DSE CHEM MASTERY

ELECTIVE INTENSIVE
60 分鐘全面掌握 P2 考核重點

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 Table of Content

– Industrial Chemistry ........................................... 3

Importance of Industrial Processes (0 – 1 M) ......................................................................................................................... 3
Rate Equation (3 – 6 M)............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Activation Energy (4 – 6 M) ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Catalysis & Industrial Process (1 – 2 M) ................................................................................................................................... 6
Industrial Process (6 – 10 M) ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Green Chemistry (1 – 3M) ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

— Order of Reaction & Rate Equation ....................... 9

Introduction to Rate Equation ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Relationship between Reaction Rate & Concentration of Reactant............................................................................... 10
Zeroth Order Reactions ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
First Order Reactions ................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Second Order Reactions........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Unit of Rate Constant, k ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
Summary of Zeroth, First & Second Order Reaction ......................................................................................................... 17

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 考評範圍分析 – INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Importance of Industrial Processes (0 – 1 M)
Key Concept

Know the importance of Vitamin C & why we need to produce it using industrial processes.

Student should learn

§ Development of synthetic products for modern ways of living

Student should be able to

§ discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using industrial processes such as petrochemistry for
manufacturing products from social, economic and environmental perspectives

§ understand the recent progress in industrial processes such as the production of vitamin C to solve problems of
inadequate or shrinking supply of natural products

Note
§ details of industrial processes of the production of vitamin C are not expected

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Rate Equation (3 – 6 M)
Key Concept

You must able to determine the rate equation from a set of data or a given graph.

Student should learn

§ rate equation determined from experimental results

Student should be able to

§ understand the interrelationship between reaction rate, rate constant, concentration of reactants and order of
reaction

§ determine the rate equation of a chemical reaction by method of initial rate

Note
§ Half-life of a reaction is not expected

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Activation Energy (4 – 6 M)
Key Concept

You must able to draw energy profile, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve (with proper explanation),
and calculate Ea with Arrhenius equation.

Student should learn

§ energy profile

§ explanation of the effect of temperature change on reaction rate in terms of activation energy
𝐄
§ Arrhenius equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐤 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 − -𝟐.𝟑𝐑𝐓
𝐚
.

Student should be able to

§ Draw an energy profile of a reaction

§ Explain the relationship between temperature & reaction rate using Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve

§ Determine the activation energy of a chemical reaction i) by gathering first-hand experimental data; ii) with a
given set of data

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Catalysis & Industrial Process (1 – 2 M)
Key Concept

You must memorize the definition & characteristic of catalyst

Student should learn

§ Meaning & characteristics of catalyst

§ Relation between activation energy & catalysis

Student should be able to

§ describe the characteristics of catalysts using suitable examples

§ understand that catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction route

§ describe the effect of catalyst on reversible reactions

§ describe the applications of catalysis in industrial processes with examples such as iron in the Haber process and
enzymes in the production of alcoholic drinks

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Industrial Process (6 – 10 M)
Key Concept

Must understand the Haber Process, Chloroalkali Industry & Production of Methanol throuoghly.

Student should learn

§ conversion of raw materials to consumer products as illustrated by the production of fertilisers

§ applications of principles of electrochemistry in industry as exemplified by the processes in the chloroalkali

industry

§ advancement of industrial processes as exemplified by the conversion of methane to methanol

§ social, economic and environmental considerations of industrial processes

Student should be able to

§ describe feedstock, principles, reaction conditions, procedures and products for processes involved in the
production of ammonia

§ describe the process of the conversion of ammonia to fertilisers

§ explain the physicochemical principles involved in the production of ammonia

§ explain how industrial processes such as the Haber process often involve a compromise between rate, yield and
economic considerations

§ describe the importance of fertilisers to our world

§ describe the importance of the chloroalkali industry

§ explain the underlying chemical principles involved in flowing mercury cell process and membrane cell process
of the chloroalkali industry

§ describe the importance of methanol

§ recognise the significance of the conversion of methane to methanol

§ describe feedstock, reaction conditions, procedures and products for processes involved in the manufacturing of
methanol via syngas

§ discuss the advancement of the methanol production technology

§ discuss social, economic and environmental considerations of industrial processes as illustrated by the Haber
process, the chloroalkali industry or the manufacturing of methanol via syngas

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Green Chemistry (1 – 3M)
Key Concept

Must able to calculate atom economy and blow water (e.g. comparison).

Student should learn

§ Principle of green chemistry

§ Green chemistry practices

Student should be able to

§ describe the relation between sustainable development and green chemistry

§ calculate the atom economy of a chemical reaction

§ relate principles of green chemistry and practices adopted in the industrial processes as exemplified by the
manufacture of acetic acid (ethanoic acid)

§ evaluate industrial processes using principles of green chemistry

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 小試牛刀— ORDER OF REACTION & RATE
EQUATION
Introduction to Rate Equation
𝐚𝐀 + 𝐛𝐁 → 𝐜𝐂 + 𝐝𝐃 Rate= 𝐤[𝐀]𝐱 [𝐁]𝐲
Game Rule

Understand the interrelationship between reaction rate, rate constant, concentration of reactants and
order of reaction.

Term Description

[A] or [B] § Concentration of reactant A or B

§ x is the order of reaction with respect to A

x or y § y is the order of reaction with respect to B.

§ the order of reaction can only be deduced from experiments

x+y § Overall order of the reaction

§ It ONLY changes with temperature

§ It can only be determined from experiments

Rate constant, k
§ Its unit depends on the overall order of reaction

§ Larger the rate constant, faster the reaction rate

What is order of reaction with respect to a reactant?

You can think of it as “how much” the concentration of a reactant affects the rate of reaction. Higher the
order ➝ stronger the effects.

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Relationship between Reaction Rate & Concentration of Reactant
Assume rate constant, k equals to 2 for the following cases:

A Product Rate = k[A]x

Case 1: x = 0
Concentration of reactant DOES NOT affect the rate of reaction.

Concentration of reactant A (M) Rate of reaction (M s-1)

1 2 × 1' = 2

2 2 × 2' = 2

4 2 × 4' = 2

6 2 × 6' = 2

8 2 × 8' = 2

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Case 2: x = 1
§ The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of A increases

§ They have a linear relationship

§ A straight line passing through the origin is produced

Concentration of reactant A (M) Rate of reaction (M s-1)

1 2 × 1( = 2

2 2 × 2( = 4

4 2 × 4( = 8

6 2 × 6( = 12

8 2 × 8( = 16

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Case 3: x = 2
§ The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of A increases.

§ The rate depends on the square of the concentration.

§ A parabolic curve is produced

Concentration of reactant A (M) Rate of reaction (M s-1)

1 2 × 1) = 2

2 2 × 2) = 8

4 2 × 4) = 32

6 2 × 6) = 72

8 2 × 8) = 128

Key Learning

The order of reaction with respect to “reactant” shows us the effect of its concentration on the rate of
reaction.

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Zeroth Order Reactions
A product(s) rate = k[A]0 = k
§ The rate is constant and is not affected by the concentration of reactant

§ Unit of rate constant, k = 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐝𝐦*𝟑 𝐬*𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐌 𝐬*𝟏

Concentration (mol dm-3) Rate (mol dm-3 s-1)

1 2

2 2

4 2

6 2

Concentration-Time Graph & Rate-Concentration Graph

§ It shows that [A] decreases uniformly over time

§ It shows that the rate of reaction is constant and does not depend on the concentration of reactant

Example - Decomposition of NH3

𝐖 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐭,𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭
§ 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 (𝐠) E⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯G 𝐍𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 (𝐠)
§ Rate = k[NH7 (g)]' = k

§ The rate of reaction is fixed and does not affect by the concentration of NH3.

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First Order Reactions
A product(s) rate = k[A] = k[A]
§ The rate of reaction is directly proportional to [A]

§ Unit of rate constant, k = 𝐬*𝟏

Concentration (mol dm-3) Rate (mol dm-3 s-1)

1 2

2 4

4 8

6 12

Concentration-Time Graph & Rate-Concentration Graph

Example - Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2

𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐭
§ 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎𝟐 (𝐚𝐪) E⎯⎯⎯⎯G 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥) + 𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)
§ Rate = k[H) O) (aq)]

§ Higher [H2O2(aq)] ➝ faster the reaction rate

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Second Order Reactions
A product(s) rate = k[A]2
§ The rate of reaction is directly proportional to [A]2

§ Unit of rate constant, k = 𝐝𝐦𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥*𝟏 𝐬*𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐌*𝟏 𝐬*𝟏

Concentration (mol dm-3) Rate (mol dm-3 s-1)

1 2

2 8

4 32

6 72

Rate is directly proportional to [A]2

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2nd order reaction may involve two reactants in rate equation
A + B → product(s)
§ Rate = k[A][B]

§ The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of A and B respectively

Unit of Rate Constant, k

Unit of rate constant (k)

(concentration)1-overall order of reaction time-1

𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤[𝐀]𝐱 [𝐁]𝐲 ⟹ 𝐤 =
[𝐀]𝐱 [𝐁]𝐲
§ Unit of reaction rate : mol dm*7 s*(

§ Unit of concentration : mol dm*7

Order of Reaction Rate Equation Unit of Rate Constant

Zeroth Rate = k[A]' [B]' = k mol dm*7 s*(

First Rate = k[A][B]' = k[A]

Second Rate = k[A]) or = k[A][B]

Third Rate = k[A]7 or = k[A]) [B]

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Summary of Zeroth, First & Second Order Reaction
Zeroth Order First Order Second Order

Reaction 𝐀 → 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭(𝐬)

Rate Equation 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤[𝐀] 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤[𝐀]𝟐

[A] declines at constant rate The rate of reaction is declining The rate of reaction is declining

Concentration-

Time Graph

[A] will NOT affect rate Higher [A] ➝ faster rate Higher [A] ➝ faster rate

Rate-

Concentration

Graph

Unit of rate
mol dm*7 s*( s*( dm7 mol*( s*(
constant, k

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Question 1

The rate equation of a reaction is rate = k[CH3Br][OH-]. Which of the following is the unit for k?

A. mol2 dm-6 min-1

B. mol dm-3 min-1
C. mol-1 dm3 min-1
D. mol-2 dm6 min-1

Question 2

Consider the following equation:

2O3(g) → 3O2(g)

The rate equation for the reaction is

A. Rate = k[O3(g)]
B. Rate = k[O3(g)]2
C. Rate = k[O3(g)]3
D. Cannot be determined as information is insufficient

Question 3

Consider the following equation:

2A(aq) + B(aq) → A2B(aq)

The rate constant for the reaction is 1.2 × 10*7 dm3 mol-1 s-1. Which of the following is a possible rate equation for the
above reaction?

A. Rate = k[A(aq)]
B. Rate = k[B(aq)]
C. Rate = k[A(aq)]2
D. Rate = k[A(aq)]2[B(aq)]

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Question 4

Given that the rate of removal of CO in the atmosphere by bacteria in the soil is constant. What is the order of this process?

A. Zeroth order
B. First order
C. Second order
D. Cannot be determined

Question 5

The rate equation for the reaction A → B + C is rate = k[A]. Which of the following graphs will produce a straight line?

A. [A] against time

(
B. [:]
against time

C. Rate against [A]

D. Rate against [A]2

Question 6

Which of the following plot(s) for a second order reaction is /are NOT a straight line(s) at constant temperature?

(1) Rate against [X]2

(2) [X] against time
(3) Rate constant against time

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

Question 7

What is the overall order of the reaction of the rate equation below?
𝟏 𝟕
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 = 𝐤[𝐀]𝟐 [𝐁][𝐂]𝟐

A. 0
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5

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Question 8

Which of the following is the correct unit of the rate constant for an overall first order reaction?

A. No unit
B. s-1
C. mol dm-3 s-1
D. mol-1 dm-3 s-1

Question 9

Consider the following first order reaction:

𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐
2H2O2(aq) E⎯⎯⎯G 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Which of the following statements concerning the reaction is correct?

(1) The concentration of H2O2 at any times can be determined by withdrawing fixed amount of reaction
mixture and titrated against standard potassium permanganate solution.
(2) The graph of [H2O2] against time gives a straight line.
(3) Addition of extra H2O2 could increase the initial reaction rate and increase the total amount of O2 formed.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

Concept Check
1 The overall order of a reaction must be integer. ☐

2 Rate constant, k of a first order reaction has no unit. ☐

3 The concentration-time graph of a zeroth order reaction is a horizontal line. ☐

4 The rate-concentration graph of a first order reaction is straight line passing through origin. ☐

5 The rate constant changes as the temperature changes. ☐

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