19th and 20th

Century
 19th Century: General Background
-Napoleonic Invasions

-Industrial revolution

-European Imperialism: colonies in America, Africa and Asia

-Bourbon Restoration (In Spain: Ferdinand VII)

-Discovery of Electricity: telegraph, telephone, light bulb...

bulb
19th Century:: Musical Considerations
ROMANTICISM: late 18th and 19th century.

Music becomes more expressive and emotional, expanding to includ

literary, artistic, and philosophical themes. Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata

Late 19th century music is its nationalistic fervor: NATIONALISM

IMPRESSIONISM late 19th and early 20th centuries.

IMPRESSIONISM:

Music focuses on suggestion and atmosphere

Use of "color", or in musical term, timbre, which can be achieved throug

orchestration, harmonic usage, texture… Debussy: Clair de Lune
19th Century:: Instrumental Genres
-Genres such as the Symphony (Symphony n. 5:
Beethoven), the concert, etc. are maintained and
new ones appear such as the symphonic poem.

-Special importance is given to intimate pieces for

the piano (Nocturne: Chopin).

-Programme music (based on extra-musical

elements) (Symphonie Fantastique: Berlioz) and
musical nationalism are developed (Peer Gynt:
Grieg, Hungarian Dance: Brahms)

-Ballet: (Swan Lake: Tchaikovsky)

 19th Century: Vocal Genres
The main genres are opera, the lied (song)
the zarzuela in Spain.
-The lied joins poetry and music. The compo
Schubert and Schumann stand out. Schu
Serenade
-Opera: great evolution with composers suc
Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, etc. (There is no div
in opera: seria, buffa..).
Wagner: Ride of the Valkyries.
Verdi: Rigoletto
-In Spain the lyric genre of the zarzuela is
which uses melodies and dances from Spa
folklore. Tomás Bretón: La Verbena de la Pa
20th Century:
General Background
●Period of massive technological cha
automobiles, airplanes, spacecraft
telephone, radio, television, sat
transmission, the Internet, etc.
●Socio-political change: Two major World W
that dramatically affected all aspects of lif
Europe and America between 1914-18 (W
and 1939-45 (WWII).
●Decline of the worldwide B
Commonwealth, the establishment of the Un
States as the major force of the Free World,
the rise and fall of Soviet Communism.
20th Century: Art Music or
Classical Music
●The Breakdown of TONALITY:
➢Expressionism:
Expressionism Ex: Schoenberg, Webern and Berg
➢Serialism:
Serialism Compositions with 12 sounds of scale.
Schoenberg
●Music Focused on Tone Color and Rhythm. Ex: Stravins
●Non-Traditional
Traditional uses of instruments and voices: Ex:
Penderecki
●Minimalism
Minimalism: based on repetition: Ex: Glass
●Conservative
Conservative Music: Copland, Barber, Prokofiev
●Influence
Influence of Popular Music: Bernstein, Gershwin
Jazz
●Negro
Negro Spirituals, Slave Songs (around 1860)
●Blues: Blues (beginning of 20th century)
●Ragtime:
Ragtime: Scott Joplin (beginning of 20th century)
●Hot
Hot Jazz or New Orleans: Louis Armstrong
●Swing: Glenn Miller (around 1930-1950)
●Modern
Modern Jazz: cool, bebop, free jazz.. Charlie Parker
Rock and Pop Music
R&B: The Platters (around 1940)
Rock & Roll: Elvis Presley (around 1950)
Brit Pop: The Beatles (around 1960)
Hard Rock: The Who (1960)
Heavy Metal: Deep Purple (1970)
Punk Rock: Sex Pistols (1970)
Soul: James Brown (1960..)
Funk and Disco: Earth, Wind and Fire (1970)
Folk Rock: Bob Dylan (1970)
Glam, Progressive, New Wave: Queen, David
Bowie...