2023 Biology Except Feb

Cambridge IGCSE™
*0123456789*
BIOLOGY0610/03
Paper 3 Theory (Core) For examination from 2023
SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 22 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over

2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a photograph of a lion.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Lions are mammals and have the scientific name Panthera leo.
(i) State one feature visible in Fig. 1.1 that identifies the lion as a mammal.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the genus of this mammal.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Mammals are one of the five groups of vertebrates.
Some features of three vertebrate groups are listed.
Identify the vertebrate groups.
lay soft-shelled eggs ..................................................................................................................
feathers ......................................................................................................................................
smooth, moist skin .....................................................................................................................

[3]
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3
(c) Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of an animal cell.
Fig. 1.2
(i) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C in Fig. 1.2.
A .........................................................................................................................................
B .........................................................................................................................................
C .........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) State the names of two structures in plant cells that are absent in animal cells.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the name of one structure that is present in bacterial cells and in plant cells but
absent in animal cells.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23 [Turn over

4
(d) Some cells are specialised to perform a particular function.
The boxes on the left show the names of some specialised cells.
The functions of some specialised cells are in the boxes on the right.
Draw four lines to link each specialised cell with its function.
One line has been drawn for you. Draw four additional lines.
specialised cells functions
absorption of water
ciliated cell
conduction and support

neurone
conduction of impulses
palisade mesophyll cell
movement of mucus
red blood cell
photosynthesis
root hair cell
transport of oxygen
[4]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

6
2 (a) A student performed different types of activity.
She measured her heart rate during each type of activity in beats per minute (bpm).
The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.
140
120
100
heart rate
/ bpm 80
60
40
20
0
resting running walking cycling swimming
type of activity
Fig. 2.1
(i) State the type of activity that results in the highest heart rate in Fig. 2.1.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the heart rate of the student when she was cycling.
.................................................... bpm [1]
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7
(iii) Calculate the percentage increase in her heart rate between resting and walking.
..............................................................%
[2]
(b) Measuring the pulse rate is one way of monitoring the activity of the heart.
State one other way of monitoring the activity of the heart.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Breathing is also affected by exercise.
Describe the effects of exercise on breathing.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Aerobic respiration increases during exercise.
(i) State the name of the gas required for aerobic respiration.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State where aerobic respiration occurs in a cell.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Anaerobic respiration can occur when exercising vigorously.
(i) State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

8
(ii) State one advantage of using aerobic rather than anaerobic respiration in humans.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
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10
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a goat with white fur.
Fig. 3.1
Fur colour is inherited in goats.
• The allele for white fur is represented by A.
• The allele for black fur is represented by a.
• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in Fig. 3.2.
Fig. 3.2 shows a diagram of the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.
goat 1 goat 2
Aa aa
goat 3 goat 4 goat 5 goat 6

aa Aa aa AA
goat 7 goat 8
Aa Aa
Fig. 3.2
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11
(a) (i) State the number of goats in Fig. 3.2 that have white fur.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the phenotype of goat 5.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Circle two terms that can be used to describe the genotype of goat 6.
black dominant heterozygous
homozygous recessive white

[2]
(b) State the type of variation shown by fur colour in these goats.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) A farmer identified two goats to breed together.
• The genotype of the male goat is Aa.
• The genotype of the female goat is Aa.
Complete the Punnett square and the phenotypic ratio for this cross.
male
female
phenotypic ratio ....................................... white : ....................................... black

[3]

12
(d) A farmer has a group of goats. Some have white fur and some have black fur.
Describe how the farmer can use selective breeding to produce a group of goats that only
have white fur.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 11]
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14
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of a variegated leaf from a plant. The plant was exposed to sunlight so
that it could photosynthesise.
green
white
Fig. 4.1
A student tested the leaf for starch and found that:
• starch was present in the green part of the leaf

• there was no starch in the white part of the leaf.
Explain the results of this test.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [4]
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15
(b) Water is required for the process of photosynthesis.
(i) Describe where and how water enters a plant.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Describe one function of water in a plant other than for photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the name of the tissue in a plant that transports water.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State the name of the part of a leaf through which most water vapour is lost from the
plant.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

16
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a diagram of part of the male reproductive system.
C
E
D
Fig. 5.1
(a) State the letter on Fig. 5.1 that identifies:
where sperm are made .....................
the part that carries urine and sperm out of the body .....................
where the fluid that is added to the sperm is made .....................

[3]
(b) Sperm must pass through different structures in the female reproductive system to reach an
egg cell.
State the names of three of these structures.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) State three ways that sperm are adapted for their function.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................................
[3]
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17
(d) Sperm contain chromosomes. Chromosomes contain genes.
(i) State all the possible sex chromosomes that normal sperm can contain.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the definition of the term gene.
Use words from the list.
Each word can only be used once or not at all.
carbohydrate DNA fat
nuclei protein
A gene is a length of ........................................ that codes for a ........................................

[2]
[Total: 12]

18
6 (a) The effect of temperature on enzyme activity was investigated.
The results are shown in Fig. 6.1.
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
enzyme activity 0.8

/ arbitrary units
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature / °C
Fig. 6.1
(i) State the optimum temperature for the enzyme in Fig. 6.1.
....................................................... °C [1]
(ii) State why there is no enzyme activity at 60 °C.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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19
(b) State one factor other than temperature that affects enzyme activity.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Table 6.1 shows some large insoluble molecules, some digestive enzymes and some smaller
soluble molecules that are produced during digestion.
Table 6.1
insoluble molecule enzyme soluble molecules
starch amylase reducing sugars
fat
protease
Complete Table 6.1 by writing the names of the missing enzyme and molecules.
The first row has been done for you. [5]
(d) List the chemical elements present in fats.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State where in the digestive system protease is secreted.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

20
7 (a) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
State the name of one other greenhouse gas.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Deforestation can cause an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
State three other undesirable effects of deforestation.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Fig. 7.1 shows a simple food web.
hawk
snake
grasshopper vole
corn plant
Fig. 7.1
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21
(i) Table 7.1 shows some of the terms that can be used to describe the organisms in the
food web in Fig. 7.1.
Place ticks () in the boxes to show the terms that can be used to describe each
organism.
Table 7.1
organism producer herbivore secondary consumer
corn plant
vole
grasshopper
hawk
[3]
(ii) State the number of trophic levels in the food web in Fig. 7.1.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Identify one organism that feeds at more than one trophic level.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State the term used to describe an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste
organic material.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) State the principal source of energy for food webs.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 7 0 4 1 4 6 3 2 2 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/31
Paper 3 Theory (Core) May/June 2021
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LEG/SW) 305847/4
2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a dichotomous key. It can be used to identify different types of tree by using their leaves.
Is the width of the Plumeria

yes
leaf smaller than
the length of the no
yes Syringa
Does the leaf have leaf?
a smooth, unlobed
edge? Ilex
no yes
yes Are the edges
spiky? no
Does the leaf Quercus
have a single
leaf shape?
no Aesculus
Do the leaflets yes
(individual leaves) join
at one point on the
stalk? no
Sorbus
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 shows leaves from six different trees.
Use the key in Fig. 1.1 to identify the six different types of tree.
Write the name of each tree on the lines in Fig. 1.2.
................................... ................................... ...................................
................................... ................................... ...................................
Fig. 1.2
[5]
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3
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a front view diagram of the male reproductive system in humans.
Fig. 2.1
The boxes on the left show the letters identifying the parts in Fig. 2.1.
The boxes on the right show the functions of some of the parts of the male reproductive
system.
Draw lines to link each letter to its function. Draw four lines.
letter from Fig. 2.1 function
gland that secretes fluid for sperm to swim in
produces sperm
sac that holds the testes
tube carrying semen and urine
tube carrying sperm to urethra
[4]
© UCLES 2021 0610/31/M/J/21 [Turn over

4
(b) Sperm are the male gametes in humans.
(i) State the name of the female gamete in humans.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of the cell that is formed at fertilisation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the usual site of fertilisation in humans.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The human reproductive system is involved in sexual reproduction.
Compare asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
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5
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the number of deaths in one country that were due to excessive alcohol
consumption.
5600
5400
5200
number of deaths
due to excessive 5000
alcohol
consumption 4800
4600
4400
4200
4000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
year
Fig. 3.1
Describe the results shown in Fig. 3.1.
Use the data to support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

6
(b) Describe two short-term effects of excessive alcohol consumption on the nervous system.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State the name of one organ damaged by long-term excessive alcohol consumption.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the body.
Fig. 3.2 shows the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different pH values.
enzyme
activity
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the pH value with the highest enzyme activity in Fig. 3.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the pH value with the lowest enzyme activity in Fig. 3.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest one other factor that could affect the activity of the enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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7
(e) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Define the term catalyst.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(f) Enzymes are proteins.
Circle the elements that all enzymes contain.
calcium carbon hydrogen iodine
iron magnesium nitrogen oxygen
[2]
[Total: 13]

8
4 (a) The box on the left contains the words ‘Aerobic respiration’.
The boxes on the right show some sentence endings.
Draw lines to make three correct sentences about aerobic respiration.
involves the action of enzymes.
occurs in animals only.
produces water.
Aerobic respiration
requires carbon dioxide.
releases less energy than anaerobic respiration.
requires oxygen.
[3]
(b) One effect of the release of the hormone adrenaline is to increase blood glucose concentration.
This allows more aerobic respiration to occur.
(i) Place ticks (✓) in the correct boxes to show other effects of the release of adrenaline on
the body.
change in the genotype
decreased breathing rate
development of lung cancer
increased pulse rate
widened pupils
[2]
(ii) State the name of the gland that releases adrenaline.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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9
(iii) State how adrenaline is transported to its target organs.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State the names of two hormones involved in the development of secondary sexual
characteristics in humans.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) State the name of the organ that secretes the hormone insulin.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Organs, tissues and specialised cells are structures in the body that perform a particular
function.
Write these parts of the body in order of size from smallest to largest.
cell DNA molecule organ organ system tissue
smallest .......................................
......................................
......................................
.......................................
largest .......................................
[2]
[Total: 12]

10
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a human heart.
blood vessel B blood vessel C

– to the lungs – to the body
blood vessel D
blood vessel A – from the lungs
– from the body
Fig. 5.1
(i) Use label lines and labels to identify these structures on Fig. 5.1:
• atrium
• septum
• ventricle
• valve
[4]
(ii) Identify the letter or letters of all the blood vessels from Fig. 5.1, that:
are arteries .......................
is the pulmonary vein ....................... .

[2]
(b) The activity of the heart can be monitored by measuring the pulse rate.
State two other ways of monitoring the activity of the heart.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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11
(c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the heart.
(i) State the name of the blood vessels that become blocked.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State three risk factors for developing CHD.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 12]

12
6 (a) Dimples are an indentation of the cheek visible when smiling.
Fig. 6.1 is a photograph showing a person with dimples.
Fig. 6.1
The number of male and female students in a class that had dimples was recorded.
The results are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
characteristic sex number of students

male 4
with dimples
female 5
without male 13
dimples female 12
(i) Calculate the total number of male students in the class.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the difference in number between male and female students with dimples.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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13
(iii) Describe the evidence from Table 6.1 that shows that dimples are a type of discontinuous
variation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) State one other example of discontinuous variation in humans.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) State one example of continuous variation in humans.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Variation can be caused by a mutation.
Complete the sentences about mutation using words from the list.
Each word can be used once, more than once or not at all.
alleles decrease genetic impulses
increase ionising maintain physical stimuli
A mutation is a ............................................... change.
Mutations form new ............................................... .
Some chemicals and ............................................... radiation can
............................................... the rate of mutation.

[4]
[Total: 10]

14
7 (a) Modern technology has improved food production.
Table 7.1 shows some of the ways that food production has been improved.
Complete Table 7.1 by writing an example for each description.
Table 7.1
description of how it has improved

example of technology
food production
used to farm larger areas of land
used to improve growth in plants by

providing nutrients
used to improve yield by removing animal

pests
used to remove competition by weeds
[4]
(b) Intensive livestock production is used to improve food production.
Describe the negative effects of intensive livestock production.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
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15
(c) Selective breeding can be used to improve the yield of meat from livestock.
Sentences A to E in Table 7.2 describe the selective breeding of chickens to improve meat
quantity.
The sentences are not in the correct order.
Table 7.2
Breed the chickens together. A

Observe the chickens to identify those that will yield the most meat. B
Observe the offspring and select the offspring that will yield the most meat. C
Repeat the process over many generations. D
Select one male and one female chicken. E
Put the letters from Table 7.2 into the correct order.
One has been done for you.
A
[2]
(d) Lack of food can affect the population size of animals in ecosystems.
State two other factors that could decrease population size.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 11]

16
8 (a) A student investigated the conditions needed for germination of seeds.
Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus and conditions used.
light dark
seeds
wet
soil
A B
box to exclude light
light dark
seeds
dry
soil
C D
Fig. 8.1
The seeds in test-tubes A and B germinated but the seeds in test-tubes C and D did not
germinate.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 8.1 to state one condition required for germination.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use the information in Fig. 8.1 to state one condition not required for germination.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The investigation was repeated with seeds that had been boiled for 10 minutes and then
cooled.
Predict and explain the effect of boiling on the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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17
(b) Photosynthesis and germination have different requirements.
(i) State the word equation for photosynthesis.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the name of one condition needed for both photosynthesis and germination.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2021 0610/31/M/J/21

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 9 8 4 1 8 8 3 1 5 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ/SG) 312338/3
3
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a photograph of a pseudoscorpion.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that can be used to classify this organism as an
arachnid.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State the kingdom that arachnids belong to.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Complete the definition of the term adaptive feature by inserting the missing words.
An adaptive feature is an .............................................. feature that helps an organism to
.............................................. and .............................................. in its environment.

[3]
(ii) The part labelled A in Fig. 1.1 is an adaptive feature of the pseudoscorpion.
Suggest a function of the part labelled A in Fig. 1.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

4
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a diagram showing some of the structures found in a plant cell.
L
T
M
S
N
R
Fig. 2.1
Table 2.1 shows the names of some plant cell structures, their functions and the letters that
identify them in Fig. 2.1.
Complete Table 2.1 by writing the missing name, letters and functions in the spaces provided.
Table 2.1
name of structure letter from Fig. 2.1 one function
chloroplast site of photosynthesis
ribosome N
cell wall prevents the cell bursting
[5]
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5
(b) (i) State the name of one cell structure that is found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of one cell structure that is found in plant cells and in animal cells.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 2.2 is a diagram of a specialised plant cell.
Fig. 2.2
State the name of the cell shown in Fig. 2.2 and describe how it is adapted for its function.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

6
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the action of an enzyme.
Fig. 3.1
On Fig. 3.1 use label lines and labels to identify:

• an enzyme
• a product
• a substrate.
[3]
(b) Describe what is meant by the term enzyme.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The enzymes in biological washing powders speed up the removal of stains from clothing.
Some of these stains may contain fats.
(i) Circle the name of the enzyme that will remove fat stains.
amylase lipase pectinase protease
[1]
(ii) Explain why removing fat stains and protein stains from clothing requires a washing
powder that contains more than one type of enzyme.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

7
(d) An investigation was carried out to compare how fast a biological washing powder removed
stains at different temperatures.
Fig. 3.2 shows the results of the investigation.
110
100
90
80
70
time taken to
remove stain 60
/ minutes
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature / °C
Fig. 3.2
Using the information in Fig. 3.2:
(i) State the optimum temperature for the washing powder.
..................................................... °C [1]
(ii) State the time taken for the washing powder to remove the stain at 20 °C.
............................................. minutes [1]
(iii) Describe what happens to the enzymes in the biological washing powder between 40 °C
and 60 °C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
8
4 (a) A balanced diet includes foods that contain calcium ions.
(i) Circle the food that has the highest calcium content.
cheese egg orange potato
[1]
(ii) Table 4.1 shows the recommended calcium intake for different age groups.
Table 4.1
age group in years recommended calcium intake / mg per day

0–3 500
4–8 800
9–18 1300
19–50 1000
51+ 1200
The list shows five statements about the data in Table 4.1.
Tick (3) two statements that are correct descriptions of the data shown in Table 4.1.
Age group 51+ has the highest recommended daily intake of calcium.
As age increases, the recommended daily intake of calcium decreases.
As age increases, the recommended daily intake of calcium increases, then

decreases and then increases again.
The recommended daily intake of calcium doubles from ages 0–3 to

ages 19–50.
The recommended daily intake of calcium is higher at ages 19–50 than at

ages 9–18.
[2]
(iii) Suggest reasons why some age groups need more calcium in their diet than others.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

9
(b) Some diseases are caused by an unbalanced diet.
The boxes on the left contain the names of two diseases.
The boxes on the right contain some sentence endings.
Draw one straight line from each box on the left to a box on the right to make two correct
sentences.
is caused by a lack of carbohydrate.
Rickets
is caused by a lack of iron.
is caused by a lack of vitamin C.
Scurvy
is caused by a lack of vitamin D.
[2]
(c) (i) State one dietary source of fibre.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the importance of fibre in the diet.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

10
(d) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of part of the digestive system.
Fig. 4.1
(i) State one letter, from Fig. 4.1, that labels the part of the digestive system where egestion
occurs.
........................ [1]
(ii) State the two letters from Fig. 4.1 that label the parts of the digestive system where
water is absorbed.
........................ and ........................ [2]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

11
5 (a) Complete the sentences about anaerobic respiration in humans, using words or phrases
from the list.
You may use the words or phrases once, more than once or not at all.
alcohol breaks down builds up carbon dioxide
element lactic acid less molecule more
muscles particle oxygen releases
Anaerobic respiration is the chemical reaction in cells that ..............................................
nutrient molecules to release energy without using .............................................. .
Anaerobic respiration releases much .............................................. energy per glucose
.............................................. than aerobic respiration.
............................................... is produced by anaerobic respiration during vigorous exercise.

[5]
(b) Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
glucose ............................................... + ...............................................

[2]
[Total: 7]

12
6 (a) The eye is a sense organ that contains receptor cells that respond to light.
State three other stimuli that sense organs respond to.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a section through the human eye.
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
Fig. 6.1
(i) State the names of the structures labelled on Fig. 6.1.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. [3]
(ii) Draw an X on Fig. 6.1 to show the location of the blind spot. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

13
(c) (i) The sentences describe some of the events that occur when the eye responds to light.
Complete the sentences using the words from the list.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
absorbed brain glands lens muscles
pupil receptors reflected refracted
Rays of light reach the front of the eye. Light is .............................................. through
the cornea and the .............................................. focuses light on the retina. Light
.............................................. in the retina detect light and the optic nerve carries
impulses to the .............................................. .

[4]
(ii) State what happens to the pupil’s diameter in a person’s eye when they move from a
bright room to a dark room.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]

14
7 (a) A farmer wanted to use selective breeding to produce goats with a high milk yield.
Fig. 7.1 shows a goat being milked.
Fig. 7.1
Describe the stages in selective breeding to develop goats with a high milk yield.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Animals can be farmed intensively.
State two advantages of intensive livestock production.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

15
8 (a) Explain the importance of the acrosome and the mitochondria for the function of sperm cells.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Table 8.1 shows some features of egg cells and sperm cells in humans.
Complete Table 8.1 by stating the differences between egg cell and sperm cell size, motility
and numbers produced.
Table 8.1
feature egg cell sperm cell
relative size
motility
numbers
produced
[3]

16
(c) At birth, a human female has approximately 1.5 million eggs in her ovaries.
By puberty only about 350 000 remain in the ovaries.
Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of eggs between birth and puberty.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
Space for working.
........................................................... %
[3]
(d) Fig. 8.1 is a diagram of a fetus developing in a uterus.
placenta
R
Fig. 8.1
(i) State the name of the part labelled T in Fig. 8.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the functions of the parts labelled R and S in Fig. 8.1.
R ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
S ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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17
(iii) Describe the functions of the placenta.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 1 6 1 5 0 3 8 3 3 *
BIOLOGY 0610/33
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (EF/SG) 312339/4
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a photograph of an insect. Insects are arthropods.
Fig. 1.1
(i) Arthropods belong to the animal kingdom.
State the name of one other kingdom.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one feature visible in Fig. 1.1 that is present in insects but not in the other groups
of arthropods.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Complete Table 1.1 by writing:
• the names of two groups of arthropods other than insects
• one identifying feature for each named group.
Table 1.1
arthropod group name of the arthropod group identifying feature
[4]
(b) (i) Complete the description of an adaptive feature.
An adaptive feature is an ........................................................ feature that helps an
organism to survive and ........................................................ in its environment.

[2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/M/J/23
3
(ii) Fig. 1.2 is a photograph of a leaf insect.
Fig. 1.2
State one adaptive feature visible in Fig. 1.2 and suggest how the adaptive feature
helps the animal to survive.
feature ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
suggestion .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 10]

4
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a labelled diagram of an animal cell.
Fig. 2.1
(i) The boxes on the left show the functions of some of the structures shown in Fig. 2.1.
The boxes on the right show the letters of the structures labelled in Fig. 2.1.
Draw lines to link each function to the correct letter.
Draw four lines.
functions letter in Fig. 2.1
A
contains and supports other cell
structures
B
controls the activities of the cell

C
controls which substances enter
or leave the cell
D
protein synthesis
E
[4]
(ii) State two letters shown in Fig. 2.1 that identify structures which are also found in
bacterial cells.
......................................................... and .........................................................

[2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/M/J/23

5
(b) Respiration is a characteristic of living organisms.
State three other characteristics of all living organisms.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 9]

7
3 (a) State the meaning of the term chemical digestion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Enzymes are involved in chemical digestion.
Table 3.1 shows some information about enzymes used for chemical digestion.
(i) Complete Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
enzyme substrate products
amylase simple reducing sugars
lipase fats and oils
protease proteins
[4]
(ii) State where amylase, lipase and protease are made in the human body.
amylase .............................................................................................................................
lipase .................................................................................................................................
protease ............................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) (i) State the name of the acid found in gastric juice.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two functions of the acid found in gastric juice.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 12]

8
4 (a) Complete the sentences about the circulatory system.
The heart ...................................... blood around the body.
Blood is carried away from the heart in blood vessels called ................................................. .
Blood is carried to the heart in blood vessels called .................................................... .
Nutrients are delivered to cells by blood vessels called ........................................ .
One‑way flow of blood is ensured by the presence of ........................................... .

[5]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows ECG traces of the activity of a student’s heart.
An ECG trace was produced while the student was at rest and while the student was
exercising.
one beat
ECG trace
at rest
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
time / s
ECG trace
during
exercise
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
time / s
Fig. 4.1
The ECG trace shows the number of heart beats in 2.8 seconds.
There were four heart beats in 2.8 seconds at rest.
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/M/J/23

9
(i) State the number of heart beats in 2.8 seconds during exercise.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in heart beats between at rest and during exercise.
Space for working.
.......................................................% [1]
(c) Regular exercise reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD).
Describe other ways of reducing a person’s risk of developing coronary heart disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

10
(d) Fig. 4.2 shows a stethoscope which is used to listen to the heart.
Fig. 4.2
State the cause of the heart sounds detected by the stethoscope.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/M/J/23

12
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a cell carrying out one type of respiration.
The arrows show the direction of movement of the substances involved in respiration in this
type of cell.
A B
oxygen carbon dioxide
Fig. 5.1
(i) State the type of respiration shown by Fig. 5.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the substances involved in respiration that are represented by the letters A and
B in Fig. 5.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the process by which oxygen moves into the cell.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State three processes that require energy from respiration.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
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13
(c) Some students investigated the effect of temperature on respiration in yeast.
• The students put a beaker containing 20 cm3 of a yeast suspension into a water‑bath at
different temperatures.
• They collected the gas released by the yeast cells in a gas syringe.
• They recorded the volume of gas released after 15 minutes.
Table 5.1 shows the results.
Table 5.1
volume of gas collected in

temperature / °C
15 minutes / cm3
0 0.5
10 2.8
20 5.6
30 9.2
40 18.2
50 16.3
60 10.4
70 0.3
80 0.1
90 0.1
Using the data in Table 5.1, describe the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in
yeast.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

14
6 A seedling is a seed which has just started to grow a small root and a small shoot.
(a) State the environmental conditions that a seed requires to grow into a seedling.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a drawing of a seedling at the start of an investigation into plant growth
responses.
The seedling was attached to a piece of card so that the root and shoot were horizontal.
The card and seedling were placed inside a box that excluded all light. The box was placed
on the ground for three days.
Fig. 6.1 shows the apparatus at the start of the investigation.
box to
exclude
all light
card
root shoot
seedling
fixed on
the card
ground
Fig. 6.1
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15
(i) On Fig. 6.2 draw the expected appearance of the root and shoot after three days in the
box.
root shoot
ground
Fig. 6.2
[2]
(ii) State the name of the response shown by the root and the shoot in this investigation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

16
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of part of the male reproductive system.
A
D
Fig. 7.1
Complete Table 7.1 by writing in the letter of the structure identified in Fig. 7.1 that carries out
each function.
Each letter can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Table 7.1
function letter on Fig. 7.1
carries sperm only
contains the testes and

keeps them cool
makes the fluid that sperm
cells swim in
produces testosterone
where sperm are made
[5]
(b) State the name of the hormone that controls development of secondary sexual characteristics
in females.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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17
(c) Fig. 7.2 shows drawings of stages in human sexual reproduction.
cell A cell B
process C
cell D
embryo
Fig. 7.2
Identify the cells and the process labelled in Fig. 7.2.
cell A .........................................................................................................................................
cell B .........................................................................................................................................
process C .................................................................................................................................
cell D .........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 10]

18
8 (a) State one source of methane gas.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 8.1 is a graph showing the estimated change in methane concentration in the atmosphere
over a thousand‑year period.
1800
1600
1400
methane
concentration
1200
/ parts per
billion
1000
800
600
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
year
Fig. 8.1
Complete the sentences to describe the changes in methane concentration shown in Fig. 8.1.
The general trend is for methane concentration to ................................................ .
The concentration of methane was the same in the year 1000 and in the year
.................................................... .
Over the thousand‑year period shown in the graph, the concentration of methane has
increased by ...................................................... parts per billion.

[3]
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19
(c) (i) State one process, other than respiration, that releases carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two effects on the environment of increasing carbon dioxide and methane
concentrations in the atmosphere.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State one natural process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Yeast can be used to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel.
(i) State the name of the process used by yeast to produce ethanol.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Large amounts of ethanol are required as a biofuel.
Maize is a food plant that is also used to produce ethanol as a biofuel.
Maize grown for ethanol production is grown in large‑scale monocultures.
Describe the disadvantages of growing crop plants such as maize in a large‑scale

monoculture.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/M/J/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 2 4 1 6 0 1 4 8 6 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/31
Paper 3 Theory (Core) October/November 2023
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (RW/JG) 312795/3
2
1 (a) Complete the sentences about movement into and out of cells.
Diffusion is the net movement of particles down a concentration gradient.
The energy for diffusion comes from the .............................................. energy of random
movement of molecules and ions.
Factors that influence diffusion include concentration gradient, .............................................. ,
and .............................................. .
Osmosis is the movement of water by diffusion through a ..............................................
permeable membrane.
The movement of particles through a cell membrane against a concentration gradient using
energy from .............................................. is called ............................................................... .

[6]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

3
(b) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a normal red blood cell.
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 shows three red blood cells that have been placed in different concentrations of a salt
solution.
A B C
Fig. 1.2
Identify the cell that has been placed in a very concentrated salt solution.
Give reasons for your answer.
cell .................................
reasons .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Water is needed by all organisms.
State two processes in organisms that use water as a solvent.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23 [Turn over

4
2 Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of part of the human digestive system.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, state the letters where:
chemical digestion of proteins begins ............................
hydrochloric acid is produced ............................
physical digestion of food occurs. ............................ and ............................

[4]
(b) State the names of three parts of the large intestine.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

5
(c) Many processes occur in the digestive system.
The boxes on the left show some of the processes.
The boxes on the right show descriptions of some processes.
Draw one line to link each process to its description.
Draw four lines.
process description
breakdown of food
absorption
movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood
digestion
removal of undigested food from the body as faeces
egestion
taking substances into the body
ingestion
uptake and use of nutrients by cells
[4]
[Total: 11]

7
3 (a) Complete the sentences about transpiration using words from the list.
Each word may be used once or not at all.
decomposition evaporation mesophyll
phloem root hair cells stomata
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves.
Water moves from the surface of .............................................. cells into the air spaces by
.............................................. .
Then the water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through the .............................................. .
[3]
(b) A student investigated transpiration.
Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of the apparatus used in the investigation.
plastic bag
surrounding the
pot to prevent
water loss
from the soil
balance
Fig. 3.1
• The student watered the plant before the investigation started.
• She measured the mass of water lost every five minutes.
• The mass of water lost represents the rate of transpiration.
• She took measurements in still air and with a fan moving air past the plant.
• She plotted her results on a graph as lines labelled A and B.
Fig. 3.2 shows the results.

8
7.0
A
6.0
5.0
4.0
Key
mass of water A fan at full speed
lost / g B no fan
3.0
B
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time / minutes
Fig. 3.2
(i) Calculate the difference in the mass of water lost between the results for A and the
results for B at 30 minutes.
........................................................ g [1]
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in water loss shown for A between 10 minutes and
20 minutes.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Space for working.
.............................................................%
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

9
(iii) The student repeated the investigation using the fan at half‑speed.
Draw a line on Fig. 3.2 to show the result you would expect when the fan is at half‑speed.
[2]
(c) State one factor, other than wind speed, that affects the rate of transpiration.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]

10
4 Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of part of a kitchen.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe methods of maintaining hygiene in the home that reduce the spread of disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

11
(b) State two ways that pathogens can be transmitted indirectly.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State three body defences against infection.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 9]

12
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of an insect‑pollinated flower.
F
A
E
B
D
Fig. 5.1
(i) State the letters of the structures in Fig. 5.1 that make up the stamen.
.............................................................. and ..............................................................

[2]
(ii) State the letter of the structure in Fig. 5.1 where fertilisation takes place.
.............................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain how the part labelled G in Fig. 5.1 is adapted for its function.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

13
(b) (i) Complete the sentence about pollination.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the .............................................. to the
.............................................. .
[2]
(ii) State three ways that pollen grains from insect‑pollinated flowers differ from pollen
grains from wind‑pollinated flowers.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 10]

15
6 (a) The boxes on the left show two terms.
The boxes on the right show the descriptions of some terms.
Draw one line to link each term to its description.
Draw two lines.
term description
a group of organisms that can reproduce to

produce fertile offspring
all of the populations of different species in

an ecosystem
community
an organism that gets its energy by feeding on

other organisms
a group of organisms of one species, living in the

same area, at the same time
population
the position of an organism in a food chain, food

web or ecological pyramid
a unit containing the different species of organisms

and their environment, interacting together
[2]

16
(b) The growth of bacteria in a flask containing nutrients was monitored for six hours.
The number of live bacteria per cm3 was estimated every 30 minutes.
A B C D
70 000
60 000
50 000
number
40 000
of live
bacteria
per cm3 30 000
20 000
10 000
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
time / hours
Fig. 6.1
(i) The data in the graph has been divided into four phases: A, B, C and D.
The list shows the names of the four phases.
death exponential lag stationary
Use the words from the list to identify phases A, B, C and D shown in Fig. 6.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
D ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

17
(ii) Complete the sentences using the data shown in Fig. 6.1 and your knowledge.
The number of live bacteria in phase A remained at ..............................................
per cm3.
In phase B the number of live bacteria doubled between 2.0 hours and
.............................................. hours.
The maximum number of live bacteria occurred in phase .............................................. .
In phase .............................................. the number of live bacteria decreased because
the bacteria did not have enough .............................................. .

[5]
[Total: 9]

18
7 (a) HIV infection can lead to AIDS.
(i) State the words that the letters HIV represent.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe ways of reducing the risk of a person becoming infected with HIV.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

19
(b) Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Table 7.1 shows the numbers of people infected with these STIs in one country from 2014 to
2018.
Table 7.1
number of people infected

year
chlamydia gonorrhoea syphilis
2014 1 400 000 350 000 19 000
2016 1 600 000 468 000 27 000
2018 1 800 000 583 000 35 000
(i) The list shows some conclusions.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to identify two correct conclusions for the data shown in
Table 7.1.
In 2014, there were 1 050 000 more people infected with chlamydia than
were infected with gonorrhoea in 2014.
In 2016, the number of people infected with chlamydia was three times
greater than the number of people infected with gonorrhoea.
In 2018, more people were infected with syphilis than with gonorrhoea.
The number of people with STIs has increased each year.
Between 2016 and 2018, the number of people infected with syphilis
increased by 16 000.
[2]
(ii) Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics.
Suggest the type of organism that causes syphilis.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

20
8 (a) Humans have developed modern farming methods to increase food production.
Explain how the use of herbicides and chemical fertilisers has increased food production.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

21
(b) Fig. 8.1 shows intensive farming of chickens.
Fig. 8.1
State three disadvantages of intensive livestock production.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

22
The protein pectinase is used in food industries to make fruit juice clear.
(c) Pectinase is an example of a type of protein.
State the name of this type of protein.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Fig. 8.2 shows the process used to produce clear fruit juice.
1 Collect and wash whole fruit
2 Crush fruit and collect juice
3 Heat juice to 30 °C
4 Add pectinase and leave at 30 °C for 30 minutes
5 Heat to a high temperature for 20 seconds
6 Filter and bottle fruit juice
Fig. 8.2
(i) Explain why a temperature of 30 °C is used in step 4.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) During step 4 amylase may be added to the fruit juice.
Suggest the purpose of adding amylase.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why the juice is heated to a high temperature in step 5.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23
23
(e) Yeast is used in biotechnology.
Circle two uses of the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
biofuels bread‑making herbicide production
insulin production lactic acid production washing powders

[2]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2023 0610/31/O/N/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 1 7 6 9 6 3 0 1 2 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (RW/SW) 312796/4
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the digestive system.
F C
D
E
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents:
where salivary amylase is produced .............................
where insulin is produced .............................
the liver .............................
where protease acts. .............................

[4]
(ii) State one function of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23
3
(b) Amylase is an enzyme.
(i) Describe the function of amylase.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Define the term enzyme.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

4
2 A student investigated photosynthesis in a variegated leaf.
A variegated leaf has a green part that contains a green pigment and a white part that does not
contain the green pigment.
Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of some variegated leaves.
green part of the leaf
white part of the leaf
Fig. 2.1
(a) State where the green pigment is found in a plant cell.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

5
(b) A student investigated a variegated leaf from a plant that had been kept in the light for
24 hours.
The student prepared the leaf by boiling it and then placing it in ethanol to remove the green
pigment.
The student then tested the leaf with iodine solution.
Table 2.1
part of the leaf colour with iodine solution

green blue‑black
white yellow‑brown
Explain the results shown in Table 2.1 for the white part of the leaf.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) This investigation was repeated with a plant that was kept for 24 hours in an environment
where all the carbon dioxide was removed.
Complete Table 2.2 to predict the results.
Table 2.2
part of the leaf colour with iodine solution
green
white
[2]

6
(d) (i) The boxes on the left show the names of some substances that are made in plants.
The boxes on the right show uses of these substances in plants.
Draw lines to link each substance with its correct use in plants. Draw three lines.
substance use in plants
to attract insects for pollination
cellulose
to build cell walls
nectar
for transpiration
sucrose
for transport in the phloem
[3]
(ii) List the chemical elements contained in carbohydrates.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

8
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of a cross‑section of a human heart.
B C
A
D
Fig. 3.1
(i) Draw an X on Fig. 3.1 to identify the position of the left atrium. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, label with a label line and the correct name a structure that ensures the
one‑way flow of blood. [2]
(iii) State two letters that identify arteries in Fig. 3.1.
.............................................................. and .............................................................. [1]
(iv) State the name of the part that separates the left and right sides of the heart.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) State the name of the main tissue the wall of the heart is made from.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

9
(b) In one country, the percentages of males and females with coronary heart disease (CHD) in
different age groups were recorded.
Fig. 3.2 shows these data.
35
Key:
30 male
female
25
percentages
of males 20
and females
with coronary 15
heart disease
10
0
0–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84 85+
age group
Fig. 3.2
(i) Using the information in Fig. 3.2, describe the similarities and differences between the
percentages of males and females with CHD.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State three risk factors for CHD not identified in Fig. 3.2.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 12]

10
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a marine food web.
shark
sardine
octopus
zooplankton
limpet mussel
algae
phytoplankton
Fig. 4.1
(i) Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct descriptions for the organisms shown in
Fig. 4.1.
tertiary
organism carnivore herbivore producer
consumer
algae
zooplankton
shark
[3]
(ii) Construct one food chain from Fig. 4.1 that contains four organisms including the
octopus.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Identify one organism in Fig. 4.1 that feeds at the second and third trophic levels.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the name of the type of organism that gets its energy from dead organic material.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) State the principal source of energy in most biological systems.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

11
(d) Outline ways humans can directly impact food webs.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]

12
5 (a) Antibiotics are a type of drug.
The box on the left contains the beginning of a sentence.
The boxes on the right show some sentence endings.
Draw lines to link the phrase ‘Antibiotic drugs’ on the left to three boxes on the right to make
three correct sentences.
affect chemical reactions in the body.
are less effective against organisms that show resistance.
are used to cure coronary heart disease.
Antibiotic drugs
are the main cause of rickets.
kill bacteria.
kill viruses.
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

13
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows the number of antibiotic doses given per 1000 people per day in six different
countries.
50
40
number of 30
antibiotic doses
given per
1000 people
per day 20
10
0
A B C D E F
country
Fig. 5.1
(i) Calculate the difference in the number of antibiotic doses given per 1000 people per day
between country A and country F in Fig. 5.1.
number of antibiotic doses given per 1000 people per day in country A
..................................................... doses
number of antibiotic doses given per 1000 people per day in country F
..................................................... doses
difference .................................................... doses

[2]
(ii) Using the information in Fig. 5.1, state the two countries that gave the same number of
antibiotic doses per 1000 people per day.
.............................................................. and .............................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]

14
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a diagram showing the pathway of water into a plant. The arrows show the direction
of water movement.
soil particle soil water xylem vessel
Fig. 6.1
(i) State the name of the cell labelled A in Fig. 6.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of cell B and describe how it is adapted for absorption of water.
name .................................................................................................................................
adaptation .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the name of the process by which cell B absorbs water.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

15
(b) State two uses of water in plants.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State two environmental factors that will affect the rate of water loss from a plant.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]

16
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of the female reproductive system in humans.
E A
B
D
Fig. 7.1
Table 7.1 shows the name, letter and function of some of the parts in Fig. 7.1.
Complete Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
name of the part letter in Fig. 7.1 function
uterus where the fetus grows
where fertilisation occurs
[5]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

17
(b) This list shows some specialised animal and plant cells.
ciliated cell guard cell
neurone palisade mesophyll cell
red blood cell white blood cell
Choose words from the list to state the names of:
• two specialised plant cells
................................................................. and .................................................................
• the cell that transports oxygen
...........................................................................................................................................
• the cell found in the trachea that moves mucus.
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(c) State how new cells are produced.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Fig. 7.2 is a drawing of another specialised cell.
head mid piece tail end piece
Fig. 7.2
(i) Label three cell structures in Fig. 7.2 with label lines and the correct names. [3]
(ii) State the name of the cell shown in Fig. 7.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]

18
8 (a) All living organisms can be classified into groups by the features they share.
(i) Complete the sentences about classifying organisms.
A species is a group of organisms that reproduce to produce
............................................... offspring.
All species are named using an internationally agreed system called the
............................................... system.
Fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians are vertebrate groups. The other
vertebrate group is ............................................... . All vertebrates belong to the
............................................... kingdom.
One feature that is used to identify vertebrates is a ............................................... .

[5]
(ii) Draw a circle around the characteristic shared by all living organisms.
egestion nutrition sexual reproduction transpiration

[1]
(b) Scientists measured the length of a sample of one species of fish.
Fig. 8.1 shows where the scientists took their measurements to determine the length of each
fish.
length
Fig. 8.1
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

19
Table 8.1
length / cm number of fish

0 –19 8
20 –39 162
40 –59 1710
60 –79 1350
80 –99 130
100 –119 5
(i) Use the information in Table 8.1 to calculate the total number of fish the scientists
measured.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the most frequent length shown in Table 8.1.
................................................................................................................................ cm [1]
(iii) State the type of variation shown by the data in Table 8.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Place a tick (✓) in the box that shows the meaning of variation.
Variation is an alternative form of a gene.
Variation is the differences between individuals of the same species.
Variation is the recessive allele in a genotype.
Variation is the transmission of genetic information from generation to

generation.
[1]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2023 0610/32/O/N/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 0 7 9 1 2 3 1 1 8 9 *
BIOLOGY 0610/33
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (EF/FC) 312797/2
2
1 (a) Arteries are a type of blood vessel.
State two structural features of arteries.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Capillaries are another type of blood vessel.
State one function of capillaries.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) State the name of the structures in veins that ensure the one‑way flow of blood.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of part of the human circulatory system.
The arrows show the direction of blood flow.
lungs
Y
body
Fig. 1.1
(i) On Fig. 1.1, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow to and from the lungs. [1]
(ii) State the names of blood vessel X and organ Y in Fig. 1.1.
blood vessel X ...................................................................................................................
organ Y ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

3
(e) State the name of the blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood to the kidney.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

4
2 Water moves into and out of cells by osmosis.
(a) State two plant cell structures that water moves through to reach the cytoplasm.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Potato plant tissue was used to investigate osmosis.
Potato cylinders were placed into different sucrose solutions for 30 minutes.
The masses of the potato cylinders were measured before and after being placed into the
solutions.
The difference in mass was calculated for each potato cylinder.
Table 2.1 shows the results of the investigation.
Table 2.1
concentration of starting mass of final mass of

difference in percentage
sucrose solution potato cylinder potato cylinder
mass / g change in mass
/ mol per dm3 /g /g
0.0 2.31 2.53 0.22 9.52
0.2 2.35 2.49 0.14 5.96
0.4 2.28 2.34 0.06 2.63
0.6 2.30 2.21 –0.09
0.8 2.34 2.19 –0.15 –6.41
(i) Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the percentage change in mass for the
potato cylinder in the 0.6 mol per dm3 sucrose solution.
Give your answer to two decimal places.
Space for working.
............................................................ %
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

5
(ii) Describe the expected appearance of the potato cylinder that was placed in the
0.8 mol per dm3 sucrose solution for 30 minutes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Using the results in Table 2.1, describe how the concentration of sucrose solution affects
the percentage change in mass of the potato cylinders.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

6
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a drawing of a leaf from an oak tree.
Fig. 3.1
The oak leaf has a large surface area.
Explain why having a large surface area is an adaptation for photosynthesis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State the word equation for photosynthesis.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

7
(c) Fig. 3.2 is a diagram of a section of a leaf from a dicotyledonous plant.
W S
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the letter in Fig. 3.2 which identifies the tissue that contains the highest density of
chloroplasts.
................................................ [1]
(ii) In Fig. 3.2, the letter S labels a vascular bundle.
State the names of two tissues found in the vascular bundle.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the letter in Fig. 3.2 which identifies the cells that control gas exchange in the leaf
and state their name.
letter ..............................................................
name .................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) State the name and one function of the layer labelled P in Fig. 3.2.
name .................................................................................................................................
function ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 10]
8
4 (a) During inspiration air is taken into the lungs.
Table 4.1 shows the structures that air passes through during inspiration.
The structures are not in the correct order.
Table 4.1
A alveoli
B bronchi
C bronchioles
D larynx
E nose
F trachea
Identify the order of structures that air travels through during inspiration.
Write the letters from Table 4.1 in the boxes provided to show the correct order.
One has been done for you.
[3]
(b) The composition of inspired air is different from the composition of expired air.
Describe the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

9
(c) A student investigated the composition of inspired and expired air.
Fig. 4.1 shows the apparatus that was used.
The student breathed in and out, through the mouthpiece, for 15 seconds.
mouthpiece
air in air out
test-tube A test-tube B
limewater
Fig. 4.1
(i) State the name of the gas that can be identified using limewater.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Using the information in Fig. 4.1, predict what happened to the limewater in test‑tube A
and in test‑tube B.
test‑tube A .........................................................................................................................
test‑tube B .........................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The student exercised for five minutes.
Describe the effects of vigorous exercise on breathing.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]

10
5 Bluebells are plants that can reproduce sexually and asexually.
(a) (i) Define the term asexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one example of a structure that is involved in asexual reproduction in a plant.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 is a drawing of a bluebell plant.
Fig. 5.1
On Fig. 5.1, label the structure that carries out sexual reproduction with a label line and the
letter S. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

11
(c) Bluebells grow in ancient woodlands.
Fig. 5.2 is a graph showing the percentage of land that was covered with woodland in one
country from the years 1100 to 2000.
16
14
12
10
percentage of
land covered 8
with woodland
6
0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
year
Fig. 5.2
(i) State the years when the percentage of land covered with woodland was 10% in Fig. 5.2.
........................................ and ........................................ [2]
(ii) State the percentage of land covered with woodland in 1600 in Fig. 5.2.
...................................................... % [1]

12
(d) (i) In many countries the percentage of land covered with woodland has decreased because
of deforestation.
Suggest two reasons why deforestation occurs.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain the undesirable effects of deforestation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

14
6 (a) A student investigated variation in flower colour in pea plants.
The student counted the number of pea plants that had purple flowers and the number of pea
plants that had white flowers.
100
90
80
70
60
number of
50
pea plants
40
30
20
10
0
purple white
flower colour
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

15
Use the information in Fig. 6.1 and your own knowledge to complete the sentences about
variation.
Variation is the ............................................... between individuals of the same species.
Flower colour in pea plants is an example of discontinuous variation. The other type of
variation is known as ............................................... variation.
Discontinuous variation results in a limited number of phenotypes with no
............................................... .
Discontinuous variation is usually caused by ............................................... only.
The difference between the number of pea plants that had purple flowers and the number of
pea plants that had white flowers is ............................................... .
The ratio of purple to white flowers in Fig. 6.1 is ............................................... .

[6]

16
(b) Some features of organisms show discontinuous variation.
The term discontinuous variation is in the box on the left.
The boxes on the right show some features of organisms.
Draw two lines from ‘discontinuous variation’ to two features that show discontinuous
variation.
blood group in humans
body length in reptiles
discontinuous variation height in humans
mass of pea seeds
pea seed shape

[2]
(c) New alleles for flower colour can arise as a result of genetic change.
(i) State the term used to describe genetic change.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one factor that can increase the rate at which genetic change occurs.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

17
(d) Scientists have experimented with genetically modifying pea plants to make them resistant to
pea weevils.
Pea weevils are an insect pest.
(i) Suggest why pea plants might be genetically modified to make them resistant to pests.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two other examples of genetic modification in crop plants.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]

18
7 Fig. 7.1 is a photograph of a lionfish (Pterois volitans).
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the genus of the lionfish.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Lionfish are classified as fish.
Table 7.1 shows features of organisms.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct features of birds, fish and insects.
Table 7.1
features birds fish insects
compound eyes
feathers
internal skeleton
[3]
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

19
(c) Lionfish are an example of a foreign species that has been accidentally introduced to many
marine habitats.
Describe the harmful consequences of introducing a foreign species to a habitat.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Removing introduced species from habitats is one method of conserving endangered species.
Describe other methods of conserving endangered species.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

20
8 Fig. 8.1 is a diagram showing part of the carbon cycle.
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
W
Z
herbivores plants
Y
X
dead organisms and waste products
fossil fuels
Fig. 8.1
(a) Identify the processes labelled W, X, Y and Z in Fig. 8.1.
W ..............................................................................................................................................
X ...............................................................................................................................................
Y ...............................................................................................................................................
Z ...............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) State the names of two biological molecules found in plants that contain carbon.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing the enhanced
greenhouse effect.
State the name of one other greenhouse gas.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2023 0610/33/O/N/23

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Cambridge IGCSE™

SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 22 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

© UCLES 2020 [Turn over

1 Fig. 1.1 is a photograph of a lion.

(ii) State the genus of this mammal.

(b) Mammals are one of the five groups of vertebrates.

Some features of three vertebrate groups are listed.

Identify the vertebrate groups.

lay soft-shelled eggs ..................................................................................................................

smooth, moist skin .....................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

(c) Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of an animal cell.

(i) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C in Fig. 1.2.

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23 [Turn over

(d) Some cells are specialised to perform a particular function.

specialised cells functions

conduction and support

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

2 (a) A student performed different types of activity.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

.................................................... bpm [1]

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

State one other way of monitoring the activity of the heart.

(c) Breathing is also affected by exercise.

Describe the effects of exercise on breathing.

(d) Aerobic respiration increases during exercise.

(ii) State where aerobic respiration occurs in a cell.

(e) Anaerobic respiration can occur when exercising vigorously.

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23 [Turn over

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in Fig. 3.2.

goat 3 goat 4 goat 5 goat 6

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

(ii) State the phenotype of goat 5.

black dominant heterozygous

homozygous recessive white

(c) A farmer identified two goats to breed together.

• The genotype of the male goat is Aa.

• The genotype of the female goat is Aa.

phenotypic ratio ....................................... white : ....................................... black

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23 [Turn over

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

A student tested the leaf for starch and found that:

• starch was present in the green part of the leaf

Explain the results of this test.

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

(b) Water is required for the process of photosynthesis.

(i) Describe where and how water enters a plant.

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows a diagram of part of the male reproductive system.

(a) State the letter on Fig. 5.1 that identifies:

where sperm are made .....................

where the fluid that is added to the sperm is made .....................

State the names of three of these structures.

© UCLES 2020 0610/03/SP/23

(d) Sperm contain chromosomes. Chromosomes contain genes.

SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour 15 minutes

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The first row has been done for you. [5]