X meld whore 14204 wher v= ni where ve (204 1) 1 4 2sinvsin y Ou CTIye MATH EM, Aries sinny sin yf oe 6, PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 1 2sin veos ye sin (V+ y) Hsin (yyy 2. 2eos.xsin y= sin (v4 y) sin (xy) 3. eos x cos y= cos (x+y) + cos (xy) cos (*— 9) ~ cos (x+y) 7. MORE RESULTS L sin(ve yee) = sin C08 y COS Z+.c08 x sin y cos 2 + COS x COS y Sin z~ sin X sin y sin 2 or, \ | sin (x4 y+2) ee =c08 x c08 y cos 2(tan x + tan y+ tan =~ tan x tan y tan 2) : 5 2. cos (¥ + Y +2) = cos x cos y cos z nx sin y cos: * where x = Quo 2. cos 4sin?y 4. : 5 ) sin (x, 3+a)=7 sin 3x cos (7/3+x) 21 6. )tan (5/3 +2) =tan 3x CE INTO PRODUCTS 9. tan ny 3. tan (x+y +2) £05 11 = cos! x (1 "Cp tan? » sin x COS y Sin z—cos x sin y sin - or, cos («+ y-+2) = ene # o0s y.conz (L-tan x tan y— tan y tan 2~ 12s tan y fanx+ tany + tanz—tan xtany tang 1-tanx tan y~tan ytanz tanztanx sin (x #9 4.2.4 x4) = €08% 605-42» €08 ty (51-$3 +85 -S7 4.) 608 (X) 4.49 + +) F€0S.% COS 2X2 ... COS 4, (1 ~ Sp + Sy -S6 +.) $1-S3 +S5-S74 2H My) = tan (x +x 4... %,) erg=ers where Stan x1 + tan xp +... + tan x, ~ Sum of the tangents of the separate angles, % an ay tan x) + tan x tan x3 +. Sum of the tangents taken two at a time, $3 = tan xy tan x tan x5 + tan xq tan x = Sum of the tangents taken three, Thx, = = S=ntan x, 3 tan xy, ‘ata time, and so on. =3y =X, we obtain S="Cy tan? x, 5, = "Cy tan3x,.. Thus, we obtain sin 1 v=o" y ("C) tan x="C3 tand x4” Cs tan? x...) 4 "Cy tant y 4 ) tan? v4 "C, tan’ y AX" tan 8x 4 "C tanx'c. "Co tan2 yyTRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES JO sin eos my 7 1 Don \ cosy bo “Eytan "Cy taney Cy taney Peytan ty "stan "Cy tiny Cs tans SINT CUS IE cos af be "Cp taney ¢ "Cy tan y nn n ” 5 a ( Cytan da Cy tan y o"Cs tan’ vy "Cy tana ) 12 sin ce sin (a +P) sin (a2 f)4. 1 sin fa 4 1-1) Bh 3 sin ent) sin| " | sin p/2 13. cos a tcos (a +f) + cos (a + 2) +... + cos [er + (1-1) fi} 20. tan F=V2-1 21. cot B= V2 +1 22. sin am _V5-1_ 4, 28 10 4 5 10+2 2 2B cos # -\'0+2V5 _ 2m 10 4 5 10 —2V5 24. sin 2 028 cog 3 25. cos = 1541 in 5 4 10 1 ¥3445 -¥ -v5 os 8 26. sin — =————_-—— = ” 50 a 20 . n_ (3+ + B-5 _ on 20 4 20 ag 28 con con 2% 5! 9. con” con 2"! 5 5 4 7. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES As we have discussed in earher sections that 1s sino 1, -Tsecos rs,» = ye? +0? ya? + Be forall Hence, sin *+B cos x =c does not hold for any (Cea YX ER, a wa _ayrnaron The least value of 1 = 75 cose -3*3sino<7 — foralle " Scosx=RsineyqE. 6 2 2 (a)-18 (b) 1/28 a = ~-7 <5cos 8+ 3cos(0+7/3)<7 foralld ) ~ (c) 28 (d)1/1g = -7+3<5cos@+ 3cos(0+ x/3)+3 <7+3 foralld " SOLUTION We have, -4<5 cos 6+ 3 cos(6+ 2/3) + 3<10forallé UV -13 <5 cos x+12sinx S13 fe ILLUSTRATION 3 The equation asin x+bcosx=c, where > i 5 anak => 2<5cosx+12sinx+15 <28 forallreR Je] >a? +b? has ~ tl. 1 el, (a) a unique solution (b) Infinite no. of solutions 28 Scosx+i2sinx+15 2 [Fallxer solut. d thes {c) no solution (d) none of these Hence, the least value of Fe s 2 Ans. (c) 5cosx+12sinxs15° SOLUTION We know that SECTION - I SOLVED MC@s This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices(a), (b), (e) and (d) for its answer, out of which only one is correct. c EXAMPLE 1 Ifa=cos 2andb =sin7, then seeloionte =- + (a)a>0,b>0 (b) ab <0 (a>b (d)ach \1+sin0 " Ans. (b) (onqfe own todian ) #5 yet SOLUTION We have, EXAMPLE 3 and if tag 1a _ then y is toc 3K yo BR y “fi - 32 = and 27<7 es equal to = 2 “isin second quadrant and 7° is in first quadrant (a) cot 9 (b) tan 2 . 2 2 = a=cos2°<0 and b=sin7 ‘ >0 8 8 6 : => "hke0 _ (c)cot + tan-5 (d) cot 5 — tan 5 m - 8 EXAMPLE 2. If = <0< ad Mien Jee Og equal to Ans. (b) ts 2 V1+ sin SOLUTION We have, ant tate (a) sec @- tan 0 (b) sec 6+ tan 0 i irene err. 2 (c) tan 0-sec 0 (d) none of these oth , ism 5 97 » asad. wy Ans. (c) 1-y \1l-siné Se L SOLUTION We have, [co 6 6? || cos +sin _ | {I-sin 6 ae Us = tli fl 2 2) - - 1-y | 2 \1+sin 0 “ya sin ( =) |(cos San 2 jl-sin 0 1-sin 8 “ . ~ 1 0” | cos 8 rm 8 + sin cos 4 _ 1+ y _ cos 2 + sIn 2 ‘1-sin@ 1-sin 8 x 32 ~ l-y |. 6. | ~ \ivsiné —cos8 [ 3 CON | > si 1+ tan 1 v - — 2 > yelan = I-u 1 tan me a EXAMPLE 4 [1-sin a ts equal to sec @ = tan at, Is | \l+sina (a) 0, 2/2) (b) [0, 7/2) O(n/2, a] (2, 0] (d) (- 2/2, n/ 2) Ans. (d) SOLUTION Clearly,sec a - tan aisnot defined fora = + Now, (1 - sin a)* “| cos? a l-sina i =————- = seca tana, ifcosa>0 | cos a| Clearly, cos a >0= a €(— 7/2, 2/2) CP [tan Al <1 and [Al is acute, then N (2A +/1-sin 2A peein 24: fyi on 24 is equal to Vl+sin 2A ~/1-sin 24 (a)tan A (b) - tan A (c) cot A (d) — cot A Ans. (c) SOLUTION. We have,|tan A] <1 and|A| is acute. u n ee -- fr 4 4 Arse Now, ] + si ‘A +/1-sin 2A re A -J1-sin 2A _ (cos. A + sin AY + y{(cos A — sin A? A)? VC cos A + sin A)? —,|(cos s Asin A) _ emilat A|+|cos A ~sin A| ~ [cos A +sin A|-|cos A-sin A| _ (cos A + sin A) + (cos A — sin A) The set ofall possible values of ain[= 1, n]such that ayy We know that (se 24 dab (ar by? SOLUTION 8e¢ a,b e Oand ee ot (a+b)? abe 0and (a4 by? abrdand-“—" 59 (a+b)? => a,b + Qand -(a-b)? 20 => a,bzO0and(a =b)? < => a=bandaz0 © EXAMPLE 7 Which one is trie? n/2. (a) sin 1 >sin 2 > sin 3 (c)sin 1 0 2 2 => sinl 27 cosec® a +8 sec® a = (a) 125 (b) 250 (c) 50 (d)75 Ans. (b) we) SOLUTION We have, 41: vt ate «) 10 sin* a +15 cos* a =6 (# = 10sinta+15costa= 6 (sin? a + cos” a)? 4 = WtantartS=6(tanta+1? (dude by ox) > (2 tan? a - 3)? =0 => tan? a == 27 cosec® a + 8 sec® a wan Ha vole of tan here = 27(1 + cot? a)? +8 (1+ tan? a)? 3 2 3 feos A+ sin A) 4 (08 AS = cot A = m7(1 3) a(t 3) = 25 ~ (cos A + sin A) ~(cos A sin A) 3) 78 ts 0 4 5 g Semmes so? O= = 5 wherea,b € Ristrueifandonlyif EXAMPLE 9 Let cos (a + B) = 7 and let sin (a -f) = 3" where 7 (a+ b)- ~ J Rohe 20 (ayaab +0 LeOyacb, a0 O tan (a +f) ® and tan (a =f) = = 8) 12 tan (a+ () + tan (a =i) tan 2a = tan (a + (i+ a —fi) = 1 — tan (a + fi) tan (a ~ fi) 5 = 20=— = > tan 2a 5 : a F EXAMPLE 10 [fa=sin x cos ~ xvandb =cos x sin * y, then (b) a-b <0 for x €(0, n/4) (d) a+b 0 for x €(0, 7/4) (c)a +b nab = OforOis es Also,a +b =sin r eos ¥ => sin 2x = atb>O0for0<2x< nie O, MAGE ng, SOLUTION LetOe P. Then, We P sin 0-cor— /2 } J con ty Om oy, J Sypan, = 1-2sin Veos W202 4 eo 2sin Oc, 0-1-2029 — -2ean?h 4d A im 2sin?0 trot aids <2 1+2sin 0cosM=2 <2 (sin 04 cos 0)? sin 04 cos 0 = J/2 sin 0 2 0¢6Q. Hence, ? = If cos +y sin a =x cosBe ysin fs cos & cos [}, is day ety SOLUTION We have, xXcosa+ysina=xcosfh+ysin B=2a = a, Bare the roots of x cos 6 + y sin 6 =2a. Now, xcos0+ysin 0 = 2a => (rvcos0 - 2a)? = y sin? 0 = x? cas? @-4dax cos 0+ 4a? = x (1 -cos* 6) > (x? +y°) cos” 8 - dav cos 6 + 4a? -/ =0 Clearly, cos a, cos fare the roots of this e7..auon. 4a -y? = © cos « cos fh = — EXAMPLE 14 If sin 6 + cosec 0 =2, then the value of sin! 6 + cosec!” 0, is (a)2 (b) 2" Ans. (a) SOLUTION We have, sin 0 + cosec 6 (c) 2 (d) none of thes: ais = ar 5 = sin> @-2sin0+1=0 + = sin@=1 sin!” 0 + cosec'’ @=14+1=2 EXAMPLE 18 The value of sin® 0+ cos® 0+ sin” 8 cos” 8 | 3 sin? 0 cos? 8+ cos® 0 sin? 6 + 3 sin? O cos* Bis equal to (a) cos? 20 (b) sin? 26 (c) cos? 20 + sin? 20 (d) none of these Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, sin® @ + cos® 0+ sin® 0 cos” 0+ 3sin4 @ cos” ¥ 4 + cos’ @ sin? 8+ 3sin? Ocos’ 0TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES | ‘ 1 dl = sin® 0+ cos 0+ sin? 0 cos? O(sin! 04 cos" 0 + Asin? 04 cos? 0) = (sin? 0+ cos 0)? —2 sin! 6 cos! 0 1.3 z +o sin? 201 (sin2.04 cos? 2 —! sin? 2043 4 | 2 \ sin” 20 ).4 1- sin! 204 sin? 20-! sin 20 4 8 8 | 2 = 1+ = sin“ 20- 3 2 6 sin? 20 1 = poo anh 20 Sant 20) \ EMAMIPLE 16 Let fy (x) == jin" x+cos* x) where eR and k 1. Then, fy (x) ~fetsyeqls 1 1 1 1 (a) — 'b) — ¢) = iS, 4 (b) re ©, (d) 3 Ans. (b) [JEE Main) 2014] SOLUTION We have, AG -t (sin* x +cos* x) fa (3) ~ fg (2) = i (sin* x + cos? x) - ; (sin® x + cos® x) 1 2 22 = a ((sin? x + cos? x)* -2 sin? x cos? x} ott? = (th) ?—tab late) —1 (sin? 2 x4 cos? x) - 3 sin? x cos? agsin® x + cos? x)} Totoro. Gntwtuste)s bs wide = gl -2sin? x cos? *) 2 ~3sin? x cos? x) =— EXAMPLE 17 If sin (0 + a) =a, cos? (0 +B) =b, then sin (a-B) = (a) ab ~(1 -a) (1 -b?) ofa Ib — J -a?) -b) Ih (4) b¥a — (1 a)? 0-8) Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, sin (0 + a) =aand cos (0 + B) = + Vb. cos (04 @) =+ 1 —a? and, sin (0 +f) =+ 1-6 Now, sin(a—f) =sin ((0 + a)-(0+)} => — sin(a—f) =sin(0+ a) cos (0 +f) - vs +a) sin (0+) sin (a-p)=+avb ~/ yr =a" \ fia} -p)= iV => sin(a 27.7 EXAMPLE 18 Let 1 bean odd integer. Ifsin n @ = 5 4, sin! Ofor r=0 every value of 0, then (aybo = 1,b, = 3 (c) bg = Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, (b) bg = 0, by =n -1,b)=0 (d) by = 0, 6, =n? -3n4 3 u sinn@= > b, sin’ 0 forall 0. r=0 Putting @ = 0, we get 0 =by Again, " sinn@= ¥ b, sin’ 0 r=0 n > enue. > 6, (sin 0) > sin® ,7) 0 => tim ne “hh im (sin 0)! 00 sin@ 1 os n=b, Hence, by = 0 and by =n EXAMPLE 19 ws one of the following number (s) is/are rational? (et) (a) sin 15° (b) cos 15° Ser6in 15° cos 15° (d) sin 15° cos 75° Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, sin 15°= sin (45° - 30°) -3n = sin 15°= ; (V6 - V2), which is an irrational number cos15°= cos (45°-30°) = A “a = cos (5% = i (V6 + V2), which is an irrational number sin 15° cos 15° = ; sin 30° = i , which isa rational number 2-v3 sin 15° cos 75° =sin? 15° = = (1 ~c0s 30°) = ek which is an irrational number. EXAMPLE 20 Let Sn = \2cot 0+1 + cot? =k-cot0 va + cot 0)? =k -cot 0 U |] + cot 0 =k -cot 0 3n = -(1+cot0)=k-cota 74 -mM -e k=] 1B 1 [ EXAMPLE 21 The value of ¥. ; ——$_—__ 7 Ph sin {Tk 1) F sin { 4 A® \4 6 \4d 6 is equal (a) 3-3 (b) 2(3-V3) (ey (V3 -1) (dd 22+ V3) Ans. (c) (EE (Adv.) 2016] 1B SOLUTION = > 7 1 - k "sin (6k =1) ™ sin ate 4 6 4 6 ( k r in TAT) (Bea ney , \\ o 5 2 . n (nm kr) "sin { +(h -1) } sin ( 1 | 4 6 4 6 4 T n) mn kr )| 2 ot | (k-1 at ' Par 7 Feat Fo (7 3n 24 5x 2 feat cot 74 8 Lay con 2? J=2(1 cor) ‘ 4 olf 12 EXAMPLE 220 If A>O, B>OUand AaB E then the mouniomn o vale of tan A+ tan B, is 2 (a)2- 3 (b) ry (eyVI—-V2 (d)4-2V3 Ans. (d) (EF (Main) 20161 SOLUTION tan Ay tan Bi tan tan A Al tanA+ f Titan © 6 tan At ta tan A 1ovdtanA ty tanta / voi tan A vaio tan Ay tan 8cos” A sin Acasa - V30 + cos 2A)+sin2A ° V3+ — V3 cos 2A + sin 24) 2 m nx 2 > At ges ey ssin(2as Sher > —t_< 24/3 °° V3 . 7 nT 2 ssin{ 20+") 2(2-V3) stan A+ tan B< Hence, the minimum value of tan A+ tan Bis 2(2- V3). EXAMPLE 23 For a positive integer n, let f, (0) = 0 (tan 5 it * 8e€ 0) (1+ sec 20) (1 4 see 40)... (+ see 24, Then, which one of the following is incorrect? (ay n(%)=1 Al 5-1 F X 4 nr). ( n{ = | i (d) 6 =): = Ans. (d) SOLUTION f, (0) ) ) (tan ; Ja sec) (1+ see20) (1 4 see40)...(1 4 see 2" 0) OV 1+ cos {tan | SOST |(L 4 5e€20)(1 + sec40)... (1 + see2"0) 24 cos a 2cos? y\ {tan )s 2 (1 b sec 20) (1+ see 40)... (14 sec 2" 0) 2)" “cos0 lan 0 (1 + sec 20) (14 see 40)... (1+ see 2/0) tan 20 (1 } sec 40)... (1 4 see 20) = tan 2"0 bhi) a i Lh za)van(2"> a (on an {2s ) a4 «(=| ML og 7 P| a) erry Thus, all the options are true, EXAMPLE 24 Let f (0) © sin O(sin O + sin 30), Phen, | (A) (a) 20 only when 2 0 (b) © 0 for all real 0 (ce) 2 0 for all real 0 (d) 0 forall real 0. Ifa+Bp= (a) 2 (tan B + tan y) (c) tan § + 2 tan 7 Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, ndB+y=a, then tan a equals (b) tan B + tan y (d) 2 tan 8 + tan 7 {1IT (S) 2001) Prysa => yra-fp = tan y= tan (a ~f) ti = = tan y= Nata B 1+ tana tanp tan o - ti > eny-enenh n atpa— utp 2 1+tanucota 1 = fany=) (tan a—tan §) = tan a =tan +2 tan 7. EXAMPLE 26 If 5 (tan? x ~cos” x) =2 cos2x +9, then the value of cos4x, ts 2 7 3 L a b) -— ale d (a), (b) 9 (c) 5 ( rs Ans. (b) (JEE (Main) 2017] SOLUTION We have, 5 (tan cos" 2) =2cos2x+9 = 5 | Lraeste 1 8C8t| 2eos2a +9 114 cosax 2 > (Int let) _y, +9, wheret = cos 2x \qer 2) = 97442413 =0 => (3t+1)(31+13)=0= 3t+1=0 fe-1st<1] => {==} = cos2n =F 7 Hence, cos4x = 2 cos*2x=1= 2-1 a EXAMPLE 27 If a and are non-zero real numbers such that 2(cosfi—cosa) +cosucosf=1. Then which of the following is true? (3 i a fa) tan © = V3 tan f (b) tan os v3 tan 2 (d) tan - =+ 2 tan g fc) tan ae t tan B 2 2 Ans. (a) [JEE (Adv) 2017] SOLUTION We have, 2 (cosfi-coser) + cosacosp = 1 => cosh (2+ cosa) =1+2cosa > cosp = Lt 2cosa 24 cosa = cos+1 _ 3 (1+ cosa) cosB-1 cosa —1 = 1~cosf 1 eee) 1+cosB 3\1+cosa = ton? B ed ian? tan 24 V3 tan B 2 3 2) 2 2 EXAMPLE 28 The maximum value of (cos a) (cos a2) . (cos a,,), under the restrictions 0 a, 0,0.) Gy <=, and 2 (cot a) (cot az)... (cot a,) =1 is sas 5 ox @l {IIT (S) 2001] Ans. (a) SOLUTION We have, cot a) cot ay ..... cota, =1 > cs a) cos ag... cos a, =sina,.sinas in a, 2 = (cos a) cos @ ... cos a)” =(cos G) Sin @}) (Cos @ sin a3)... (cos a, Sin a,,) 2 = (COS G COS Gp .... COS G,,)~ 1 7 ‘ =r (sin 2 ay) (sin 2 a)... (sin 2.a,) 221 = (Cos a; COs ap .... COS ay)” S$ — 2 > COS Uy COS Gy... COS A, S re Thus, the maximum value of cos ay . COS @ .... COS My iS st EXAMPLE 29. The value of tan 7: +2tan ; + 44s equal to fajeot (b) cot F (c) cot 7 =4 (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We know that tan 8 = cot 6~2 cot 20 tan = 42 tan 44 / =| cot + -2 cot +2 cot 2 cot™)+4=cot™ 16 By 8 4 16 EXAMPLE 30 /f sin A =acos Band cosA~-bsin B then, (a -1) tan? A+(1 -b) tan? Bis equal to 4 i 5 a? +b? 2 2 2 4? (bo) 5 et a! ae be a (a) a wa Ans. (a)710 SOLUTION We have sin A= aeos Band cos Ab sin B a? cos? B46? sin? Resin? Ab cos? A > a? cos? B47 (1 cos? BY = 1 cos? B= OY and sin? p= ot arb ar bo 5 i -1 > tan? R=-2 1h Agar sin A =acos Band cos A =b sin B = tan A=“ cotB tan? 4 A EXAMPLE 31 Ifcos* x sin 2x= 3° a, sin mx isan identity in m=) x, Hien which one of the following is in-correct? 3 1 (a)ayi=0, a3 = (b) 4 =5,8=6 3 = cos” x sin 2x 1 3 (c)aq=—,n=5 d) ¥ a, =~ I= a ( m= Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 7 30S cos* x sin ar=[ = a ses }sin 2x 3 on . => cos” xsin 2x . (sin 2x cos 3x + 3 sin 2x cos x) => Ysin Z (2 sin 2x cos 3x + 6 sin 2x cos x) 8 = cos’ xsin (sin 5x —sin x + 3 sin 3x + 3 sin x) 1 8 . 3s 1 sin 5x + — sin 3x +— sin x 8 4 cos* x sin 2x = => msinxX+ay sin 2x+....+4, sin ny to: 3s 1 =~ sin x + — sin 3x + — sin 5x 4 8 8 1 3 1 4 1fo = 0,03 =~ a5 = 0,05 = — g EEE ge Ors . 1 . EXAMPLE 32. If cos? 0 sec? a5 and sin? @ cosec? a are in => m= 1 6 - A.P., then cos® 0 sec® a, 4 and sin® @ cosec® a are in (a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.-P. (d) none of these Ans. (a) OBJECTIVE SMAryyy Wa he SOLUTION — [tis given that 1 4 5 a, and sin" 0 cosec? 2 1 cos! 050 Haren Ap F 2 ‘ 2 T= cos" sec? a + sin! Ocosec? a 4d 2 . x 2 > = cos" O sin? a + sin* O.cos? a = sin? a cos? ti 2 2 (1 -sin® 0) cos? sin? a + sin# 01 ~sin? a) Hsin ny 2 2 2 2 5 = cos” Osin? a+ sin? @—sin? 6 SIN” G (cos? Hy sin? 4 Ny =sin“¢ sin! ou . 4 2:2 = sin’ 6+ sin’ ¢ -2sin2 5 “a=0 = (sin? 0-sin? «)? =0 «9 2 2 sin” 0 =sin* o and cos* @ = cos? a 2 é 2 5 cos" 0 sec® a + sin® 0 cosec® a = cos? @+ sin? =1 1 ; = cos* Oseca, 3 and sin® 0 cosec® u are in AP. EXAMPLE 33. If dna =n, then cot @ cot 2 a cot 3a... cot (21-1) a is equal to (a)1 (b)-1 (c) © (d) none of thes Ans. (a) SOLUTION We have, 4na=n =ma=% 2 > Ma-a==~-a,Ma-2a="-2a, 2 2 and so on. = cot (27-1) a = tan a, cot (2n - 2) a = tan 2.4 and soon cot a cot 2 a cot 3a... cot(2n-Da =cot a cot 2a cot 3a....tan 2a.tan a =(cot a. tan a) (cot 2 a. tan 2 @) (cot 3a. tan 3a). =1 EXAMPLE 34 /fsin x + sin? x + sin? x=1, then cos® x ~4 cost x + 8 cos” y= (a)2 Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, (b)1 (c) 3 (d)4 . 2 3 sinx+sin" x+sin® y=1 3 id => sin y+sin© ¥=1~—sin" x => sin x+ sin? y=cos? xsmo WY Gey Sm cass) bana sy 2 cast ay cas (Pens (4d oo? ve cash ay = casts 5 4 ri Vodou cast dcas? vi dcost ve coas® as costy 6 4 ? cosy deoas™ vt Reass ye d VNAMPER as fF 0 then the value of cos O cos 2 0cos 2° 0. cos 2" Gas (a) (2 7 (c) 2" (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 1 cas 8 cas 2 8 cas 2° 8...cos 2" 1 6 sin (2" 8) sin (1-6) fe 20 ol —— aa = Se =m aw 2"sine@ 2 sin 6 a” EXAMPLE 36 If A and B are two angles satisfying rt x . O = EXAMPLE 39 If 2sin acosfsin y=sinBsin (a+ y), then tan a,tan Band tan y are im (a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) HP. (d) none of these Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, 2sin a cosfisin y =sin B sin (a + y) = 2sinacosPsin y=sin a sin Bcosy+cos a sin fi siny => 2cotP=cota+coty => cota, cot f, cot yare in AP. => tana, tan B, tan yare in H.P EXAMPLE 40 If cos 5 8 =a cos’ 0 +b cos* 0+ ¢ cos 0, then ¢ = (b) 1 (c)5 (a)-5 (d) none of these Ans. (c)SOLUTION We have, cos 80 Esin 50 = (cos O47 sin 0)" eos S04 r sind @ 5 DR if [Sey cos? 0 = 8C2 cos* sin? 04 FCy cos sin } \ i} 8C) cost o sin 0 -5Cy cos? 0 sin? 0. 4 | = cos $0 = cos 010 cos O sin? 045 cos Osin! 0 \ => cos5 0 =cos® 0-10 cos* 0 (1 —cos* 0) +5 cos 0 (1 cos? 0)? cos 5.0 = 16 cos® 0 = 20 cos* +5 cos 0 ca5 ALITER We have, cos 5 0 =acos® 0+b cos* 0+c cos 0 Ditferentiating with respect to 8, we get ~ 5sin 50 =~Sacos? @sin 6- 3b cos* Osin 0-c sind Putting 0 = —, we get c =5, ala EXAMPLE 41 Given that tan A and tan Bare the roots of the equation x” —ax +b =0. The value of sin? (A + B), is a OP eae a a 0 (a+b) ig + (1a) Ans. (a) SOLUTION | Since tan A and tan Bare the roots of the equation x? —av +b =0. Therefore, tan A + tan B=aand tan A tan B=b tan (A + B) = -b Now, sin2(A +B) = ; {1 cos 2(A + B)) = sin“ 2A +8)=! 1 Letan? (4 + B) 14 tan? (A +B) = sin? (A + B)= A 2 “a ny? 5 a7 (A+ B= a +(1—b)? \- = sin? | Jt “oe | i 7 2 ~b)* OBJECTIVE MATHE Mary « EXAMPLE 42) Tlie value of {on r J} equal ty io} Ve sin? {8 con? 9 4 sin®{ ™ | 4 cos’ 49 " 9) sy) 6(™ of = 1 ay (a) tan (=) (b) cot (3) (©) (dyo Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, sin'( © Jcost( 8 49 -143sin?/ cos? { 2 49 49 49) = sin®( ©) + cos*{ ) 49 49 +3 sin? | n Jcos? { F (sin? ~ + cos? * | 1 49 \ 49 49) 3 (sin? * + cos* a -1 =1-1=0 9 49 EXAMPLE 43 The expression r \ + @ jis equal to 2a 4 sin? a+ sin? (=* +a} sin? ( 3 3 (a)— sin 3a (b) -— sin 3a 4 4 te) sin 3a (a) ~ 4 sin 3a Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 2 (= _ (40 sin a + sin Fea} sin(* +a} 3 3 } =sin a+ 2sin (n+ a) cos = sin*a tsin? (ea) +sin?(** +e 3 3 Qa dn =3sin asin S¥+a)sin| pra) 3 3 = 3sin a sin (120° + a) sin (240° + a) =~ 3sin a sin (60° - a) sin (60° + a) = —2sin3a 4 EXAMPLE 44 /f sin 2.0= 3 , then sin? 0 + cos? 0 = 5 7 i (a) 2 (by “7 () (d) none of thes 8 8 8 Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, 20) sin* 0+ cos* 0 =(sin 0 + cos | 1- == ° | —— in 20 sin 20(1-"=")TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES EXAMPLE aS IPL be dtanye ds bo, then sin des (ayar (by 21 (or (d) none of these Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have. levl- tan v vo Ve ylev 1+ 1-sine => tanrv= * ==, where x= sin 0 1+ \l+sin@ 8 . 1+ cos | sin | = tan y=——— 2 2 ans 0 0 1 +cos _ + sin 2 2 2eost f-2ain | cos | > tan ‘="—ye_,. 8 0 2 cos +2sin | cos 4 4 4 => = 4x=n-0= sin 4r=sin (7-6) =sin O=4 EXAMPLE 46 If A + B= and cos A + cos B=1, then which of 3 the following is/are true 1 (a) cos (A ~ B) == (b) |cos A — cos Bl = [2 3 V3 (Qcos(A—By=—4 (d) [cos A —cos B|= 1 3 23 Ans. (b), (c) SOLUTION We have, cos A + cos B=1 A-B = 2 cos A+ cos = =1 A-B_1 [ | > cos——-=— - A+B= 2 V3 3 2(A-B 2 1 > ef} }-y==-1 cos (A - B) =-— 2 cos? 3 ) 30> (A -B) 3 Now, | sin So, option (b) is also true. EXAMPLE 47 true? Which of the followmg statements about tan 10 (a) It isa rational number (b) It is an irrational number less than 2 (c) It is an irrational number greater than 2 (d) It is greater than 2 Ans. (b), (c) SOLUTION Since tan 0 is an increasing function on (9, 7/2) tan 107 < tan 15°=2-V3<2 Thus, option (6) is true. Now, 3 tan 10° - tan? 10° tan 30°= ——z 1-3 tan” 10° 3 tan 10° If tan 10° is a rational number, then be a rational number, which is not true. Hence, tan 10° is an irrational number. . _ om. EXAMPLE 48 The numerical value of sin 18 sin — sin 18 18 equal to 1 1 1 1 = (c) — (d)> (a) (b) 3 °) qi 3 Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, _ nt . SR 7m sin — sin — sin —_ 18 18 18 8a 4a 25 = cos —— cos 18 18 1 in{ 23 7 z 4n sin(2 ‘ i = cos — CoS mo — = =— 9 23 sin 8 EXAMPLE 49 If tan a = Va, where a is a positive rational number which is not a perfect square, then which of the following is a rational number? (a)sin 2a (b) tan2a (c)cos2a — (d) none of these Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, s 2ta 2Va sin'toes 2 , Which is an irrational number l+tant?a l+aarta ee 5 2k 28s pich isan irrational number tan 2c 2 * betanta boa 5 Petan® @ 1" hich isa rational number os 2 5 , . Letanta te bat EXAMPLE 50. Ifsec 20= p+ tan 20, then the value of sin” O01 / 5 sec 2 terms of pas given by 2 i(p-ly (pe (b) | eh +1) alperl 2 #4 po-l wo 5 oan 22 +) (ps Ans. (a) SOLUTION We have, sec 20 =) + tan 20 sec 2.0 -tan 20 =p => sec20+tan20=" fe sec? 20-tan? 20-1] p = 2sec20=prt p 2p = cos20=-—" pe+l 2 = 1-2sin? =? pet 2 = 2sint?o =1-—? por 2 42 = asinty = LO & sin? o=- po+l 2 . 3 EXAMPLE 51. Te value of sin ™ + sin ~~ + sin 5m, ion n nm an terms ts equal to (a)1 (b) 0 (c) 7 (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We know that sin a+sin (a +) + sin (a +2 f))+...+sin [a + (1-1) sin | BY (" ) sin | a+(n-1) sin | — aa sin B mn .. 3m... Sa sin — + sin — + sin — + .... ton terms " ” sin J "4-1 A sin "| _ la a Lon 1 2n pt Here, a =" and B= inl =| n " \n OBJECTIVE MATHEMATICS IXAMPLE 52 Phe valie uf mu an Sn 7K on cos 2. + con + CON 4 Cun + COS im (a) 0 (b) | (c) 1/2 (A) none of thes Ans. (c) SOLUTION We know that cos cos (a +f) bcos (a + 2P) 4.4 cus tet nT) | p| (np oi (n-1 sin cos y« ( ) 2 | 2 ] 5 sin | 2 t an 5 m on cos — + COS + cos cos + COS 1 I in 1 i nan) 5m cos 4 Pen } 1 2 = Mw — u and [i r ‘ ( n ll I sin ] 51 51 _ 100 sin 13 = wow bd sin * 2 sin * 2 1 1 un 2rm, EXAMPLE 53. sin is equal to r=0 n+) n-1 n ; (a)- 5 (b ——— (c) 2 (d) none of thes Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, 1 xX sin’ - r=0 n 18 = 2 11 ~ cos ara) | " 1 ¢£ 1 4 arn == 1- x cos 2,70) 2 420 n _ (v +1) lit cos2 1 2n x | = a 5 + COS roe . 2 2\ uw n ses Hu J _(n#-1) 1. 2a 4x on 2(n-I)r| ——--—4 cus + Cus — + CUS — +... COS ————— 2 2 | n n n ” | 2a cos | +(n-2) n| sin (1) " _(u-1) 1 Ln nj n | z) 2° re sin Nn 1 cos sin ( x ™) -(* )-3" Nn lon 2) 2 Tt 73°73 sin - = « n - 2n EXAMPLE 54 /f tan ——,x and tan ZR are in ADP. and 18 18 Qu 5 ‘ u tan ie’ yand tan ie are in A.P., then the value of i will be (a)1/2 (tb) 2 (c) 1 (d) none of theseTRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES: Ans, (b) SOLUTION Tis given that 2 n tan vo tan are in ADP s Wn 2 in Also tan Votan ate in AL ‘ Is 2 70 2n 2y tan tan and 2y = tan > 18 1a and 2y = tan ia tan > y= tan 20° 4 tan 70° and 2y tan 20° + tan 50° 1 , sin 70 2N : and 2y = : cos 20° cos 70° cos 20° cos 50) 1 1 s A and 2y sin 20° cos 20° 1 “Y cos 50° _ —1_ and 2y = —! sin 40° sin 40° = xy=2y> *=2 y EXAMPLE 55 Minimum value of 27 “°°. + 81° is equal to 2 2 4 (a) (b) — c) >= d) none of these 3/3 93 {¢) 3N3 Se) naneoy hess Ans. (b) SOLUTION We know that A.M.>G.M. 27 BT a7 BE 2 5 2781 4 gins 9 [ghar edsine =. 27 5% 4 B15 22x [- -5<3cosx+4sin x <5] 2 27 SX 4 gysine 5? 93 u kes 2 Hence, the minimum value of 27 ©°°* + 81°'"* is ———. 93 EXAMPLE 56 The +2" tan (27) a) + 2" cot (2” a), is (a) cot (2" a) (b) 2" tan (2" ce) (c)O0 (d) cot a Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, cot 6 - tan 8 =2 cot 20 - -1 tan u+2tan 2a +4 tan da+... +2" "tan (2"" 1a) + 2" cot (2" a) = 1 =~} (cota —tan a) —2 tan 20 —4 tan 4a...-2"! tan (2a) ~ 2" cot (2" a) } +cota value of tana + 2 tan 2a +4 tan 4a +... 7016 (Leola Ftan 2a) dan de ? tan (2" ‘ay 2" oh (2" ay i Fonte [127 cot au -2tan22a)-2) tan2'a.- 2" tan (2" Say 2! cot (Za) | cata (atc ata 2' tan 2'uy 2! tan 24u.-2" tan (2" bay 2" cot (2a) | © cota a 2" "eot(2" hay -2" tan (2" 1a) -2" cot (2a) | + cote = \ 2"-", 2 cot (2" a) — 2" cot (2" a) | + cot a = cot a EXAMPLE 57 If tan @+ tan ( 0+ A ) + tan { 0-— =k tan 30, 3) then ks equal to (a)1 (b) 3 (c) , (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, tan 0+ tan [0+ 5 )rtan(o- 3 | tan 8-V3 tan 0+ 3 tan ¢ 3 1+ 3 tan® 1 3 tan 0 =tan 0+ tan @(1 — 3 tan? 6) + (tan 0 + V3) (1 + V3 tan 8) + (tan 6 - V3) (1 — V3 tan 8) 1-3tan? 0 3 =3| 3tan@-tan_ 0) 5 an 36 1-3tan?0 | k=3, EXAMPLE 58 For 0. cos? A + cos? B+ cos? C + cos® D +2E cos A cos B=0 = 2cos* A+2 cos? B+2E cos A cos B=0 fe cos C =~ cos A and cos D =~ cos B] = Ecos A cos B=-[cos* A + cos? B] = Ecos AcosB=-2+sin? A+ sin? B = 24EcosA cos B=sin? A+sin? B=sin?C +sin2D, EXAMPLE 60 Ifx+y+z=7, tan x tanz=2and tan y tan 2 =18, ten tan? z= (a)15 (b) 16 (c) 19 (d) 20 Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, X+y+Z=0 = tan x+ tan y+ tanz=tan x tan y tanz = tanx+tany+tanz=2tany [- tan x tanz => tanx+tanz = tany = (tan x + tan 2) tanz=tan y tanz => (tan x + tan 2) tanz=18 = tanxtanz+tan?2=18 => 24+ tan?2=18 = tan?z=16. EXAMPLE 61 Biggest aniong (sin 1 + cos 1), (/sin1 + feos 1), yi+sin 2 and 1, is (b) ysin 1 + eos 1 (d)1 (a) sin 1 + cos 1 (c)/1 + sin 2 Ans. (b) OBJECTIVE MaTHE rs) Nee SOLUTION We have, ysin 1 >sin 1 > sin? 1 and, eos T > cos 1. con? | Vsin 1+ Jcos 1 > sin 1+ cos] >I Also Vl +sin 2 = = sin? 1+ + cos? 7 142sin 1 cos] = SINT 4 coy sin] + JcosT > /1+ sin 2 >1. Hence, ysin 1 + cos 1 is the greatest. EXAMPLE 62 Ina A ABC, iftan A + 2 tan B=0, then w) hich on, is correct? " fa O 2tan? BtanC ~tan B+ tanC =0 2tan Al Since tan Bis real. Therefore, 1~8 tan?c >0 => tan? gh O yelt Fy (sin 8 + cos 0) + V2 (cos 8 + sin @) [- cos 0+ sin 85 y2) > yo +[ V+ cos 0+ sino x 1l\pr a ysis(VeZ\v2 > yes . \ v2 Hence, the maximum value is 4. EXAMPLE 64 Thevaluesof4 sin? @~ cos 2 @lies inthe intertal (a)(-1,5) (b) [-1, 5] (\(-%,-1 U5, x) (d) none of theseTRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES Ans. (b) SOLUTION Let x =4 sin? @ — cos 20. Then, y =2(1 -cos 2 0) - cos 20 => yxy=2-3c0s20 —~3<-3c0s20<3 fe -1scos 2651] => 2-352-3cos20<24+3 => 1 xve[-1,5} EXAMPLE 65) [fy = sin? 0 + cos* Q, then for all real values of © (aye, 2 (b) y €[13/16, 1] (c)ye[3/4,13/ 16] (d) yve[3/4,1] Ans. (d) [AIEEE 2011] SOLUTION We have, y=sin* 0+ cos! @ = y=cost @-cos* 0+1 2 3 > y=( cos? 0-3) +> N 2 4 Now, O = EXAMPLE 66 The ratio of the greatest value of 2 — cos x + sin? x, is to its least value, is 7 u 13 c b) — = a (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) none of these Ans. (c) SOLUTION Let y=2-cos x + sin? x. Then, 5 y=2-cosx+1-cos” x 2 >= y = 3 -(cos? x + cos x) = y=" (cosx+ 5) Now, —1 ~§ (cos x +3) <3 for ally 2 2) 2 ( 1y 9 = 0s [cox +5] <— forall x \ 2 4 1% > ~F <-[ooss +) <0 for allx 13 27.17 Hence, required ratio is ; EXAMPLE 67 The least value of cos’ 0-6 sin 0.cos 8 + 3sin? 6+ 2, is (a)4+ V0 (b)4-VI0 (0 (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, y = cos" @-6sin Ocos 0+ 3sin? 6+2 1 2 - ) = y=( E28) asin 204 3( E28 sete a2 => y=-cos20-3sin20+4 Now, ~ V1 <~cos2@-3sin 20 < V10 for all 8 > 4-J01 or, sec 8s 1. => secO= ay +520and{ 758° — — 21or, 2 => y2-3 and (4y +529 or, 4y +521) > (y2-2 andy21)or(y2—3 and y2-1 A 4 . . 4 . => (y2)) or, (y2-l)> y2-1> ye[-1,%) EXAMPLE 69 Two parallel chords are drawn on the same side of the centre of a circle of radius 12 units. It is found that they subtend 72° and 144° angles at the centre of the circle. The perpendicular distance in units between the chords, is (a)6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (dj 2 Ans. (a) SOLUTION Required distance = LM =OL -OM =12 cos 36°-12 cos 72°27.18 = 12 (cos 36°= sin 18°) EXAMPLE 70 /ftan a + tan B + tan y = tan a tan B tan y, then (a) a, B, y must be angles of a triangle (b) the sum of any tivo of a., B, y is equal to the third (c)a +B + y must be an integral multiple of n (a) none of these Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, fan a + tan B+ tan y=tana tanBtany But, tan(a +P + y) _ tan a + tan B+ tany-tan a tan Btany "1-tan a tan B—tan B tan y-tany tana tan(a+P+y)=0 => a+Pty=naneZ EXAMPLE 71 Ifsin x + cos x “2 O 1+sin 2x = [On squaring both sides} 2 tan => 1+—— > = 1 l+tan“x 25 => Itan? x+25tanx+12 = 0 => (4 tan x+ 3)(3 tan x+ 4) =0 > tan x3 or, tan x EXAMPLE 72 For A =133°, 2 cos S is equal to (a)- jl +sin A -, -sinA (b)-/1+sin A+ /1-sin A (c) /1+sin A-/1—sin A (d) Jl +sin A+ /1-sin A OBJECTIVE MATHEMz Ans. (c) SOLUTION We have, — a f a n 4) fir sin A = [0s 2 2 . A cos 4 + sin 5 > T+ sin A= A A ; > {i+ sin A =cos 5 + sin > and, j1-sin A= A is an acut ~ = 2 ang). y 2 A. A > T=5iA =|cos 4 sin 4] vA az asc 9 oS" > 1 -sin A =-| cos — -sin — 2 if V 2 2 200s cain 4 = _—_—__— A > yi-sin A =sin 5 —cos 5 2 cos 4 = \i¥sin A - JT=sin A EXAMPLE 73 A and B are positive acute angles satisfying |) . 2 2 3 sin A 2 cos B equations 3 cos~ A + 2 cos” B=4 and ——— = =>” 4p, nN sin B cos A A+ 2Bis equal to « Tn x r £ b) = a d)2 (a) 3 ( 5 (c) é (d) z Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 3sin A _2cosB sin B cos A 3sin A 2cos Bsin B > ——= F cos A cos* A in 2 > tan A= 1 sin B 3 cos? A => tana 1 tan 2.8 3 cos? A 1 tan2B “ 2cos’ B = tan A =~ ST (4-3 cas? A-1) ce 3 cos* A = 4-3 cos? A tan A =tan 2B tan? 4 tan A tan 2B =] tan A =cot 2B UouUYTRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES 2719 PNAMPLE 74 The expression vas @Y +6 cos dy + 15 cos 2y +10 is equal to cos 5x45 cos By + 10 cos ¥ (a) cos” y (b)1+cosx (c)cos2y (d) 2 cosx Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, cos OX ++ 6 cos dy +15 cos 21 +10 “cos 5y +5 cos 3x +10 cos ¥ _ (cos 6% + cos 4x) +5(cos 44 + cos 2x) + 10 (cos 2x +1) +5 cos 3x +10 cos x _ 2 cas 5x cos x + 10 cos 3x cos x + 20 cos? x cos 5x +5 cos 3x + 10 cos x 2s Hl EXAMPLE 78 ifa=——"S@ 9, y,, Lt Sin cos 0 1+ cos 0+ sin @ l+sin@ equal to 1 (a) , (b) a (c)1-a (d)l+a a Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 2sin 0 “T+ cos 0+sin 0 ___2sin 6(1 + sin 0 - cos 8) = “a + cos 0+ sin 6) (1 + sin @ — cos 0) 2 sin 0(1 + sin 0 - cos 8) > ee (1 + sin 0)? - cos” 0 2 sin 0(1 + sin 8-cos 8) 1+ sin 0-cos 0 > @e—— eee 2 sin (1+ sin 6) 1+sin® EXAMPLE 76 The expression 25""° 4 2> © is minimum when Ois equal to (a) 2nn4 ™ (b) 2nn+ 2% 4 4 (c)umt . (d) none of these / where neZ Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 2sin 0, 9 e080 5 9 Jasin O= cos , ie, sin(o-7) gsinO 9-cos0 92 4 [Using: AM 2 GM] > Thus, 2% 4 2>ce88 is minimum when sin (0-1/4) is minimum ie. sin[o-7) = und 3 ez 2 => o=2n24 7 nez, EXAMPLE 77 If A is an obtuse angle, then sin? A-cos® A in A ee SN 2 tan A cot Ais always equal sin A-cas A 1+tan2A to (a)1 (b) -1 (c)2 (d) none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, 3 3 . sin” A - cos” A sin A oo -2 tan A cot A. sin A -cos A 1+tan? A sin A =(sin? A+cos* A +sin A cos A) + | sec A| =1+ sin A cos A -sin A cos A-2=-1. EXAMPLE 78 If ina triangle ABC, cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3C =1, then one angle must be exactly equal to (a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3C =1 (d) 120° = 208 3{“5*)cos 3(“5*)-cos 314 + B)=1 [- C=n-(A+B)] => 2 cos 3(A* * cos 3(45*)-26 os? 3(45*)=0 2 2 > 2eos 3{ 4* *) {cos 3{ 9=* cos 3(432}| -0 > cos 3( 458 *\= 0 oF, cos 3(“=8 B cos 3(4 sf ) Now, cos 3 45) =o = A+B="5c=2% 2 3 3 and, cos3{ cos (4 a } = B=0, which is not possible. EXAMPLE 79 [f a,B,y,6 are the smallest positive angles in ascending order of magnitude which have their sines equal to the positive quantity — k, value of B i 4sin 2+ 3sin 2+ 2sin ¥ + sin is equal to 2 2 2 2 (b)2 fi+k (c)2vk then — the (a)2 1 -k Ans. (b) (d)2 jk +227.20 SOLUTION — Itis given that « ,f, y, are the smallest positive angles in ascending order of magnitude such that sina = sin Bi =sin y = sin 6 =k (a positive quantity) => p=n-a, y=2n+aand6=3n-a +2sin ; + sin din 5+ 3 sin E a =4sin 24 3cos > ~ 2 sin % ~ cos % 2 2 2 2 =2(cos 5 + sin $2 fi+sina =2 fi+k x+cos" x21, then n EXAMPLE 80 If O.<.x< F and sin" belongs to the interval (a)[2, 20) (b) (~~, 2] Ans. (b) )[-1,1) | (d)[-%, 1) SOLUTION For0 — >land—_ 5] sin x cos x iy 0 > (2 >1 ana u ] >1 sin x cos x x>1,whereneN = sin"" x + cus~" Forn =0, we have an rt sin” x + cos" x=141 =2>1 forall r<[0,") For =1, we have sin" x + cos" x =sin x + cos x = sin" x + cos" v= /1 + sin 2x >1 forall x €(0, n/2) For n = 2, we have : , 3 * sin” x + cos" x =sin? x + cos v=Lorallx (0,5) For 2 3, we have T sin” x + cos" x. cos A + cos B+ cosC <> It is evident from (i) and (ii) that 3 cos A + cos B+ cos C 7 1 - A-B € if cos a =1and sin 272 = A-B=0 and C=60° > =B and C =60° => A=B=C=60° = AABC is equilateral. a A B ie cos A + cos B + cosC =4 sin yom 5 am 77! and, 4sin A/2 sin B/2 sinC/2 >0 cos A + cos B+ cosC >1 Thus, 1 (mengauncy = tan A tan Btan C > 33/2 = tan A tan BtanC > 3V3TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES 27.24 AMPLE 8 Ina A ABC, the value of sin A sin B sin C és AB yo aVv3 a <7 {cot —~ cot = cot — 23 (@) >= (b) <283 wsv3 (a) <3 202 2s ‘ 8 8 8 ABC Ans. (b) => cot é cot 2 cot 32 3v3. SOLUTION We have, ABC sin? A+ sin? B+ sin?C EXAMPLE 85 Ita A ABC, cos Fg cos ss _l-cos2A 1-cos2B 9 yt sin? C s222 yd ye d48 38 , - 16 8 32 64 =1- > {cos 2A + cos 2B} + sin? C Ans. (b) = 1-cos (A + B) cos(A —B) + sin?C SOLUTION We know that =1+ cosC cos (A -B) +1 ~-cos? C cos A+ cos B+ cos Cs =2-cos? C + cos C cos (A —B) 9 <2-cos? C+.cosC bs cos (AB) < 1] > (1.4 cos A) + (1. + cos B) + (1+ cosC) s> =2-(cos? C - cos C) = cag? Ai 4 cog? 2 cos? £52 2 2 2°4 iy 19 1y 9 =2- cosc - 1) al c-3) s— ( 2) gg (Soa) RG 3 cos? 4 +.cos? 3 + cos?© A Bc? hg Ben ea. 8 = 32222 2 cos? 4 cos? Fos? S| sin” A +sin* B+ sin Cxi (i) 4 3 2 2 2 3/2 Now, > (2) 2 cos A cos B cos AM. > GM. 4 2 2 2 2 sea ma ie n sin? A+ a Br sin’ C . (in? Asin? Bsin2.C)!/3 EXAMPLE 86 If 8 sin? x sin ax= 2 4, cos rx is an identity in = (sin? Asin? Bsin? Q)/3 <> [Using ()] Henn = 4 (a)3 (b)4 ()6 (a9 3/2 > sin Asin sinc <( 3) Ans. (c) 7 SOLUTION We have, = sin A sin Bsin c < 343 8 sin? x sin 3x =2 sin 3x(3 sin x-sin 3x) EXAMPLE 84 [11a A ABC, the value of cot 4 cot ; cot $ is (a)23V3 (b) 29 (<)26V3 — (d)none of these Ans. (a) SOLUTION In A ABC, we have A B B Cc Cc A tan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan — =1 an - tan 5 + tan 5 : i 2 A B Cc A B =—+cot — = =cot — cot = cot — > cot > + cot 5 + cot, ca 2 3 2 Now, A.M. 2 G.M. ) cot 4 + cot 2 + cot & 1/3 => a ae pee) {cot 4 cot 5 cot st 3 2 2 2 [cot 4 cox cot A a > — 2 4 cot — cot — cot — | 3 2° 2 2h => 8sin? xsin 3x=6sin 3x sin x-2sin? 3x 8 sin? x sin 3x = 3 (cos 2x - cos 4x) — (1 - cos 6x) u => 8sin? xsin 3x =-1 + 3 cos 2x - 3 cos 4x + cos 6x 8 sin? x sin 3x= x a, COS TX r=0 = -1+ 3cos 2x -3 cos 4x + cos 6x = + a COSX +... + a, COS MX => n=6. EXAMPLE 87 The number of integral triplets (a, b, c) such that a+bcos2x+csin? x=0 forall x, is (a)0 (b) 1 (c)3 Ans. (d) SOLUTION We have, (d) infinitely many a+b cos 2x +¢ sin? x =0 forall x = a+b+(c-2b) sin® x =0 for all xa OBJECTIVE Mary Mar > aah Oand ce 2=0 Pande = 2h Thus, the triplets are(—b, b, 2b), where b © R. > a Hence, there are infinitely many triplets, 88 Ifa sin v +b cos (x +0) +b cos (¥ 0) =u for EXAMPLE seme realy. then the marumum value of| cos O| is equal to 1 2 7 Ln a ery Vie a Osa Vd? -a Lops ss - ©; i] Var aa? (d) none of these Ans. (a) SOLUTION We have, ASIN X +) cos(v +0) +b Cos (v ~ 0) =d for some real x = asin x + 2b cos xcos 6 = ld] s Va? +40? co > @ < a + 4h? cos? Q a 2 ~ Scos" 6 > cos o> Hence, the minimum value of cos @ is EXAMPLE 89 If 4, B,C be an acute angled triangle, then the tmiimuan value oftan* A+ tan4 B+ tan C will be (a) 729 (b) 27 ()81V3°— (d)none of these Ans. (b) SOLUTION Ina triangle ABC, we know that tan A+ tan B+ tanC >3 V3 --(i) We also know that tan" A+ tan? B+ tant 2 (Sarton Attn 3 3 4 4 4 _, fan Aston" Btn C a8 [Using (i)] = tant A+ tant B+ tant sor EXAMPLE 90 Ifx, Y, Zare variables and Stan y+4 tan ¥+5 tanz=20, then the mininum value of tan? x + tan? y+ tan" z, is @10 ays (8 (dy12 Ans. (c) SOLUTION Leta =37 44) 45% a a A A and, b=(tan i+ (tan y) k + (tan 2) k. Then, (3 tan x +4 tan y +5 tan 2)° =(9 +16 +25) (tan? x4 tan? , tan? 4 2, (20)? <50 (tan? x + tan? y+ tan? z) = (20)? sé 2e> => tan? x + tan? yttan’z28 EXAMPLE 91 Let a,[ be such thal asa “Bea, \ sin a + sin B=- a and cos @ + cos B= a? then the Valuy 4 6 2 d)-_3 wf os @-o3 Ans. (d) TALEEE 2004 SOLUTION We have, | y sin « + sin B=— 7 and cos a + cos B= — 7 a-B 21 = 2sin 228 og SP 21 and 2 cos a+tp 2 a-f = 4{sin? SP 5 con? £+P) og a! a-B)_ 1170 = dos? (SF)? =P 1170 = cost Se = st 4B} _ v1170 © So 30 zO-B 3n) = cos #28 __ v1170 3s oe a YANO , 130 2. cos 2B ey | 170-3 130 x 130 ¥130 EXAMPLE 92 /f we oseet.., Sooo us ya? cos? 0 +b? sin? a+ ya? sin? 0462 cos? 0, then the difference between the maximum and minimum values of Wis green by (aya) (by 2a? +6? (cy (40)? (4) 2 (a? +62) Ans. (d) [ATEEE 2004] SOLUTION We have, +67 sin? 6+ Ja? sin? 0462 costo fa? cos? 0b and oy = =(a2 +b?) +2 via maa One sin” 8) 2 (a° sin* 6 + b2 cos” 8)TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES =u? (a2 + 2)? =4 {oa +b4) sin? @ cos? 0+ a2 b (cost 0+ sin4 »| = {ie (a2 + my -(«" +o4 ) sin? 20+ 402b? ( 5 sin? 20) 2 ) sin? 20 +4070? 2 = {2 ~@ +e) -[2" + b4—207b? = {ve -ue ye = (02 ~b2)? sin? 204402 b? sot -2u? (a? 4b?) + (a? — b2)? = (a2 —b?)? sin? 20 =u —2u? (a? 462) +(a? =b?)? < (a? 62)? 0 < sin? 20 <1] sul — 20? (a? +b?) <0 =v {x2 - 200 +o} <0 > 0517 <2(a2 +62) Thus, the maximum and minimum values of u are 2(a7 +b) and 0. Hence, required difference = 2 (a2 + b?). EXAMPLE 93 If A + B+ C =270° then cos 2A + cos 2 B+ cos 2C + 4 sin A sin Bsin C= (a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d) 3 Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C + 4 sin A sin BsinC = 2 cos(A + B) cos(A - B) + cos 2C +4 sin A sin BsinC 3 = 2cos( $C }cos(A ~B) + cos 2C + 4 sin A sin Bsin C = -2sin C cos(A - B) +1-2 sin? C +4 sin A sin B sin “ ~2sin C { cos(A ~ B) +sin C} +4 sin A sin BsinC +1 =-2 sin Cf cosa ~ B)~cos(A + B)| +4 sin A sin B sin C +1 =-4sin Asin BsinC +4 sin Asin BsinC +1= EXAMPLE 94 Given both O and gare acute angles and 1 1 sin 0=], cos b= 3 (a)(n/3, /2] (c)(2n/3 , 52/6] Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, , then the value of 8 + dbelongs to (b) (n/2., 2/3] (d) (5x/6, n] {IIT (S) 2004] 1 1 sin 0 == and cos $= — 2 3 (3 2v2 => cos 0= “ and sin $= a 27.23 Now, sin (0+ 9) =sin 0 cos $+ cos O sin > => sin(®@+ g)= t + = 0.1.66 + 0.816 = 0.982 = 0+ dis in the neighbourhood of 2, 3 1 T 1 Tt n Also, sin == = 0=— and, — & z 3 — j and, cos 5 sj Besa 0+ g>2. +> Hence, 6 + (3.2 2° 3 EXAMPLE 95 If 0. (cos x + sin x) a 1 => 1+sin2x=— 4 => sin ax=-3 4 => 3tan? x+8tanx+3=0= tanx Hence, option (c) is correct. int 4 sin” @ cos” 0 5, EXAMPLE 96 If += » of the then which 0 a b a+b following is incorrect? sint @ _ cos! 0 (a) 3 = ae b? (ey SO, e088 | 1 ; a b (a+b) Ans. (b) SOLUTION We have, sin? 0. cos’ 6 1 + = i bath 4 a: (a+b) [252+ |-ton* 0+ cos? 0)? a 3 b a = sin? 0+ cost 0+ sin’ 04 - cost 0 a b =(sin4 6 + cost 0 +2 sin? 0 cos? 0)[h 2 ae . Va sine 0 Vp cos” 0) 0 {b 2 la 5 5 ) Va sin? 0 Vb cos” 0 = bsin? 0 =a cos? 0 sin? 0 costo a b = SIN7O cos? 0 sin? 04 cos? 0 a b arb 2 a => 0- and cos? 9 = ath arb Clearly, these values satisfy options (a), (c) and (d) only. Hence, option (b) is incorrect. a 5 sin” s EXAMPLE 97 If eae ¥ & “then 2 3.065 > 2 «8 Be (a) tan? y=" (by SPY, cosy 3 8 27 25 8 sein (c) tan? y= ] (d) sin cos’ xy 2 3 7 125 Ans. (a), (b) SOLUTION We have, UIT 2009] 2 2 sin? cos” ¥ 2 3 2 2 as cos” ¥ sin” x 4+ cos” x = > “30 243 = 2 2 2 3 > sin" y= 7 and cos” y= 5 YY OBJECTIVE MATH yy 4. 2 16 and (cos? x)* = 3! ~ =» (sin® x) 625 625 sin®'y cost x 2 , 2. sd 4 | 27 625 «625125 EXAMPLE 98 If sin A sin Bsin C + cos A cos B 1, value of sin C ts (a) (b) 1/2 Ans. (a) SOLUTION Ascos€ <1 (c)0 (d)-) TOT yy, “sin Asin Bsin C + cos A cos B sin Asin Bsin C + cos A cos B<2cos20+> sin 20<2 2 2 3 => 1 34205204 3sin20 0, then the value of {k], is (a) 1 (b) 2 (d)4 Ans. (b) (iT 200° SOLUTION Let AB and CD be two parallel chords of acircle: (c)3 radius 2makingangles and a respectively at thecentre OTRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES We have, LM = V3 41 Fig. 2 = OL+OM=V3+1 x 1 = 2cos— +2 —=V¥3+1 cos 5 + 2 cos 7 V3+ x xn V341 => cos — + cos ~ = 2k k 2 3+3 2cos? = * _{¥3+3)_4 => cos’ aK 2K 2 Be cos ZL EVI + 43 +3) 2k 4 nx _-14(2V3 +1) => a 2k 4 > cos 2 aM8 8D BL ge, 2k 2 2 2k 6 Hence, [k] = 3. EXAMPLE 101 The positive integral value of n > 3 satisfying 1 a _) ; so(s) mC) (a)6 (b)7 () 8 (d) 4 Ans. (b) (UT 2011) — SOLUTION We have, = ran Feo(F on) , An. (= 4n 3a = sin — =sin a) —=n = n=7 n n EXAMPLE 102 Let 0, pe [0, 2x] be such that 6 2cos 0(1 sin 4) =sin? of tan 2 + cot 2 bcos 6-1, ” 2°32 non tan (2n - 0) > Oand -1 2cosO+1=2sin(0+4 Ai) Now,lan (2x-@)>0 and -1 = -tan0>0 and 8 geo 3 3 > oe(Z.n}u[ 2] and #938 2 2 3 3 = 3m gcd® 2 3 From (i), we have sin (0+ 9) =cos 045 — 3m 9.5 1 2 3 => psi <1 1 = 0 5 <1 +:cos.8<1 = ane An + © Omax << 2m + ~ Ornin n Sn 5x 3x a An —-—R be = ont EXAMPLE 103 Let such that f (cos 46) a2 for 9 €(0, n/4) U(n/4, 7/2). Then the 2-sec" 8 values of f ( 3a(aaa? ‘ je 1 I (1) (ie! Va Va \3 UT 2012) ie 5 }rthen 20e(0, 2)u( 7} (b) 1 Ans, (a) SOLUTION 1106 (0 There: fore, cos 20 can be positive or negative, Hence, cos 20 = + fl + cos 40 [Taking cos 40 = Al Now, f (cos 48) = —? = eee 1+ cos 20 2=sec? 6 2cos* 6-1 cos 20 1 3 > f(5)=1* BMWS wo! Gteeebe (F 2 3 3 EXAMPLE 104 Suppose 0 and (#0) are such that sec(® + 4), see @.and sec(0— @) are in A.P. If cos 0 = k cos{¢ ) for some ky then k is equal to () + V2 eee ) (d) a [ATEEE 2012] (a)+1 (b) 22 Ans. (c) SOLUTION | It is given that sec (0+ 4), sec @ and sec (8-4) are in AP. 2 sec 8 =sec (0+ 4) + sec (0-4) 2 _cos (0 =#) + 08 (0+) cos cos (0+ 4) cos (8-4) 2 2 cos 8 cos > ~ cos? 0 — sin? 6 y \ ‘cos 0 cos? @ cos @= cos? @=sin® > cos? @ (1 — cos 4) =(1=€05" cos? 8=1+4 cos > cos 0= 2cos* cos = vi. cos g0° + secl60° will be value of SeC 40° + sec (d)8 (c)6 Ans. (c) SOLUTION We find that wr gor + os 60°08 160" OBJECTIVE MATHEMAT 2eos 60° cos 20 con 20 cus 40° cos 80° + cos 80" cos 160 + cos 160° cos 40 = * l2cos 80 cos 40° + 2.c0s 160° cos BO” + 2.co8 160° cos 40°) =F lcos 120°+ cos 40°+ cos 240°+ cos g0°+ cos 200°+ cos 120% 1 cos 20°- 5 ) =4(-3 + 2c08 40° - 4 + cos 80 rier a 1/3 6 ° = [ y+ Zens 60° cos 20 cos 20 aN 2 and, x40°) 1 sin 320 aa cos 40° cos 80° cos 160°= 5 age 8 sin 40° 8 cos 80° and cos 160° as i So, the equation having cos 40°, roots is Re -(-)-° or, 8x3 -6x +1=0 4 The equation having sec 40°, sec 80° and sec 160° asits roots is x3 -6x7 + 8=0 sec 40° + sec 80° + sec 160°= 6 EXAMPLE 106 /f 0 = ns _ then cos® cos20 cos 30... cos 10040 Is 1 d 1 (a)0 (b) 52008 () smo (4) oor Ans. (c) SOLUTION Let P = cos @ cos 20 cos 30... cos 1004 @ and sin 1004 8 Q=sin @ sin 20 sin 30... Then, 71004 pg =sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 ... sin 2008 0 9104 pg =(sin 20 sin 40 sin 60... sin 2008 8) > (sin 10060 sin 10080 ... sin 2008 8) => 21004 pQ =(sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 ... sin 1004 8) [sin (2x 10036) sin (2 -10016) ... sin (2 — 0)} = 21004 pg =(-1) sin @ sin 20 sin 30 sin 40.......--- sin 1003 8 sin 1001 0 1004 po = _t B 2 PQ =0 = P= soeer arse Pioneer Education The Best Way To Success NTSE | Olympiad |JEE - Mains & Advanced 11% JEE Trigonometry [11.10.2022] Mathematics Test “Don’t wait. The time will never be just right” -Napoleon Hill M. Marks: 200 M. Time: 120 minutes General Instructions: (i) Section-A (1 to 35)(All questions compulsory) (Single Correct Objective Type Questions) (Each right answer carry +4 marks, -1 for every wrong answer). (ii) Section -B (36 to 55) Integer Type Questions (Attempt any 15 Question out of 20, Each right answer carry +4 marks, -1 mark will be deducte: for a wrong answer) Section-A(Single Correct Objective Type. Questions) 1. 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(d) 2 a 182 SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK pets Pcikln)snar ieee 4 be Jt (4 7 ly DO = (1- osm) (y. ot M1 . tratB4p [ =) Tra & B= tr +t» B L |-Tme te B a oo ¢ Fn Yo! iets zu 27 we . a : Eau : - a 7 Pioneer Education] SCA320, Sector 40-D|SCO 18 TF Sector 20- D Chandigarh +91-9815527721, 0172-4617721 Page 2 of 10 www. pioneermathematics.comhe Best Way To Success (11. The value of tan 20° tan 80° cot NTSE | Olympiad |JEE - Mains & Advanced . 50° is equal to @ v3 (b) 2V3 (2 (d) F 12. 1 23 32 Mand B are acute angles and such that — om 1 tana = mad and tang wey then a +8 equals T Ms = & - (c) . (a) a 13. If0< %Y <7 and cosx+ COS y ~ cos (x + y) = >. then sin x + cos y is equal to: [JEE-Main February 202 1] 1+ ee -V3 (a) w 2 (a3 @ 8 fia. If Saat Qa +10cos* a=6, ee some aeR, then the vale of 27 sec’ a + 8cosec’a is equal to: UEE-Main March 2021] (a) 350 (b) 500 (c) 400 @ 250 Gs. 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