= ENTRY TEST SERIE For All Kinds of Entry & Aptitude Test CHEMISTRY » Quick Review of the Syllabus Peal ee nN rem me AS ey elem MeN CITE AS iccesemmec ite Us Ueasy Po ye ceulesieam las el es mm alco SSeS Ayer ci Wisc www.topstudyworld.comDiagnostic Test Part! 1 Basic Concepts 2 Experimental Techniques In Chemistry 3. Gases 4 Liquids and Solids 5 Atomic Structure 6 Chemical Bonding 7 Thermochemistry 8 Chemical Equilibrium 9 Solutions 10 Electrochemistry 11 Reaction Kinetics Answer Key 25) 39 56 69 108 124 137 YWaus 2. Part I Periodic Classification of 154 Elements and Periodicity s-Block Elements 167 Group III-A & Group IV-A 178 Elements Group V-A & VI-A Elements 189 The Halogens & The Noble Gases 204 Transition Elements 216 Fundamental Principles of Organic 227 Chemistry \ bege Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ‘ Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alkyl Halides Alcohols, Phenols & ’ www.topstudyworld.comDiagnostic Test PUB MANN op ure * This diagnostic te: s st is designed t ‘ is background Sit aside 1 ae in be nies to pinpoint the weak areas in your test. Check y ” the end of the test. Then evaluate yourself. Se et ae eae nee Chemistry paper of ECAT contains 30 questions while MCAT contains 60 questions, so extra questions have been added in the sample paper. 1 Isotopes differs in (@) arrangement of electrons in orbitals (b) position in the periodic table (c) properties depend upon mass (d) chemical properties 2. The mass of one mole of electron Is Geet HIS Neg (a) 1.008 mg (b) 0.55 mg « bere. © j (c) 0.184 mg (@ 1.637 mg seovnle i eek 3. The volume occupied by 1.4g CO at §.1.P is - (a) 22.4 dm? (b) 2.24dms BAx\G () 1.12 ems (@) 1.12 dm Sr (b) Ba > Mg (©) Lu> Ce a ti Which one does not give borax st fa (a) Copper sulphate (b) Barium sulphate (©) Cobalt sulphate (@ Nickel sulphate 36. Which one is not the use of silicones (a) Lubricant (b) Water repellent film (c) Rubber sheet (@) Medicine y 37, _ The most reactive allotropic form of phosphorus 36 (a) White & (b) Red (© Black (@) Violet Chemical composition of cinnabar is (a) FeS2 (b) Hgs (d) ZnS (©) PbS : SANE Co) ox 1iUTe} Is{efoJr) KIPS:45. 46. 47. 48. 43. Ts Diagnostic Te s the highest bond energy among the halogens (b) Chlorine * a (d) Bromine ¢ is passed through hot solution of caustic soda the reaction is id as {a) Displacement (©) Disproportionation reaction, ‘The most paramagnetic element is @) Iron 4 (b) Cobalt (c) Chromium (d) Manganese In the complex [Cr(OH)s(H20)s] the coordination number is fa) 2 (4 Which one of the following looks odd (a) HSO, (b) KMnO, (OHS, (@) KaCrOy A great variety of the organic Gee eae to its property of carbon (@) Show tetravalency ¥ ‘Exhibit catenation (©) Show isomerism (d) Can form multiple bonds In 1- pentene -4- yne the carbon exhibit hybridization {a) sp3 - sp? (b) sp? - sp (c) sp?- sp (d) sp? - sp? - spe Vinyl acetylene combines with hydrochloric acid produces {@) Divinyl acetylene (b) Ethylidine dichloride (0) Chloroprene (4) 1,3,3, trichloro butane When benzene is heated in air with VzOs at 450°C yields (@) Phenol (b) Maleic anhydride - (© Glyoxal (@) Benzoic acid When toluene reacts with chlorine in sunlight. the first major product is a eer chloride (b) Benzal dichlorid (c) O-chlorotoluene (d) O-chiorotoluene Which one of the following will be sulphonated read; pag (a) Chlorobenzene (b) Toluene « {c) Nitrobenzene (@) Benzene Which one of the following is not a good leaving group? (a) HSO- wae itteo. (@) Br len. is made to react with by acid dross ade ethyl magnesium iodide in dry ether followed (a) xVlic acid (©) Propanote acid - (2) Ethanoic acia (b) Reduction (d) Double displacement reaction (d)6. cme 0 Cee (d) Butanoic acid ‘The process of fermentation i et (a) Diastase pvaver al aoe except (¢) Zymase invertase a) Ethyl chloride on reduction in {@)n. butane ee = of Zn/HCI a (©) Ethane « (b) Ethanol PEUCES «ett (d) Diethy! eth. Which one does not exhibit aldol condensat aS (a) Ethanal a me (© Benzaldehyde. 4 aaFor industrial preparation of CHsCHO catalytic promoter is (a) PaCla (b) CuCl (©) CuCh (@) PbCh ‘The common name of propane -1,3-dioic acid is e—geo® (a) Oxalic acid (b) Succinic acid 4 (c) Malonic acid « (@) Fumarie acid 4 Which of the following is not a fatty acid? = {a) Propanoic acid (b) Acetic acid {c) Phthalic acid « (d) Butanoic acid Industrial materials, thermal power stations are coated with (a) Polyester resins (b) Epoxy paints 4 (©) polyamide resins (q) Polyvinyl chloride Which one of the following fertilizers provides the nitrogen and phosphorus to the plant? (a) Urea (b) Calcium superphosphate (¢) Diammonium phosphate « (@) Potassium nitrate Chlorination of water may be harmful if the water contains {a) Ammonia & (b) Dissolved oxygen (c) Carbon dioxide (a) All eseKIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES KIPS PUBLICATION2) nag ou rT Oo z fe) oO = n < a‘Atom is made up of more than Sy fen 100 sub-atomic particles e.g. Helium (He e rR (Ne) Electron. 1 * Neon (Ne] Pr fundamental ton. IS Pigeon (ar) x Pe Neutron sub-atomic May not exist independently Hypron Examples Neutrino © Hydrogen (Ha) * Oxygen (02) * Nitrogen (No) {a) HISTORICAL BACK GROUND Democritus He presented the concept of atom (atomos) means (Greek Philosopher) indivisible John Dalton I (English School Teacher) He recognized that law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportion could be explained only by the existence of atoms, [ 2: He also presented his atomic theory J.Berzelius He determined the atomic masses of various elements (Swedish Scientist) and introduced the concept of their symbols EVIDENCE OF ATOM Atom is very small particle and it is not possible to see an atom but evidence of its presence in an element can be seen by the following ways. i) Electron Microsco; By X-rays Diffraction Method Xzays diffraction pattern obtain from diffractometer has made us able to believe the existence of an atom. (c) OTHER STRIKING INFORMATIONS ‘TED TO ATOM fi) Size of atom According to x-rays study. 2x 100m (0.2nm) * If atoms are joined together in a line, two million atoms will be requir cover a full stop. iwww.topstudyworld comww: fall Chapter 1 (ii) Mass of an atom The mass of an atom ranges from 10-27 Lorelei) ~ 10?5kg or 1024 - 10-23), iii) Atomic Mass Unit The unit used to express the relativ itt atomic mass is called 2 and itis 1/12 of the mass ofone sive seomls mass fs called atomic mass unit (amu) g a.m.u = 1.661x1027kg. a.m.u = 1.61 Bag MOLECULE eee * The smallest particle of a pure substance which can exist independently is called molecule. It may contain one or more atoms of same element (homoatomic) or different elements (hetroatomic). fa) Atomicity ‘The number of atoms present in a molecule is called its atomicity. Homo-atomic Hetero-atomic Atomicity Examples Atomicity | Examples 1_(monoatomic) He, Ne, Ar 2 Giatomic) NO. CO 2 Giatomic) Hi, O>, No 3_ (polyatomic) NOs, 10, SO> 3 (polyatomic) Os ee 4 (polyatomic) NH, SOs, H. 4 (polyatomic) eye 'S_(polyatomic) (CH, HNO; 8 (polyatomic) Ss, Se, Pow T (polyatomic) FSO, * Macromolecules : Haemoglobin, Starch, cellulose, diamond, silica proteins and lipids ete. (c) Size of molecules : Size of molecules depends upon the following factors «Number of atoms in a molecule (atomicity) * Size of atom * Shape of molecule ie charged species which are formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons are called ions. Tn case of mono-atomic ions cations are more abundant than anions ‘e _ Incase of poly atomic ions anions are more abundant than cations. In case of molecular ions cations are more abundant than anions. rAnions 1s formed by the gain of one or more Moby the loss of one or more jeomons ea roultof oxidations. clectrons a5 81 ee of reduet cp AS AS te! = ~ T uni-negative Ton 1s exothermic but oe zadothermie | Formation of uni-n ; Formation of eation 1s alvays an endo fom ofa ober negate doe process. FL ta aa ete. ‘A anion may carry —1,-2,-3 ete. | A ton er parte parent sion, —[ Size of anion is greater than its parent atom. Size of OEBasic Concept Fee by the loss or gain of electron are calle (CH,°,CO°,N,°) (C(CHo)s C-) ; REMEMBERED} oo inte ee ‘of cationic molecular ions is greater than the number of anionic molecular ions. EES s i : Atoms of the same element having different mass number are called isotopes. The concept of isotopy was introduced by Soddy. ee in the nature in the form of isotopes. Occurrence of isotopes has been shown here. Unstable | 300 radioactive isotopes are produced ISOTOPES _ by attificial radioactivity Stable 40 radioactive 86 isotopes with odd above 280 (— atomic number and odd 240 stable. mass number 2 : A 154 isotopes with even * 40. Mg, Si, Ca, SFe atomic number and even mass number SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES IN ISOTOPES OF ELEMENTS Different, * Mass number * Number of Neutrons * Physical properties * Halflife * Rate of reaction CLASSIFICATION OF ELEME! BASI —_ Nevo ote cements Las, An) eee aSUS OF ISOTOPES * Di-isotopic elements (Cl, Br) * Tritsotopic elements (Hy, Oy, No) * Tetra-isotopic elements (Ss) form nearly 50% of the earth crust. Atomic number Number of Protons Electronic configuration * Position in periodic table * Chemical properties Penta-isotopic elements (Ni) Hexa-isotopic elements (Ca, Nano-isot cues Undeca- topic elements (Cd) ‘sotopic elements (Sn) AMNe) ot eUTeh volte} ieest AU Basic Concept: = the Dais af phase Oe dass of wroanien ~~ www: topstudyworld.comExperimental Techniques In Chemistry ee i ‘KI system in () Take a solution containing solute e.g. (2 dissolved in H2O+KI sy! the form of I;) in a separating funnel. (i) Add small amount of an immiscible solvent funnel (ii) Shake them well. fiv) Separate the CCl, layer {v) _ Evaporate the organic solvent Repeat steps (ii) to (v) again and again (e.g. CCl) in the separating to get dried crystals. for better extraction. Th d chromatogra, a yord “Khromatos” meaning Hee GRAPE originates from the Greek word “Khromatos” meaning olor writing. A technique used for the sep: distribution of a solute between stationary pI partition law or distribution law. f a mixture which involves the ran OR ERIPOne a inobile phase ascee nee Stationary Phase It may be solid or liquid It may be packed in a column It may be spreaded as a layer or distributed as a film Examples:- Silica gel, alumina ete Mobile Phase + Itis also called eluent + It competes with stationary phase for components of the mixture + Examples:- Water, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone or a gas ctc. Principle of chromatography ‘The principle involved in chromatography depends upon the relative solubilities of the components between two phases. It is governed by distribution coefficient. (Ko). Classification of Chromatography It can be classified in three ways:- 1- On the basis of shape On the basis of phase 3- On the basis of mechanism The Russian Botanist Mikhail Tswett was the first to understand the basis of chromatography and to apply it systematically as a method of separation, SCS ene ea ‘The type of chromatography in which Physical forces are involved in retentive ability of solute particles with stationa Phase is called adsorption chromatography, 2. In adsorption chromato, LORS ren ‘ype of chromatography in which ration involves distribution of the ponents is called partiti 9, ‘tomatography. ae 1. The sepa com sray In partiti « PHY, @ solid i iatg ution chromatography, liquid or Used as stationary pha id is} hy, liquid 3. Examples; PBS#e. phe Supported on solid act as statio Example:- Ia j i. Paper chromatography, www. topstudyworld com Column chromato, raphy, Shromatography (They?(Mi chapte f Chapter 2 — Paper Chromatography es In 1944, Consden Gordon and Martin i Different ways of ni There are three eae er chromatogray ae ‘tuced paper chromatography. 1- Ascending panee eso carving out thi se anaes, ses up) 2- Descending Paper chro: 3- Radial/circular matography (solvent fl lows down} Paper chromatography (solvent lon in circular fashion) Ltr UU Mr te ee Reale ta Start to solvent “I Uses of Chromatography - \- Separation and identification of coloured pigments. 2- Identification of medicines and protei teins, 3- Analysis of urine. a 4- Determination of purity of compounds. 5- Used in organic synthesis for separation, isolation and purification of the i products. | 6- Equally important in qualitative and quantitative analysis. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES Soluble A substance that is dissolved. Insoluble ‘A substance that is not dissolved. Solute ‘Normally a solid, which gets dissolves. Solvent ‘Normally a liquid which dissolves solute | Solution Solute + solvent (Homogeneous mixtures) | Residue Tncoluble solid which is left over the filter media. Filtrate “A solution that passes through the filter paper. | Crystal “solid that reappears from the solution on cooling | Mother liquor [A solution left after erystalization. "id and do not sink to the bottom. Suspension | Fine particles that are held in a li fate =nses after distillation. Distiilate | Fraction that conde! [__ Miseible — ‘Liquids that mix tos ther EB = a de that do not mix and which con be “ed by a separating funnel oer a ear ilate between a certain Boling point APB ‘separated by fractional Fraction di istillation —; Subiaave | Concer aol formed during sublimation2, _ Which of the following way tectnique is used for the separation of insoluble Paty ne ; pe fo (b) Crystallization fey mncstion (@) Corona ee ae ea t extraction for classification o} phy? {c Solvent in used arise (a) Shape (@) Al (c) Mechanism 6. hte ter ake wpe (b) Avoid premature crystallization Fi olution ae ie Eyes ne rate of filtration (dd) poe one Gir and the most reliable method of drying crystals is ° oS easing (b) Vacuum desiccators fo (d) None of these r Pe suctane having very high vapour pressure at its melting point , on healing will show 5 (2) Melting (b) Sublimation (©) Decomposition (a) Condensation 6. A process controlled by Distributive law is {a) Crystallization (b) Sublimation {c) Solvent extraction (d) Filtration 7. Atechnique of partition chromatography in which the solvent is in a pool at the bottom of container {a) Adsorption chromatography (b) Ascending chromatography a Diternt nemategranty (4) Descending chromatography yon i 2 : w Pr ae a Of a mixture have different Rr values due to ) Combination of solvents (©) Thetr diffe used 3° 2 «Oba et distribution coefficient hemistry 2: 10, (b) Physical chemistry 26 ) Quantum chemisiry Ea Pei lysis sample is ee ry (b) Qualitative analysis % ts of Afferent - (d) Physical chemistry 12 ‘sis ™Ponents ina sample is j 28. {b) Qualitative analysis (@) Phy; ments of. ‘ation ml a 4 {) Piltration J es (0 Solvent extract osteo el col sical chemistry mixtuy22. 23. 24, 25, 26, ‘The sold which ise rere SARC eee (a) Insoluble particles Aller paper as a result of filtration (c) crystals (b) residue @ mua to the amount of (b) amount of insoluble solute (@) Amount of solvent (c) amount of soluble solu Gooch Crucibies are made, (a) plastic (0) porcelain tae made up of (a) Gooch crucible i (c) Sintered crucible Alot ae an Sintered crucible is made up of tiie (a) Plastic b) (c) porcetain ibe 1 (@) fiber ‘The lip of funnel should touch the wall of the breaker in order to avoid (a) Inconsistent flow of filtration (b) splashing (c) premature crystallization (@) all of above Separation of a solid from its hot saturated solution by cooling is called (a) vapourization (b) solvent extraction (c)filtration (@) crystallization In crystallization, if the solvent is inflammable then direct heating is (a) needed (b) avoided (c) depends on temperature (d) crystallization does not invowve. Which of the following technique is simple and efficient to purify a substance (a) Filtration ), seblmeton, - (c) Crystallization. (d) Solvent extraction In solvent extraction, ether is used to separate products of organic synthesis from ae ae water (b) iodine (© hydrochloric acid (d@) gases 95% ethanol is called it wood spirit (a) methylated spirit ie pies seal (c) rectified spirit stallization is as a The use of CaCl, and PCls in the process of crystallization & (9 drying agent oe Rationt the amount of solute in organic favonas Se atictent Retardation factor ements are wrong 6 Distribution in aqueous solution (al Without suction pump, filtration (b) Slow process {a) Fast process (d) All are possible (©) Rapid process Animal charcoal adsorbs the coloured {2} impurities both (¢) solvents pours is ¢: Direct conversion of solids into val (b) sublimation {a) Solvent extraction (a) vaporization tals merely (c) crystallization(b) sublimation @ vaporization (b) Purple colour (d) Yellow colour ions of solvents is more Te (b) Efficient (d) slow jour Ae extraction using Spa and alumina are used as {a) Mobile phase (c) Mixed phase Pe Shain Se rt (a) volume ofcaneaen o Area of ee : (d) All of above The solvent or mixture of solvents used for separation of compounds is called (a) Stationary phase (b) Mobile phase (o) Dynamic phase (d) Static phase Which is not a sublime material @) Iodine (b) Benzoic acid (© Ammonium chloride (d) Potash alum Sintered glass is a porous material used for @) absorption (b) Stationary phase (d) Single phase S ' (0) adsorption Sela (@) sublimation (afiltered — PsP*" GePends on size of particles to be (©) decotorized o oe ‘The soh lecanted (al Mother igen" afer the formation of eryotals is called (0) Residue (b) Dilute solution Which is not related (@) both a & b () Futrate, residves PA Of term used in analytical techniques © Drying, desiccator >) Sublimate, sublimation em: (a2 2 Steps involved M complete qu (q) Separating funnel, moth ae analysis are @5 a www. topstudyworld. com: 4Yoon Yyor muon: srrnuemannomntne? \ Yorn pan suman ¢? me Yorn anna 7 ieee ws a : zi $229 eo sem 9 8 a Spm me neepecit eno 7 KIPSis called matter, upies space is call nd occupie: an . 3 mas$ ng which hat IVE STUDY OF STATES OF MATTER T! OS tocach | Molecules are Moleculesare widely | y4oJecules are close to ¢ Molec! her. each other, separated by large empty other spaces. Weak intermolecular z ictions, eames ezcls attraction. air E See les have moderate Molecules have Moles have very a aS aia Molecules slip over each Molecules move abot easily: Hence no fixed | other. Hence no fixed shape shape & fixed volume, but fixed volume | Occupy al the available vanes ek | space, ecules undertake Molecules undertake eieheats mal | _Teticted transnational, transnational, rotational n ‘nd vibrational motion, | Totational =a ‘iteational g ; - motion. ENE The rate of ifasion and. |The Tate of diffusion is legs ‘Chad : PSone maximum, | than gas, oe ied in a Particular | in TOW but do not Give fixed oe - Arran; ement, Absent PV=np 0. ae This is Effective collisions are ; Sent. “Xamples: Water, Alcohol, Oil ‘www. topstudywo!CATT Ty The vol Ore BM eed mass of an ideas Ov" | The volume of the given] The eae given Statement | inversely yea Bas is mass of an ideal gas is ideal gas is directly the appr Portional to | directly proportional to the proportional to the ‘pPlied pressure at absolute temperature at number of moles at STP. Constant temperature, constant pressure ‘The volume of given mass of | Equal volumes ofall the 4 gas increases or decreases. | ideal gases contain equal by 1/273 ofits original | number of molecules at volume at O°C for every 1°C | same temperature and rise or fall in temperature at pressure. } = constant pressure Mathematical |, representation | PV=KorPiVi=P,v, | Vitek ot v= rT Wi=K or Vi/ns=Va/na P, p T2T, v Py v Graphical 2 verification | | 7 Pep, P Br n ‘By putting a weight on | On heating a cylinder fille ‘On increasing the Experimental | _ Moveable piston of with gases having a number of moles of a gas me Ler a a" | cylinder filled with gas. moveable piston. The ina closed cylinder. The observatiey ‘The volume of gas volume of gases increases. volume increases. decreases. GENERAL GAS EQUATION On combining the Boyle's law, Charles's law and Avogadro's law. PVsK ° V/T=K v/n=K we get PV=nRT (R is called general gas constant) This is called an ideal gas equation or general gas equation. This equation is completely obeyed = Beh Fst, - a ( Nim by the ideal gases. ‘ yeaa Rearran; of general at noviedie PV=nRT =k (when “n” and “T” are constant) a V_nR (when “n” and “P” are constant) Charles’s law TOE : V_RT_ (hen “T” and “P” are constant) Avogadro’s law 7 ANAC ews mcols Kaed mM atm The pressure of air which ean support 760 mm of Hg column at sea level is called one atmospherie pressure, l-atm =76 cm of Hg 60 mm of Hg 60 torrupot nature of gas. be derive pose R=PV/nT es Pisin atm and V aD i R= 0,082] dm’ atm K+ mol When Pisin mm 8 R= 62.4dm9 mm Hg K? ok R= 62400 cm* torr K mo! When P is in Nm? and V in m: (SI units) R=8314NmK" mol? : R=8.314JK? mol? R= 1.987 calK+ molt DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES Re Gew i KE © thelr individual partial pressures” Mathematical Form Poin» PtPasPye Where P, P,P, have same temp. Moles of gases Py : P ‘The numbey P the total nu . Pys . Pas . By Py the units chosen for pressure, volume ang mn .d by using general gas equation, P IRT Hg or torr and V in dm or cm, “The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the si erature and pressull in mixture. * of moles of the componel imber of moles in the mixtue. SHERI] >ne) sua ee = Koh 3 Conclusion is Partial pressure of a pressure exerted by the Rte os —_ fraction of that gas multiplied by the total Applications Of Dalton’s Law a calculation of Py of dry gas collected over water. ary = Pmoist ~ Pwvaplaqueous tension) In respiration (PR, in air=159torr, P, in lung=116torr) Deep Sea divers use the + In maintaining P, in pilot cabin mixture of + In respiratory cylinder of sea divers mae GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION its Statement ne rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density or molecular mass at constant temperature and pressure.” 1 Rate ae (at constant temperature and pressure) E Comparing the two gases at same temperature and pressure, ‘Thomas Graham was Scottish chemist. He introduced this law in 1846 The Graham's law will be i, Diffusion Diffusion is the mixing of different gas molecules by random motion oF under condition where molecular . ( ri/ra = (da/ dv? collisions oceur. Effusion It is the escape of a gas through a Application pinhole without molecular collisions. an be separated into Ss Rogers se a by taking the advantage of the different rate of diffusion of the components. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Fowder of MT Bernoulli ind deduced all the gas Taws from fig equation Clausius Derived Kinetic equation and ord : velocities cad the law of distribution Maazel ie diiibtion of energies among the molecules | Boltzman Studi ri gear and volume fo" in kel gs cauaton wan der Waal | Corested eit applicable othe eal eases.alan ther Tey small particles celled molecules, Gaui flange ve molecules: et 4 ‘move haphazardly, S. ng theit its molecules is due to the collision of its molec ules wit sep sae exe BY eT ecules ar perfectly elastic. with Mie The colons aON8 NST rated from one another and there are sp colliding among themselves and wig a eee molenles ofthe gases ae eo have no forces of attraction for each other ge them. era noes ofa gas is negligible as compared to the volume coin mated tothe molecules by gravity is negligible as compared mo continued collisions between them ‘The average kinetic energy of the g me. CLAUSIUS KINETIC ENERGY EQUATION PV smn called mean square velocity) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE VELOCITIES OF GAS MOLECULES: According to Maxwell distribution law of velocities Occupied tote a as molecules varies directly as the absolute 3RT + Root mean square velocity (Come) = Determine the average speed of: | srr helium atom at room temp | 7M BRT * Most probable velocity = [287 one tam M conctusions M =4x10°Kg/mol In gases ang * Average velocity (Va. * The average tan, average vibrational kinetic national to the Kinetic Kelvin tempera ene gas molecules | 8, 'V to energy tte! the molecules in the B "ugh collisions to the m — Betostt)fe) 5 = — — Aco S es LIQUEFACTION OF GASES Liquefaction of gases is the process converted to the liquid state. When pi closer together, and its ter dominates over K.E to ch: by which substances in their gaseous state are ressure on a gas is increased, its molecules come “perature is reduced to its critical temperature, at which P.E ‘ange it from gaseous to the liquid state. Methods for Liquefaction of Gases Faraday’s method (colin; + Lind's method (sudden * Claud’s method (gas is ig is done through freezing mixture) €xpansion of a gas to a region of low pressure) allowed to do some mechanical work) IMPORTANT TERMS It is the highest at which a Critical temperature | substance can exist as a liquid, is called its critical temperature (Tc). It is the pressure which is required Critical pressure | to bring about liquefaction of a {228 at its critical temperature (Te) Factors Affecting the Critical Temperature * Size of the molecule. * Shape of the molecule. * Intermolecular forces among the molecules. NON- IDEAL BEHAVIOR OF GASES. Ee 4 dd the —— * If a graph is plotted between pressure on x-axis anc ae Sudden expansion of a gas into a region of low pressure causes cooling. NOTE This cffect is the basis of Lind’s method of Tiquefaction. (compressibility factor or Z) on y-axis for an ideal gas, a straight line parallel to is obtained. : Cee pee gases), the graph is no more parallel to the pressure axis. oe ™ | T=0' 0r273K Hh He IDEAL PV GAS nRT P(atm) a le the graph for real gases come closer to + At high temperature under low De raSepa cryst parallel to x-axis: 4 et rail below the line of ideal gas whieh line Bein volume of the gas than Predieted there 1s larger decree of attractive forces present among the on due to the apPeamed will be above the Line of an ideal gag yet J[Z> 1 then the line 0 a he volume of the gas than predicted that there is less deer rance of repulsive forces present among the ton due to appe' gas equal A Conclusion sure and non-ideal at high pressure, g) Cases are Weal at Pemperature and non-ideal at low temperature ideal at high temp ly an WAAL'S EQUATION FOR REAL GASES Wi vo faul ee Prgisce deviate from ideal behavior due to two faulty assumptions of yp ‘ o saw The volume of the gas molecules themselves is negligible as compared ise tal gas volume. (a) MBeeerecleb active forces among the molecules of a gas, Experimental Observation and Volume Correction When a gas is highly compressed then the whole vol available to molecules because of their acti volume which is not negligible under this volume, Actual volume of one mole of gas molecule Effective volume of one mole of gas molecules lume of the container is mi ual volume together with their effi condition. So we have to exclude ths Ur a b= 4aVn Vere = Veena = b Mic oscople Study of Gas reSSUTE On the to each oth 8. and Pressure as Is increased and its t ‘emperature is decreased the md er s Mich results in the anpearanee of attractive forces Un ‘orrection f "80 the observeq act 7 the wall. This results a Pressure is less than the ideal press Pe pop Bens Molecules attract one anoet at distances up to about 10 molecular diameters, NACo) ote hoy 0] (CTT[— Correction for intermolecular attraction a Van der Waal’s equation ( a (V-nb) =nRT ‘orrection for molecular volume For n moles of gas For one mole of gs Here “a” and “b” are called Van der Waals constant. Units of (a) () Nm* mol? (S.I Units) (ii) atm dm& mol (other common units) Units of (b) () m9 mol (S.I Units) (i) | dm® mol# (other common units) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REAL = They do not obey the gas laws under all 7 Ideal gas obeys the gas laws stetly under all) Os oo a P. Te etme is nesiiaible They do pons sone yolane Tat ot ee negligil pressed state. compared to the volume. of contain 5 Tare cat ene Toss of recton There are no intermolecular attract repson unde ona condions repulsions. Fan deal gas undergo “The molecules of a real gas undergo inelastic The molecules of an i collisions. —_ clastic collisions. They can Be pete @ critical temperature by They can not be liquefied. | applying ortive state of matter which is ionized gas mixture ‘ tral atoms is called plasma state. was identified by an English scientist William Crooks in 1979, bs sma is estimated to constitute more than 99% of the visible ; al plasma can be created by using electrical charges on a aa ral plasma exist only at very high temperature or low a Vacuums. It shows a collective response to electric and magnetic fields. Itis macroscopically neutral. Ithas a lot of important technological applications.sion of C ¥ mes faster than CO. ene, les faster than CO Ses diffuse more quicl (0) CO is 3.75 times faster than CO2 (@) Both diffuse at the same rate kly than oxygen? (c) COs is 1.25 tim Which of these ga: (a) HS (a) Coordinate covalent bonds (c) Debye forces ees ; (@) London dispersion forces The weakest (in strength) of the following intermolecular forecs te (a) Hydrogen bonding (0) Vander Waal's forces (c) Forces among the polar molecules _{d) jonic bond deal gasses have all the following characteristies except. (a) Absence of intermolecular forces (b) Collisions among the molecules of an ideal gas are perfectly elastic (c) The molecules occupy no space (@) All of the above are correct Which of the following statements is true abput plasma (a) It may be the first state of matter. _(b) It is not a phase transition. (c) It is a conductor of electricity. (@ All of the above Which statement is correct (@) P¥aaT (}) Pacr oa oem eu al behavior? Under what conditions the gases deviate from the ideal behavior? (a) High temperature fei é a = Ee (c) High pressure 4 nee Which once has the lowest density at ees hure: (3 a OS sessred (c) NH é thermometry is according to The introduction of Kelvin scale tn thermoncy fs (a) Boyle's law (@) Graham's law OR. ; 5 mole of carbon monoxide gas at STP have 0.5 mole of nitrogen gas and 0: same pees (a) Value of “a” (@) Boi ee (c) Atoms the pressure of an ideal gas is doubled, ty At constant temperature becomes. (b) Double (a) Half (a) None (c) Samef ‘lute zero will be a (b) Slightly decreaseg (d) Zero option is incorrect about gases? ith same speed ae ot be liquefied through Lind’s Method 27. Se crature for different gases is different and depends upg {@) Size of molecule (b) Shape of molecule E 28. (0) Intermolecular attractions (d) All of the above In how many forms do matter exists? f@)Three (b) Four 2) (© Five (@) Two What is the simplest form of matter? as @)Gas (b) Liquid ee (d) Semi solid ue is the abundant form of matter on earth? 4 ( oe (b) Liquid 4 Ber aca (@) Plasma ( Which siate of matter has the lowest density? 4 3 ap, Salid a guid ‘’ t . What do we 2 plasma & (al Avogadrore lag wden expansion of plasma? 32 (b) Graham's law of {0) Joule Thompson ede et (@) Dalton’s law of partial 21. The solid part partic (a) Translational motes? ee? (b) Vibrational motion 22. (@) All of above motions 23, we Ao 24, 25,Bas at 5, OSS irae ates ocesecre nada volume of a 44.828 dm ssure ) 11.212 ems Surface tension &xerted by the water vapours ia (ene @ ene Pressure a aos tension ich one is not the draulic press (@) 0.1526 atm Partial pressure of oxygen in the Tungs? (©) 116 torr 116 mm of Hg (d) latm (0) Effusion (@) Low dsensity are mixed it ane kinetic molecular theory of gases was put forward in 1798 t (a) Boltzman (b) Maxell ae (©) Clausius (@) Bernoulli The expression for root mean square velocity is (€) Come=\/(3RT/M) ©) Cms=V3RT/M (©) Crms=3RT/M (© Cumo=V372RT/M The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid is called its (@) Critical temperature (b) Standard temperature () Absolute temperature (d) Upper consulate temperature Hydrogen effuses four times more rapidly than volume of an unknown gas, molar mass of unknown gas should be (a) 16 gmol+ (b) 32 emot! (c) 48 gmolt (d) 64 gmol- 2 E What will be the pressure of 1 mole of an ideal gas maintained at 300 K and 250cm* volume? 7 atm (@) 98.5 atm Eyer cha () 95.8 atm The processes of effusion and diffusion ae Se by (a) Dalton’s law (d) Charles law oe Cre ue and pressure correction to explain deviation of gases from 0 made v ideal behaviour? (b) Boltzman (a) Clausius (a) Vander waal (c) Charles from The non-ideal behaviour results oe volume (8) Intermolecular attraetion and Ate (b) Elastie collisions and fini ‘and finite volume (c) Intermolecular attractions { traction only ae i (@ Intermolecular att 8 Enteral felslehetehun}and high pressure and low pressure erature and low pressure ature and high pressure , method is employed for wration of gases (b) Expansion of gases npression of gases (a) Liquetaeton Gall S .topstudyworld. corOgee yg Se —___—— ne a SiR SS a Yyivarssteuta ie sis etuoiog? Yom premouon pe wii Koen? Yyemrowsounsietoag? Yyrmeuesera pve! ounces? rom? LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS yore |BuL4b|Ueo spuNodwo> jo uoJDOKECY PUB eee Ypemesuccan Wetton sa erceremscnic? Sez /vorvedsa vopuCT 10 sa510j 90d peonpu-soda | peer net ey Yyriertopenanaesa g7 promisearendag?“Intra” means “within” so attractive forces within molecules are called intramolecular forces ¢ Tonic bond : (Co-ordinate covalent bond etc. ed to ‘These forces are stronger as compared tO Irieronlceula forces related to the chemalcal properties only. ITERMOLECULAR FORCES The forces present among the molecules are called intermolecular forces, Dipole-dipole forces Ion-dipole forces Dipole-induced dipole forces Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces (London dispersion forces) Hydrogen bonding AeeRe ificance » All the intermolecular forces origin and are result of unlike charges o like charges, > Many of the ph are electrical in ted from the mutual attraction r the mutual repulsion of “Inter” means “between” so forces between od on ee Pettes of liquids molecules are ca foreen ited on the bass o€hietinsioh ular intermolecular fi force: molecule at S of attra, : ee Soa goed hen the pase lolecule are dip ; Sreater the values of m imation. of ote gi res nO “ation. ue = oe “tof Subtima CONES Lr aze)Liquids and Solids 7D Polarity ofthe [> Size of ite le molecules |> Polar of molecule molecules > Size of the molecules > Collision molecules > Number of > Collision utilizable frequency frequene; lone pairs size of the molecule * molecules that posses different atoms are usually polar. e.g CHsCl, HOCI, HO, ete, * Binary compounds whose central atom is from group VA, VIA or VIIA are dipolar e.g. HS, HCl, HF ete, Mono-atomic or homoatomic. molecules are always non-polar €.,H3,0:,F:,Cl.N; ete, Binary compounds whose central atom is from group IIA, IIA or IVA are non-polar. They have symmetrical shape. e.g. BeCl,, BH, CCly ete are also non-polar. in 1930. * A German physicist Fritz London explained these forees in T + These fortealeis present in all types of molecules whether polar or non-polar. Variations persi increase down the group due to increase in size hence 4 the OEE e gaDSINn gata of fluorine as) is -188.1°C while that of iodine (solid) is +184.4°C. ne i ase of chain length the inter molecular forces f iB eee eae perieat ethane (C2He) is -88.6°C and of hexane (CH,,) cr 8. is 68.7°C. iG We a fHDROGEN ne the electrostatic force of attraction between a highly yharged hydrogen atom, electronegative atom and partial positively charged hy« * Exceptionally k ears Se dic strength of HF molecule as compared to HCl, HBr and | low a at HI is due to strong hydrogen bonding.J by : ; can form only one pe Moric ca pair of electrons a! Ton = trier molecular forces mperature VAPOUR PRESSURE re exerted by the vapours of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid atg sure rs temberature is called vapour pressure. Barometer A device for measuring the pressure Factors affecting vapour pressure of the atmosphere. . Manometer «nature of the liquid A device for measuring pressure ofa » size of the molecules d gas or a liquid in vessel. > shape of the molecules > inter molecular forces © Due to weaker intermolecular forces, at 20°C vapour pi 'sopentane is more (580 torr) than glycerol (0.00016 torr) external pressure Point to be remembered . Vapour Pressure of water is 4.579 torr at OC. rate of change of a vapour pres, ith t ’ r s Cavsivs Cpeyron equation, With temperature can be caleul Measuring vapour or Monometer is uy ‘Thermostat sed to measure y. P. 18 a system who. é cated by vaeu os um “upon, extemaj co Lira ea sure, a sGES CScny Name ry a os Melting of snow and ice Tiga oa ig mn __| Sublimation of dry ice | ee Freezing (Solidification) Freezing of water [iiquid = gas Vapourization Evaporation of water p2a8= quid "7 [Condensation aF lquification | Formation of dew] | Gas = sotia Condensation or Formation of frost or | solidification (Deposition) _| sno DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM A situation when two opposing changes occur equilibrium e.g at equal rates is called dynamic ice water LIQUID CRYSTALS A state that exists between two temperatures Le. melting temperature and clearing temperature Is called liquid crystals. DISCOVERY An Austrian botanist, Fredes studying cholesteryl benzoate Crystal ————+ liquid crystal +————+iiquia Cholestery! benzoate ——____» 145 % ————> 12 Properties © Fluidity like liquids * Optical properties * Isotropic -s of liquid crystals 1. Nematic 2. Smectic 3. Cholesteric rick Reinitzer discovered liquid crystals in 1888 while USES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS Liquid erystals diffract light and imparts colour, Colour display Colour changes with change in temperature. Used as temperature sensor. sor Se peak aliases para tare ecsieer Electrica ‘® Used to locate veins, arteries, infections and tumors. Diagnosis © Used in diagnosis of breast cancer, Jcctrical devices | © Used in digital watches, computer and calculators Electrical y Used as a solvent. Chromatography ‘Oseillographic and TV displays use liquid erystal screon- OthersoS (WerMKS FELD I WHS rpoUogLEIR ® lwor8hs Dtaroouoyy ® ‘waists euaseno, Lorn? w at is (7) sequin, e0me7 esti S.o1pebony jo uoneuuueieg w w na 2 8 SHE 0 seg Say ‘Pre pout praia 1 Yrresmeng? a Seo e760 0 Smeg © 94PA1 D103 opnag ® Prowelg yo among Yrs? pe ® @ NAR) SOND UNpos arms sg U0 omedog weg Spli0g Jo uopeoysssery © ° a iia srge orem nts eat Sle matin ns pau isms e opens 7 ie. ae yr yp wed oA oe eno anThose called substances which are SOLIDS solids. rigid, hard, having definite shape and definite volume are TYPES OF SOLID eed a peeves cote lolecules, ions or atoms arranged in specific, Liquids and Solids three-dimensional pattern e.g. NaCl, KCl, sucrose, 1, and ice etc, Amorphous solids (Pseudo solids) Geometric shape “Molecules, ions or atoms do not have regular order of arrangement e.g. rubber, glue, glass cic. PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Have definite geometry and shape Melting Point Sharp melting points. Cleavage planes Whenever the crystalline solids are broken they do so along definite planes. These planes are called the cleavage planes. Symmetry = The repetition of faces, angles and edges when a solid is rotated by 360° along its axis is called symmetry. = There are many types of symmetry element > Centre of symmetry > Plane of symmetry > _Axis of symmetry Habit of a erystal = The shape of erystal in which it usually grows is called habit of a crystal. Isomorphism * The phenomenon in which two different compounds exist in the same crystalline form is called isomorphism. * Many solids show isomorphism e.g. NaNO; and KNO, exhibit thombohedral crystalline form. Polymorphism * The phenomenon in which one compound contains more than one crystalline forms is called polymorphism. = e.g. AgNO) exists in Rhombohedral and orthorhombic from. # Compounds exhibit this phenomenon. Allotropy * The phenomenon in which an element exists in more than one crystalline form is called allotropy. = eg. C exists as graphite and diamond. = Elements exhibit this phenomenon. ‘Transition temperature Tt is that temperature at which two crystalline forms of the same substance can co-exist in equilibrium with each other. ‘Above and below this temperature only one form exists, Grey tin (cubic) =P white tin (tetragonal) Array of pol sites in thre TTIC! ints representing atoms, fons or molecules of crystal, arranged at different .¢ dimensional space called lattice. *Liquids and Solids that has all the characteristic features of crystal is e, part of crystal lattic oi it cell contains three angles («, 6,7) = fies ant Senos or crystallographic elements. nd three axis a,b,c. These six parameters ar The study of the structure and properties of crystals with the help of x-rays is called crystallography. ‘CRYSTAL AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION * There are 230 different forms of crystals on the basis of symmetry of geometrical structures of crystals. ‘The cubic system consists of three separate types of structures, > Simple (primitive) » Face centered » Body centered ‘The basic difference between Bravis lattice are > Angles between the faces » Relative proportions of the sides There are 14 types of Bravis lattices ‘There are 7 crystal systems, STAL SYSTEM NaCl, NaBr a=b#e Sequal_| Diamond Wo sides equal ae BaSO,. 41,0 Orthorhombic a#tbde = ___Sn0, All sides unequal FSO, 70] Z080, 7H30 Trigonal or Rhombohedra} Hexagonal —— Graphite | Monoclinic eG eae oe | : Triclinie — |Liquids and Solic Hexagonal crystal In NaCl, each Nat is Surrounded by six CI ions. * Distance between two consective Cl: ions is 5.63 AS. 6 * In each unit cell there are four formula units = a8 formula units 2. Lattice Energy * Energy released to form one mole of ionic compound from its Gaseous ions i called lattice energy. ° With increase in the size of cation or anion, lattice energy decreases and vice versa. Diamond * Indiamond, C atom is sp* hybridized and geometry is tetrahedral. * Bond angle in diamond is 109.5°. Structural Intermolecular y ie ae Part 5 Forces cations plus | metallic bonds hardness varies from soft to | Na; Mg; Al; Fe; delocalized very hard; melting point Zn; Cu; Ag; W eee varies from low to very high; lustrous; ductile; malleable; very good conductors of heat and electricity cations and hard; moderate to very high | NaCl; NaNO; antenes electrostatic _} melting points; $ MgO) attractions —_| nonconductors of electricity (but good electrical conductors in the molten state) soft: low melting points; noneonductors of heat and | Noble-gas Jondon and/or | clectricity; sublime casily in} elements; CH; dipole-dipole salle, many cases Ps nds eS eae ee ane ints; nonconductors of covalent bonds | points no molecules molecular (atoms of noble gases) network covalentPaCS UT Rie eee Danie and extended by Loren in 1923. ‘This theory was proposed by Peer crystal loses all of its valence electrons, ey cect a eal oF 2 gas. The positively charged metal ions are ‘These valence electrons form : believed to be held together by electron pool or gas (b) Valence bond theory . dd by L. Pauling. Pieris te ay tierce bond is treated essentially as covalent in character. Molec Or band theory 4 feeding thts feos. it is assumed that the electrons in the completely filled orbitals are essentially localized. while atomic orbitals containing the valence lSlectrons interact or overlap to form a set of delocalized orbitals. These delocalized lorbitals are the molecular orbitals which extend over the entire crystal lattice. Such a lcombination of atomic orbitals produce a large number of closely spaced states. These States of energy are also known as bands of energy. RUCTURE OF METALS fhe metals the atoms are packed together in the form of layers to fill the spaces Completely as much as possible. This packing is of two types based on the Arrangement of the third layer of atoms. ® Hexagonal Close Packing * Cubic Close Packing Hexagonal Close Packin, ABAB or 1212 Cubic Close Packing ABCAEC or 123123 Atom of third layer are Atoms of third layer are ‘over the atoms of second s not lying over the atoms layer as arranged in the of first or second layer. first layer. " In ABCABC cubic close packing and ABAB hexagonal close packing the Coordination number is 12. nt ways. One of the most the study of crystallineChapter 4 orang Steps are carried ating this r voride. The crystal of LiF ts prtniive out met by considering Uhe © For Na. we require Molar mass(GFM, GMM. GAM) > Density >» Mokar wor ~~ stance among the particiesGons. mnieculrs, stormed > Edge length of crystaliine salidiprumitive cubsc crystal + Numet of particies along each edige length of thee wahar calculated tn the abewe step P? arteries Gorse of omer frye cuniculi steered Rae)owing steps are carried while c culating this number by considering the im fluoride. The crystal of LIF is primitive cubic E * For Na, we require Molar mass(GFM, GMM, GAM) » Density > Molar volume Distance among the particles(ions, molecules, atoms) «* Calculate » Edge length of crystalline solid(primitive cubic crystal) Number of particles along each edge length Take the cube of the value calculated in the above step. + Result 6.022x 10% particles (ions of one type, molecules, atoms) www.topstudyworld! comLiquids and goj,.)_ Which ofthe folowing has strongest intermolecular foroes ofatrete : (b) Chlorine (Clo Sis (@) Methane (CH,) Which has strongest bonding in the solid ae peace ride (HCD) (b) Chlorine (Ch 3 She Ps Eee (@) Sodium Chloride (Nac) When substance moves from a solid to a liquid state, all of the following changes occur except {(@) Molecules become more disordered. {b) KE of the molecules decreases (©) Intermolecular forces become weaker {d) Molecule become further separated 4 When the atoms of third layer are arranged in such a way that they directly le above the atoms of first layer then this arrangement is called {@) ABAB (hexagonal) (b) ABCABC (Cubic) (©) Orthor hombic (a) Rhombohedral Ih order to mention the boiling point of water at 110°C, the external pressure should be (a) Between 760 torr and 1200 torr (0) 765 torr 6 Which one is false for evaporation? (@) Surface phenomenon (c) Exothermic Vapour pressure of water at 100°C is een He (b) 760 mm Hg {0 $55 mm Hg (@) 1489 mm Hg Tay ane of the following does not show hydrogen bonding? (b) Ethyl alcohol (c) Phenol @) Di Liquid crystal is discovered by ) Diethyl ether (a) William Crooks F (0) J.J Thomson (0) Fredrick Reinitzer (b) Between 200 torr and 760 torr (@) any value of pressure (b) Continuous (@) Cause cooling ad ey One is a conductor but is not ieee {c) Silver (b) Graphite 1 Hdrogen bonding is involved in (@) Platinum @) Solu Eological molecules Gh cist action of detergents ally the vapour Aae py Pressure on the surface of liquid in the flask is equal to (0) Pa Ah ames (@) Pt=Pa_ay