Name:______________________________________________________________________Date:________Class:______

APWH|Unit Two Reading Guide

Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using
specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their
reading will not do well in this course.

UNIT 2.1| The Silk Roads

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Silk Roads The silk roads were essential to interregional trade in the 14th and 15th century.
Allowed the transfer of luxury goods between Europe, Asia, and Africa.

2. Kashgar Located at the western edge of China, was a place where travelers on the Silk Roads could stop and get water and food as well as trade
goods and ideas. Was once Buddhist but became a center for Islamic scholarship.

3. Samarkand Similar to Kashgar, it was a center of cultural exchange because of the presence of diverse religions and was a center of Islamic learning
and had many mosques.

4. Caravanserai
Inns that were spread about 100 miles apart that provided a place for travelers to rest themselves and their animals.

5. Flying cash A system of credit that China used that allowed a merchant to deposit paper money in one location and withdraw that amount in another
location

6. Hanseatic League First common market and confederation of merchant guilds that controlled trade in the North and Baltic sea. It was formed between
cities in Germany and scandinavia.
Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. The first ‘golden age’ of the Silk Roads came to an end after the collapse of classical civilizations like the Roman
causes of The
and Han empires. HowSilk Roads
were they revived? were revived by Arab merchants
growth of from the Abbasid Empire
networks of
exchange as they wanted to increase trade.
after 1200. B. What was China’s role in bringing about the ‘second gold age’ of the Silk Roads?

China played an important role in innovations that increased the speed and safety of trade and
produced desirable luxury goods that Europe was interested in trading for.

C. How did the Mongol empire significantly impact the expansion of trade?

unified the Silk Roads in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws.
Also improved roads, punished bandits, created new trade channels, and reopened trade routes which all
promoted trade.

D. Describe how each of the following technological advancements led to growth in the expansion of trade
networks:

● Caravans: made trade by land safer because travelers would travel together

● Saddles:

increased the weight of the load that animals

could carry for trade by land
● Magnetic compass:

aided navigation along the seas which increased trade by water

● Rudder:

aided ship control along the seas which increased trade by water

strengthened the ship for rough voyages at

● Junk ships:
sea making sinking less likely and allowed for trade to
be spread overseas
Explain the A. Why did cities become thriving centers of trade during the growth of exchange networks?
effects of
growth of ● Explain the significance of Kashgar, or why it was important to travelers:
networks of
exchange Travelers de presced on it dor its abundance of water and veled.
It also had a bustling market that spread goods and ideas and it was a center of Islamic scholarship.

after 1200.
● Explain the significance of Samarkand, or why it was important to travelers:

It was a stopping point for travelers and spread culture and allowed for the trading of goods.
There were many religions here and it was a center for Islamic learning.

B. Another effect of trade networks was the use of inns known as caravanserai. How were these different than
cities and why were they important to travelers?
Caravanserai were different from cities because they did not serve as a place for the trade of ideas and goods
but instead let travelers rest. This was an important and needed break for travelers as they
made their way through the arid and inhospitable Silk Roads.

C. China developed a new financial system, although it was already considered a money economy.
● What was the system: flying cash
 ● Why did they need it:

copper coins were too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions

● How did it impact European cities in the 1300s:

Resulted in the creation of banking houses which allowed for holders to receive a promised payment
on a set date which served as the model for banks in the modern era.

D. The growth of trade networks also led to the creation of the Hanseatic League.
● Why did it form:
Formed to acquire luxury goods from Asia and in order to do so Europe needed to organize
the trade of European resources.

● What was its impact:

Drove out pirates and monopolized trade in goods such as timber, grain, leather, and salted fish

● Why did it end: Ended in mid 17th century becausenational governmentsbecame strongenoush toprted
their merchants.

E. How did the increase in demand for luxury goods impact places like China?

The increase in demand for luxury goods increased the supply of these goods that China created so these
places expanded production of goods which led to the expansion of iron and steel manufactured.

UNIT 2.2| The Mongol Empire and the Modern World

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Mongol Empire multiple clans of pastoral nomads who focused on waretare in order to conquer but centralized the
government under peaceful rule

2. Temujin the mongol leader who focused on forming allances and personal loyalty and defeated heighboring groups

3. Khan king

4. Khanate
kingdom

5. Pax Mongolica The period of Eurasion history between the 13th and 14th centuries were there was mongolian Peace

6. Golden Horde part of mongolia's army that conqured Russian kingdoms

and forced them to pay tributes

7. Karakorum
capital of the mongol empire

8. Il-Khanate mongolian territory from Byzantium to the Oxus River teet asud Persians des ministers
and provincal/ local officials for maxium tax collechon

9. Yuan Dynasty mongolian rule in China where the practices of leadership

were closer to chinese tradition and implemented religious tolerance and prosperity due to trade
10. White Lotus
•a secret socrety in China led by a Buddhist monk who over threw the
Yuan Dynasty and founded the ming dynasty
Society

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. What was life like for the Mongols north of the Gobi Desert? How did their environment impact their culture?
process of
state building
The enviornment was arid and harsh which forced the mongols to be hunter-gatherers,
skillful horse riders, and hoid value in wareGare

and decline in
Eurasia over B. Who was Genghis Khan? How did he become the leader? How did he earn his reputation as a brutal leader?
time. Genghis Knan was the mongolian leader who began the conquests. He was elected by mongol chiefdoms at kuriltai.
He earned his reputation because he brutally killed anyone who resisted when the mongolians
conquered.

C. Mongols at War
● What made Mongolian soldiers so efficient?

Ithey had an efficient command structure that helped with communication among forces

● What strategies did they commonly use?

Suprise and craft

● What happened to those who did not surrender to the Mongols?

the mongols would kill all the aristocrats but let the skilled people live for their benefit

● How did the Mongols use siege weapons and the pony express to their advantage?

used siege weapons to: attack wall fortitications and carapauir stones

D. How were Mongol women treated within the empire?

Mongor women had more independence than others- they tended Hocks, raised children, and could remarry

Explain how A. As the Mongolian empire expanded people were surprised by his leadership. Why?
the expansion
of empires While the mongois conquered territory vei

influenced
violently, they
had a peaceful leadership
trade and
communicati B. What was Pax Mongolica? What important developments or social policies emerged from it?
on over time.
The period of Eurasion history between the 13th+ 14 th centuries when the mongols ruled.
It broughta chinese and Islamic traditions further into Europe, created new roads, implemented
religious rolerance, and increased trade.

C. What role did Genghis Khan and his soldiers take with the Silk Roads? How did they change them?

roads, implemented religious rolerance, and increased trade.

C. •Genghis klan + his soldiers protected the Silk Roads which allowed them to be safer and increase
trade between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe

Explain the A. How was the Mongol Empire divided after Genghis Khan died?
significance
of the
Mongol Empire was divided among his grandsons who further expanded it into Europe and Asia.

Empire in
larger B. The Goldenmongolian
Horde
patterns of ● What was it/when was it established:
continuity
army of 100,000 Soldiers that invaded Russia in
and change. 1230
● Who was in charge:

Baru: the son of Khan's oldest son

● What was the immediate impact:
The capital was destroyed and Russia was forced
●
to pay tributes
Why did the Mongols stop expanding into Europe:
to see to issuses of his sucession and lost interest in conquering
Western Europe

● How did the Mongols rule Russia:

Rulers in moscow collected additional tributes to
ser● aside in order
How did o develop an anti- mongolian coalition who rose and defeared the mongols in 1
Russia rebel:
Widespread devestation + death, improved military organization, centralized leadership, and a more
distinct Russian culturw

● What were the long term impacts of Mongol rule there:

C. The Il-Khanate
● What was it/when was it established:

● What was the immediate impact:

● How was it governed:

● What were the long term impacts of Mongol rule there:

D. The Yuan Dynasty

● What was it/when was it established:

● What were the immediate and long term impacts:

● How did the Yuan Dynasty rule:

● How did the Yuan Dynasty decline:

E. How did the Mongol decline in China echo the decline of the overall empire?

F. Fill in the blank for Mongolian Long-Term impacts:

● Mongols conquered a larger area than the _________________, being the largest continuous land
empire in history
 ● During Pax Mongolica, Mongols revitalized:_________________________________________________

● What cultural exchanges occurred:

○ ____________________________ from Islam to China

○ ____________________________from China to the world

○ ____________________________went to Western Europe

● Mongol conquests spread the ________________________________ or Black Death from China to West

● The Mongols used _____________________________ power

● Mongol fighting techniques led to the use of ______________________________ in Western Europe

● ___________________________________ came to an end in Europe due to the cannon and siege

tactics of the Mongols

G. In your own words, list the various continuities and changes of the Mongol Empire below:

● Continuities:

● Changes:
UNIT 2.3| Exchange in the Indian Ocean

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Calicut

Bustling port city for merchants in search of spices

from southern India.
2. Spice Islands

Malaysia and Indonesia- exported nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom.

3. Monsoon Winds

Forced merchants to time their voyages carefully depending on when favorable winds would come their way.

4. Lateen Sails
Triangular sails that could easily catch winds coming from many different directions.

5. Melacca
Wealthy city-state with a navy- imposed fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca.
Prosperity built on trade.

6. Diaspora
Settlements of people away from their homeland.

7. Swahili City-States
Thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa.

8. Zheng He
Muslim admiral who went on seven great voyages.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the The Indian Ocean Basin’s location allowed thriving trade with regions like South Asia. Note important
causes of the information about the causes of expanded exchange in the Indian Ocean below using specific details and
growth of complete sentences.
networks of
exchange after 1. Spread of Islam:
1200.
A. How did the expansion of Islam expand the Indian Ocean Trade network?
The expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before, leading to thriving trade in the Indian Ocean
Trade network.
 B. What trading partners are connected?
Trading partners existed in East Africa, East and Southeast Asia, and South Asia.

C. Who were the Muslim Persians and Arabs, and what was their role?
Muslim Persians and Arabs were the dominant seatarers and were instrumental in
transporting goods to port cities across the Indian Ocean.

D. Why is Calicut an important example of a bustling port city?

Calicut was a bustling port city for merchants in search of spices from southern India.
Foreign merchants from Arabia and China met in Calicut to exchange goods from the West and the East,
respectively

2. Increased Demand for Specialized Products:

A. List the items that India offers:

Fabrics (particularly cotton), meticulously woven carpets, high-carbon steel, tanned leather, artisan-crafted
stonework, and pepper.

B. List the items that Malaysia and Indonesia offer:

Nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom.

● What are they called and why?

Malaysia and Indonesia are called the Spice Islands because they exported nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves,

C. List the items that Swahili Coastal cities offer:

Slaves, ivory, and gold.

● Name two of these cities:

Mombasa, Mogadishu, and Sofala traded slaves, ivory, and gold.

D. List the items that China exported:

Silks and porcelain.

E. List the items that Southwest Asia exported:

Horses, figs, and dates.

F. Summarize the slave trade prior to the West/Central African slave trade in the 1500s (where were they
taken, what was life like). Use specific details.

By routes over land 8/9h the INdian Ocean, Slaves from eastern Africa were sold to buyers in northern Africa, the Middle East, and India. Many transported to islands off the southeast coast of Africa. The trade reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slaves were more likely to provide forced lagor in seaports in the shipping industry and as household servants. Some worked as sailors or even soldiers.
They had opportunities to develop communities and to work alongside free laborers.
They had certain rights, such as the right to markedge

3. Environmental Knowledge

A.In the winter

Explain themonths; mosoon
importance Winas ongnated
of monsoon winds: from the northeast, while in the spring and summer, they
blew from the northeast, while in the spring and summer,
they blew from the southwest merchants had to time their voyages
carefully, remaining in port cities for months at a time, depending on
when favorable winds would come dregee varitime Technology:
4. Advances in Maritime Technology:

A. Explain the significance of:

they ●were Lateenpopular
Sails: because sailors found that the
triangular shape could easily catch winds coming from many
● Stern Rudders:

Chinese sailors during the classical period had invented the stern rudder, which gave ships more stability &
● Astrolabes:
The astrolabe, improved by Muslim
navigators in the 12th century allowed sailors to
determine how far north or south they were from the equatoor
 5. Growth of States:
A. How did the growth of states lead to further growth of trade?
The trading networks in the Indian Ocean fostered the growth of states to help institutionalize the revenue
from trade.

B. Explain how Melacca is an example of this.

Malacca became wealthy by binhamg a navy and by imposing fees on ships that passed through the Strait of
Malacca. The Sultan of Malacca became so powerful in the 1400s that it expanded the state into Sumatra
and the southern Malay Peninsula. As in city-states in East Africa, Italy,
and the Americas, Malacca's prosperity was based on trade rather than agriculture of mining or manufacturing.

Explain the Some of the factors that caused expansion of trade networks also became effects. Note important
effects of the information here using specific details
growth of
networks of A. Diasporic Communities:
exchange after ● What is ‘diaspora’:
Settlements of people away from their
1200. homeland are known as diaspora.
● Why did many Arab and East African merchants stay in Indian port cities?

Many Arab and EismAiCan merch Ane stay indian port cite permanently because they
married women they met there.

○ How did this impact Southern Asia?

B. Response to Increased Demand:
Merchants from Dat al-Islam were the first to bring Islam to southern Asia,
not through missionary work or conquest, but through intermarriage.
Their children would generally be raised within Muslim traditions.

● How did increased demand lead to the increased role of the state (government)?

○ How was Gujarat an example of this?

Gujarat became the go-between for trade between the East and West.
The revenue from customs in Gujarat was more than the entire worth of some
European states.

C. Swahili City States

● What were the Swahili City States? What were they referred to as in Arabic?

The Indian Ocean trade also created irth suy-s are sarong tier she reter of ica, sometimes
known as the Swahili city-states, and the Zanj Coast in Arabic.

● What was the role of these city states - what did they trade/bring to the network?

The traders of the Zanj Coast, as it was known in Arabic, sole ivory, gold, and slaves to the Arab partners, as
well as more exotic goods such as tortoise shells, peacock feathers, and rhinoceros horns.
In exchange, the Zanj" cities acquired Chinese porcelain, Indian cotton, and manufactured ironwork.

● These city states became extremely wealthy - what evidence do we have of this?
Architectural ruins n Kilwa sugges the Weath and granded/ hat oncee«sted fere. 1ore*ample,
mostbuildings had traditionally been constructed of mud and clay. However, at the Indian Ocean
trade's height many mosques and wealthy merchants' homes were made of stone or coral.

D. Significant Cultural Transfers

● What does the chapter mean by ‘significant cultural transfers’ - what are those?
The transfer of knowledge, culture, he chology, commerce, and feligion intensined as a restit
of thriving trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.

● Who was Zheng He? What was the purpose of his voyages?
The voyages of Zheng He (1371 -1433) refect this transfer, as well as the confict it generated.
In 1405, theVing emperor Yongle sent Zheng He on voyages.purposes of the voyages were to
show the mighty dynasty to the rest of the world and to recive taute roravages perpi Shina and

● How did the voyages impact China and the Chinese government?
The expeditions won prestige for the Chinese government and opened up new markets for
Chinese goods.

● Why did his voyages end?

Emperor Yongle's successor. hisor hu Gaozhi, ended Zheng He's travels,
and he alse discouraged all Chinese from sailing away from China.
To emphasize his point, he made building a ship with more than two masts a punishable
offense.
 ● The end of his voyages marked strict isolation by the Ming Dynasty - what evidence do we
have of this?

Zhu Gaozhi discouraged all Chinese from sailing away from China.
To emphasize his point, he made building a ship with more than two masts a punishable offense.

● How can you use Zheng He’s voyages as an example of cultural transfers?

The expeditions won prestige for the Chinese governmen an opened lip rew markets for Chinese goods.
Zheng He and his crew returned to China with exotic treasures, such as the first giraffe the Chinese had ever
seen. The voyages Inspired some to immigrate to ports in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.

Explain the 1. Answer the following question about the role of environment in the expansion of networks of exchange.
role of
environmental A. Describe the role of environmental factors (geography, monsoon winds, etc) in expanding trade
factors in the networks.
development
of networks of
Environmental factors influenced when traders traveled, forced them to stay in one place for longer fostering
exchange cultural exchange, and made way for many innovations.

1200-1450.

UNIT 2.4| Trans-Saharan Trade Route

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Sahara Desert Huge dessert about 3.6 million square miles- only about 800 square miles are oases.

2. Oases Places where human settlement is possible because water from deep underground is brought to the
surface, making land fertile in the desert.

3. Camel Saddles People developed as many as 15 types of camel saddles for different purposes.

4. Trans-Sahara Trade
Famous trade route throughout Europe and Asia across the Sahara desert.

5. Mali
Trading society in West Africa that profited from gold trade and other trade.

6. Timbuktu Wealthy trading city that developed into a center of Muslim life and learning in the region.

7. Sundiata
Founder of Mali who built a strong trade network.

8. Mansa Musa
Muslim political and religious leader in Mali.

9. Songhay Kingdom
Kingdom in West Africa- used same process as Mali, but grew larger and richer.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. What was life and trade like in the Sahara Desert prior to the early 1200s?
causes of the
growth of For more than 700 years, trans-Saharan trade brought wealth to the West Trans-Sahatrida, (Ghana and Mall).
They brought Islam, which spread into Sub-saharan Atrica as a result.
Trans-Sahara
trade. B. Why did Muslim merchants travel on camels? Why were they better for travel than horses?
Compared to horses, camels can consume a large quantity of water at one time (over 50 gallons in three
minutes) and not need more water for a long time.

C. Which saddle had the greatest impact on trade - why?

The saddle that had a great impact on trade was one the Somalis in Eastern Africa developed.
They were semi-nomadic and needed to carry their possessions with them, so they designed a saddle for
carrying loads up to 600 pounds. Without the development of this type of saddle, camels could not have been
used to carry neavy loads of goods in trade

D. How many trade routes were there across the Sahara Desert - what was their significance?
There were seven north-south trade routes and two east-west routes. These put the people in Sub-Saharan
Africa in touch with a ceral commodites became these trade routes

E. Certain commodities became famous along these routes. What was the most famous, and what else was
traded along this route?
Gold was the most precious commodity traded. West African merchants acquired the metal from the waters
of the Senegal River near modern-day Senegal and Mauritania. Foreign traders came to West Africa seeking
not only gold but also ivory and sladers.

● How did trading these items impact West Africa, particularly Ghana and Mali?

For more than 700 years, trans-Saharan trade brought considerable wealth to the societies of West Africa,
particularly the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali. They also brought Islam, which spread into Sub-Saharan africa as
a result

A. Why did Ghana decline? What took over?

Explain the
effects of the By the 12th century, wars with neighboring societies had permanently weakened the Ghanaian state.
In its place arose several new trading societies, the most powerful of which was mali
growth of
Trans-Sahara B. Why did Mali become more prosperous than Ghana ever had been?
trade.
The government of Mali profited from the gold trade,

C. Although most in Ghana were farmers cultivating sorghum and rice, other cities grew in prominence. Explain
the significance of Timbuktu to Mali.

Timbuktu accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Muslim life in the region.
Timbuktu in particular became a world-renowned center of Islamic learning.

D. How did the growth of trade and wealth give rise to an expanding role of states?

The growth in trade and wealth gave rise to the need to administer and maintain it.
Rulers needed to establish a currency that was widely understood.
Rulers needed to protect both trade routes and areas where their currencies were made or their other trade
resources were produced.

E. Who was Sundiata and why was he important? Give contextual information about this leader.

Mai's rounding ruler, sundiara, became the subject of legend. His father had ruled over a small society in
West Africa in what today is Guinea. When his father died, rival groups invaded, killing most of the royal
family and capturing the throne. They did not bother to kill Sundiata because the young prince was
crippled and was not considered a threat. In spite of his injury, he learned to fight and became so feared
as a warrior that his enemies forced him into exile. His tme in exile only strengthened him and his allies.
In 1235, Sundiata, "the Lion Prince," retumed to we kingdam, and is biah defeated ive comedia or reclaimed
the theone for himself.

F. Who was Mansa Musa and why was he important? Give contextual information about this leader.

In the 14th century, Sundiata's grand-nephew, Mansa Musa, brought more fame to the region.
However, Mansa Musa was better known for his religious leadership than for his political or economic acumen.
 G. How did Mansa Musa impact Mali through Islam?

Mansa Musa began a lgrimage Muri24 Meccould pligrimage displayed Mali's wealth to the outside world.

H. What was the Songhay Kingdom, and how did it become more powerful than Mali?

By the late 1400s, the Songhai Kingdom had taken

its place as the powerhouse in West Africa. Following processes like those Mali had gone through,
Songhai became larger and richer than Mali.

Explain how A. Using the information from this section, explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and
the communication over time, particularly with the Trans-Sahara trade route.
expansion of
empires
influenced The Mali empire connected West and North Africa with trade and spread Islam in West Africa.
Al Andalus created a vibrant, tolerant society and preserved classical Greek learning.
trade and The Byzantine Empire fostered trade between Asia, Europe, and Africa and carried on Roman legacy.
Kievan Rus developed the first large civilization in Russia and spread Christianity eastward.
communicati
on over time.

UNIT 2.5| Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Diffusion (Definition not in book) Spread of something (typically cultural aspect like religion) from its place of origin

2. Zen Buddhism
Buddhist doctrines fused with elements of Daoist traditions

3. Neo-Confucianism
Fused rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism and became widespread in
Japan, Vietnam, and Korea.

4. Black Death

A plague/epidemic that killed many Europeans and caused econmic decline in Europe.
5. Marco Polo

Italian who wrote about his travels in China. Sparked interest in other cultures.

6. Ibn Battuta
Muslim scholar who wrote about his travels through Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia,
China, Spain, North Africa, and Mali.

7. Margery Kempe

English woman who wrote about her travels to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain.
Represented the perspective of a medieval woman, and wrote one of the first autobiographies.

Objective Key Developments

Explain the 1. Religious, Cultural, and Technological Impacts of Interaction

intellectual A. Generally, in what ways did cultural diffusion in c. 1200-1450 effect places?
and cultural
effects of the Goods, people, and ideas traveled with relative freedom through the networks of exchange in
effects of the Afro- Eurasia in the years between c. 1200 and c. 1450.
various
networks of B. Buddhism in East Asia
exchange in ● How did it spread to China?
Afro-Eurasia
from c. 1200 to Buddhism came to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads, and the 7th-
century Buddhist monk Xuanzang helped make it popular.

c. 1450.
● What was Zen Buddhism and why was it so popular?
Monks related Buddhism to familiar Daoist principles, and in time Buddhist doctrines fused
with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretic faith Chan Buddhism, also known
as Zen Buddhism.

● How did printing impact Buddhism in China? How was literature itself impacted?
The development of printing had made Buddhist scriptures widely available to the Confucian
scholar gentry.Buddhist writers also influenced Chinese literature by writing in the vernacular
rather than the formal language of Confucian scholars

● What does it mean that Japan and Korea were “countries in China’s orbit”? Why would they
adopt Confucianism and Buddhism at this time (think back to the Song Dynasty).
Japan and Korea were heavily influenced by China and adopted many of the Chinese's
beliefs and traditions at the time. This indudes Confucianism and Buddhism.

● In Korea, who studied which religion and why?

The educated elite studied Confucian classics, while Buddhist doctrine attracted the
peasants because peasants wanted the ability to social climb, which confucianism does not
provide.

● How was Neo-Confucianism significant to East Asia?

Neo-Confucianism, first appearing in the lang Dynasty but developing further in the Song Dynasty,
fused rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism and became widespread
in Japan and Vietnam. It also became Korea's official state ideology.

C. Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia

● How did it spread to Southeast Asia?

Through trade, the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism made their way to Southeast Asia
as well.

● What evidence do we have that Buddhism had a strong influence?

The sea-based Srivijaya Empire on Sumatra was a Hindu kingdom, while the later Majapahit
Kingdom on Java was Buddhist. The South Asian land-based Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka became
centers of Buddhist study with many monasteries. Buddhism's influence was so strong under the
Sinhala dynasties that Buddhist priests
 ● How does the Khmer Empire (Angkor Wat) evidence religious diffusion?

The royal monuments at Angkor Thom are evidence of both Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences on
Southeast Asia. Hindu artwork and sculptures of Hindu gods adorned the city. Later, when Khmer rulers had
become Buddhist, they added Buddhist sculptures and artwork onto buildings while keeping the
Hindu artwork.

D. Spread of Islam
● How and where did Islam spread?

Through merchants, missionaries, and conquests, Islam spread over a wide swath ofAfrica, South Asia,

● List TWO specific impacts for each region below:

○ Africa:
■
Swahili language is a blend of Bantu and Arabic and is still widely spoken today
- Leaders of African states deepened Islamic ties through pilgrimages to Mecca

○ South Asia:
■
Before Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism were popular.
- After Islam arrived, Buddhists converted more readily than Hindus because
they were disillusioned by the corruption among Buddhist priests.

○ Southeast Asia
■
Muslim rulers on Java combined Mughal Indian features, local traditions, and Chinese-

■
- Traditional Japanese stories, puppetry, and poetry absorbed Muslim characters and techniques

E. Scientific and Technological Innovations

● How did technology spread?
Literary works, math, paper making techniques, medicinal practices, agricultural innovations,
seafaring technology, astronomy studies, gunpowder and guns, along with other science and
technology traveled the trade routes.

● List FIVE examples of technology that spread through diffusion:

○
○ Champa rice, papermaking/printing technology, lateen sails, magnetic compass, and gunpowder.
○
○
○

● What did Marco Polo’s writings show?

Thanks, in part, to the writing of Marco Polo, historians have a good picture of the city
of Hangzhou in China. It

● How was Hangzhou similar to Timbuktu/Calicut in being a center of trade?

Hangzhou was the center of culture in southern China, the home of poets and
other writers and artists. Located at the Grand Canal, it was a center of trade. Like other
important cities of the era, such as Novgorod in Russia, Timbuktu in Africa, and Calicut in
India ors cont Bus the das is atechants exchanged goods. This trade brought diversity to Hangzhou

● What factors contribute to the growth of cities?

Trade, cultural exchange, location, amount of travel through that area, and leaders
are all factors that contribute to the growth of cities.

● What factors contributed to the decline of cities like Constantinople and Kashgar?
Kashgar declined after a series of conquests by nomadic invaders and in 1389—
90 was ravaged by Tamerlane. Another once thriving city, the heavily walled
Constantinople in present-day Turkey, also suffered a series of traumatic setbacks.
Mutinous Crusader armies weakened Constantinople after an attack in the Fourth
 F. Effects of the Crusades
● What was the Black Death?
The plague, referred to as the Black Death, was introduced to Europe by way of trading routes.
A major epidemic broke out between 1347 and 1351. Additional outbreaks occurred over the
succeeding decades. As many as 25 million people in Europe wasy have died from the plague

● What was its impact on the world of this time?

2. Traveler’s Tales
A. How did traveler’s tales become popular?
As exchange networks intensified and literacy spread as a result of paper and printing
technology, an increasing number of travelers eviein Afro-Eurasia wrote about their journeys
B. Marco Poloreaders.
for eager

● Where was he from and where did he travel to?

In the late 13th century, Marco Polo, an Italian native from Venice, visited the court of Kublai Khan.
He traveled throughout China and wrote about his travels after returning to Italy in 1295.

● What was his Point of View?

Chinese cities impressed Polo. Polo's point of view as a merchant kept him focused on trade-related matters.

● What was the impact of his writing?

Many Europeans refused to believe his descriptions of China's size, wealth, and wonders.
When other Europeans followed Polo's route to China did people accept that China was prosperous
and innovative, Polo's descriptions of the customs.he geople he met intrigued Europeans.
He wrote about urbanization in the 13th century

C. Ibn Battuta
● Where was he from and where did he travel to?
When he was just 21 years old, Ibn Battuta (1304-1353), a Muslim scholar from Morocco, set out
to travel.He traveled through Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, Spain, North Africa,
and Mali, mainly to Muslim lands.

● What was his Point of View?

Battuta had the pont of view of a Muslim devoted to his faith. His journey was in large part
to learn as much as he could about Islam and its people and accomplishments.

● What was the impact of his writing?

After telling his tales to the Sultan of Morocco, Battuta was told to "dictate an account of the cities
which he had seen in his travel, and that he speak of those he had met of the rulers of countries,
of distinguished men o learning, and of pious saints."

D. Margery Kempe
● Where was he from and where did he travel to?
"The Book of Majgery Kempe" was one of the earliest autobiographies in English, if not the first,
could neither read nor write. She dictated her book to scribes who wrote down her descriptions
hawasils pont ges to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain.

● What was his Point of View?

She is a middle-class medieval woman. In her book, Kempe conveys both the intense spiritual
visions and feelings of her mystical experiences and the trials of everyday life for a woman with
14 children.

● What was the impact of his writing?

She does relate details of her travel experiences, such as being so overcome by the sight of Jerusalem
as she approached it that she nearly fell off her donkey. However, her book is also significant because it is a
firsthand account of a middle-class medieval woman's life.

UNIT 2.6| Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)
1. Champa Rice Crop that was introduced to the Champa states by Vietnam, a Hindu state, and then offered to Chinese
as tribute

2. Overgrazing grazing of natural pastures at stocking intensities above the livestock carrying capacity

Objective Key Developments

Explain the 1. Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks

environmenta
l effects of A. Generally speaking, what was the impact of new crops (the good and the bad)?
the various
networks of B. Champa Rice
astribution. People found ways to sustain arandant production; in others, overuse of the land led to environmental degradation.

exchange in ● Where do we think Champa Rice originated? How did it get to China?
Afro-Eurasia
from c. 1200- Champa rice was introduced to the Champa states by Vietnam, a Hindu state, and then from c.

1450.
1200- offered to the Chinese as tribute. Some scholars believe Champa rice may have originated
in 1450. India.

● How did it impact China’s:

○ Population:
It was widely distributed in China to meet the needs of the growing population and in turn contributed
to the populationeraed farming

○ Land use:
populationeraed farming in the uplands and in the lowlands, Champa rice was grown where once land

○ Migration:
was thought unusable for growing rice.

As the population of China grew, people tended to migrate southward to the original rice growing region,
contributing to the growth anacities.

C. Bananas
● Who introduced this crop to Sub-Saharan Africa?

Indonesian seafarers traveling across the Indian Ocean had introduced bananas to Sub-Saharan Africa.

● What was the major impact of bananas in this region?

- Led to a spike in population- Many Indonesians settled on the island of Madagascar-Allowed
the Bantu-speaking peoples to migrate to places where yams— a traditional food source—
have did not easily grow- Farmers increased land for cultivatigar, Enriched diets and led to
population growth

D. Sugar, Cotton, and Citrus Crops

● Who spread cotton, sugar, and citrus beyond the Arabian Peninsula?

As caliphs conquered lands beyond the Arabian Peninsula, they spread Islam, the Arabic
language, and the cultivation of cotton, sugar, and citrus crops.

● Explain how cities like Samarkand were also involved in the spread of these items.
New foods were also available at the markets along the trade routes.
The markets of Samarkand, for example, introguced new fruits and vegetables,
as well as rice and citrus products from Southwest Asia, to Europe.

● How does sugar impact the 1500s?

Europeans' demand for sugar would become so high that it became a key factor in the massive use
of enslaved people in the Americas in the 1500s and after.

E. Environmental Degradation
● How did increases in population impact the environment?

Increases in population put pressure on resources.

● How in turn did overuse of land impact places like Great Zimbabwe and the Mayans?
Overgrazing outside of Great Zimbabwe was so severe that people had to abandon the city in the late 1400s.
- In feudal Europe, overuse of farm land and deforestation led to soil erosion, reducing agricultural production.
- The Little Ice Age (c. 1300—c. 1800) also contributed to a decrease in agricultural products.
- Environmental degradation was a factor in the decline of the Mayans in the Americas as well.
 2. Spread of Epidemics through Exchange Networks
A. How did the Mongols and caravanserai help spread the plague?

- The Mongol conquests helped to transmit the fleas that carried the bubonic plague, termed the Black Death
, from southern China to Central Asia, and from Southeast Asia and Europe. Historians believe the caravanserai
that housed people ang animals together oray bage co europeted to the serene of the disease:

B. How was the impact of the plague on Europe negative and positive?

decline.- The reduced number of workers led to a new relationship between workers and those they worked for:
each person's labor.

C. Where else did the Black Death make an appearance? How did South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa avoid
the Black Death?

North Africa, China, and Central Asia. About 25 million Chinese and other Asians died between 1332 and
1347. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa were spared because there were few trading ports in those regions.

UNIT 2.7| Comparison of Economic Exchange

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. Summarize how the Silk Roads, Trans-Sahara Route, and Indian Ocean trade are similar via origins, purpose,
similarities and effects.
and balf Sfi he routes that early trader and conquerors first traced - Stable kingdoms, caliphates,
differences city-states,- stable polities supported the technological upgrades that made trade more
profitable-the trading networks shared an overall economic purpose:exchange what people
among the were able to grow or produce for what they wanted, needed, or trade- the trade routes all gave rise to trading cities, the "knots" that held the network

various
networks of
exchange in B. Summarize how the Silk Roads, Trans-Sahara Route, and Indian Ocean trade are different via the goods
the period c. exchange, technologies they inspired, and the religions they spread.
1200-1450.
Silk Roberds, sirk, iea, spices, dyes,"porcelain, rice, paper, gunpowder, horses, saddles, fruit, domestic
animals, honey, textiles Technologies- saddles, caravanseraiReligions- Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism,
IslamIndian Ocear Trade:Goods- gold, ivory, quartz, animal skins, citrus, fruits, dates, books, textiles,
peppers, pearls Technologies- stern rudder, lateen sail, astrolabe, magnetic compassReligions- Buddhism,
Neo-Slaves technologiar, saares o Trease bada Beauty el gighs poks, sal, gold, ivory, cloth,

C. Summarize the social implications of networks of exchange in labor.

The forms of labor from earlier periods continued- free peasant farmers, craft workers or artisans in cottage
industries, people forced to work to pay off debts, and people forced into labor through enslavement
. Kinship ties often played a role in coordinating large-scale projects.

D. Summarize the social and gender structures of the networks of exchange.

The typical social structures during the period between 1200 and 1450 were still defined by class or caste,
and societies, with rare exceptions, remained patriarchies. There were, however, areas where women
exercised more power and influence.