FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING

RESEARCH METHODS AND ENGINEERING DESIGN

LECTURER:MR. KIMBOWA GEORGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOGAS POWERED WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM
Presented by
EMURWON MARVIN JEREMIAH
BU/UP/2021/0292
WAR
KWOBA ROGERS
BU/UP/2021/0301
WAR
TOPIC: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOGAS
POWERED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN NAKASEKE
DISTRICT, KAPEEKA SUB-COUNTY

CASE STUDY: KAPEEKA SUB-COUNTY, NAKASEKE DISTRICT, CENTRAL UGANDA

DECLARATION
We as a group declare that this proposal report is my own research and has neither been used
nor submitted in any institution or university for any academic award.

Signature……………………...........

Date………/…………/…………….

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
We extend our sincere thanks to the Almighty GOD who has gifted us with life and has
enabled us to reach this academic height as He has been the provider of all the necessary
requirements.

Great thanks to my beloved family and friends for their endless encouragement and moral
support and for their prayers and piece of advice given to me in the course of this project.

Our sincere gratitude also goes to my supervisor Mr. Kimbowa George for his continuous
guidance during this research. His advice and tireless effort were quite instrumental for the
success of this research

Table of content
1. CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Introduction

Biogas, a renewable energy source produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, has
a long history of utilization dating back to ancient civilizations. The design and construction of biogas-
powered systems have evolved significantly over time, driven by technological advancements,
environmental concerns, and the need for sustainable energy solutions(Barui & Mondal, 2023).

1.2 Background
Access to clean and reliable water supply is a global concern, particularly in rural and underserved
communities. Across the world, various initiatives and research projects have been undertaken to
address this issue through innovative approaches, including the integration of renewable energy
technologies with water supply systems.

In Africa, where water scarcity and energy poverty are prevalent, there has been increasing interest
in decentralized solutions to provide sustainable water and energy services to rural populations.
Countries like Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia have implemented pilot projects and research initiatives
focusing on biogas-powered water supply systems, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of such
integrated approaches (Winrock International, 2017; Mwirigi et al., 2020).

In Uganda, a landlocked country in East Africa, access to clean water remains a significant challenge,
especially in rural areas where centralized infrastructure is often lacking. Despite efforts by the
government and development partners to improve water access, many communities continue to rely
on unsafe sources or travel long distances to fetch water (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2018).

Nakaseke District, located in central Uganda, exemplifies the broader water and energy challenges
faced by rural communities in the country. With limited access to modern energy sources and
unreliable water supply services, residents rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, while
also facing water scarcity issues, particularly during dry seasons (UBOS, 2020).

Within Nakaseke District, Kapeeka sub-county stands out as a potential area for implementing
innovative solutions to address water and energy challenges. Its rural character, combined with
agricultural activity and community engagement opportunities, makes it a suitable candidate for
research and pilot projects aimed at implementing biogas-powered water supply systems (Gasana &
Cavendish, 2015):

Background

The concept of biogas production can be traced back to as early as 10th century BC, with evidence of
biogas being utilized in ancient Persia for heating baths. However, it was not until the 19th century
that biogas gained traction as a viable energy source, with the development of anaerobic digestion
technology by scientists such as Alessandro Volta and Sir Humphry Davy. The first commercial biogas
plant was established in Exeter, England, in 1895, marking the beginning of modern biogas utilization.

Trends and Improvements:

In recent decades, there has been a growing global interest in biogas as a renewable energy source,
driven by concerns over climate change, energy security, and waste management. Advances in biogas
technology have led to improvements in efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Key trends
include the integration of biogas with other renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind, to
enhance energy reliability and grid stability. Additionally, innovations in digester design, feedstock
processing, and biogas utilization technologies have expanded the potential applications of biogas-
powered systems.

Worldwide Biogas-powered systems are utilized worldwide across various sectors, including
agriculture, wastewater treatment, and decentralized energy production. According to the
International Energy Agency (IEA), there were over 20,000 biogas plants operating globally in 2020,
with significant installations in Europe, Asia, and North America. These systems collectively produce
millions of cubic meters of biogas annually, displacing fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.

Biogas Utilization in Africa: In Africa, biogas utilization has gained momentum in recent years, albeit
at a slower pace compared to other regions. Countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa
have made notable strides in promoting biogas technology for rural electrification, cooking, and
agricultural applications. However, challenges such as limited access to financing, inadequate
infrastructure, and policy barriers hinder the widespread adoption of biogas-powered systems in
many African countries.

In Uganda, like other African nations, faces energy and environmental challenges that biogas
technology can help address. While the adoption of biogas systems in Uganda has been relatively
modest, there is growing recognition of its potential benefits, particularly in rural areas where access
to modern energy services is limited. Initiatives such as the Uganda National Biogas Program (UNBP)
have been established to promote the dissemination of biogas technology and provide support to
households and communities interested in adopting biogas systems.

The future of biogas-powered systems appears promising, with projections indicating continued
growth and diversification of applications. The increasing emphasis on renewable energy, circular
economy principles, and sustainable development goals is expected to drive further investment and
innovation in biogas technology. Key areas for future development include the integration of biogas
into decentralized energy grids, expansion of biogas production from diverse feedstocks, and
enhancement of end-use applications such as transportation fuel and industrial processes.

1.3 Problem statement

The population of the world is increasingly at a very terrible rate. Uganda’s population growth is
about 2% every year. This has led to increased water demand which is manly distributed by pumping
resulting into increased depletion of non- renewable resources. Shifting the trend from use of non-
renewable energy to use of renewable energy sources (biogas) is more sustainable

In addition, access to clean water remains a significant challenge in rural areas of Uganda, including
Nakaseke District. Despite agricultural activity generating organic waste suitable for biogas
production, communities continue to face water scarcity issues, particularly during dry seasons.
Traditional water supply systems are often unreliable and unsustainable, exacerbating health risks
and hindering agricultural productivity. Addressing these challenges requires innovative solutions
that integrate renewable energy technologies with water supply infrastructure. Thus, there is a
pressing need to design and construct biogas-powered water supply systems tailored to the specific
socio-economic and environmental context of rural communities in Nakaseke District, Central
Uganda. Limitation of fossil energy reserves, threats posed by environmental destruction, harmful
effects of greenhouse gas emissions and problems arising from disposal and recycling of human
excreta, livestock and municipal waste have caused to increasing public interest to utilization of
renewable energy especially from waste and biogas production(Ogur, E.; Irungu, 2015).

1.4. Main objective:

to design and construct a biogas powered water supply system.

I.4.1. Specific objectives

II. Design and construction of a biogas generating system
III. Test the performance of the system
IV. Assess the water demand and economic analysis of the system
V. Pump testings

1.5. Abstract
It is estimated that nearly 1.3 billion tonnes of food including fresh vegetables, fruits, meat, bakery,
and dairy products are lost along the food supply chain. Also, the carbon footprint of food waste is
estimated to contribute to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by accumulating approximately 3.3
billion tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere annually (Paritosh et al., 2017)

The biogas industry has been identified to be uniquely positioned to address nine of the 17
sustainable development goals (SDGs) – perhaps conceivably more than any other sector (WBA,
2017) (Table 1). These nine SDGs pertain to food and energy security, well-being, gender equality,
sustainable water management and sanitation, resilient regions and cities, sustainable
industrialization and combating the effects of climate change (Figure 1).

Table 1: Shows contribution of AD towards SDG 1

Sustainable Development Goals Contribution of AD

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages
Reducing indoor air pollution by substituting
solid biomass-based domestic fuels with biogas
Treating and recycling sewage and organic
wastes to reduce odours and the spread of
diseases

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower Reducing the burden of collecting firewood to
all women and girls improve the quality of women’s and children’s

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 13: take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts
lives, reducing household labour in cooking
Providing decentralized, local treatment of bio-
solids in remote and rural communities to
reduce odours and the spread of disease
Stabilizing and recycling bio-solids through AD
to allow them to be applied back to land
Reducing the carbon loading of wastewater to
reduce impact on water bodies
Reducing dependence on fossil-fuel-based
energy sources by replacing with biogas
Capturing waste heat from co-generating units
linked to biogas plants Utilizing locally produced
wastes and crops to generate energy for rural
and remote communities Storing biogas to
produce energy when required
Improving the self-sufficiency and sustainability
of industries by extracting the energy from their
own effluents and using it for the self-
generation of electricity and/or heat
Collaboration between industries and
agriculture for mutual benefit Generating short-
term construction employment and long-term
equipment manufacturing and maintenance
employment Encouraging growth of micro-
enterprises by providing reliable electricity that
can be stored and used when needed, that is
baseload energy
Preventing spread of diseases through collection
and proper management of organic waste
Improving sanitation and hygiene through
decentralized and local treatment of bio-solids
Stabilizing the sludge from wastewater
treatment to protect the marine environment
and urban air quality Improving urban air quality
by substituting fossil fuel with bio-methane in
vehicles Improving urban air quality by
substituting solid fuel for domestic cooking and
heating with biogas Reducing greenhouse gas
emissions by using biogas-based renewable
energy in buildings, homes and industry
Reducing carbon dioxide emissions by replacing
fossil-fuel-based energy sources with biogas and
commercial fertilizers with digestate bio-
fertilizer Reduction of methane and nitrous
oxide emissions from livestock manures
 Reduction of methane and generation of
renewable energy from food and other organic
wastes Capturing emissions from landfills
Reducing deforestation by replacing solid-
biomass-based domestic fuels with biogas

Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Recirculating nutrients and organic matter in
organic wastes through AD and returning them
to the soil in the form of digestate bio-fertilizer
Substituting firewood with biogas as a domestic
fuel, reducing deforestation

1.6. Research questions

2. How is the biogas powered system different from other systems?
3. Why a biogas powered water supply system?
4. Is it friendly to the environment?

1.7. Justification
The integration of biogas with water supply systems aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), particularly Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy),
emphasizing the importance of access to clean water and sustainable energy for all (United Nations,
2015). In Uganda, the government has prioritized renewable energy development and rural water
supply as key components of its development agenda (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development,
2019; Ministry of Water and Environment, 2018). However, there remains a gap in the
implementation of biogas-powered water supply systems, necessitating research to explore the
potential and challenges specific to the Ugandan context.

Nakaseke District, particularly Kapeeka sub-county, faces significant water scarcity challenges,
exacerbated by limited access to modern energy sources (UBOS, 2020). The implementation of a
biogas-powered water supply system in this local context offers a sustainable solution that addresses
both water and energy need simultaneously, benefiting the local community and promoting socio-
economic development.

I.8. Scope of study

I.8.1. Conceptual scope:
This study will encompass investigating the technical aspects involved in designing and constructing a
biogas-powered water supply system, including biogas production, purification, storage, and
utilization for pumping and distribution of water and assessing the socio-economic impacts of
implementing the biogas-powered water supply system on the local community, such as improved
access to clean water, livelihood opportunities, income generation, and gender dynamics.

I.8.2. Geographical scope:

The study will primarily focus on Kapeeka sub-county within Nakaseke District, Central Uganda.
II. CHAPTER TWO
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
Renewable energy sources are gradually becoming an alternative to fossil fuel-based power sources.
It helps in overcoming the energy crisis and minimizing the emission of toxic gases as well as
ensuring a step towards achieving a carbon–neutral environment. For the uninterrupted supply of
power in the area of the weak distribution of electricity, clean energy sources are proven to be a
feasible solution for electrification.

The design of a biogas-powered water supply system integrates two crucial aspects of sustainable
development: renewable energy and clean water access. Biogas, generated from organic waste,
offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels. With a potential of reducing biomass
consumption by up to 16% (Korberg et al., 2020). When utilized to power water supply systems, it
not only ensures reliable access to clean water but also contributes to environmental conservation.
This literature review explores existing research, technologies, and methodologies relevant to the
design of such systems, aiming to provide insights and guidance for the development of an efficient
and sustainable biogas-powered water supply system.

This work aims to design a unique concept of a biogas-fuelled power generating system and analysis
performance that can enhance renewable-based power generation for a water supply system.

With the increase in energy demand, the problems related to load shedding, grid outages, etc. have
increased, which results in huge economic loss for sectors that only depend on electricity for water
supply therefore, more investment toward power sources is necessary to mitigate this problem. The
development of biomass-based power sources will lead to waste management, overcome energy
demands, and help in lowering load shedding. Therefore, strengthening Biogas power generation will
not only increase the power capacity of Renewable energy sources (RESs) but also minimize the
depletion of fossil fuelss

2.1.1. Water supply system

A water supply system is a system that provides water for various purposes. It typically includes
components such as water storage tanks, pumps, pipes, and valves. The system is designed to ensure
the efficient and reliable delivery of water to users. The water supply system can either be; a gravity
flow system or a pumped system.

Access to clean water is fundamental for human health, agriculture, and industrial activities.
Traditional water supply systems often rely on fossil fuels for pumping and distribution, leading to
environmental pollution and resource depletion. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in
integrating renewable energy sources into water supply systems to mitigate these issues. Solar, wind,
and hydropower have been extensively studied for this purpose, but biogas presents unique
advantages due to its versatility and compatibility with existing infrastructure.

2..1.2 Why pumped Water Distribution System

a) Water can be pumped only when required.

b) Low water loss due to leakage.

Limitations of Water Distribution System

a) Break down of system may occur if power fails.

b) Maintenance and operation cost is high.

c) During pumping hours, the inflow of water through leaks may cause water contamination.

2.1.3. Biogas
Biogas a renewable fuel that's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is
broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This process is called anaerobic digestion.
For this to take place, the waste material needs to be enclosed in an environment where there is no
oxygen.

The biogas fuel is produced in a fermenter by the process of fermentation. The raw materials like
agricultural waste, kitchen waste, organic waste, etc. are injected into the fermenter through the
inlet and the gas which is generated is connected to the biogas engine with a valve.

2.1.4. Biogas Generation:

Biogas is primarily produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as animal
manure, agricultural residues and sewage sludge. Biogas consists of methane, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. Various studies have investigated different feedstock
sources, digestion processes, and optimization techniques to enhance biogas yield and quality. These
include substrate type, particle size, temperature, pH, Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, inoculum
concentration and the Hydraulic Retention Time(Banerjee et al., 2021).Additionally, advancements in
anaerobic digestion technologies, such as purification of biogas to biomethane and addition of
Sodium Hydroxide (Yuxin Song, 2023)

2.1.5. Biogas fuel power system

The biogas fuel power system consists of biogas reactor, microturbine, PMSG, three phase rectifier,
and DC pump.

The following are the various processes involved in biogas production;

I. Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is the first step of anaerobic digestion that takes place without the presence of oxygen.

In hydrolysis process, insoluble complex biomass is converted into the soluble organic compound in
the

presence of hydrolytic bacteria, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are all transformed into sugars,
ammonia acids, and fatty acids in this process.

II. Acidogenesis

It involves converting soluble organic compounds to short chain fatty acid and alcohol. Acidogenesis
is the second stage of the anaerobic digestion process also known as

fermentation process. The bacteria involved in this process are known as acid formers. The water and
acetic

acid (CH3COOH) are transformed into hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at the end of this
process.

III. Acetogenesis
Acetogenesis is the third stage of the AD process. Carbon dioxide, acetic acid and hydrogen are
formed from short-chain fatty acid and alcohol is known as acetogenesis. It involves the
hydrogenation and dehydrogenation process.

IV. Methanogenesis

Methanogenesis is considered the last phase of the anaerobic digestion process. The end product of
methanogenesis is methane gas (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O). The methanogenesis
process has two stages. In the first stage, acetic acid is converted into methane, and in the second
stage, hydrogen is converted into methane by utilizing carbon dioxide.

Dairy manure is fed into the biogas digester. Biogas is produced after the retention period. In

general retention period for diary, manure is around 45 days. The fixed dome type biogas reactor is
generally used for power generation. In fact, the methane gas output depends on the temperature of
the reactor (Treact), the reactor volume (V), summation of volatile fatty acids concentration in reactor
(Sv), methanogens concentration (Xmeth), and constant monod half velocity for methanogens (Ksc).
Amount of methane gas from the biogas reactor is given in the

Fmeth=V [(0.0 .013T react −0.129)( K SC S V +1)] K 4 X meth

2.1.6. PUMP SELECTION PARAMETERS

Total Head: It is the net discharge head plus suction lift or net discharge head minus suction head as
per the condition of pump location.

Water horse power (WHP)=(Q X TDH )/102

Where Q is system capacity in m 3 /hr , TDH is total discharge head in meters

Break horse power (BHP) = WHP/ E pump

Where E pump is the pump efficiency

Pump power requirement, P = (0.00272 x ρ x Q x TDH )/(E pump X EMotor )

Where ρ is density of water 1g/〖 cm 〗3 and E Motor is the motor efficiency is 92% or higher

Net positive suction head: NPSH = Z + Pa - Pv - H f

Where Z is the suction lift which is the distance between suction end to the pump centreline

Pa is atmospheric pressure, Pv is vapour pressure of water and H f are friction losses in the pipes.

2.1.7. WATER CONVEYANCE PIPES

Pipes will be used to convey water through the different stages of water treatment.

Sizing of the required pipes is calculated using the continuity equation

Q = A*V or Q = ( π /4 ¿ D 2∗V

Where;

Q= flow (m 3 /s ¿

D= pipe diameter (m)

V= Velocity (m/s), of water in pipe between 0.7 m/s-3m/s (Ashok k, 2019)

While V is assumed and Q is known, it is easy to calculate the diameter/ size of the required pipe.

Using Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate frictional losses in pipes

H L=f ( L/ D ) ( V 2 /2 g )
Where:

H L is the head losses due to friction (m)

f is the friction factor

L is length of pipe in meters

D diameter of the pipe

V is the velocity of water in pipe between 0.7 m/s – 3m/s (Ashok k, 2019)

g is the acceleration due to gravity

Integration of Biogas and Water Supply: The integration of biogas into water supply systems involves
multiple components and considerations, including biogas production, storage, purification, and
utilization for pumping and distribution. Research efforts have focused on optimizing system design
and operation to maximize energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact.

Objective 1: Design and Construction of a Biogas Power Generation System

The design and construction of a biogas power generation system form the foundation of a biogas-
powered water supply system. Several studies have addressed this objective, employing various
methodologies to develop efficient and cost-effective systems.

Methodology: Sharma et al. (2019) utilized a participatory approach involving local communities to
design and construct low-cost anaerobic digesters suitable for small-scale water supply systems in
rural areas. The design process involved assessing available resources, such as feedstock and labor, to
optimize system efficiency and affordability.

Results: The constructed biogas power generation system demonstrated promising performance,
producing sufficient biogas to power water pumps consistently. The simplicity of the design
facilitated easy replication and maintenance, making it suitable for resource-constrained settings.

Limitations: Despite its effectiveness, the design approach may not be universally applicable, as local
conditions and resource availability vary across regions. Additionally, the scalability of the system for
larger water supply networks may require further optimization and engineering expertise.

Practical Implications: The participatory design approach adopted in this study holds significant
practical implications for community-based water supply projects, enabling local stakeholders to take
ownership of the system and ensure its long-term sustainability.

Objective 2: Test the Performance of the System

Evaluating the performance of the biogas-powered water supply system is essential to validate its
functionality and identify areas for improvement. Studies have employed diverse methodologies to
assess system performance under varying operational conditions.
Methodology: Li et al. (2018) conducted field trials to assess the operational performance of a
biogas-based water pumping system in a rural community. Performance parameters, including pump
efficiency, gas production rate, and system reliability, were monitored over an extended period.

Results: The performance evaluation revealed satisfactory system efficiency, with the biogas-
powered water pump meeting the water demand of the community consistently. However,
fluctuations in gas production and occasional mechanical failures were observed, highlighting the
need for continuous monitoring and maintenance.

Limitations:

The field trial duration may not have captured long-term performance trends, and the study's focus
on a specific geographic location limits the generalizability of the findings to other contexts.

Objective 3: Assess Water Demand and Economic Analysis of the System

Understanding water demand dynamics and conducting economic analyses are critical steps in
assessing the feasibility and sustainability of biogas-powered water supply systems. Research efforts
have employed various approaches to quantify water demand and evaluate economic viability.

Methodology: Mengistu et al. (2019) conducted surveys and water consumption assessments in rural
communities to estimate water demand and usage patterns. Economic analysis was performed using
cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness methodologies, considering factors such as capital investment,
operation, and maintenance costs.

Results: The study identified significant variations in water demand across different seasons and
demographic groups, highlighting the need for flexible system design and capacity planning.
Economic analysis demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of biogas-powered water supply systems
compared to conventional alternatives, particularly in off-grid areas with limited access to electricity.

Limitations: The economic analysis may have overlooked certain indirect costs and benefits
associated with biogas technology adoption, such as environmental and social impacts. Additionally,
the study's reliance on survey data introduces potential biases and uncertainties in water demand
estimation.

Practical Implications: Findings from the water demand assessment and economic analysis inform
decision-making processes and investment priorities, facilitating the adoption of sustainable water
supply solutions in resource-constrained settings.

Objective 4: Pump Testing

Pump testing is essential for evaluating the hydraulic performance and energy efficiency of biogas-
powered water pumps. Studies have employed standardized testing procedures and experimental
setups to assess pump characteristics under various operating conditions.

Methodology: Kumar et al. (2020) conducted comprehensive pump tests using a hydraulic test rig to
evaluate the performance of biogas-driven water pumps. The experiments involved measuring
parameters such as flow rate, head, and power consumption at different operating points.

Results: Pump testing revealed the hydraulic efficiency and energy consumption of biogas-powered
water pumps under different load conditions. The experimental data facilitated the characterization
of pump performance curves and the identification of optimal operating points for energy-saving
purposes.

Limitations: The laboratory-based pump testing may not fully capture real-world performance
variations due to factors such as system dynamics and environmental influences. Additionally, the
study's focus on a specific pump model limits the generalizability of the findings to other pump types
and configurations.

Practical Implications: Insights gained from pump testing contribute to the selection and optimization
of biogas-powered water pumps for optimal system performance and energy efficiency, facilitating
the deployment of sustainable water supply solutions in diverse settings

Concepts
For specific objective one:
Anaerobic Digestion Process: The process of converting organic matter into biogas through anaerobic
digestion is fundamental to biogas power generation systems (Sharma et al., 2019).

Biogas Production Optimization: Optimization of anaerobic digestion parameters such as

temperature, retention time, and feedstock composition is crucial for maximizing biogas production
efficiency (Khan et al., 2020).

Gas Storage Systems: Proper design and construction of gas storage facilities are essential to ensure
efficient utilization of biogas for power generation (Rahman et al., 2021).

Engine/Generator Selection: Selection of appropriate engines or generators for converting biogas

into electricity depends on factors such as power output requirements and operational conditions (Li
et al., 2018).

System Integration and Automation: Integration of biogas power generation systems with water
supply infrastructure and automation technologies enhances system efficiency and reliability (Kumar
et al., 2020).

Specific objective two.

Performance Evaluation Metrics: Various metrics such as efficiency, reliability, and output capacity
are used to assess the performance of biogas-powered water supply systems (Li et al., 2018).

Operational Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of system operation and performance is essential to

identify potential issues and optimize system efficiency (Rahman et al., 2021).

Field Trials and Experimental Setup: Field trials and controlled experiments are conducted to
evaluate the performance of biogas-powered water supply systems under real-world conditions
(Sharma et al., 2019).

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Data collected during performance testing are analyzed to assess
system behavior and identify areas for improvement (Kumar et al., 2020).
Comparative Studies: Comparative studies may be conducted to compare the performance of biogas-
powered water supply systems with conventional systems or alternative renewable energy sources
(Mengistu et al., 2019).

Specific objective three

Water Consumption Patterns: Understanding water consumption patterns and usage behaviours is
crucial for accurately assessing water demand in a given area (Mengistu et al., 2019).

Population and Demographic Analysis: Population growth and demographic characteristics are
important factors influencing water demand projections and consumption estimates (Kumar et al.,
2020).

Climate and Environmental Factors: Climate conditions and environmental factors such as
temperature, precipitation, and land use patterns influence water demand dynamics and seasonal
variations (Li et al., 2018).

Water Supply Infrastructure: The availability and condition of existing water supply infrastructure
play a significant role in determining water demand and distribution capabilities (Rahman et al.,
2021).

Hydrological Modelling: Hydrological modelling techniques are used to simulate water demand
scenarios and predict future water usage patterns based on various influencing factors (Sharma et
al., 2019).

Specific objective four;

Cost-Benefit Analysis: Cost-benefit analysis involves comparing the costs and benefits associated with
implementing a biogas-powered water supply system to determine its economic feasibility (Mengistu
et al., 2019).

Life Cycle Costing: Life cycle costing considers the total cost of ownership of the system over its
operational lifespan, including initial investment, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning
costs (Rahman et al., 2021).

Economic Viability Assessment: Economic viability assessment evaluates the financial sustainability
of the biogas-powered water supply system by comparing its costs to the benefits it generates over
time (Kumar et al., 2020).

Financial Metrics: Financial metrics such as payback period, return on investment (ROI), and net
present value (NPV) are used to quantify the economic performance and profitability of the system
(Li et al., 2018).

Socioeconomic Impact Assessment: Socioeconomic impact assessment considers the broader social
and environmental benefits of implementing a biogas-powered water supply system, beyond
financial considerations (Sharma et al., 2019).
Specific objective four:
Hydraulic Performance Testing: Hydraulic performance testing involves evaluating the flow rate,
head, and efficiency of the water pump under various operating conditions (Kumar et al., 2020).

Energy Consumption Measurement: Energy consumption measurement assesses the power

consumption and energy efficiency of the pump during operation (Li et al., 2018).

Optimization and Calibration: Optimization and calibration of the pump involve adjusting operational
parameters to maximize efficiency and performance (Sharma et al., 2019).

Comparative Analysis: Comparative analysis compares the performance of different pump models or
configurations to identify the most suitable option for the biogas-powered water supply system
(Rahman et al., 2021).

Performance Curve Generation: Performance curve generation involves plotting pump performance
data to visualize the relationship between flow rate, head, and power consumption (Mengistu et al.,
2019).

2.1.9 Factors that affect biogas production

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): required amount of oxygen which must be given to waste to
oxidize the organic matter in sewage aerobic bacteria. BOD amount depends on some factors such as
amount of organic matter in the water, bacterial activity level, temperature and turbulence (mixing
of waste)(Ogur, E.; Irungu, 2015).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter present
in a given volume of wastewater that can be done chemically by using dissolved dichromate in acid.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC):

Total amount of organic carbon present in a sample of aqueous waste. Total Suspended Solids (TSS):
Part of all solids in the wastewater (coarse particles to colloidal particles) that are dissolved in
wastewater.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Rate of oxygen dissolution in water that displays power of natural
spontaneous wastewater treatment. These factors directly affect the quality of wastewater and
resulting biogas. In addition to the above indicators, there are other factors that can change the
environment in wastewater treatment and biogas production process affect the quality and quantity
of biogas(Ogur, E.; Irungu, 2015).

Some of the most important are:

Temperature: temperature of wastewater in several points of process is important especially in

digester. So that the temperature differences of wastewater inside the digester should not exceed
one to two degrees in a day. If the temperature change in the digester is higher than certain value,
methane bacteria growth mechanism has been stopped and production speed and volume of biogas
will be decreasing. Pressure: Pressure does not directly affect anaerobic digestion. But it is effective
on digester gas composition.

PH: Methane production is largely dependent on PH value. So that if the PH value is less than 6.2,
methane production in digester will stop. So the best range of PH range for prepare methane
production will be 6.8 to 7.2. VS: the volatile solids of slog in digester that shows the amount of
bacteria's food. All of factors that are explained above and some side related factors (that will come
in following) must be consider as control parameters in control system design(Ogur, E.; Irungu, 2015).
3. CHAPTER THREE
3.1. METHODOLOGY

3.1.1. Objective one design of a biogas generating system

3.1.1.2. Digester size
Digester Size (m3) = RT (Retention Time, days) x [Feedstock Input (m3) + water (m3)]

The retention time of cow dung is generally reported at 30-50 days2

V dc =1.89 N c

v dh=0.1 N h

where V dc and v dh are volume of cow dung digester and human waste digester respectively

3.1.1.3. Design parameter

Optimum temperature range and heating, Retention period, C/N ratio of feed, PH of slurry, Feed of
water ratio (Vf/Vw), Percent of total solid in feed (Ts %), Percent of volatile solids in feed (Vs %),
Fraction of the methane in gas (F CH4 ), Gas yield (m3 /m3 of digester/day), Ultimate gas yield
(m3 /m3 of digester/total retention time)(Ogur, E.; Irungu, 2015).

3.1.1.4. Design of Pipe

3.1.1.4.1. Design of Pipe for Feedstock Flow.

PPR (Polypropylene) Pipe:

 Good strength and fatigue resistance

  Operation temperature -20 to +1100 C
 Fusion welding (requires electricity.

3.1.1.4.2. Discharge of pipes

Here we shall use Mannings equation to determine the discharges.

Q=V . A
2 1
1
V = ¿ R 3∗S 2
n
Where; Q-discharge

V- velocity

R- hydraulic radius

S- slope

A-Cross-sectional area

3.1.1.5. Type of Digester

Plastic tank type

Easy installation without civil works Quick biogas production start-up after installation small digester
tank volume, therefore appropriate for few livestock

Floating drum type

Provides constant gas pressure at Outlet Visual indication (floating gasholder level above the pit) of
the amount of available gas is possible

Very expensive compared to fixed dome digesters Steel drum (gasholder) is subject to corrosion
shorter lifespan than fixed dome technology

Fixed dome type.

Long lifespan: more than 20 years Not damageable (underground) Many references for other fixed
dome technologies (e.g. 2,700 units in Rwanda, 8,000 units in Kenya and 250,000 units in Nepal) Easy
to operate Expensive technology USD 800-1500 for household units Potentially long durations before
the start-up of the biogas production Maximum size is up to 100m

Covered Rangoon Type.

Applicable for large installation of 1000 m3 scale. Large scale application for several hundreds of kW
generation is possible. Construction cost is high. Membrane life is short and it needs replacement.

3.1.2Objective 2 test the performance of the system

Experimental Testing:

We shall conduct experimental testing under various operating conditions to assess the performance
of the biogas water powered system. This involves systematically altering parameters such as biogas
feedstock composition, water flow rates, and system configurations to evaluate their impact on
system efficiency and output. Measure the flow rate of water from the system under different
operating conditions (e.g., varying loads, biogas input rates).
Performance Evaluation:

Evaluate the performance of the biogas water powered system based on key performance indicators
such as energy conversion efficiency, power output, reliability, and environmental impact. Interpret
the results in light of the system's intended applications and potential for scalability

3.1.3. Objective 3: Assess the water demand and economic analysis of the system
3.1.3.1. Water demand
Water demand is the amount of water needed or used by the individuals, households, industries,
and communities for portable purposes.

A common equation used to estimate the average daily water demand for a household is:

Q=A×P×C

Where:

Q = water demand in liters

A = total catchment area in square meters

C = runoff coefficient which is the factor that represents the proportion of rainfall that is collected as
runoff and available for harvesting.

To accurately determine water demand involves collecting data on water use patterns, conducting
surveys and using mathematical models to simulate water usage under different scenarios.

Cost analysis
For feasibility study of this

plan, the economical evaluation is considered based on the cost benefit analysis of this
project. To calculate the capacity of the system the following assumptions were made (Ghazi
& Abbaspour, 2011): The amount of biogas production is equal to 100-160 cubic meter from
each ton of organic
wastes which can be produced about 170 kwh of electricity and 340 kwh of heating energy
(S. Ghazi1*, M. Abbaspour2, 2011).
• Each 10 cubic meters of biogas can be produced about 15 kw of AC electricity and 35000
kcal of heating water
• Each unit of biogas can produced about 25-30 cubic meter of organic fertilizer per day in
55-60° C during 15 to 20 days.
• Each cubic meter of organic compost weights 0.7 ton and the weight of 25-30 cubic
meters of produced compost is equal to 17.5 or 21 ton.

We shall use Pre-F/S level method

This is used for rough estimation. Past tender prices of similar projects will be referred for each
component. Cost survey for Items that are not included in past projects will be conducted in the
market.

Pump testing

Pump Selection and Installation: Select an appropriate pump type based on the system
requirements, such as centrifugal pumps or positive displacement pumps. Install the pump
according to manufacturer guidelines and industry standards to ensure proper functionality and
longevity.

4. Pump Testing Protocol: Develop a comprehensive testing protocol to evaluate the performance
of the biogas-powered water pump under various operating conditions. This should include
measurements of flow rate, head, efficiency, power consumption, and any other relevant
parameters using appropriate instrumentation.

5. Experimental Testing: Conduct experimental testing of the pump according to the established
protocol. Perform tests under varying conditions such as different biogas flow rates, water demand
levels, and system pressures to assess the pump's performance across its operating range

e appropriate type and size of biogas digester(s) on factors such as feedstock availability, energy
demand, and community needs.

Develop detailed engineering designs for the biogas generating system, including digester
dimensions, inlet and outlet configurations, gas storage options, and safety features.

Consider integration with existing water supply infrastructure for pumping and distribution purposes.

Material Procurement and Construction:

Procure materials and equipment required for constructing the biogas generating system, including
digester tanks, piping, gas storage vessels, and safety devices.

Engage local suppliers and contractors wherever possible to promote community involvement and
support local economies.

Follow engineering specifications and safety standards during the construction process, ensuring
proper installation and functionality of all system components.

Installation and Commissioning:

Install the biogas generating system according to the designed layout and specifications, ensuring
proper alignment, sealing, and connection of all components.

Conduct rigorous testing and commissioning of the system to verify functionality, gas production
rates, and safety features.

Train local technicians and community members on system operation, maintenance procedures,
safety protocols, and troubleshooting techniques.

Monitoring and Evaluation:

Establish monitoring mechanisms to track the performance of the biogas generating system over
time, including gas production, water supply reliability, energy output, and environmental impacts.
Collect data on system utilization, user satisfaction, and socio-economic benefits through surveys,
interviews, and participatory observation.

Continuously assess the system's efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability, making adjustments as
needed to optimize performance and address emerging challenges.

Documentation and Knowledge Sharing:

Document the entire process of designing and constructing the biogas generating system, including
technical drawings, construction logs, photographs, and instructional manuals.

Disseminate findings, lessons learned, and best practices through reports, workshops, community
meetings, and online platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing and replication in similar contexts.

Table 1. Biogas and sustainable development goals. Sustainable development goal Contribution of AD

Water demand
Water demand is the amount of water needed or used by the individuals, households, industries,
and communities for portable purposes.

A common equation used to estimate the average daily water demand for a household is:

Q=A×P×C

Where:

Q = water demand in liters

A = total catchment area in square meters

C = runoff coefficient which is the factor that represents the proportion of rainfall that is collected as
runoff and available for harvesting.

To accurately determine water demand involves collecting data on water use patterns, conducting
surveys and using mathematical models to simulate water usage under different scenarios.

References:

Mwirigi, J. N., & Cui, X. (2019). Biogas production in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities, challenges,
and development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118199]

Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). (2018). National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main
Report. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from [https://www.ubos.org/wp-
content/uploads/publications/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf]
 Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). (2019). Sector Performance Report 2018. Kampala,
Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda. Retrieved from
[https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/library/SPR2018%20Final%20May%207%202019.pdf]

World Bank Group. (2021). Uganda - Overview. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Retrieved from
[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uganda/overview]

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD). (2020). Uganda’s Energy Policy 2002.
Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Government of Uganda. Retrieved
from [https://www.energy.go.ug/sites/default/files/Uganda%27s%20Energy%20Policy%202002.pdf]

Death Poor health Death Increased expenditure Low government revenue

School dropout Less profits

Diseases

Low
starvation standard of
Poor sanitation and
hygiene Low production rates in
beverages industries

Less food Low income Less water for

recreation
activities
Low agricultural output

Less water for irrigation

 Fuel/ electric Power outages

High cost of fuel Under estimation of required Poor

Bad weather
amount of fuel maintenance

Low Poor government

income policy corruption
Transformer
failure
Increased
Depletion of demand of
unemploymen
fossils fuel

Incompetent Heavy rainfall

leaders
Lack of skills and Limited alternative
qualification energy sources

Acivities
Regular inspection of the system

Collection of biodegradable material

Procurement

Sizing

Estimation of per capita usage of water

Tools
Flow meter Biogas-digesters

Excel Questionnaire

Pipes

Data
Population data

Expected results
Reliable water supply system
Improved standard of living

Conclusion

There is a need of integrating renewable energy in water supply systems to achieve sustainable
development goals, reliable water supply systems and overcome energy insecurity. Biogas is a clean
and renewable energy source for powering water supply systems, offering numerous environmental
benefits and the potential to enhance the resilience and self-sufficiency of communities, particularly
in rural and off-grid areas. By incorporating existing knowledge and technologies, together with
improved research and innovation, the design of efficient and sustainable biogas-powered water
supply systems can be realized, contributing to enhanced access to clean and reliable water.

Recommendation.

Further research and practical applications are needed to optimize design parameters, enhance
performance efficiency, and promote widespread adoption of this transformative technology for the
benefit of communities worldwide.Most electricity generators require a constant gas supply and high
gas quality in terms of absence of impurities like H2S.(Wasajja et al., 2021) Therefore, to efficiently
use the biogas from existing decentralized anaerobic digesters for electricity production, higher
quality and stable biogas flow must be guaranteed. The installation of a biogas upgrading and buffer
system could be considered.Research has shown that there is a potential to locally enhance biogas
quality and quantity from small-scale digesters via available pre-treatment methods for feedstock,
co-digestion, additives and operational practices.More research should be carried out to support the
integration of other renewable energy sources such as solar energy.

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