Введение

A Linguistics may specialize in some subpart of the following linguistic structure:

Phonetics, the study of the physical aspects of sounds of human language

Phonology , the study of patterns of a language’s sounds

Morphology , the study of the internal structure of words

Syntax , the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

Semantics , the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and
how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

Language structure is a complex system that allows humans to communicate effectively. It has various levels,
including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Understanding how language is structured
can enable individuals to master linguistics, thus enhancing communication across different contexts.

Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign
languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech
are phoneticians.

Phonemes are the smallest unit of sounds in the English language. They come together to form words, and
breaking words down into phonemes helps kids understand how they’re sounded out. There are 44 different
phonemes, and they’re represented using letters or groups of letters called graphemes.

articulation
Morphology
Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word
structures, especially regarding morphemes, which are the smallest units of language. They can be base words or
components that form words, such as affixes. The adjective form is morphological.

We can divide morphemes into prefixes, suffixes and roots/bases.

Prefixes are morphemes that attach to the front of a root/base word.

Suffixes are morphemes that attach to the end of a root/base word, or to other suffixes.

Roots/Base words are morphemes that form the base of a word, and usually carry its meaning.

Generally, base words are free morphemes, which can stand by themselves (e.g. cycle as in bicycle/cyclist, and
form as in transform/formation).

Whereas root words are bound morphemes that cannot stand by themselves (e.g. -ject as in subject/reject, and -
volve as in evolve/revolve).

Most morphemes can be divided into:

Anglo-Saxon (like re-, un-, -ness);

Latin (like non-, ex-, -ion, -ify);

Greek (like micro, photo, graph).

So, morphemes can be very helpful for analysing unfamiliar words.

Grammatical meaning is peculiar to a class of words, but not to a single word (unlike lexical meaning), it conveys
some general property of the class of words. Grammatical categories in the English language are those of number,
person, gender, case, tense, mood, aspect, voice, phase, degree.

Syntax
Syntax is the set of conventions of language that specify whether a given sequence of words is well-formed and
what functional relations, if any, pertain to them. For example, in English, the sequence “cat the mat on” is not
well-formed. To keep the set conventions manageable, and to reflect how native speakers use their language,
syntax is defined hierarchically and recursively.

English sentence structure is the basic arrangement of words in sentences. Every sentence includes a subject and
a predicate. (It may include more than one.).

The subject tells who or what the sentence is about. Then the verb and the rest of the predicate give information
about what the subject does or is.

It is possible to have one-word sentences in English: a verbal command like “Come!” or “Listen!”.

Semantic
The semantic structure of a polysemantic word presents a set of interrelated & interdependent lexico-semantic
variants. We distinguish on the synchronic level: - the basic (major) & the minor; - the central & the marginal; -
direct & transferred(figurative); -. Every LSV is connected with the major m-g due to the existence of the common
semantic components/ semes.

Alternative Classification of the Linguistic Structure

There is also an alternative way to classify linguistic structures.

* Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the
acquisition of language in childhood. It involves research into the different stages in language acquisition,
language retention, and language loss in both first and second languages, in addition to the area of bilingualism

* Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change/ also known as philology, is the study
of how a language develops into its present form. This can include changes from older versions of the language in
speech and grammar, or the diachronic variation of language, as well as the etymology of loanwords and
neologisms.

* Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns of linguistic variability. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the
effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on language and the
ways it is used.

* Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that applies computer science to analyze and comprehend
written and spoken language.
* Applied linguistics, the study of language related issues applied in everyday life, notably language policies and
language education/ Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers
solutions to language-related real-life problems.

Вывод
In summary, understanding linguistic structures is fundamental in a wide range of professional fields, including
language education, translation, speech therapy, technology development, cross-cultural communication, and
humanities.