Venezuela's Electoral Crisis Analysis
Venezuela's Electoral Crisis Analysis
Venezuelan context
1. Presentation
The presidential preference for the weak international support formula for the
elections should alert the international community and encourage preventive
action based on principles and compromises of undisputed legitimacy. Venezuela
requires an integral observation, of the electoral process and of its environment.
1
On
July
28,
when
responding
to
a
reporter
while
walking
out
of
a
meeting
with
the
UN
Secretary,
President
Maduro
said,
“Venezuela
is
not
monitored
and
will
not
be
monitored
by
nobody,
nobody.
I
will
never
accept
it.”In
Últimas
Noticias,
“Maduro
rules
out
international
monitors
for
december
6”(Maduro
descarta
monitoreo
internacional
el
6-‐D),
28-‐07-‐2015.
http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/maduro-‐descarta-‐monitoreo-‐
internacional-‐el-‐6-‐d.aspx
2 International
Crisis
Group,
“Venezuela
is
an
avoidable
disaster”(Venezuela:
un
desastre
evitable),
July
30,
2015.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-‐america/venezuela/b033-‐
venezuela-‐unnatural-‐disaster-‐spanish.pdf
(p.
2,
19).
2
In Freedom’s House Scale3, Venezuela falls in the category of countries that are
partially free, falling underneath nine Latin American countries in the free category
and above Cuba, which is classified as not free. Although it is surrounded by eight
more countries from the region, it has fallen between 2011 and 2014 to the end of
that category:4
Position in State of political rights State of civil rights Score of countries in
the index Latin America (2014)
Partially free, They moderately protect all They moderately protect all (3) Bolivia
from 3 to 5 the political rights or they civil rights or strongly
points strongly protect some while protect some while they (3) Ecuador*
they negate others. negate others.
(3) Mexico*
As the score increases, the As the score increases, the
(3) Paraguay
adverse factors weigh more adverse factors that weaken
than political rights entirely civil liberties due to limits (3,5) Colombia
(such as political corruption), in the independence of the
limits on the workings of the media, restrictions in union (3,5) Guatemala
political parties and activities and discrimination
opposition groups, and against minority groups (3,5) Nicaragua
through military or foreign weigh more.
influence in politics. (4) Honduras
(5) Venezuela*
3
Organization
that
publishes,
since
1972,
a
report
on
the
state
of
liberties
around
the
world.
The
report
2015-‐
with
data
from
year
2014-‐
incorporates
195
states
and
15
not
independent.
See
Freedom
in
the
World
2015,
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf
y
Freedom
in
the
World
2015
Methodology,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Methodology_FIW_2015.pdf
4
Freedom
House,
2015
ratings
by
country.
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-‐world-‐
2015/table-‐country-‐ratings#.VaxU4HiZPRo
3
rights, as freedom of expression and association, private economic activities
experiencing increasing state control, and political imprisonment.5
Venezuela is part of the global picture of the declining liberties and rights that
Freedom House has defined throughout the past nine years. What does not rest
from the gravity of the diagnosis, and instead, confirms the importance of
understanding and comprehending, as soon as possible, the loss of rights and
liberties that precede and surround the electoral process in its uneven
development. The most detailed study on the scores obtained by Venezuela6 portray
a situation in which the country does not qualify as a liberal democracy and steps
further away from the minimal conditions of an electoral democracy.
This last observation allows the introduction of a Democracy Index prepared by The
Economist Intelligence Unit,7 built from five categories -electoral processes and
pluralism, civil liberties, government workings, political participation and political
culture - that are divided into sixty indicators, defining countries into four different
types of regimes: functioning democracies, imperfect democracies, hybrid regimes
and authoritarian regimes.
Venezuela places in the last category, under two neighboring Latin American
countries in the first category, and thirteen in the second. In the last one - hybrid
regimes - Venezuela is the only above Cuba; Cuba is placed in the group of the
authoritarian regimes.
Hybrid Elections surrounded by irregularities that usually Guyana (78)
regimes prevent them from being free and competitive.
Ecuador (79)
Government activities that pressure the opposition
parties and candidates. Honduras (80)
5
In
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-‐world-‐2015/methodology#.VaxKJ3iZPRo,
6
Venezuela
/
Freedom
in
the
World
2015.
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-‐
world/2015/venezuela#.Va2nhHiZPRo
7
Democracy
Index
2014:
Democracy
and
its
discontents.
A
report
from
The
Economist
Intelligence
Unit.
http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-‐d58f-‐462e-‐9b24-‐
2504a37f6b56/Democracy-‐index-‐2014.pdf
.
It
is
the
seventh
annual
edition
of
the
study
that
incorporates
data
from
165
states
and
two
territories.
4
Harassment and pressure on journalists.
Regarding the electoral aspect, there is a special interest in the indicators that
weigh on the definition of Venezuela as a hybrid regime in which “Elections
surrounded by irregularities that prevent them from being free and competitive”
and “Government exercises pressure on opposition parties and candidates” are
included. Both conditions have done nothing but worsen in the first semester of
2015, being the most recent and visible example, the political disqualification of
five opposition leaders.8
The index prepared by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung9 places eighteen Latin-
American countries in a scale of high, medium and low democratic development,
based on the evaluation of data in four categories studies through specific aspects:
Citizen democracy Political commitment votes/ Score in the index of political rights/ Score in the
(respect for political index of civil liberties / Gender in Government / Conditioning of the freedoms
rights and civil and rights due to insecurity.
liberties)
Institutional democracy Score in the corruption perception index / Political parties in the Legislative
(institutional quality Power /Legal, political and social accountability / Destabilization of democracy
and efficiency of the due to the lack of political representation, political violence and armed
political system) organizations.
Social and human Health performance (childhood mortality and spending in health as percentage
democracy (capacity of of GDP) / Educational performance (secondary education enrolment rate,
the democratic system completion rates for secondary school and spending on education as a
to generate policies percentage of GDP) / Urban Unemployment / Population under the poverty line.
that ensure well being
and human
development)
Economic democracy Score in the index of economic freedom / GDP per capita PPA prices / Income
(capacity of the gap / Investment: gross fixed investment over the GDP/ Debt: percentage of debt
democratic system to over GDP.
generate policies that
ensure economic
8
Of
the
importance
of
these
measures
and
the
importance
of
alerting
on
their
impact
on
the
electoral
process
is
evidence
the
reaction
of
the
Secretary
General
of
the
OEA,
Luis
Almagro,
before
the
first
of
the
recent
disqualifications.
In
“Almagro
sobre
Venezuela:
Las
únicas
inhabilitaciones
las
hace
el
pueblo”,
Globovisión,
16-‐07-‐2015.
http://globovision.com/almagro-‐sobre-‐venezuela-‐las-‐unicas-‐
inhabilitaciones-‐las-‐hace-‐el-‐pueblo/.
9
Index
of
democratic
development
in
Latin
America
(Índice
de
desarrollo
democrático
de
América
Latina).
IDD-‐Lat
2014.
http://www.idd-‐lat.org/2014/downloads/idd-‐lat-‐2014.pdf.
Annually
published
since
2001.
5
efficiency)
When incorporating social and economic aspects, this index enriches the diagnosis
and widens the idea of democracy to topics expressly claimed by the Venezuelan
government in the past twenty-five years. For this reason, it is a circumstance of
monetary income without precedent - for more than a decade Venezuela took
advantage of high oil prices. It is worth highlighting, that Venezuela’s current
positioning, again, is in at the bottom of the penultimate point of the scale,
considered to be a country of low democratic development. In this assessment of
Latin American countries, the country is ranked 15th in civic democracy, 18th in
institutional democracy, 12th in social development and 8th in economic
development.10
10
It
is
to
be
noted
that
the
data
used
for
the
economic
and
social
dimensions
comes
from
government
statistics,
with
the
distortion
that
this
means
in
the
calculation
of
magnitudes
to
the
lowest
official
rate
for
preferential
dollars,
over
30
less
than
the
official
exchange
rate
of
non-‐
preferential
dollars
and,
mediating
in
2015,
a
hundred
times
lower
than
the
value
of
the
dollar
on
the
black
market.
11
Varieties
of
Democracy
Project
(V-‐Dem).
http://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-‐
research-‐areas/democracy/news-‐and-‐events/events/conferences/2012/papers-‐2012/Coppedge-‐
etal-‐Wshop7.pdf
12
The
first
data
collection
was
completed
in
2014
with
more
than
300
indicators,
with
113
years
of
data
for
166
countries
of
the
206
that
were
suggested
for
study.
In
January
2014,
the
first
results
were
presented
(http://kellogg.nd.edu/faculty/news/vdem4.shtml.
Since
April
2014
data
on
120
countries
is
available
(https://v-‐dem.net/es/)
and
in
2015
30
more
countries
were
added.
13
The
first
data
collection
was
completed
in
2014
with
more
than
300
indicators,
with
113
years
of
data
for
166
countries
of
the
206
that
were
suggested
for
study.
In
January
2014,
the
first
results
were
presented
(http://kellogg.nd.edu/faculty/news/vdem4.shtml.
Since
April
2014
data
on
120
countries
is
available
(https://v-‐dem.net/es/)
and
in
2015
30
more
countries
were
added.
14
Civil
liberties,
civil
society,
direct
democracy,
deliberative
democracy,
elections,
executive,
judiciary,
legislature,
media,
political
equality,
political
parties
and
party
systems,
sovereignty.
6
In the Venezuelan case, it is worth highlighting the features that contradict with a
few of the central points- characteristics of the democratic variables that identify
the V-Dem project.
SECTION SEVEN
Electoral Foreseeable challenges to political pluralism and hindering the participation of opposition
leaders as well as difficulties to register political parties of critical political tendencies.
Majority Exacerbation of the rule of the majority, lack of knowledge of minorities and increasing
absence of vertical accountability.
Consensual There is no shared power, plural instances of effective consultation or political diversity in
the formulation of policies and decision-making processes.
Participative Abandonment of initially promoted mechanisms and instances of direct democracy; limits
to civil society organizations.
Equality Loss of the empowerment of the population that was initially encouraged through
government social programs. Political institutionalization of government social programs
with demands for support to beneficiaries, under pressures that deepen in electoral
processes.
Considering the data set gathers information until 2010, the graphic representation
of the historical evolution demonstrates how Venezuela has experienced, since
1998, a significant and sustained decadence in the electoral, political, liberal,
equality, deliberative and participative aspects.15 In other words, it has not only
experience a decline in the liberal dimension, publicly disqualified by the
government since 1999, but even in the equality and participative dimensions that
were emblematic themes in the political and constitutional proposal of a new
regime. It is particularly worrisome that the electoral dimension has also suffered
significant deterioration. On the one hand, because in terms of the diagnosis, the
15
https://v-‐dem.net/en/data/analysis/CountryGraph/
7
electoral dimension has kept Venezuela in the category of partially free countries,
even if it is close to minimal democracies and some authors have categorized its
hybrid regime as competitive authoritarianism.16 This deterioration of the
precondition of electoral democracies is also preoccupying in terms of the forecast
and urgent attention that the Venezuelan situation requires, both nationally and
internationally.
In this regard, the reference to the Electoral Integrity Project,17 which in its third
global evaluation of 127 presidential and parliamentary elections in 107 countries,
conducted between July 2012 and December 2014, showed evidence of a
significant deterioration in the case of Venezuela. While the presidential electoral
process of October 2012 was located in the 77th place, the April 2013 was in 110th
place, dropping from 63 to 51,4, over 100, in the perception index of electoral
integrity.18
Of the 11 indicators used for the assessment, 5 are included in the pre-electoral
period (electoral laws, electoral process, thresholds, voter registration and
registration of political parties and candidates) and 2 on the performance of the
campaign (media coverage media and campaign financing). The fact that nearly two
thirds of electoral integrity assessment relates to the phases and conditions prior to
election day, confirms the importance of the immediate and comprehensive
observation that the Venezuelan case requires.19
16
Along
with
the
conceptual
clarification
of
Steven
Levitski
and
Lucan
A.
Way,
Competitive
Authoritarianism
(Cambridge
University
Press,
New
York,
2010)
and
the
analysis
of
the
Venezuelan
case
by
Javier
Corrales
in
several
writings,
including
“Autocratic
Legalism
in
Venezuela”,
Journal
of
Democracy,
Vol.
26,
No.
2
April
2015,
pp.
37-‐51
ttp://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Corrales-‐26-‐2.pdf,
are
of
particular
interest
the
contributions
of
the
Venezuelan
academy
to
this
perspective
in
the
collective
volume
coordinated
by
Benigno
Alarcón
-‐
The
Venezuelan
Challenge:
Revolutionary
Continuity
or
Democratic
Transition
(El
desafío
venezolano:
continuidad
revolucionaria
o
transición
democrática).
Caracas:
UCAB-‐CEP,
2014-‐
especially
the
chapter
“A
case
of
competitive
authoritarianism”
(Un
caso
de
autoritarismo
competitivo),
from
professors
Benigno
Alarcón
and
Ángel
Álvarez.
17
Project
consortium
between
the
Kennedy
School
of
Government
of
Harvard
University
and
the
University
of
Sydney
that
evaluates
the
quality
of
electoral
processes
based
on
international
standards
of
electoral
integrity.
In
https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/home.
18
Pippa
Norris,
Ferran
Martinez
I
Coma
and
Max
Grömping,
The
Expert
Survey
of
Perceptions
of
Electoral
Integirty
(PEI_3),
february
2015,
www.electoalintegrityproject.com
19
The
Center
for
Political
Studies
of
the
Catholic
University
Andres
Bello,
in
agreement
with
the
Kennedy
School
of
Government,
coordinates
the
Venezuelan
Electoral
Integrity
Project.
Its
first
report,
in
August
2014,
gathered
the
premises
for
the
evaluation
of
the
electoral
process
developed
in
successive
reports
http://politikaucab.net/2014/09/11/reporte-‐especial-‐n00/
8
The possibility of politically reconfiguring the Venezuelan Legislative Power has
been both nationally and internationally valued as institutional, peaceful and
democratic to overcome a sustained deteriorating situation, which already foresees
serious problems and risks of being ungovernable. The problems and risks also go
beyond Venezuelan borders; observations, petitions, and demands made by leaders,
non-governmental organizations, social movements and political organizations
have become louder and the cost of silence higher for international organizations
and governments, particularly Latin American - much remains to be done.
In the described scenario, the electoral path seems like a minefield, with the same
features of a political regime that does not get along with altering power and
suffers economic (scarcity, hyperinflation, lack of foreign exchange), institutional
(impunity, corruption, insecurity, organized crime) and political problems
(repression and criminalization of dissent, growing fragmentation and inefficiency
of the government).
9
Entorno Venezolano
1. Presentación
10
2. El entorno de las elecciones en cinco índices
22
Organización que publica desde 1972 su informe sobre el estado de las libertades en el mundo. El
informe 2015–con datos del año 2014- incorpora 195 estados y 15 territorios no independientes. Ver
Freedom in the World 2015, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf y
Freedom in the World 2015
Methodology,https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Methodology_FIW_2015.pdf
23
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2015/table-country-ratings#.VaxU4HiZPRo
24
En https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2015/methodology#.VaxKJ3iZPRo,
11
Venezuela es parte del cuadro mundial de declinación de libertades y derechos que
Freedom House ha trazado para los últimos nueve años. Lo que no resta gravedad
al diagnóstico y, en cambio, confirma la importancia de comprender y atender, en lo
inmediato, la pérdida de derechos y libertades que precede y rodea al proceso
electoral en su accidentada marcha. El estudio más detallado sobre las
puntuaciones obtenidas por Venezuela25 muestra una situación en la que no califica
como democracia liberal y se aleja cada vez más de las condiciones mínimas de una
democracia electoral.
En cuanto a lo electoral es de especial interés que entre los indicadores que pesan
en la ubicación de Venezuela como régimen híbrido se encuentra la referencia a
“Elecciones rodeadas de irregularidades que impiden que sean libres y
competitivas” y el relativo al “Ejercicio gubernamental de presiones sobre partidos y
25
Venezuela / Freedom in the World 2015. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-
world/2015/venezuela#.Va2nhHiZPRo
26
Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents. A report from The Economist Intelligence Unit.
http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-
index-2014.pdf . Es esta la séptima edición anual del estudio que incorpora datos de 165 Estados y dos
territorios.
12
candidatos de oposición”. Ambas condiciones no han hecho más que agravarse en
el primer semestre de 2015, siendo la más reciente y visible manifestación de
irregularidades y presiones la inhabilitación política de cinco líderes de la
oposición.27
Democracia social y Desempeño en salud (mortalidad infantil y gasto en salud como porcentaje
humana (capacidad del del PIB) / Desempeño en educación (matricula secundaria, tasa de egreso
sistema democrático del nivel secundario y gasto en educación como porcentaje del PIB) /
para generar políticas Desempleo urbano / Población bajo la línea de pobreza.
que aseguren bienestar
y desarrollo humano)
Democracia económica Puntaje en el índice de libertad económica / PIB per capita PPA precios /
(capacidad del sistema Brecha de ingresos / Inversión: inversión bruta fija sobre PIB /
democrático para Endeudamiento: porcentaje de deuda sobre el PIB.
generar políticas que
aseguren eficiencia
económica)
13
de ingresos sin precedentes que por más de una década proveyeron los altos
precios del petróleo, que llama la atención la ubicación de Venezuela, nuevamente,
en el margen inferior del penúltimo punto de la escala, como país de bajo
desarrollo democrático. En esta evaluación de países de América Latina, el país
ocupa el puesto 15 en la democracia ciudadana, 18 en la institucional, 12 en la
social y 8 en la económica.29
En el caso venezolano cabe destacar los rasgos que contrarían, en varios de sus
puntos centrales, lo característico de las variantes de democracia que identifica el
proyecto V-Dem.
Liberal Centralización del poder sin separación ni independencia de poderes.
29
Ha de tenerse en cuenta que los datos utilizados para a las dimensiones sociales y económicas provienen
de estadísticas del gobierno, con la distorsión que significa el cálculo de magnitudes a la más baja tasa oficial
para dólares preferenciales, más de treinta menor que el cambio oficial de dólares no preferenciales y,
mediando en año 2015, cien veces menor que el valor de la divisa estadounidense en el mercado negro.
30
Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem). http://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-research-
areas/democracy/news-and-events/events/conferences/2012/papers-2012/Coppedge-etal-Wshop7.pdf
31
La primera recolección de datos se completó en 2014, con 113 años de datos para 166 países de los 206
que se propone estudiar. En enero de 2014 fueron presentados los primeros resultados
(http://kellogg.nd.edu/faculty/news/vdem4.shtml. Desde abril de 2014 está disponibles datos sobre 120
países (https://v-dem.net/es/) y en 2015 se añadieron 30 países más.
32
La primera recolección de datos para los más de trescientos indicadores se completó en 2014, con 113
años de datos para 166 países de los 206 que se propone estudiar. En enero de 2014 fueron presentados los
primeros resultados (http://kellogg.nd.edu/faculty/news/vdem4.shtml. Desde abril de 2014 están
disponibles datos sobre 120 países (https://v-dem.net/es/) y en 2015 se añadieron 30 países más.
33
Libertades civiles, sociedad civil, democracia directa, democracia deliberativa, elecciones, ejecutivo,
judicatura, legislatura, medios, igualdad política, partidos y sistemas de partidos, soberanía.
14
Destitución de funcionarios cuya posición fue ganada en procesos electorales.
15
la precondición de democracia electoral es además preocupante en términos del
pronóstico y de la urgente atención que la situación venezolana requiere, tanto
nacional como internacionalmente.
38
El Centro de Estudios Políticos de la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, en convenio con la Escuela de
Gobierno Kennedy, coordina el Proyecto Integridad Electoral Venezuela. Su primer reporte, de agosto de
2014, recogío las premisas para la evaluación del proceso electoral desarrollada en reportes sucesivos
http://politikaucab.net/2014/09/11/reporte-especial-n00/
16
mucho más por hacer.