Odia kamasutra pdf

Indian regional literature For the journal, see Indian Literature (journal). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to
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Indian literature Ancient Tamil Sanskrit Tamil Sangam Pali Prakrit Vedic Sanskrit Early Medieval Kannada (Extinct Kannada) Malayalam Odia Telugu Medieval to early Modern Assamese Awadhi Bengali Braj Bhojpuri English Gujarati Hindi Kashmiri Kokborok Konkani Maithili Marathi Meitei Mizo Nepali Punjabi Rajasthani Sindhi Urdu vte History of
literatureby era Ancient Sumerian Ancient Egyptian Akkadian Ugarit Hittite Classical Chinese Avestan (Zoroastrian) Ancient Greek Ancient Hebrew Classical Latin Syriac Prakrit Tamil Sangam Classical Sanskrit Pali Early Medieval Persian Armenian Byzantine Greek Welsh Old English Georgian German Japanese Turkish Arabic Norse Medieval by
century 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Early Modern by century 15th 16th 17th Modern by century 18th 19th 20th 21st Literature portalvte Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognised languages. The earliest works of
Indian literature were orally transmitted. Sanskrit literature begins with the oral literature of the Rig Veda, a collection of literature dating to the period 1500–1200 BCE. The Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata were subsequently codified and appeared towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Classical Sanskrit literature developed rapidly
during the first few centuries of the first millennium BCE,[1] as did the Pāli Canon and Tamil Sangam literature. In the medieval period, literature in Kannada and Telugu appeared in the 6th and 11th centuries respectively.[2] Later, literature in Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Odia, and Maithili appeared. Thereafter literature in various
dialects of Hindi, Persian and Urdu began to appear as well. In 1913, Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore became India's first Nobel laureate in literature. In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith Award. Eight Jnanpith Awards each have been awarded in Hindi
and Kannada, followed by five in Bengali and Malayalam, four in Odia, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu and Urdu,[3][4] two each in Assamese and Tamil, and one in Sanskrit. In archaic Indian languages History of literatureby region or country General topics Basic topics Literary terms Criticism Theory Types Epic Novel Poetry Prose Romance Lists Books
Authors Middle Eastern Ancient Sumerian Babylonian Egyptian Ancient Egyptian Hebrew Pahlavi Persian Arabic Israeli European Greek Latin Early Medieval Matter of Rome Matter of France Matter of Britain Medieval Renaissance Modern Structuralism Poststructuralism Deconstruction Modernism Postmodernism Post-colonialism Hypertexts North
and South American American Canadian Mexican Jamaican Latin American Argentine Brazilian Colombian Cuban Peruvian Oceanian Australian New Zealand Asian East / Southeast Burmese Chinese Japanese Korean Thai Vietnamese South Telugu Tamil Sanskrit Indian Pakistani Assamese Bengali Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Malayalam Marathi
Nepali Rajasthani Sindhi Urdu Indian writing in English African North Moroccan Sub-Saharan Nigerian South African Swahili Related topics History of science fiction List of years in literature Literature by country History of theatre History of ideas Intellectual history Literature portalvte Vedic literature Main article: Vedas Examples of early works
written in Vedic Sanskrit include, the core Vedas and Upanishads. Other examples include the Sulba Sutras, which are some of the earliest texts on geometry. Epic Sanskrit literature Main article: Indian epic poetry Ved Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana, written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics. Classical
Sanskrit literature Main article: Sanskrit literature The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote one epic: Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu); it was written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit. Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi, which standardised the grammar and phonetics of
Classical Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu( ) is a famous text in Hinduism. Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature; his Recognition of Shakuntala( ) and Meghaduuta are the most famous Sanskrit plays. Other famous plays include
Mricchakatika by Shudraka, Svapna Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and Ratnavali by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include Gita Govinda by Jayadeva. Some other famous works are Chanakya's Arthashastra and Vatsyayana's Kamasutra. Prakrit literature The most notable Prakrit languages were the Jain Prakrit (Ardhamagadhi), Pali, Gāndhārī, Maharashtri
and Shauraseni. One of the earliest extant Prakrit works is Hāla's anthology of poems in Maharashtri, the Gāhā Sattasaī, dating to the 3rd to 5th century CE. Kālidāsa and Harsha also used Maharashtri in some of their plays and poetry. In Jainism, many Svetambara works were written in Maharashtri. Many of Aśvaghoṣa's plays were written in
Shauraseni as were a sizable number of Jain works and Rajasekhara's Karpuramanjari. Canto 13 of the Bhaṭṭikāvya[5] is written in what is called "like the vernacular" (bhāṣāsama), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and Sanskrit.[6] The surviving Gāndhāran Buddhist texts are written in the Gāndhārī language, a
northwestern prakrit spoken in Gandhāra. Pali literature Main articles: Pali Canon and Pali literature The Theravada Buddhist Tipitaka (Triple Basket) in the Pali language is mostly of Indian origin. Later Pali literature however was mostly produced outside of the mainland Indian subcontinent, particularly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The
canonical Pali literature includes Buddhist discourses (suttas), Abhidharma works, poetry, works on monastic discipline (vinaya), and the Jataka tales. There are also later post-canonical works written in India, such as the Milindapanha, a dialogue between a Buddhist monk and an Indo-Greek King. Tamil Sangam literature Main article: Sangam
literature The Sangam literature (Tamil: , Sanga ilakkiyam) is the ancient Tamil literature of the period in the history of south India (known as the Thamizhagam or the Tamilagam) spanning from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE (Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347,
349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE).[7][8][9][10][11] This collection contains 2381 poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.[12] Most of the available Sangam literature is from the Third Sangam,[13] this period is known as the Sangam period, which refers to
the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature.[14][15][16] The Only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in paripaatal. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.[17] Sangam literature deals with emotional and
material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.[18] Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like Thiruvalluvar, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet Mamulanar, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.[19][20] In
common Indian languages Assamese literature This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Assamese literature See also: Category:Assamese-
language books, Buranjis, and Assamese poetry Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Assamese poet, novelist and playwright of modern Assamese literature The Buddhist Charyapadas are often cited as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas are Vajrayana Buddhist songs composed in the 8th to 12th centuries.[21][22] These writings bear
similarities to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological traits of these songs, some of which are extant, bear very strong resemblance to Assamese. After the Charyapadas, the period may again be split into (a) Pre-Vaishnavite and (b) Vaishnavite sub-periods. The earliest known Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, who
wrote a small poem "Prahlada Charita". In the time of the King Indranarayana (1350–1365) of Kamatapur the two poets Harihara Vipra and Kaviratna Saraswati composed Asvamedha Parva and Jayadratha Vadha respectively. Another poet named Rudra Kandali translated Drona Parva into Assamese. But the most well-known poet of the Pre-
Vaishnavite sub period is Madhav Kandali, who rendered Valmiki's Ramayana into Assamese verse (Kotha Ramayana, 11th century) under the patronage of Mahamanikya, a Kachari king of Jayantapura. Assamese writers of Vaishnavite periods had been Srimanta Sankardev, Madhabdev, Damodardev, Haridevand Bhattadev. Among these, Srimanta
Sankardev has been widely acknowledged as the top Assamese littérateur of all-time, and generally acknowledged as the one who introduced drama, poetry, classical dance form called Satriya, classical music form called Borgeet, art and painting, stage enactment of drama called Bhaona and Satra tradition of monastic lifestyle. His main disciples
Madhabdev and Damodardev followed in his footsteps, and enriched Assamese literary world with their own contributions. Damodardev's disciple Bhattadev is acknowledged as the first Indian prose writer, who introduced the unique prose writing style in Assamese. Of the post-Vaishnavite age of Assamese literature, notable modern Assamese writers
are Lakshminath Bezbaruah, Padmanath Gohain Baruah, Hemchandra Goswami, Hem Chandra Barua, Atul Chandra Hazarika, Nalini Bala Devi, Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, Amulya Barua, Navakanta Barua, Syed Abdul Malik, Bhabananda Deka, Jogesh Das, Homen Borgohain, Bhabendra Nath Saikia, Lakshmi Nandan Bora, Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi,
Mahim Bora, Hiren Gohain, Arun Sharma, Hiren Bhattacharyya, Mamoni Raisom Goswami, Nalini Prava Deka, Nilamani Phukan, Arupa Kalita Patangia, Dhrubajyoti Bora, Arnab Jan Deka, Rita Chowdhury, Anuradha Sharma Pujari, Manikuntala Bhattacharya, Sananta Tanty, Nabakanta Barua, Samir Tanty, and several others.[citation needed] A
comprehensive introductory book Assamese Language-Literature & Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa originally authored by leading Assamese littérateur of Awahon-Ramdhenu Era and pioneer Assam economist Bhabananda Deka together with his three deputies, Parikshit Hazarika, Upendra Nath Goswami and Prabhat Chandra Sarma, was
published in 1968. This book was officially released in New Delhi on 24 Nov 1968 by then President of India Dr Zakir Hussain in commemoration of the birth centenary celebration of doyen of Assamese literature Lakshminath Bezbaroa. After almost half a century, this historic book has been recovered and re-edited by Assamese award-winning short-
story writer & novelist Arnab Jan Deka, which was published by Assam Foundation-India in 2014.[23] This second enlarged edition was officially released on 4 December 2014 on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of Lakshminath Bezbaroa and 8th Death Anniversary of Bhabananda Deka by Great Britain-based bilingual magazine Luit to Thames
(Luitor Pora Thamsoloi) editor Dr Karuna Sagar Das. Bengali literature Main article: Bengali literature See also: Bengali novels, Bengali poetry, and Bengali science fiction Rabindranath Tagore, the author of many works, including Gitanjali and India's national anthem 'Jana Gana Mana'. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for "his
profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." He was the first person of non-European lineage to win a Nobel Prize. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the author of India's National Song 'Vande Mataram'. The first
evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the oldest known written form of Bengali. The famous Bengali linguist Hara Prasad Shastri discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907. The most internationally
famous Bengali writer is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize. Rabindranath has written an enormous
number of poems, songs, essays, novels, plays and short stories. His songs remain popular and are still widely sung in Bengal. Kazi Nazrul Islam, who is one generation younger than Tagore, is also equally popular, valuable, and influential in socio-cultural context of the Bengal, though virtually unknown in foreign countries. And among later
generation poets, Jibanananda Das is considered the most important figure.[24] Other famous Indian Bengali writers were Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Jasimuddin, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay etc. Sukanta Bhattacharya (15 August 1926 – 13 May 1947) was a Bengali poet and
playwright. Along with Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam, he was one of the key figures of modern Bengali poetry, despite the fact that most of his works had been in publication posthumously. During his life, his poems were not widely circulated, but after his death his reputation grew to the extent that he became one of the most popular
Bengali poet of the 20th century. Bengali is the second most commonly spoken language in India (after Hindi). As a result of the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries, many of India's most famous, and relatively recent, literature, poetry, and songs are in Bengali. In the history of Bengali literature there has been only one pathbreaking
literary movement by a group of poets and artists who called themselves Hungryalists. Bhojpuri literature Main article: Bhojpuri literature Chhattisgarhi literature Literature in Chhattisgarh reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India. The social problems of the lower castes/untouchables
were highlighted in the writings of Khub Chand Baghel through his plays Jarnail Singh and Unch Neech. English literature Main article: Indian English literature Further information: Indian English In the 20th century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional Indian languages but also in English, a language
inherited from the British. As a result of British colonisation, India has developed its own unique dialect of English known as Indian English. Indian English typically follows British spelling and pronunciation as opposed to American, and books published in India reflect this phenomenon. Indian English literature, however, tends to utilise more
internationally recognisable vocabulary then does colloquial Indian English, in the same way that American English literature does so as compared to American slang. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore, who wrote some of his work originally in English, and did some of his own English translations
from Bengali. India's best selling English-language novelists of all-time are the contemporary writers like Chetan Bhagat, Manjiri Prabhu and Ashok Banker. More recent major writers in English who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are R. K. Narayan, Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy,
Raja Rao, Amitav Ghosh, Rohinton Mistry, Vikram Chandra, Mukul Kesavan, Raj Kamal Jha, Vikas Swarup, Khushwant Singh, Shashi Tharoor, Nayantara Sehgal, Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Ashok Banker, Shashi Deshpande, Arnab Jan Deka, Jhumpa Lahiri, Kamala Markandaya, Gita Mehta, Manil Suri, Manjiri Prabhu, Ruskin Bond, Chitra Banerjee
Divakaruni and Bharati Mukherjee. In category of Indian writing in English is poetry. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Other early notable poets in English include Derozio, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Toru Dutt, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Sarojini
Naidu, and her brother Harindranath Chattopadhyay. In the 1950s, the Writers Workshop collective in Calcutta was founded by the poet and essayist P. Lal to advocate and publish Indian writing in English. The press was the first to publish Pritish Nandy, Sasthi Brata, and others; it continues to this day to provide a forum for English writing in India.
In modern times, Indian poetry in English was typified by two very different poets. Dom Moraes, winner of the Hawthornden Prize at the age of 19 for his first book of poems A Beginning went on to occupy a pre-eminent position among Indian poets writing in English. Nissim Ezekiel, who came from India's tiny Bene Israel Jewish community, created
a voice and place for Indian poets writing in English and championed their work. Their contemporaries in English poetry in India were Jayanta Mahapatra, Gieve Patel, A. K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Eunice De Souza, Kersi Katrak, P. Lal and Kamala Das among several others. Younger generations of poets
writing in English include G. S. Sharat Chandra, Hoshang Merchant, Makarand Paranjape, Anuradha Bhattacharyya, Arundhathi Subramaniam, Jeet Thayil, Ranjit Hoskote, Sudeep Sen, Abhay K, Jerry Pinto, K Srilata, Gopi Kottoor, Tapan Kumar Pradhan, Arnab Jan Deka, Anju Makhija, Robin Ngangom, Rukmini Bhaya Nair, Smita Agarwal and Vihang
A. Naik among others. A generation of exiles also sprang from the Indian diaspora. Among these are names like Agha Shahid Ali, Sujata Bhatt, Richard Crasta, Yuyutsu Sharma, Shampa Sinha, Tabish Khair and Vikram Seth. In recent years, English-language writers of Indian origin are being published in the West at an increasing rate. Salman
Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai and Arvind Adiga have won the prestigious Man Booker Prize, with Salman Rushdie going on to win the Booker of Bookers. Hindi literature Main article: Hindi literature Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from
this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the Dehlavi dialect of the Hindi Belt became more prominent than Sanskrit. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. Munshi Premchand was the most famous Hindi novelist. The chhayavadi poets include Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Prem
Bajpai, Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, and Mahadevi Varma. Other renowned poets include Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Maithili Sharan Gupt, Agyeya, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, and Dharmveer Bharti. Gujarati literature Main article: Gujarati literature Gandhi extensively wrote in Gujarati Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD.
Since then literature has flourished till date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Mirabai, Akho, Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Gandhi, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel and Rajendra Keshavlal Shah. Gujarat Vidhya
Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. Umashankar Joshi, Pannalal Patel, Rajendra Keshavlal Shah and Raghuveer Chaudhary have won the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award in India. Kannada literature Kannada writer and Jnanpith
Award winner for the year 1994, U. R. Ananthamurthy Main article: Kannada literature The oldest existing record of Kannada prose is the Halmidi inscription of 450 CE, and poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 CE. The folk form of literature began earlier than any other literature in Kannada. Gajashtaka (800 CE) by King
Shivamara II, Chudamani (650 CE) by Thumbalacharya are examples of early literature now considered extinct. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in
previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE. An early extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Since the
earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.[25] Pampa who popularised Champu style which is unique to Kannada wrote the epic "Vikramarjuna Vijaya". He also
wrote "Adipurana". Other famous poets like Ponna wrote "shantinatapurana", "Bhuvanaikaramabhyudaya", "Jinaksharamale", and "gatapratyagata". Ranna wrote "Shantipurana" and "Ghadayudha". The Jain poet Nagavarma II wrote "Kavyavalokana", "Karnatabhashabhushana" and "Vardhamanapurana" . Janna was the author of "Yashodhara
Charitha". Rudhrabhatta and Durgashima wrote "Jagannatha Vijaya" and "Panchatantra" respectively. The works of the medieval period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature.[26] It is the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were
pithy comments on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. Kumara Vyasa,
who wrote the Karnata Bharata Katamanjari, has arguably been the most famous and most influential Kannada writer of the 15th century. The Bhakti movement gave rise to Dasa Sahitya around the 15th century which significantly contributed to the evolution of Carnatic music in its present form. This period witnessed great Haridasas like Purandara
Dasa who has been aptly called the Pioneer of Carnatic music, Kanaka Dasa, Vyasathirtha and Vijaya Dasa. Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society.
Works of Kannada literature have received Eight Jnanpith awards, which is the highest number awarded for the literature in any Indian language. It has also received forty-seven Sahitya Academy awards. See also: Medieval Kannada literature and Kannada poetry Kashmiri literature Main article: Kashmiri literature Kodava literature When Kodava
was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. ... The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language. Konkani literature Konkani is a language
with a complex and much-contested history. It is one of the few Indian languages to be written in five scripts—Roman, Nagari, Kannada, Persian-Arabic and Malayalam-and also has an extensive oral literature. The first modern Konkani novel, 'Kristanv ghorabo', was written by Eduardo Jose Bruno De Souza, while 'Mhaji ba khãya geli?' by Shenoy
Goembab is the first modern short story in Konkani literature. Other prominent Konkani writers include Ravindra Kelekar, Bakibab Borkar, Chandrakant Keni, Damodar Mauzo, Arvind Mhambro, C. F. D'Costa, Pundalik Naik, Hema Naik, Bonaventure D'Pietro, Dilip Borkar, Mahabaleshwar Sail, V. J. P. Saldana, Meena kakodkar, Jess Fernandes, K. M.
Sukhthankar, Nayana Adarkar. Malayalam literature Main article: Malayalam literature Even up to 500 years since the start of the Malayalam calendar which commenced in 825 AD, Malayalam literature remained in preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. Ramacharitham written by
Cheeramakavi is a collection of poems written at the end of preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution, and is the oldest Malayalam book available. Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (17th century) is considered as the Father of the Malayalam language, because of his influence on the acceptance of the Malayalam alphabet and his
extremely popular poetic works like Adhyathmaramayanam. Several noted works were written during the 19th century, but it was in the 20th century the Malayalam literary movement came to prominence. Malayalam literature flourished under various genres and today it is a fully developed part of Indian literature. Maithili literature Main article:
Maithili literature Maithili literature is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the Maithili language. The most famous literary figure in Maithili is the poet Vidyapati (1350–1450), who wrote his poems in the language of the people, i.e., Maithili, at a time when state's official language was Sanskrit and
Sanskrit was being used as a literary language. The use of Maithili, instead of Sanskrit, in literature became more common after Vidyapati. Jyotirishwar mentions Lorika. Vachaspati II in his Tattvachintamani and Vidyapati in his Danavakyavali have profusely used typical Maithili words of daily use. The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is
popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The Lalitavistara mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century A.D., a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in
Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the Mandar Hill Stone inscriptions of Adityasena in the 7th century A.D., now fixed in the Baidyanath temple of Deoghar.[27] The language of the Buddhist dohas is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.[28] Meitei literature Main
article: Meitei literature Meitei literature is literature written in the Meitei language (Manipuri, Meiteilon), including literature composed in Meitei by writers from Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The history of Meitei literature can be traced back to thousands of years with the flourish of Meitei civilization. Despite massive
devastation and the burning of Meitei scriptures, such as the Puya Meithaba, Meitei literature survived. The resilience that Meiteis would demonstrate in the event of devastation proves their ability to survive throughout history. Most of the early literary works found in Meitei literature were in poetry and prose or a combination of both. One of the
most famous Meitei writers of the twentieth century is M. K. Binodini Devi. Marathi literature Main article: Marathi literature Marathi literature began with saint-poets like Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Ramdas, and Eknath. Modern Marathi literature was marked by a theme of social reform. Well-known figures from this phase include Mahatma Jyotiba
Phule, Lokhitwadi, and others. Prominent modern literary figures include Jnanpith Award winners Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, Vishnu Vaman Shirvadakar (Kavi Kusumagraj) and Govind Vinayak Karandikar. Though the earliest known Marathi inscription found at the foot of the statue at Shravanabelgola in Karnataka is dated c. 983 CE, the Marathi
literature actually started with the religious writings by the saint-poets belonging to Mahanubhava and Warkari sects. Mahanubhava saints used prose as their main medium, while Warkari saints preferred poetry as the medium. The early saint-poets were Mukundaraj who wrote Vivekasindhu, Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) (who wrote Amrutanubhav
and Bhawarthadeepika, which is popularly known as Dnyaneshwari, a 9000-couplets long commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Namdev. They were followed by the Warkari saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599). Mukteswar translated the great epic Mahabharata into Marathi. Social reformers like saint-poet Tukaram transformed Marathi into an enriched
literary language. Ramdas's (1608–1681) Dasbodh and Manache Shlok are well-known products of this tradition. In the 18th century, some well-known works like Yatharthadeepika (by Vaman Pandit), Naladamayanti Swayamvara (by Raghunath Pandit), Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay (by Shridhar Pandit) and Mahabharata (by Moropant) were
produced. However, the most versatile and voluminous writer among the poets was Moropanta (1729–1794) whose Mahabharata was the first epic poem in Marathi. The historical section of the old Marathi literature was unique as it contained both prose and poetry. The prose section contained the Bakhars that were written after the foundation of the
Maratha kingdom by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The poetry section contained the Povadas and the Katavas composed by the Shahirs. The period from 1794 to 1818 is regarded as the closing period of the Old Marathi literature and the beginning of the Modern Marathi literature. Modern period (after 1800) The period of the late 19th century in
Maharashtra is the period of colonial modernity. Like the corresponding periods in the other Indian languages, this was the period dominated by the English educated intellectuals. It was the age of prose and reason. It was the period of reformist didacticism and a great intellectual ferment. The first English book was translated in Marathi in 1817.
The first Marathi newspaper started in 1835. Many books on social reforms were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitwadi, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Hari Narayan Apte (1864–1919) etc. Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari, set up in 1880, provided a platform for sharing literary views. Marathi at
this time was efficiently aided by Marathi Drama. Here, there also was a different genre called 'Sangit Natya' or musicals. The first play was V.A. Bhave's Sita Swayamvar in 1843. Later Kirioskar (1843–85) and G.B. Deval (1854-19l6) brought a romantic aroma and social content. But Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar (1872~1948) with his banned play
Kichaka-Vadh (1910) set the trend of political playwriting. Later on this "stage" was ably served by stalwarts like Ram Ganesh Gadkari and Prahlad Keshav Atre. The drama flourished in the 1960s and 70s with few of the best Indian actors available to take on a variety of protagonists. Mohan Agashe, Sriram Lagoo, Kashinath Ghanekar, Prabhakar
Panshikar playing many immortal characters penned by greats like Vasant Kanetkar, Kusumagraj, vijay Tendulkar to name a few. This drama movement was ably supported by Marathi films which did not enjoy a continuous success. Starting with V.Shantaram and before him the pioneer DadaSaheb Phalke, Marathi cinema went on to influence
contemporary Hindi cinema. Director Raja Paranjape, Music director Sudhir Phadke, lyricist G.Madgulkar and actor Raja Gosavi came together to give quite a few hits in later period. Marathi language as spoken by people here was throughout influenced by drama and cinema along with contemporary literature. Modern Marathi poetry began with
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule's compositions. The later poets like Keshavsuta, Balakavi, Govindagraj, and the poets of Ravi Kiran Mandal like Madhav Julian wrote poetry which was influenced by the Romantic and Victorian English poetry. It was largely sentimental and lyrical. Prahlad Keshav Atre, the renowned satirist and a politician wrote a parody of
this sort of poetry in his collection Jhenduchi Phule. Sane Guruji (1899–1950) contributed to the children's literature in Marathi. His major works are Shyamchi Aai (Shyam's Mother), Astik (Believer), Gode Shevat (The Sweet Ending) etc. He translated and simplified many Western classics and published them in a book of stories titled Gode Goshti
(Sweet Stories). Mizo literature Main article: Mizo literature Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭtawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the Lushai language, with significant influence
from Pawi language, Paite language and Hmar language, especially at the literary level.[29] All Mizo languages such as Pawi language, Paite language etc. remained unwritten until the beginning of the 20th century. However, there was unwritten secular literature in the form of folktales, war chants etc. passed down from one generation to another.
And there was rich religious literature in the form of sacerdotal chants. These are the chants used by the two types of priests, namely Bawlpu and Sadâwt. This article is about the written literature. Nepali literature Main article: Nepali literature Odia literature Main article: Odia literature Odia language literary history started with the charyapadas
written in the 8th century AD. Odia has a rich literary heritage, the medieval period dating back to the 13th century. Sarala Das who lived in the 14th century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha. He translated the Mahabharata into Odia. In fact the language was initially standardised through a process of translation of classical Sanskrit texts like the
Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Srimad Bhagavatam. Jagannatha Das translated the Srimad Bhagavatam into Odia and his translation standardised the written form of the language. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially that of devotional poetry. Some other eminent ancient Odia Poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja and
Kavisurya Baladev Rath. Odia language is replete in classicism. Various forms of poetry like champu, chhanda, bhajan, janan, poi, chautisha etc. were written during the medieval ages. In the 19th century, Swabhab Kavi Gangadhar Meher (1862-1924), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918), Gouri Shankar Ray, Gopal Chandra Praharaj, Pandit Nilmani
Vidyaratna, Kabibar Radhanath Ray were few of the prominent figures in prose and poetry writings of Odia literature. In the 20th century Godabarish Mohapatra, Kalindi Charana Panigrahi, Kanhu Charan Mohanty (1906–1994), Godabarish Mishra, Gopinath Mohanty (1914–1991), Sachidananda Routray (1916–2004), Sitakant Mahapatra (born 17
September 1937), Surendra Mohanty, Manoj Das, Kishori Charan Das, Ramakanta Rath (born 13 December 1934), Binapani Mohanty, Jagadish Mohanty, Sarojini Sahoo, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Padmaj Pal, Ramchandra Behera, Pratibha Satpathy, Nandini Sahu, Debaraj Samantray are few names who created Odia literature. Recently[when?] the
Government of India accorded classical status to Odia in 2014. There was a time when Bengali tried to overpower Odia Language. Along with West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh tookaway many parts of Odisha letting Odisha into nothingness and despair. Mostly the Bengalis claimed that Odia is the derived form of
Bengali and so the language cannot independently exist.The famous Bengali Pandits like Kantilal Bhattacharya and Rajendra Mitra claimed that "Odia ekta swotontro bhasa hobena", i.e., Odia cannot withstand as an independent language. But they were unaware of the fact that Odia language is older than Bengali and even one of the oldest languages
in the World. It is one of the classical languages. Owing to the immense contributions and sacrifices of pioneers like Fakirmohan Senapati, Gopabandhu Das, Madhusudan Das, Nilakantha Das, Gourishankar Ray, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati and many more, Odisha and Odia language got back its special identity and has stood tall among the
best in the country. The current state Odisha and the language Odia have evolved through many contributions and sacrifices. Punjabi literature Main article: Punjabi literature The history of Punjabi literature starts with advent of Aryans in Punjab. Punjab provided them the perfect environment in which to compose the ancient texts. The Rig-Veda is
first example in which references are made to the rivers, flora and fauna of Punjab. The Punjabi literary tradition is generally conceived to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266).[2]. Farid's mostly spiritual and devotional verse were compiled after his death in the Adi Granth. The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak
(1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and other Indic languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition. Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider
(1690–1785), and Bulleh Shah (1680–1757). In contrast to Persian poets who had preferred the ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi.[3]. Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the Punjabi Qissa, a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic,
Persian and Qur'anic sources. The Qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassi Punnun by Hashim Shah (1735?-1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892). The Victorian
novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during colonial rule. The setting up of a Christian mission at Ludhiana in 1835 (where a printing press was installed for using Gurmukhi fonts, and which also issued the first Punjabi grammar in 1838), the publication of a
Punjabi dictionary by Reverend J. Newton in 1854 and the ripple-down effect of the strengthening and modernizing the education system under the patronage of the Singh Sabha Movement in the 1860s, were some of the developments that made it possible for 'modernism' to emerge in Punjabi literary culture. It needs to be pointed out here that
'modernism' is being used here as an umbrella term to cover a whole range of developments in the Punjabi literary culture, starting with the break from tradition or the past to a commitment to progressive ideology, from the experimental nature of the avant-garde to the newness of the forward-looking. Rajasthani literature Main article: Rajasthani
literature Sindhi literature Main article: Sindhi literature Tamil literature Main article: Tamil literature Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than 2500 years (Sangam period: 5th century BC-3rd century CE.) Tolkaappiyam (3rd century BC) has been credited as the oldest work in Tamil available today. The history of
Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Tirukkural is a fine example of such work on human behaviour and political morals. A wave of religious revival
helped generate a great volume of literary output by Saivite and Vaishnavite authors. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European[citation needed] authors later also contributed to the growth of Tamil literature. A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and
philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilise the power of poetry in influencing the masses. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge. Telugu literature Main article:
Telugu literature Telugu, the Indian language with the third largest number of speakers (after Hindi & Bengali), is rich in literary traditions. The earliest written literature dates back to the 7th century. The epic literary tradition started with Nannayya who is acclaimed as Telugu's Aadikavi meaning the first poet. He belongs to the 10th or 11th
century. Vemana was a prince, also called Pedakomati or Vemaa Reddy, who lived in the 14th century and wrote poems in the language of the common man. He questioned the prevailing values and conventions and religious practices in his poems. His philosophy made him a unique poet of the masses. Viswanadha Satyanarayana (Veyipadagalu)
(1895–1976), a doyen of conventional yet creative literature, was the first to receive the Jnanpith Award for Telugu followed by C. Narayana Reddy and Ravuri Bharadwaja. Srirangam Srinivasarao or Sri Sri (1910–1983) was a popular 20th century poet and lyricist. Srisri took the "Telugu literary band wagon that travelled in roads of kings and queens
into that of muddy roads of common man". Literary movements Old Era Telugu literature has been enriched by many literary movements, like the Veera Shaiva movement which gave birth to dwipada kavitvam (couplets). The Bhakti movement gave rise to compilations by Annamayya, Kshetrayya and Tyagaraja and kancharla Gopanna (Ramadasu).
The renaissance movement heralded by Vemana stands for the old Telugu literary movements. New Era The Romantic Movement (led by Krishnasashtri, Rayaprolu, Vedula), Progressive Writers Movement, Digambara Kavitvam (Nagnamuni, Cherabanda Raju, Jwalamukhi, Nikhileswar, Bhairavayya and Mahaswapna Revolutionary Writers' Movement,
Streevada Kavitvam and Dalita Kavitvam all flourished in Telugu literature. Telugu literature has been the standard bearer of Indian literature in these respects. Fiction and prose literature: Kandukuri Veeresalingam is said to be the father of Modern Telugu fiction. Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao laid the foundation for the realistic modern Telugu novel
and short story, and Rachakonda and Kalipatnam carried the flag in to excellency. Annamaya, Gurajada Appa Rao, Kandukuri, Devulapalli, Jashuva, Unnava Laxminarayana (Malapalli), Bucchi Babu, Tripuraneni Gopichand, Maa Gokhale, Papineni Sivasankar and many more had a profound impact on Telugu literature. Tripuri literature Main article:
Tripuri literature Tripuri(Kokborok/Tiprakok) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in North East of India. During 20th centuries many of Royal family and its officials contributes to develop the Kokborok Language in many ways. A significant hint for the antiquity of the Kokborok language can be found in the lines in the
"Rajmala", the chronicle which mentions that "Rajmala" was first written in Kokborok(Tripuri). Tulu literature Main article: Tulu literature The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.[46] Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four being Tamil,
Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date is the Tulu translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Mahabharata called Mahabharato ( ). It was written by Arunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived in Kodavur near Udupi[47] around late 14th to early 15th century AD.[48] Other important literary
works in Tulu are: Devi Mahatmyam's ( ) 1200 AD - Tulu translation Sri Bhagavata ( ) 1626 AD - written by Vishnu Tunga Kaveri (1391 AD) This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[49][50] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded by
Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[51][52] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[52] Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the Sahitya Academy award
for best poetry.[53] Madipu, Mogaveera, Saphala and Samparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala in Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental
organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors of Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, M. K. Seetharam Kulal, Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa
Rai, Venkataraja Puninchattaya, Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali. ~~ ~ Urdu literature Main article: Urdu literature Among other traditions, Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis. Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a
vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and Tassawuf (Sufism). Urdu soon became the court language of the Mughals and in its higher forms was once called the "Kohinoor" of Indian languages. It is surely the most refined, enriched, sophisticated
and ripended language and literature, producing poets like, Mir, Ghalib, Iqbal, Zauq and Faiz. The poetry of Mohammed Iqbal invoked a spirit of freedom among the Muslims of India, thus contributing a pivotal role in the making of Pakistan. In Urdu literature fiction has also flourished well. Umrao Jaan Ada of Mirza Hadi Ruswa is the first significant
Urdu novel. Premchand is treated as father of modern Urdu fiction with his novel Godan and short stories like Kafan. The art of short story was further taken ahead by Manto, Bedi, Krishn Chander and a host of highly acclaimed writers. Urdu novel reached further heights in the 1960s with novels of Qurratulain Haider and Abdullah Hussain. Towards
the end of the 20th century Urdu novel entered into a new phase with trend setter novel MAKAAN of Paigham Afaqui. Urdu ghazal has also recently changed its colour with more and more penetration in and synchronization with modern and contemporary issues of life. In foreign languages Indian Persian literature Main article: Persian language in
the Indian subcontinent During the early Muslim period, Persian became the official language of the northern part of Indian subcontinent, used by most of the educated and the government. The language had, from its earliest days in the 11th century AD, been imported to the subcontinent by various culturally Persianised Central Asian Turkic and
Afghan dynasties.[30] Several Indians became major Persian poets later on, the most notable being Amir Khusro and, in more modern times, Muhammad Iqbal. Much of the older Sanskrit literature was also translated into Persian. For a time, it remained the court language of the Mughals, soon to be replaced by Urdu. Persian still held its status,
despite the spread of Urdu, well into the early years of the British rule in India. Most British officials had to learn Persian on coming to India and concluded their conversations in Persian. In 1837, however, the British, in an effort to expand their influence, made a government ruling to discontinue the use of Persian and commence the use of English
instead. Thus started the decline of Persian as most of the subcontinent's official governmental language, a position to be taken up by the new language of the British Raj, English. Many modern Indian languages still show signs of relatively heavy Persian influence, most notably Urdu and Hindi. Literature from North East India Main article: Literature
from North East India English literature from North East India refers to the body of work by English-language writers from North-East India.They included many sub-categories, such as Naga literature, Assamese literature, Meitei or Manipuri literature, among others. Ancient India has many intensive examples, like that of the incredible verses
translated from the Ramayana, named Saptakanda Ramayana. Choral songs known as Oja-Pali,[31] and theater performances, known as Panchali, were also an extensive part of Assamese literature.[32] Awards Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Jnanpith Award Sahitya Akademi Award Vyas Samman Saraswati Samman See also India portal Literature portal
Indian epic poetry List of ancient Indian writers Indian Literature (journal) Indian poetry Literature from North East India Stephanian School of Literature Footnotes ^ Narayanrao, H.L. "A Brief on Indian Literature and Languages". Journal of Education and Practice. 2 (3): 46. ISSN 2222-288X. ^ "Kannada literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 450), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model." ^ "Jnanpith | Home". jnanpith.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Kunwar Narayan to be awarded Jnanpith". The Times of India. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2008. ^ Fallon,
Oliver. 2009. Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New York: Clay Sanskrit Library[1]. ISBN 978-0-8147-2778-2 | ISBN 0-8147-2778-6 | ^ Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar. ^ There
are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook Ancient India, Upinder Singh, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date. ^ Kamil Veith Zvelebil,
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, p. 12 ^ K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105 ^ Classical Tamil Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ T.S. Subramanian (10 July 2009). "Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised". Retrieved 3 June 2011. The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C.
on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period. ^ George L. Hart III, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, U of
California P, 1975. ^ Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ (1 January 1965). Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet). New Directions Publishing. ISBN 9780811200011. ^ Irayanaar Agapporul dated to c 750 AD first mentioned the Sangam legends. An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early Pandya kings of establishing a Sangam in
Madurai. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, A History of South India, OUP (1955) p. 105 ^ "The latest limit of Ettutokai and Pattupattu may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, History of Tamil language and literature p. 38. ^ "...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era,
culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name sangam poetry was added soon afterwards...." Burton Stein, A History of India (1998), Blackwell p. 90. ^ See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335 ^ Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the
Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press ^ Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92 ^ Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71 ^ "The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas,
belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar". sites.google.com. Retrieved 14 July 2020. ^ Shaw, Miranda; Shaw, Miranda (1995). Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01090-8. ^ Sentinel, The (4 December 2014). "Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini
Prava". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ "Indian Literature Through the Ages". Ccrtindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25
November 2006. ^ "Declare Kannada a classical language". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 May 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007. ^ Choudhary, R. (1976). A survey of Maithili literature. Ram Vilas Sahu. ^ Barua, K. L. (1933). Early history of Kamarupa. Shillong: Published by the Author. ^ "Vanglaini".
vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet. History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century UNESCO, 1994. ISBN 9231028138 p 734 ^ "Ojapali – A performing art form of Assam". www.oknortheast.com. Retrieved 22 January 2021. ^ Barua, Hem (1957). "Assamese
literature". Indian Literature. 1 (1): 65–68. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23328613. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of India. Wikiquote has quotations related to Indian literature. Indian Literature on Indohistory Indian Literature, Fiction and Poetry Magazine South Asian Canonical Texts[permanent dead link] Bhas -
Longest Poem on Indian Constitution set World Record Retrieved from " 2 Medieval and Renaissance literature Early medieval Matter of Rome Matter of France Matter of Britain Byzantine Medieval Hebrew Persian Arabic By century 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th European Renaissance 15th century Literature portalvte This article presents lists of the
literary events and publications in the 10th century. Works Title Author Description Date Book of Fixed Stars Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi Treatise on astronomy including a star catalogue and star charts c. 964[1] The Pillow Book Sei Shōnagon diary / journal / memoire c. 990s-1000s Japan Paphnutius Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Play c. 935-1002
Vikramarjuna Vijaya Adikavi Pampa Kannada version of the epic Mahabharata c. 939? Al-Tasrif Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Medical encyclopedia Completed in 1000[2] Josippon Joseph ben Gorion History of the Jews from the destruction of Babylon to the Siege of Jerusalem 940[3] Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Brethren of Purity Philosophical-
scientific encyclopedia 10th century[4] Aleppo Codex Shlomo ben Buya'aa Copy of the Bible 920[5] De Administrando Imperio Constantine VII Political geography of the world c. 950[6] Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions Associated with Constantine VII Treatises providing information on military campaigns in Asia Minor Based on
material compiled in the early 10th century, current form dates to the late 950s[7] Geoponica Compiled under the patronage of Constantine VII Agricultural manual[8] Compiled in its present form in the 10th century[9] Þórsdrápa Eilífr Goðrúnarson[10] Skaldic poem with Thor as its protagonist 10th century[11] Hákonarmál Eyvindr skáldaspillir
Poem composed in memory of Haakon I of Norway After 961[12] "Háleygjatal" Eyvindr skáldaspillir Poem seeking to establish the Hlaðir dynasty as the social equal of the Hárfagri dynasty[13] End of the 10th century[14] Kitab al-Aghani Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani Collection of songs, biographical information, and information relating to the lives and
customs of the early Arabs and of the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates[15] 10th century[16] Shahnameh Ferdowsi Epic poem Begun c. 977, finished 1010[17] Benedictional of St. Æthelwold Godeman (a scribe) for Æthelwold of Winchester Benedictional including pontifical benedictions for use at mass at different points of the
liturgical year Written and illuminated between 963 and 984[18] Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise Leo VI the Wise Handbook dealing with military formations and weapons Early 10th century[19] Exeter Book Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric Collection of Old English poetry, including "The Wife's Lament" Copied c. 975[20] "Deor" Given
to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] The only surviving Old English poem with a fully developed refrain; possibly of a Norse background[21] Copied c. 975[20] "The Rhyming Poem" Given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (part of the Exeter Book)[20] Poem in couplets utilising rhyme, which was rarely used in Anglo-
Saxon literature[22] Copied c. 975[20] Extensive Records of the Taiping Era Compiled by Li Fang Collection of anecdotes and stories 977–78[23] Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era Compiled by Li Fang Encyclopedia 984[24] Greek Anthology Originally compiled by Meleager, combined by Constantinus Cephalas with works by Philippus of
Thessalonica, Diogenianus, Agathias and others; part of a later revision compiled by Maximus Planudes Collection of Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs and rhetorical exercises Originally compiled in the 1st century BCE, expanded in the 9th century, revised and augmented in the 10th century, expanded again from a manuscript compiled in 1301[25]
Wamyō Ruijushō (倭名類聚抄) Compiled by Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) Collection of Japanese terms Mid-930s[26] Gosen Wakashū (後撰和歌集) Ordered by Emperor Murakami Imperial waka anthology c. 951[27] Yamato Monogatari (大和物語) Unknown Uta monogatari (narrative fiction with waka poetry) c. 951-956 History of the Prophets and Kings
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari Universal history Unfinished at the time of Tabari's death in 956[28] Praecepta Militaria Attributed to Nikephoros II Phokas Military manual 965[29] Escorial Taktikon Edited by Nikolaos Oikonomides (1972)[30] Precedence list Drawn up between 975 and 979[31] Bodhi Vamsa Upatissa of Upatissa Nuwara Prose poem
describing the bringing of a branch of the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century c. 980[32] Old History of the Five Dynasties Xue Juzheng Account of China's Five Dynasties 974[33] Chronicon Salernitanum Anonymous[34] Annals 974[35] Chronicon Æthelweardi Æthelweard Latin version of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle After 975 and probably before
983[36] Gesta Berengarii imperatoris Anonymous[37] Epic poem Early 10th century[38] Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) Compiled by a committee of bureaucrats recognised as superior poets Anthology of Japanese poetry Compiled c. 905[39] Annales Cambriae Diverse sources Chronicle believed to cover a period beginning 447 c. 970[40] Waltharius
Unknown Frankish monk Epic poem about the Germanic Heroic Age First circulated/published c. 850 to c. 950[41] Leofric Missal Unknown scribes Service book Core written c. 900, with an addition made c. 980[42] "Eiríksmál" Unknown Poem composed in memory of Eric Bloodaxe Probably 10th century[12] Khaboris Codex Unknown Oldest known
copy of the New Testament 10th century[43] Suda Unknown[44] Encyclopedia 10th century[45] Tractatus coislinianus Unknown Manuscript containing a statement of a Greek theory of comedy 10th century[46] Beowulf Unknown Epic Believed to have been written between the 7th and 10th centuries[47] Ishinpō Tanba Yasunori Encyclopedia of
Chinese medicine Issued in 982[48] Hudud al-'alam Unknown Concise geography of the world Begun 982–983[49] Ōjōyōshū Genshin Kanbun Buddhist text 985 Karnataka Kadambari Nagavarma I Romance in champu (mixed prose and verse) Late 10th century Chhandombudhi Nagavarma I Treatise on prosody in Vijayanagara literature in Kannada c.
990 Completes the first draft of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) Ferdowsi a long epic poem, the national epic of Greater Iran 999[50] Tomida femina Anonymous Charm, the oldest known complete Occitan poem 10th century The Battle of Maldon Anonymous Old English heroic poem (earliest manuscript lost 1731) Between the Battle of Maldon in
Spring 991 and 1000?[51] Passio Sancti Eadmundi Abbo of Fleury Hagiographic account of the death of Edmund the Martyr 10th century Authors Name Description Dates Abu Firas al-Hamdani Arab poet 932–968[52] Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam Algebraist c. 850 – c. 930[53] Ælfric of Eynsham Author of homilies in Old English, and three works to
assist in learning Latin, the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy (probably with Aelfric Bata. Also a Bible translator c. 955 – c. 1020[54] Æthelweard Anglo-Saxon historian Before 973 – c. 998[55] Akazome Emon (赤染衛門) Japanese waka poet fl. 976–1041[56] Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri Philosopher born in modern Iran Died 992[57] Al-Maʿarri Arab
poet born near Aleppo, Syria 973–1057[58] Al-Masudi Arab historian and geographer c. 896 – 956[59] Al-Mutanabbi Arabic poet 915–965[60] Ibn al-Nadim Author of the Fehrest, an encyclopedia c. 932 – 990[61] Al-Natili Arabic-language author in the medical field fl. c. 985–90[62] Alchabitius Author of Al-madkhal ilā sināʿat Aḥkām al-nujūm, a treatise
on astrology; from Iraq fl. c. 950[63] Aldred the Scribe Author of the glosses in the Lindisfarne Gospels 10th century[64] Alhazen Mathematician, died in Cairo 965 – c. 1040[65] Asser Welsh biographer and bishop, died in Sherborne died 1909[66] Bal'ami Vizier to the Samanids and translator of the Ṭabarī into Persian Died c. 992–7[67] Abu-Shakur
Balkhi Persian writer 915–960s[68] Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Persian Muslim polymath 849–934[69] Rabia Balkhi Arabic- and Persian-language poet Died 940[70] Bard Boinne Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" Died 932[71] Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī Arab astronomer c. 850 – c. 929[72] David ben
Abraham al-Fasi Karaite lexicographer from Fes 10th century[73] Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī Scholar and polymath of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids 973 – after 1050[74] Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī Mathematician and astronomer; author of Kitāb fī mā yaḥtaj ilayh al-kuttāb wa’l-ʿummāl min ʾilm al-ḥisāb, an arithmetic textbook; of Persian descent 940 –
997 or 998[75] Cináed ua hArtacáin Irish poet and author of dinsenchas poems Died 974[76] Constantine VII Byzantine emperor and author of De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis 905–959[77] Abu-Mansur Daqiqi Poet, probably born in Ṭūs After 932 – c. 976[78] Shabbethai Donnolo Italian physician and writer on medicine and astrology 913
– after 982[79] Egill Skallagrímsson Viking skald and adventurer c. 910 – c. 990[80] Eilífr Goðrúnarson Icelandic skald c. 1000[81] Einarr Helgason Skald for Norwegian ruler Haakon Sigurdsson fl. late 10th century[82] Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria Author of a history of the world and treatises on medicine and theology 876–940[83] Eysteinn
Valdason Icelandic skald c. 1000[84] Eyvindr skáldaspillir Icelandic skald Died c. 990[85] Al-Farabi Muslim philosopher c. 878 – c. 950[86] Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani Literary scholar and author of an encyclopedic work on Arabic music 897–967[15] Ferdowsi Persian poet and author of the Shahnameh, the Persian national epic c. 935 – c. 1020–26[87]
Flodoard French historian and chronicler 894–966[88] Frithegod British poet, author of Breviloquium vitae Wilfridi, a version of Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written in hexameters fl. c. 950 – c. 958[89] Fujiwara no Asatada (藤原 公任) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals c. 910 – c. 966[90] Fujiwara no Kintō (藤原 公任) Japanese poet and
critic responsible for the initial gathering of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 966–1041[91] Fujiwara no Takamitsu (藤原 高光) Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals Died 994[90] Fujiwara no Tametoki (藤原 為時) Japanese waka and kanshi poet and father of Murasaki Shikibu[92] Late 10th – early 11th century[93] Fujiwara no Toshiyuki
(藤原 敏行) Japanese poet Died c. 901[94] Kushyar Gilani Iranian astronomer fl. second half of the 10th/early 11th century[95] Guthormr sindri Norwegian skald 10th century[96] Nathan ben Isaac ha-Babli Babylonian historian 10th century[97] Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Icelandic skald[98] Died c. 1007[99] Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani Arabic belle-
lettrist and inventor of the maqāma genre 968–1008[100] Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī Arabian geographer Died 945[101] Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi Armenian man of letters c. 840 – c. 930[102] Hrotsvitha German dramatist and poet c. 935 – c. 1002[103] Ibn al-Faqih Persian historian and geographer Died 903[104] Ibn al-Jazzar Physician
Died 970/980[105] Ibn al-Qūṭiyya Historian of Muslim Spain, born in Seville and of Visigothic descent[106] Died 977[107] Ibn Duraid Arabian poet 837–934[108] Ibn Hawqal Author of Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik, a book on geography; born in Nisibis Second half of the 10th century – after 988[109] Ibn Juljul Author of Tabaqāt al atibbāʾ wa’l-
hukamả, a summary of the history of medicine 944 – c. 994[110] Ibn Khordadbeh Author on subjects including history, genealogy, geography, music, and wines and cookery; of Persian descent c. 820 – c. 912[111] Ioane-Zosime Georgian religious writer, hymnographer and translator 10th century[112] Lady Ise (伊勢) Japanese waka poet,[113] mother
of Nakatsukasa[114] c. 877 – c. 940[113] Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Physician and philosopher, born in Egypt 832–932[115] Israel the Grammarian European scholar, poet and bishop c. 895–c. 965[116] Izumi Shikibu (和泉式部) Japanese waka poet Born c. 976[117] Abraham ben Jacob Spanish Jewish geographer fl. second half of the 10th century[118]
Jayadeva Indian mathematician Lived before 1073[119] Al-Karaji Mathematician, lived in Baghdad 953 – c. 1029[120] Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin Astronomer and number theorist from Khurasan c. 900 – c. 971[121] Abu-Mahmud Khojandi Astronomer and mathematician born in Khujand c. 945 – 1000[122] Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi Author of
Mafātih al-'ulũm (Keys of the Sciences) fl. c. 975[123] Ki no Tokibumi Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber fl. c. 950[124] Ki no Tomonori (紀 時文) Japanese waka poet and one of the compilers of the Kokin Wakashū c. 850 – c. 904[125] Ki no Tsurayuki (紀 貫之) Japanese waka poet, critic and diarist; one of the compilers of the Kokin
Wakashū c. 872 – c. 945[126] Kishi Joō (徽子女王) Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 929–985[127] Kiyohara no Motosuke (清原 元輔) Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, and father of Sei Shōnagon[128] 908–990[124][128] Leo the Deacon Byzantine historian Born c.
950[129] Liutprand of Cremona Italian historian and author c. 922 – 972[130] Luo Yin (羅隱) Japanese poet 833–909[131] 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Author of Kāmil al-Ṣinā’ah al-Tibbiyyah, a compendium; born near Shiraz First quarter of the 10th century – 994[132] Abu Nasr Mansur Astronomer, born in Gīlān c. 950 – c. 1036[133] Mansur Al-Hallaj
Arabic-speaking mystic and author of the Ṭawāsin, a collection of 11 reflective essays; born near Beyza 857–922[134] Ebn Meskavayh Persian writer on topics including history, theology, philosophy and medicine Died 1030[135] Symeon the Metaphrast Principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Greek Orthodox Church Second
half of the 10th century[136] Mibu no Tadamine Japanese waka poet[137] and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals fl. 898–920[90] Michitsuna no Haha ( 藤原道綱母) Author of Kagerō nikki (The Gossamer Years) Died 995[138] Minamoto no Kintada (源 公忠) Japanese poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 889–948[90] Minamoto no Muneyuki
(源 宗于) Japanese poet[139] Died 939[140] Minamoto no Saneakira (源 信明) Japanese poet 916–970[141] Minamoto no Shigeyuki (源 重之) Japanese poet Died c. 1000[142] Minamoto no Shitagō (源 順) Japanese poet: one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber[124] and the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals[90] 911–983[90][124] Vācaspati Miśra Indian
polymath 900–980[143] Muhammad bin Hani al Andalusi al Azdi Poet born in Seville[144] Died 973[145] Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari Writer on theology, literature and history, born in Tabriz 839–923[146] Al-Muqaddasi Arabian traveller and author of a Description of the Lands of Islam, an Arabic geography[147] c. 946–7 – 1000[148] Abdullah ibn
al-Mu'tazz Writer and, for one day, caliph of the Abbasid dynasty Died 908[149] Nagavarma I Author of the Chandōmbudhi, the first treatise on Kannada metrics Late 10th century[150] Nakatsukasa (中務) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, daughter of Lady Ise c. 912 – after 989[114] Al-Nayrizi Astronomer and meteorologist probably from Neyriz
c. 865 – c. 922[151] Jacob ben Nissim Philosopher, lived in Kairouan 10th century[152] Nōin (能因) Japanese poet 988–1050?[153] Notker Labeo German theologian, philologist, mathematician, astronomer, connoisseur of music, and poet c. 950 – 1022[154] Odo of Cluny Author of a biography of Gerald of Aurillac, a series of moral essays, some
sermons, an epic poem and 12 choral antiphons 878/9–942[155] Óengus mac Óengusa Described in the Annals of the Four Masters as the "chief poet of Ireland" Died 930[156] Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto (大中臣 頼基) Japanese poet, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals Died 958[90] Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (大中臣 能宣) Japanese poet, one of the Five
Men of the Pear Chamber 922–991[124] Ono no Komachi (小野 小町) Japanese poet 834–900[157] Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒) Japanese waka poet fl. 898–922[158] Adikavi Pampa Kannada-language poet 902–945[159] Abū Sahl al-Qūhī Astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan c. 940 – c. 1000[160] Qusta ibn Luqa Scholar of Greek
Christian origin whose work included astronomy, mathematics, medicine and philosophy Probably c. 820 – probably c. 912–913[161] Ratherius Author of works including a criticism of the social classes of his time and two defences of his right to the Diocese of Liège c. 887 – 974[162] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Physician, scientist, philosopher
and author of alchemy and logic; born in Rey, Iran 865–925[163] Regino of Prüm Chronicler and author of works on ecclesiastical discipline and liturgical singing, born in Altrip Died 915[164] Richerus Chronicler from Reims Died after 998[165] Ahmad ibn Rustah Persian author of a geographical compendium Died after 903[166] Al-Saghani
Mathematician and astronomer who flourished in Turkmenistan Died 990[167] Ibn Sahl Geometer fl. late 10th century[168] Sakanoue no Mochiki Japanese poet, one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber fl. c. 950[124] Sei Shōnagon (清少納言) Japanese diarist and poet c. 966 – c. 1025[169] Abu Sulayman Sijistani Philosopher from Sijistan c. 932 – c.
1000[170] Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani Islamic philosopher fl. 971[171] Sijzi Geometer, astrologer and astronomer, born in Sijistan c. 945 – c. 1020[172] Ibrahim ibn Sinan Geometer from Baghdad 908–946[173] Farrukhi Sistani Court poet of Mahmud of Ghazni 10th–11th centuries[174] Somadeva Suri South Indian Jain monk and author of the
Upāsakādyayana, a central text of Digambara śrāvakācāra literature 10th century[175] Sosei (素性) One of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals 859–923[90] Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi Astronomer in Iran 903–986[176] Sugawara no Michizane (菅原 道真/菅原 道眞) Japanese statesman, historian and poet 845–903[177] Symeon the Studite "Spiritual father" of
Symeon the New Theologian[178] and author of the "Ascetical Discourse", a narrative intended for monks[179] 917 or 924[180] – c. 986–7[181] Ukhtanes of Sebastia Chronicler of the history of Armenia c. 935 – 1000[182] Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi Mathematician, possibly from Damascus c. 920 – c. 980[183] Vaṭeśvara Indian mathematician Born 802 or
880[184] Wang Yucheng (王禹偁) Chinese Song dynasty poet and official 954–1001 Widukind of Corvey Saxon historian Died c. 1004[185] Xue Juzheng (薛居正) Author of the Old History of the Five Dynasties, an account of China's Five Dynasties 912–981[33] Ibn Yunus Egyptian astronomer and astrologer 950–1009[186] Ahmad ibn Yusuf Egyptian
mathematician fl. c. 900–905, died 912/913[187] Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Physician and author of Al-Tasrif, from Al-Andalus 936–1013[188] See also 10th century in poetry 11th century in literature Early Medieval literature Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain List of years in literature Notes ^ Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston,
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