Nettleton method. The separation of
regional and residual anomalies using the upward continuation method to a height of 700 meters
and the moving average method. The results of this residual anomaly are then used as input for
fault analysis using the correlation profile of the First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second
Vertical Derivative (SVD) methods using the Elkins filter. For modelling using the Forward
Modelling method on Grav2DC. Based on calculations using the Nettleton method, the average
density of the surface is 1.23 gr / cm3. A fault is indicated when the FHD curve is at its minimum
or maximum peak and the SVD curve is at the zero lines or close to zero. In this study, 12 slices
were suspected to be the position of the fault. The average FHD value at the maximum peak is
0.989 mGal / m, while the minimum peak is 0.00038 mGal / m. The type of fault of each slice is
determined from the maximum and minimum SVD value. From the research results, normal
faults are in the Ruteng area (from the northwest in Nggalak to the east on Mount Wuas), Ende
(from the Wulangmang mountains to the northwest to the southeast), and Kupang, while the
ascending fault is in the Ruteng area (from the west sea on Mount Wuas straight to the southeast
towards Ruteng), Ende (from Bajawa to the east towards Nangapanda), and Atambua. The results
of this interpretation are also strengthened by overlaying the suspected fault with the geological
map of the study are a and showing the suitability of the fault position even though the fault
location is not the same.
1. Introduction
The Indonesian territory has interesting geological conditions, because its archipelago is flanked by
three large tectonic plates (Triple Junction), namely the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian continental
plate and the Pacific plate. The collision between the Indo-Australian plate, which is moving north, and
the Eurasian plate, which is moving south, produces a subduction zone. The result of this subduction is
the formation of a row of volcanoes, namely the Bukit Barisan on the island of Sumatra and a row of
volcanoes along the islands of Java, Bali and Lombok. The tectonic plates of the Indonesian archipelago
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
are located at the merger of these three main plates. Therefore, Indonesia has a tectonic arrangement
that is quite complicated, especially the Banda Arc region, the Nusa Tenggara Islands and its
surroundings because these areas are located on plate boundaries. This causes Indonesia to be included
in the Pacific Ring of Fire which has many active volcanoes and has quite high volcanic and tectonic
activity. One of the provinces in Indonesia where the Ring of Fire passes is East Nusa Tenggara Province
(1,2). To understand the complex tectonic structure, it requires analysis of gravity anomalies and fault
lines, as well as subsurface modeling. Therefore, in this study, a gravity anomaly analysis will be carried
out using the Upward Continuation and Moving Average methods. In fault analysis, the First Horizontal
Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) methods are used.
Bouguer anomaly is an anomaly value caused by differences in rock density in shallow areas and
deeper areas below the surface. Effects originating from rocks in shallow areas are called residual
anomalies, while effects originating from rocks in deeper areas are called regional anomalies. So it is
necessary to separate anomalies to obtain the desired target anomaly. The principle of continuity is the
mathematical projection of potential field data from one datum vertically up or down to another datum.
In general, the continuous process simulates Bouguer anomaly at a level below or above sea level as if
the gravity data has been obtained at that level (3). Upward continuation is used in the interpretation of
gravity to determine the shape of regional gravity variations in a survey area, because the regional plane
is assumed to come from a relatively deep structure. The continuation plane upwards must result from
a relatively deep structure, so that the output is a valid regional field for the area. Upward continuation
serves to filter out anomalies with shorter wavelengths, reduce amplitude and noise, and increase
anomalies from deeper sources (4). Moving average method is used to separate regional, residual, and
noise anomalies. This method is carried out by averaging the anomalous values (5). Moving average is
a separation method or technique which, when analyzed from the spectrum, resembles a low pass filter,
so that the output of this process is the low frequency of the Bouguer anomaly which represents a deeper
depth (regional anomaly) (6). This is because low frequencies have deeper penetration than high
frequencies. Residual anomalies are obtained by subtracting regional anomalies from Bouguer
anomalies (7).
Derivative analysis is used to determine boundaries and determine the type of fault. To get the
boundaries and types of fault, it is necessary to do First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second
Vertical Derivative (SVD) from the trails that have been determined in the Bouguer anomaly map,
regional, or residual. First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) or Horizontal Gradient from a gravity anomaly
caused by a body tends to show the edges of the body (8). FHD gravity anomaly is a change in the value
of a gravitational anomaly from one point to another horizontally with a certain distance, which has
sharp characteristics in the form of a maximum or minimum value at the contact of anomalous objects,
so it can be used to show the boundaries of a geological structure based on gravity anomalies (7). The
SVD method is a fairly accurate method for determining the location of source contacts. This is because
the SVD method is a high pass filter, so that it can describe residual anomalies associated with shallow
structures that can be used to identify the type of downward or upward fault (9). The SVD calculation
is derived directly from the Laplace equation for the gravity anomaly on the surface whose equation is
given as follows:
∆ = 0 (1.1)
Or
∆ ∆ ∆
+ + =0 (1.2)

So, that the second vertical derivative is given by:
∆ ∆ ∆
= − + (1.3)

According to Reynolds (1997), the criteria for determining the type of normal or upward fault structure
2
can be seen from the absolute value of the SVDmin value and the absolute value of the SVDmax value.
The determination can be seen in the following conditions:
∆ ∆
> (1.4)

∆ ∆
< ! (1.5)

2. Methods
2.1. Tools and Materials
The materials required in this study are field of gravity anomaly, topographical data and also geological
map of the research area. MagPick used to separate local anomalies and regional anomalies from
Bouguer anomaly data. MagPick provides visual analysis of the gravity map and manual or automatic
selection of anomalies. MagPick is used with datasets acquired from gravitymeter surveys locating
small, near-surface targets that are important in environmental and engineering applications (10). This
software includes advanced data processing techniques to help enhance anomalies for easy
interpretation. Whereas Grav2dc is used for the interpretation process. Grav2dc is a program that
performs calculations of gravitational anomalies over one or more 2D bodies. Grav2dc has the ability to
swap calculation modes at any time during the modelling (11).
2.2. Research Procedure

The data used in this research are secondary data of gravitational field anomalies in the islands of Timor
and Flores, with coordinates of 7.5⁰ - 10⁰ latitude and 120⁰ - 125⁰ longitude. The research data
comes from the Topex gravity satellite owned by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, which can be accessed for free on the internet page https://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-
bin/get_data.cgi. The data obtained are elevation / topographic data, FAA and measurement coordinates
in degrees, so it is necessary to convert them to Universal Transversal Mercator (UTM) coordinates in
meters. Before further processing, the free air anomaly needs to be corrected to obtain a complete
Bouguer anomaly (CBA). In this process, the average density value of the surface of the study area is
needed. The Nettleton method was used to determine the average density of the surface.
Bouguer anomaly is a combination of regional anomalies and residual anomalies that overlap each
other so that it is necessary to separate these anomalies. The upward continuation process is carried out
by trial and error and gradually each height until a relatively stable contour map is obtained. The residual
anomaly map resulting from the separation is then carried out by 2D forward modeling. Meanwhile,
with the moving average method, it is necessary to determine the value of the window width (N). In
determining the value of N, the spectrum analysis method is used with Fast Fourier Transform.
The next processing is derivative analysis. FHD and SVD analysis on the residual map aims to
amplify the anomaly signal near the surface. At this stage, the residual map used is the residual map
resulting from the anomaly separation of the moving average method. FHD map processing uses a
horizontal gradient filter, while SVD maps use an elkins filter. In this study, there were 12 slices which
were suspected as faults. To strengthen the results of the fault analysis using the FHD and SVD methods,
a fault overlay was carried out on the geological map of the Timor Island and Flores sheets with the
suspected faults in the processing results.
3. Result and Discussion

The process of separating anomalies using the upward continuation and moving average methods
produces regional and residual anomalies as shown in Figures 1.
3
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) upward continuation method (b) moving average method
Meanwhile, in the FHD and SVD processes, there were 12 slices that were suspected to be broken,
shown in the Figure 2.
Figure 2. Slices that are suspected of being faults
In slice 2, it is shown in Figure 4 that the FHD anomaly curve shows a maximum value of 0.95
mGal/m at point C and a minimum value of 0.012 mGal / m. In the SVD anomaly curve, the maximum
value is 1 mGal / m2 and the minimum value is -1.032 mGal / m2. At points A, B and C there is a change
in the contact area of the layer in the SVD anomaly curve which can be seen from the zero line and in
FHD it is marked by a maximum peak value at that point. From this analysis, the fault structure can be
identified on this line. This is reinforced by the SVD analysis where the maximum anomaly value is
smaller than the minimum anomaly value, which indicates that there is a fault with a reverse fault type
on this line. From the geological map there are also faults that are still in the same area as on the track.
This fault runs from the northwest in the Nggalak to the east to the Mount Wuas, Mount Munde and so
on.
In slice 8, shown in Figure 4, the anomaly curve FHD shows a maximum value of 0.995 mGal / m
at point A and a minimum value of 0.064 mGal / m. Whereas in the SVD anomaly curve, the maximum
value is 1 mGal / m2 and the minimum value is -0.91 mGal / m2. By using a guideline in the form of a
straight black line, at points A and B there is a change in the layer contact area in the SVD anomaly
4
curve visible from the zero line and in FHD it is marked with the maximum peak value. So that from
this analysis, it is suspected that there is a fault structure. This is reinforced by the results of the SVD
analysis where the maximum anomaly value is greater than the minimum anomaly value, which
indicates that there is a fault with a normal type of fault in this line. The other slices are shown in the
appendix, where the fault positions are indicated by a straight black line.
Figure 3. FHD and SVD curves on slice 2 and 8
The overlay result of the slice with the fault on the geology map is shown in Figure 4. The straight
black line is a slice where a fault is suspected. Meanwhile, a straight white line is a fault obtained from
the geological map. From this figure, it can be seen that there is a match between the fault on the slice
and the geological fault. Although the locations of the faults are not the same, they are still in the same
area and / or intersect. However, some faults also do not have a match, such as in slices 3, 6 and 7. This
may be because the characteristics of the fault structure are not visible on the surface.
Figure 4. Overlap of faults on the geological map with observed faults
5
Geological modeling of the gravity anomaly cross section in the Kupang and Atambua areas from
southwest to northeast was carried out along the A-B line as shown in Figure 5a. This slice was taken
because of the many faults in this area. The anomalous value on the map contour varies from -60 to 220
mgal, which forms anomalous ridges and basins. The distribution of the gravity anomaly in the research
area is occupied by low gravity anomalies in the southeast around Kupang and Atambua, while high
anomalies are in Ruteng, Ende, Lomblen, and around the Flores Island. The geological model of the
gravity anomaly section AB trajectory is interpreted to consist of three layers (shown in Figure 5b), rock
layers with a mass density of 2-2.2 g/cm3, which are thought to be sedimentary rocks, alluvium and the
Bobonaro complex in the form of clay. rocks with a mass density of 2.5-2.6 g/cm3 which are suspected
to be Viqueque formations, Aitutu formations and Waeluli formations in the form of sandstone,
limestone and conglomerate rocks, as well as rock layers with a mass density of 2.7-2.8 g/cm3 which is
thought to be igneous rock from volcanoes. Rocks with a density of 5.14 g/cm 3 are thought to be
breakthrough rocks in the form of mineral oxides.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. (a) slice position for forward modeling (b) forward modeling result
4. Conclusion
The use of satellite gravity data derived from Topex made possible to obtain the free air anomaly for the
Timor and Flores Island fault system. The analysis of complete Bouguer anomaly chart shows low
gravity anomalies in the southeast around Kupang and Atambua, while high anomalies are in Ruteng,
Ende, Lomblen, and around the Flores Island. Fault interpretation of the FHD and SVD analysis results
shows the suitability of the fault on the geological map. Although the locations of the faults are not the
same, they are still in the same area and / or intersect.
6
References
[1] Indriana RD. Analisis Sudut Kemiringan Lempeng Subduksi di Selatan Jawa Tengah dan
Jawa Timur Berdasarkan Anomali Gravitasi dan Implikasi Tektonik Vulkanik. 2008; 11:8.
This reference has two entries but the second one is not numbered (it uses the ‘Reference (no
number)’ style.
[2] Linong B, Tanesib JL, Tarigan J, Lapono Las. Interpretasi Bawah Permukaan Pulau Lembata
Dengan Model 3d Menggunakan Metode Gravitasi. 2016;9.
[3] Reynolds JM. An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics. Chichester; New York:
John Wiley; 1997. 796 p.
[4] Kearey P, Brooks M, Hill I. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. 2002;281.
[5] Purnomo J, Koesuma S, Yunianto M. Pemisahan Anomali Regional-Residual pada Metode
Gravitasi Menggunakan Metode Moving Average, Polynomial dan Inversion. Indonesian J
Appl Phys. 2016 May 21;3(01):10.
[6] Sarkowi M. Eksplorasi Gaya Berat. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu; 2014.
[7] Blakely RJ. Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications. Cambridge [England] ; New
York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. 441 p.
[8] Zaenudin A, Dani I, Amalia N. Delineasi Sub-Cekungan Sorong Berdasarkan Anomali Gaya
Berat. Geocelebes. 2020 Feb 6;4(1):14.
[9] W.M. Telford, Geldart LP, Sheriff RE. Applied Geophysics Second Edition [Internet]. 2nd ed.
United State of America: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge; 1990. Available
from: http://www.cambridge.org
[10] https://www.geometrics.com/software/magpick-2/
[11] https://grav2dc.software.informer.com/2.0/
Appendix
7
Slice 4
Slice 5
8
Slice 6
—w FHD(w) —e SUD(N)
Slice 7
FHD(N) SVD(N)
Slice 9
9
Slice 10
10

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 49.239.73.232 on 03/02/2024 at 04:50

Application of Moving Average (MA) and Upward

Eko Minartoa and Naila Yuni Azhari

So, that the second vertical derivative is given by:

2.2. Research Procedure

3. Result and Discussion

Figure 1. (a) upward continuation method (b) moving average method

Figure 2. Slices that are suspected of being faults

Figure 3. FHD and SVD curves on slice 2 and 8

Figure 4. Overlap of faults on the geological map with observed faults

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