Name: VILLAHERMOSA, ERIKA ASTLY R.

Date: FEBRUARY 28, 2024

Year and Section: 2-ECHO Subject: FORSCI 211

Define the following terms and provide an image portraying the corresponding lens defects.

1. Spherical aberration- Spherical aberration is the

indistinct or fuzzy appearance of the outer part of the
field of view of a lens, which is caused by the non-
convergence of rays to a common focus. Figure 2.3b
shows rays of light ABCD entering and leaving a bi-
convex lens.

2. Coma- In optics, the coma, or comatic aberration, in an

optical system refers to aberration inherent to certain optical
designs or due to imperfection in the lens or other components
that results in off-axis point sources such as stars appearing
distorted, appearing to have a tail like a comet.

3. Curvature of field- Curvature of field is present when the

sharpest image is formed not on a flat plane but on a curved
surface. Petzval field curvature, named for Joseph Petzval,
describes the optical aberration in which a flat object normal to
the optical axis cannot be brought properly into focus on a flat
image plane.

4. Distortion- Image distortion is when the straight lines of an

image appear to be deformed or curved unnaturally, creating
different distortion types, including barrel, pincushion, and
waveform. Distortion is often the result of the lens's geometrics
and can significantly disrupt the image's quality.

5. Chromatic aberration- Chromatic aberration, also known as

color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of
unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often,
it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast
between light and dark objects, such as a black wall in front of a
bright blue sky.

6. Astigmatism- Astigmatism aberrations are found at the outer

portions of the field of view in uncorrected lenses and cause the ideal
circular point image (Airy pattern) to blur into a diffuse circle,
elliptical patch, or line, depending upon the location of the focal
plane.