DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME

Fill in gaps 1 to 12 with a suitable word from the box below. There are three words that you do not need to use SHIFTS, ERROR-PRONE, PRACTISE, PRAISED, OCCASIONALLY, DIFFER, PRACTICE, TIED, GOAL, LESS, FORMERLY, PARADOXICALLY, BACKWARD, TEMPORARILY, VARIES
Daylight saving time (DST)also summer time in several countries including in British English is the practice of (1)____________ advancing clocks during the summertime so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted (2)____________ in autumn. Modern DST was first proposed in 1895 by George Vernon Hudson, and many countries have used it since then; details vary by location and change (3)____________. The (4)____________ has been both (5)____________ and criticized. Adding daylight to afternoons benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but causes problems for farming, evening entertainment and other occupations (6)____________ to the sun. Its effect on health and crime is (7)____________ clear. Although an early (8)____________ of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, (9)____________ a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns (10)____________ greatly, and research about how DST currently affects energy use is limited or contradictory. DST clock (11)____________ present other challenges. They complicate timekeeping, and can disrupt meetings, travel, billing, recordkeeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Software can often adjust computer clocks automatically, but this can be limited and (12)____________, particularly when DST protocols are changed.

Incidents and Anecdotes

Throughout its long and fascinating history, daylight saving time has had a remarkable impact on a wide variety of unexpected areas. Match headings A-I to paragraphs 1-7. There are two headings you do not need to use.
A. MORE MUGGINGS B. RESCHEDULING C. ATTACK THWARTED D. MANSLAUGHTER CHARGES E. GATHERING CANDY F. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE G. SAVED BY THE BELL H. WHICH SIBLING IS OLDER? I. VOTER TURNOUT

1. A man, born just after 12:00 a.m. DST, circumvented the Vietnam War draft by using a daylight saving time loophole. When drafted, he argued that standard time, not DST, was the official time for recording births in his state of Delaware in the year of his birth. Thus, under official standard time he was actually born on the previous day-and that day had a much higher draft lottery number, allowing him to avoid the draft. 2. In September 1999, the West Bank was on Daylight Saving Time while Israel had just switched back to standard time. West Bank terrorists prepared time bombs and smuggled them to their Israeli counterparts, who misunderstood the time on the bombs. As the bombs were being planted, they exploded--one hour too early--killing three terrorists instead of the intended victims--two busloads of people. 3. Through 2006, Daylight Saving Time in the U.S. ended a few days before Halloween (October 31). Childrens pedestrian deaths are four times higher on Halloween than on any other night of the year. A new law to extend DST to the first Sunday in November took effect in 2007, with the purpose of providing trick-or-treaters more light and therefore more safety from traffic accidents. For decades, sweet manufacturers lobbied for a Daylight Saving Time extension to Halloween, as many of the young trick-or-treaters collecting sweets are not allowed out after dark, and thus an added hour of light means a big holiday treat for the sweet industry. Anecdotally, the 2007 switch may not have had much effect, as it appeared that children simply waited until dark to go trick-or-treating. 4. Patrons of bars that stay open past 2:00 a.m. lose one hour of drinking time on the day when Daylight Saving Time springs forward one hour. This has led to annual problems in numerous locations, and sometimes even to riots. For example, at a "time disturbance" in Athens, Ohio, site of Ohio University, over 1,000 students and

other late night partiers chanted "Freedom," as they threw liquor bottles at the police attempting to control the riot. 5. To keep to their published timetables, trains cannot leave a station before the time they are due to. So, when the clocks fall back one hour in October, all Amtrak trains in the U.S. that are running on time stop at 2:00 a.m. and wait one hour before resuming. Overnight passengers are often surprised to find their train at a dead stop and their travel time an hour longer than expected. At the spring Daylight Saving Time change, trains instantaneously become an hour behind at 2:00 a.m., but they just keep going and do their best to make up the time. 6. A study by the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration found that crime was consistently less during periods of Daylight Saving Time than during comparable standard time periods. Data showed violent crime down 10 to 13 percent. It is clear that for most crimes where darkness is a factor there are many more incidents after dusk than before dawn, so light in the evening is most welcome. 7. While twins born at 11:55 p.m. and 12:05 a.m. may have different birthdays, Daylight Saving Time can change birth order -- on paper, anyway. During the time change in the fall, one baby could be born at 1:55 a.m. and its twin brother or sister born ten minutes later, at 1:05 a.m. In the spring, there is a gap when no babies are born at all: from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. In November 2007, Laura Cirioli of North Carolina gave birth to Peter at 1:32 a.m. and, 34 minutes later, to Allison. However, because Daylight Saving Time reverted to Standard Time at 2:00 a.m., Allison was born at 1:06 a.m.

Listening comprehension. Listen to a sleep researcher in this podcast from Scientific American (http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=waking-inthe-dark-daylight-saving-09-03-06) about the effects of Daylight Saving Time in our bodies and answer the questions below.

1. Two years ago DST ____________________________ early so as to save energy. 2. DST means more ______________ for people likely to suffer from winter depression. 3. Michael Terman is a ______________________________ at Columbia University. 4. Light gets us ready to wake up and alerts our brain to increase ___________________ 5. When were forced to wake in darkness, we feel like its _____________ ________________ and thats why were __________________ 6. According 7. The simplest to Terman there is more depression on the ___________________________ of time zones. way to avoid these negative effects of DST is to use a __________________ to create gradual light.
OVER TO YOU What do you think about DST? How does it affect you personally? What are the pros and cons of this measure? Think of all the areas it can have an impact on.

KEY KEY KEY

Ticking clock indeed. Already its time to turn clocks forward one hour this Sunday morning, March 8th. Two years ago Congress ordered Daylight Saving Time to launch three weeks early, in an effort to save energy. More evening light may mean less electricity used. But it also means more blues for those prone to winter depression. The change sets us back to mid-January in terms of morning light, according to Michael Terman, a biological rhythms expert at Columbia University. Light is what preps us for waking, alerting the brain to increase body temperature and cortisol, and decrease melatonin. When were forced to wake in darkness, we feel like its the middle of the night, and from our bodys perspective it is, and were tired. Termans recent research shows there is more depression on the western edges of time zones in the U.S., where the sun rises later. Simplest way to combat this, says David Avery, professor of psychiatry at the University of Washington, is to use a dawn simulator, a device that creates gradual light, or program your bedside lamp to turn on about 20 minutes before you wake up.

Daylight saving time (DST)also summer time in several countries including in British English is the practice of temporarily advancing clocks during the summertime so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted backward in autumn. Modern DST was first proposed in 1895 by George Vernon Hudson, and many countries have used it since then; details vary by location and change occasionally.

The practice has been both praised and criticized. Adding daylight to afternoons benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but causes problems for farming, evening entertainment and other occupations tied to the sun. Its effect on health and crime is less clear. Although an early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, formerly a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly, and research about how DST currently affects energy use is limited or contradictory.
DST clock shifts present other challenges. They complicate timekeeping, and can disrupt meetings, travel, billing, recordkeeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Software can often adjust computer clocks automatically, but this can be limited and error-prone, particularly when DST protocols are changed.