Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5
Multiple Choice Questions
40 Events A and B are mutually exclusive when:

.
A. their joint probability is zero.
B. they are independent events.
C. P(A)P(B) = 0
D. P(A)P(B) = P(A |
B)
Review definition of mutually exclusive.
(joint probability is intersection)
Events A and B are mutually exclusive when those two events do not overlap.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-03 Apply the definitions and rules of
probability.
Topic: Rules of Probability
41. If two events are complementary, then we know

that:
A. the sum of their probabilities is

one.
B. the joint probability of the two events is one.
C. their intersection has a nonzero probability.
D. they are independent events.
Review definition of complementary events.

Blooms: Remember
probability.
42 Regarding probability, which of the following is correct?
.
A. When events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A∩B) = P(A) +

P(B).
B. The union of events A and B consists of all outcomes in the sample space that are contained in both event A and event
B.
C. When two events A and B are independent, the joint probability of the events can be found by multiplying the probabilities of
the individual events.
D. The probability of the union of two events can exceed one.
Review the rules of probability.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-05 Determine when events are
independent.
Topic: Independent Events
43 Independent events A and B would be consistent with which of the following

. statements:
A. P(A) = .3, P(B) = .5, P(A∩B)

= .4.
B. P(A) = .4, P(B) = .5, P(A∩B) = .2.
C. P(A) = .5, P(B) = .4, P(A∩B) = .3.
D. P(A) = .4, P(B) = .3, P(A∩B) = .5.
For independence, the product P(A)P(B) must equal P(A∩B).
a. P (A/B) = 0.4/0.5 = 0.8

b. P (A/B) = 0.2/0.5 = 0.4 (indepdent)
c. P (A/B) = 0.3/0.4 = 0.75
d. P (A/B) = 0.5/0.3 = 1.6 (Probability is never higher than 1)

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
independent.
44 Find the probability that either event A or B occurs if the chance of A occurring is .5, the chance of B occurring is .3, and events
. A and B are independent.
A. .80
B. .15
C. .65
D. .85
Given that the events are independent, the product P(A)P(B) must equal P(A∩B). Thus, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B) = .50
+ .30 - (.50)(.30) = .80 - .15 = .65 using the General Law of Addition.
Summary:
P(A) = 0.5
P(B) = 0.3
probability that either event A or B occurs means A or B or Both -> UNION
A and B are independent -> P (A and B) = P(A) * P(B) ( since P(A) = P(A/B) when they are independents)
P (A and B) = 0.5*0.3 = 0.15
P(A or B) = P (A) + P(B) – P(A and B) = 0.5 + 0.3 – 0.15 = 0.65

Blooms: Apply
independent.
45 Regarding the rules of probability, which of the following statements is correct?

.
A. If A and B are independent events, then P(B) =

P(A)P(B).
B. The sum of two mutually exclusive events is one.
C. The probability of A and its complement will sum to one.
D. If event A occurs, then its complement will also occur.
Review the rules of probabilities.

Blooms: Remember
probability.
46 Within a given population, 22 percent of the people are smokers, 57 percent of the people are males, and 12 percent are males
. who smoke. If a person is chosen at random from the population, what is the probability that the selected person is either a male
or a smoker?
A. .67
B. .79
C. .22
D. .43
Use the General Law of Addition P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B).

Blooms: Apply
probability.
47 Information was collected on those who attended the opening of a new movie. The analysis found that 56 percent of the
. moviegoers were female, 26 percent were under age 25, and 17 percent were females under the age of 25. Find the probability
that a moviegoer is either female or under age 25.
A. .79
B. .82
C. .65
D. .50
Use the General Law of Addition P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B).
CONTINGENCY TABLES (2 characteristics: gender and age)
P(above age 25) = 74%
P (male who is above 25) = 35%
P(male or above 25) = P(male) + P(above 25) - P(male ∩ above 25) = 44% + 74% - 35%

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
48 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(V).

.
A. .20
B. .40
C. .50
D. .80
This is a marginal probability P(V) = 40/200 = .20.
(NOTE: khi đọc đề, xem thử ngta cho contingency tables với đơn vị là % hay là không. Nếu chưa ở dạng % thì phải chuyển về
dạng %)
P(A) = 100/200
P(O) = 70/200 = 0.35
P ( Sprint and Wayne) = P (S and W) = 24/200
P (S/W) = 24/80 = P(Sprint given that Wayne) (CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY)
P ( S or W) = P(S) + P(W) – P(S and W) = 60/200 + 80/200 – 24/200

Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-06 Apply the concepts of probability to contingency
tables.
Topic: Contingency Tables
49. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(V | W).
A. .4000
B. .0950
C. .2375
D. .5875
This is a conditional probability P(V|W) = 19/80.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
50 Given the contingency table shown here, find the probability P(V´), that is, the probability of the complement of V.
.
A. .30
B. .50
C. .80
D. .15
Calculate the probability of the complement of V by subtracting from its marginal probability P(V) = 40/200 to get P(V´) = 1 - P(V)
= 1 - 40/200.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
51. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(W∩S).
A. .12
B. .30
C. .40
D. .58
This is a joint probability P(W and S) = 24/200.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
52 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A or M).

.
A. .2500
B. .7500
C. .6250
D. .1250
Use the General Law of Addition P(A or M) = 100/200 + 50/200 - 25/200.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
53. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A ).

2
A. .1842
B. .1766
C. .8163
D. .0578
This is a marginal probability: P(A ) = 86/467.
2

Blooms: Apply
tables.
54. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A ∩B ).

3 2
A. .3212
B. .2933
C. .0942
D. .1006
This is a joint probability: P(A and B ) = 44/467.

3 2

Blooms: Apply
tables.
55 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A | B ).

2 3
A. .0685
B. .1893
C. .3721
D. .1842
This is a conditional probability: P(A |B ) = 32/169.

2 3

Blooms: Apply
tables.
56. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A or B ).

1 2
A. .0933
B. .3182
C. .0300
D. .3854
Apply the General Law of Addition: P(A or B ) = 44/467 + 150/467 - 14/467.

1 2

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
57 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A ∩A ).1 2
A. .00
B. .09
C. .28
D. .38
This is a joint probability. The important thing here is that events A and A are mutually exclusive and so both events cannot
1 2
occur.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
58. Given the contingency table shown here, find the probability that either event A or event B will occur.
2 2
A. .4454
B. .5054
C. .0600
Use the General Law of Addition: P(A or B ) = 86/467 + 150/467 - 28/467.

2 2

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
59 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(B).

.
A. .85
B. .25
C. .45
D. .22
This is a marginal probability: P(B) = 90/200.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
tables.
60. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A or B).
A. .25
B. .85
C. .60
D. .42
Use the General Law of Addition: P(A or B) = 80/200 + 90/200 - 50/200.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
61 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(B | A]).

.
A. .250
B. .555
C. .855
D. .625
This is a conditional probability: P(B|A) = 50/80.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
62 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a randomly chosen employee who is under age 25 would
. be absent 2 or more days?
A. .625
B. .375
C. .150
D. .273
This is a conditional probability: P(B'|A) = 30/80.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
63 Oxnard Casualty wants to ensure that their e-mail server has 99.98 percent reliability. They will use several independent servers
. in parallel, each of which is 95 percent reliable. What is the smallest number of independent file servers that will accomplish the
goal?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
1 - P(F ∩F ∩F ) = 1 - (.05) (.05) (.05) = 1 - .000125 = .999875, so 3 servers will do.

1 2 3

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
independent.
64 Given the contingency table shown here, does the decision to retire appear independent of the employee type?
.
Survey question: Do you plan on retiring or keep working when you turn 65?
A. Yes.
B. No.
Does the product of the marginal probabilities equal their joint probability? This can be checked by asking whether P(M and R) =
P(M) P(R). In this example, because (31/124)(52/124) = 13/124, we can see that M and R are independent events.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
65 Given the contingency table shown here, find the probability that a randomly chosen employee is a line worker who plans to
. retire at age 65.
Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a randomly chosen employee who is under age 25 would
be absent 2 or more days
A. .227
B. .419
C. .750
D. .315
This is a joint probability: P(L and R) = 39/124.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
66. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(R∩L).
A. .250
B. .315
C. .425
D. .850
This is a joint probability: P(R∩L) = 39/124.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
67. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(W | M).
A. .145
B. .250
C. .581
D. .687
This is a conditional probability: P(W | M) = 18/31.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
68. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(L or W).
A. .750
B. .588
C. .435
D. .895
Use the General Law of Addition: P(L or W) = 93/124 + 72/124 - 54/124.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
69 Ramjac Company wants to set up k independent file servers, each capable of running the company's intranet. Each server has
. average "uptime" of 98 percent. What must k be to achieve 99.999 percent probability that the intranet will be "up"?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
1 - P(F ∩F ∩F ) = 1 - (.02)(.02)(.02) = 1 - .000008 = .999992, so 3 servers will do.

1 2 3

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
independent.
70. Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a mother in the study smoked during
pregnancy?
A. .2591
B. .3174
C. .5000
D. .7401
This is a marginal probability: P(smoked) = 1122/4331.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
tables.
71 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a mother smoked during pregnancy if her education level
. was below high school?
A. .2385
B. .0907
C. .3503
D. .3804
This is a conditional probability: P(smoked | below high school) = 393/1033.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
72 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a mother smoked during pregnancy and had a college
. degree?
A. .0111
B. .0428
C. .0803
D. .2385
This is a joint probability: P(smoked and college) = 48/4331.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
73 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a mother smoked during pregnancy or that she graduated
. from college?
A. .0111
B. .2591
C. .3861
D. .7850
Use the General Law of Addition: 1122/4331 + 598/4331 - 48/4331.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
74 Given the contingency table shown here, if a mother attended some college but did not have a degree, what is the probability
. that she did not smoke during her pregnancy?
A. .2736
B. .8399
C. .8752
D. .9197
This is a conditional probability: 635/756.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
75 Given the contingency table shown here, find the probability that a mother with some college smoked during
. pregnancy.
if a randomly chosen student attends a religious school, what is the probability the location is rural?
A. .1078
B. .1746
C. .1601
D. .1117
This is a conditional probability: 121/7561.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
76 Given the contingency table shown here, if a survey participant is selected at random, what is the probability he/she is an
. undergrad who favors the change to a quarter system?
A. .270
B. .135
C. .338
D. .756
This is a joint probability: P(U and S) = 27/200.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
77 Given the contingency table shown here, if a faculty member is chosen at random, what is the probability he/she opposes the
. change to a quarter system?
A. .10
B. .25
C. .40
D. .60
This is a marginal probability: P(N | F) = 20/50 = .40.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
78 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a participant selected at random is a graduate student and
. opposes the change to a quarter system?
A. .135
B. .250
C. .375
D. .540
This is a joint probability: P(G and N) = 27/200.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
79 Given the contingency table shown here, what is the probability that a student attends a public school in a rural
. area?
A. .238
B. .714
C. .135
D. .567
This is a marginal probability.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
tables.
80 Given the contingency table shown here, if a randomly chosen student attends a religious school, what is the probability the
. location is rural?
A. .142
B. .162
C. .167
D. .333
This is a conditional probability: P(R | L) = 5/30 = .167.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
81 Given the contingency table shown here, if a randomly chosen student attends school in an inner-city location, what is the
. probability that it is a public school?
A. .189
B. .333
C. .500
D. .567
This is a conditional probability: P(P | I) = 35/70 = .500.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
82 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(E).

.
A. .180
B. .300
C. .529
D. .641
This is a marginal probability: P(E) = 300/1000 = .300.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
tables.
83. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(E | F).
A. .160
B. .300
C. .340
D. .533
This is a conditional probability: P(E | F) = 160/470 = .340.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
84 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A∩M).

.
A. .210
B. .360
C. .396
D. .583
This is a joint probability: P(A∩M) = 210/1000 = .210.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
tables.
85 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(F or G).

.
A. .160
B. .470
C. .650
D. .810
Use the General Law of Addition: P(F or G) = 470/1000 + 340/1000 - 160/1000.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
86 Given the contingency table shown here, find the probability that a randomly chosen individual is a female and economics
. major.
A. .3404
B. .4700
C. .1600
D. .5333
This is a joint probability: P(F and E) = 160/1000 = .16.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
87 Debbie has two stocks, X and Y. Consider the following events:

.
X = the event that the price of stock X has increased
Y = the event that the price of stock Y has increased
The event "the price of stock X has increased and the price of stock Y has not increased" may be written
as
A) X′ ∩ Y
B) X or Y′
C) X or Y
D) X ∩ Y′
This is a joint probability that also entails the notation for an event's complement.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
probability.
88 If P(A | B) = 0.40 and P(B) = 0.30, find

. P(A∩B).
A. .171
B. .525
C. .571
D. .120
Use the definition for conditional probability.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
89 A company is producing two types of ski goggles. Thirty percent of the production is of type A, and the rest is of type B. Five
. percent of all type A goggles are returned within 10 days after the sale, whereas only two percent of type B are returned. If a
pair of goggles is returned within the first 10 days after the sale, the probability that the goggles returned are of type B is:
A. .014.
B. .140.
C. .070.
D. .483.
Review Bayes' Theorem, and perhaps make a table or tree.
SUMMARY:
Condition: sẽ đứng sau if, as long as, or given that.
P (B/RE) = 1.4%/2.9% = 48.2%

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 05-08 Use Bayes' Theorem to calculate revised
probabilities.
Topic: Bayes' Theorem
90 Given the contingency table shown here, find the joint probability that a call sampled at random out of this population is local
. and 2-5 minutes long.
A. .5000
B. .3125
C. .4000
D. .4625
This is a joint probability. You must add the column frequencies.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
91 Given the contingency table shown here, if a call is sampled at random, find the marginal probability that the call is long
. distance.
A. .3750
B. .6250
C. .4000
D. 300/500
You must first add the column frequencies.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
92 If a call is sampled at random, the conditional probability that the call is not "6+" minutes long given that it is a long distance call
. is:
A. 120/300.
B. 10/300.
C. .9667.
D. .6667.
Calculate the conditional probability 1 - 10/300 = .9667.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
93 The following table gives a classification of the 10,000 shareholders of Oxnard Xylophone Distributors, Inc. A few numbers are
. missing from the table. Given that a shareholder holding 500-999 shares is picked, there is a 0.625 probability that the
shareholder will be a woman. Consequently, what is the number of men holding 1000 or more shares?
A. 1,000
B. 250
C. 7,500
D. 500
Multiply by the column total and subtract to fill in the remaining frequencies.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
94 In any sample space P(A | B) and P(B |

. A):
A. are always equal to one

another.
B. are never equal to one

another.
C. are reciprocals of one another.
D. are equal only if P(A) = P(B).
Use the definition of conditional probability.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
95 If P(A∩B) = 0.50, can P(A) = 0.20?

.
A. Only if P(A | B) =
0.10
B. Not unless P(B) =

0.30
C. Only if P(B∩A) = 0.60
D. If P(A) = 0.20, then P(A∩B) cannot equal

0.50.
The given information contains a contradiction, because P(A∩B) cannot exceed P(A).

Blooms: Apply
probability.
96 The following relationship always holds true for events A and B in a sample
. space.
A. P(A | B) = P(B |
A)
B. P(A∩B) = P(A | B)
P(B)
C. P(A | B) = P(B | A)
P(A)
Use the definition of conditional probability: P(A | B) = P(A∩B)/P(B).

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
97 The following probabilities are given about events A and B in a sample space: P(A) = 0.30, P(B) = 0.40, P(A or B) = 0.60. We
. can say that:
A. P(A∩B) =
0.70.
B. P(A) = P(A∩B).
C. P(A∩B) = 0.10.
D. A and B are independent events.
Apply the General Rule of Addition: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B).

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
98. If P(A) = 0.35, P(B) = 0.60, and P(A or B) = 0.70, then:

A. A and B are mutually
exclusive.
B. P(A∩B) = .15.
C. P(A∩B) = .25.
D. P(A∩B) = .35.
Apply the General Rule of Addition: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) -

P(A∩B).

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
99. The following table shows the survival experience of 1,000 males who retire at age
65:
Based on these data, the probability that a 75-year-old male will survive to age 80 is:
A. 0.596
B. 1 - 0.596 = 0.404
C. 1 - 0.775 = 0.225
D. 0.769
Given that 775 have survived to 80, the probability is 596 divided by 775.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
100. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(G | M).
A. .1800
B. .0450
C. .3333
D. .1350
This is a conditional probability: P(G | M) = 18/54.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
101 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(V or S).
.
A. .3825
B. .4300
C. .0475
D. .4775
Use the General Rule of Addition: P(V or S) = 72/400 + 100/400 - 19/400.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
tables.
102 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(V | S).
.
A. .2639
B. .1900
C. .0475
D. .4144
This is a conditional probability: P(V | S) = 19/100.

Blooms: Apply
tables.
103 The manager of Ardmore Pharmacy knows that 25 percent of the customers entering the store buy prescription drugs, 65
. percent buy over-the-counter drugs, and 18 percent buy both types of drugs. What is the probability that a randomly selected
customer will buy at least one of these two types of drugs?
A. .90
B. .85
C. .72
D. .65
Use the General Rule of Addition: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B) = .25 + .65 - .18.
Blooms: Apply
probability.
104. Two events are complementary (i.e., they are complements)

if:
A. the sum of their probabilities equals one.
B. they are disjoint and their probabilities sum to one.
C. the joint probability of the two events equals

one.
D. they are independent events with equal

probabilities.
Review rules of probability.

Blooms: Remember
probability.
105. Which statement is false?
A. If P(A) = .05, then the odds against event A's occurrence are 19 to
1.
B. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P(A or B) =

0.
C. The number of permutations of five things taken two at a time is

20.
Review rules of probability and counting rules.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probability.
106 The number of unique orders in which five items (A, B, C, D, E) can be arranged
. is:
A. 5.
B. 840.
C. 120.
D. 24.
Apply rules of counting: 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120. (permutations)

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 05-09 Apply counting rules to calculate possible event
arrangements.
Topic: Counting Rules
107 If four items are chosen at random without replacement from seven items, in how many ways can the four items be arranged,
. treating each arrangement as a different event (i.e., if order is important)?
A. 35
B. 840
C. 5040
D. 24
This is P .
7 4

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
arrangements.
108 How many ways can we choose three items at random without replacement from five items (A, B, C, D, E) if the order of the
. selected items is not important?
A. 60
B. 120
C. 10
D. 24
This is C .
5 3

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
arrangements.
109. The value of C is: 6 2
A. 15.
B. 30.
C. 720.
D. 12.
Apply the formula for

combinations.

Blooms: Remember
arrangements.
110. The value of P is: 4 2
A. 8.
B. 6.
C. 24.
D. 12.
Apply the formula for permutations.

Blooms: Remember
arrangements.
111. The probability that event A occurs, given that event B has occurred, is an example
of:
A. a marginal probability.
B. a conditional probability.
C. a joint probability.
D. more than one of the

above.
Review definition of conditional probability.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
probability.
112 If each of two independent file servers has a reliability of 93 percent and either alone can run the website, then the overall
. website availability is:
A. .9951.
B. .8649.
C. .9300.
D. .9522.
Follow the textbook example of reliability for independent events.

Blooms: Remember
independent.
113 In a certain city, 5 percent of all drivers have expired licenses, 10 percent have an unpaid parking ticket, and 1 percent have
. both an expired license and an unpaid parking ticket. Are these events independent?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Can't tell from given information
For independence we would require P(A)P(B) = P(A∩B).

Blooms: Apply
independent.
114 In a certain city, 5 percent of all drivers have expired licenses and 10 percent have an unpaid parking ticket. If these events are
. independent, what is the probability that a driver has both an expired license and an unpaid parking ticket?
A. .010
B. .005
C. .001
D. Cannot be determined
By independence P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B) = (.05)(.10).

Blooms: Apply
independent.
115 If two events are collectively exhaustive, what is the probability that one or the other will occur?
.
A. 1.00
B. 0.00
C. 0.50
D. Can't tell from given information

Review definition of probabilities (collectively exhaustive covers all the possibilities).

Blooms: Apply
probability.
116 Which best exemplifies a subjective probability?

.
A. The probability that a female age 30 will have an accident in a week's car rental at
Hertz
B. The probability that a pair of dice will come up 7 in a given

throw
C. The probability that the summer Olympic games will be held in Chicago in 2020
D. The probability that a checked bag on Flight 1872 will weigh more than 40 pounds
Subjective probabilities are not based on empirical frequencies.

Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: 05-02 Distinguish among the three views of
probability.
Topic: Probability
117. Which best exemplifies the classical definition of probability?
A. The probability that a male age 50 will have an accident in a week's car rental at Alamo
B. The probability that a pair of dice will come up 7 when they are rolled
C. The probability that the winter Olympic games will be held in Europe in 2022
D. The probability that a checked bag on Flight 1872 will weigh more than 30 pounds
Classical probability is determined a priori by the nature of the experiment.

Blooms: Analyze
probability.
Topic: Probability
118 Which best exemplifies the empirical definition of probability?

.
A. The probability that a Chinese athlete will win the diving competition in the next Olympics
B. The probability that a fair coin will come up heads when it is flipped
C. The probability that your own bank will become insolvent within 12 months
D. The probability that a checked bag on Flight 1872 will weigh less than 30 pounds
Empirical probabilities are based on observed frequencies.

Blooms: Analyze
probability.
Topic: Probability
119. From the following tree, find the probability that a randomly chosen person will get the flu vaccine and will also get the
flu.
A. .10
B. .07
C. .19
D. .70
Multiply down the branch: .70 × .10 = .07.
P (yes and get the flu) = 0.7*0.1 = 0.07

Probability that a randomly chosen person will not get the flu vaccine and does not get the flu = 0.3 * 0.6

Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-07 Interpret a tree
diagram.
Topic: Tree Diagrams
120 From the following tree, find the probability that a randomly chosen person will not get a vaccination and will not get the
. flu.
A. .18
B. .60
C. .19
D. .70
Multiply down the branch: .30 × .60 = .18.

Blooms: Apply
diagram.
121 From the following tree, find the probability that a randomly chosen person will get the flu.
.
A. .19
B. .07
C. .81
D. .70
Multiply down two branches and add .07 to .12. That is (.70)(.10) + (.30)(.40).
Probability that a randomly chosen person will get the flu = P (yes and get flu) + P (no and get flu) = (.70)(.10) + (.30)
(.40).
Probability that a randomly chosen person will not get the flu = 0.7*0.9 + 0.3*0.6

Blooms: Apply
diagram.
122 At Joe's Restaurant, 80 percent of the diners are new customers (N), while 20 percent are returning customers (R). Fifty
. percent of the new customers pay by credit card, compared with 70 percent of the regular customers. If a customer pays by
credit card, what is the probability that the customer is a new customer?
A. .7407
B. .8000
C. .5400
D. .5000

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probabilities.
123 At Dolon General Hospital, 30 percent of the patients have Medicare insurance (M) while 70 percent do not have Medicare
. insurance (NM). Twenty percent of the Medicare patients arrive by ambulance, compared with 10 percent of the non-Medicare
patients. If a patient arrives by ambulance, what is the probability that the patient has Medicare insurance?
A. .7000
B. .5000
C. .4615
D. .1300
Summary:
P (M/Amb) = P ( M and Amb) / P (Amb)
Note: Twenty percent of the Medicare patients arrive by ambulance means that 20% of 30%
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 3 Hard
probabilities.
5.98 (textbook)
A biometric security device using fingerprints erroneously refuses to admit 1 in 1,000
authorized persons from a facility containing classified information. The device will
erroneously admit 1 in 1,000,000 unauthorized persons. Assume that 95 percent of
those who seek access are authorized. If the alarm goes off and a person is refused
admission, what is the probability that the person was really authorized?
Answer:
0.01864
Step-by-step explanation:
Let A be the event that a person was authorized and NA be the event that the
person was not authorized. Let R be the event that a person was refused
admission and G be the event that a person was granted admission.
Then we have to find P(A|R) = [P(A)*P(R|A)]/P(R)
putting value we get
P(R) = P(A)P(R|A) + P(NA)P(R|NA) = 0.95*(1/1000) +
0.05*((1,000,000-1)/1,000,000) = 0.0.05094995
P(A|R) = [P(A)*P(R|A)]/P(R)
= [0.95*(1/1000)]/(0.05094995)
=0.01864
Answer #2
By using Bayes’ theorem
Let “A” be the event for an individual was authorized and “B” be the event for an individual was
refused entry so,
The device will erroneously admit 1 in 1,000,000 unauthorized persons,
95 % percent of those who seek access is authorized. P(A) = 0.95
We have to calculate P(A/B) by using the above formula.
P(B) = (0.95) ( ) + (0.05) ( ) = 0.05094995

P(A/B) =
Answer #3
By using Bayes’ theorem
Let “A” be the event for an individual was authorized and “B” be the event for an individual was
refused entry so,
The device will erroneously admit 1 in 1,000,000 unauthorized persons,
95 % percent of those who seek access is authorized. P(A) = 0.95
We have to calculate P(A/B) by using the above formula.
P(B) = (0.95) ( ) + (0.05) ( ) = 0.05094995
P(A/B) =

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Chapter 5

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CHAPTER 5

Multiple Choice Questions

40 Events A and B are mutually exclusive when:

A. their joint probability is zero.

B. they are independent events.

Review definition of mutually exclusive.

(joint probability is intersection)

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

41. If two events are complementary, then we know

A. the sum of their probabilities is

B. the joint probability of the two events is one.

C. their intersection has a nonzero probability.

D. they are independent events.

Review definition of complementary events.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

A. When events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A∩B) = P(A) +

D. The probability of the union of two events can exceed one.

Review the rules of probability.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

43 Independent events A and B would be consistent with which of the following

A. P(A) = .3, P(B) = .5, P(A∩B)

B. P(A) = .4, P(B) = .5, P(A∩B) = .2.

C. P(A) = .5, P(B) = .4, P(A∩B) = .3.

D. P(A) = .4, P(B) = .3, P(A∩B) = .5.

For independence, the product P(A)P(B) must equal P(A∩B).

a. P (A/B) = 0.4/0.5 = 0.8

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

probability that either event A or B occurs means A or B or Both -> UNION

P (A and B) = 0.5*0.3 = 0.15

P(A or B) = P (A) + P(B) – P(A and B) = 0.5 + 0.3 – 0.15 = 0.65

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

45 Regarding the rules of probability, which of the following statements is correct?

A. If A and B are independent events, then P(B) =

B. The sum of two mutually exclusive events is one.

C. The probability of A and its complement will sum to one.

D. If event A occurs, then its complement will also occur.

Review the rules of probabilities.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Use the General Law of Addition P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B).

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

CONTINGENCY TABLES (2 characteristics: gender and age)

P(above age 25) = 74%

P (male who is above 25) = 35%

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

48 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(V).

P(O) = 70/200 = 0.35

P ( Sprint and Wayne) = P (S and W) = 24/200

P (S/W) = 24/80 = P(Sprint given that Wayne) (CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY)

P ( S or W) = P(S) + P(W) – P(S and W) = 60/200 + 80/200 – 24/200

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

This is a conditional probability P(V|W) = 19/80.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

51. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(W∩S).

This is a joint probability P(W and S) = 24/200.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

52 Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A or M).

Use the General Law of Addition P(A or M) = 100/200 + 50/200 - 25/200.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

53. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A ).

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

54. Given the contingency table shown here, find P(A ∩B ).

This is a joint probability: P(A and B ) = 44/467.