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Digital image formation from electronically detected holograms

Article in Applied Physics Letters · September 1967

DOI: 10.1063/1.1755043 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 DIGITAL IMAGE FORMATION FROM ELECTRONICALLY DETECTED
HOLOGRAMS
J. W. Goodman and R. W. Lawrence

Citation: Applied Physics Letters 11, 77 (1967); doi: 10.1063/1.1755043

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755043
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/11/3?ver=pdfcov
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 Volume 11, Number 3 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
temperature at this point was also recorded. Al-
though the two temperatures did not coincide
exactly, they generally differed by less than 5%.
However, the temperature at which the structure
changed from hcp to bcc was notably constant.
This was found to be 20300 K which is in good agree-
ment with the experimental results reported in
refs. 5 and 6.
In the sample of hafnium used, all impurities
are present to the extent of 100 ppm or less except
for zirconium whose concentration was 3.6%.
Proof that the Burgers!3 transformation scheme
holds for Hf, as it does for Ti (ref. 7) will not be of-
fered here. The proof is closely related to a further
study of the phase change which is now in progress
and which will be reported at a later time.
DIGITAL IMAGE FORMATION FROM ELECTRONICALLY
DETECTED HOLOGRAMS*
In high precision holographic imagery of weak objects of small angular subtense, electronic detection and digital
image formation have distinctadvaniages. Experiments with a vidicon detector and a PDP-6 computer have yielded
reconstructed images of good quality with computation times of five minutes.
The use of digital computers in the computation
and construction of holograms has been demon-
strated by Brown and Lohmann! and later by
others. 2 .3 In that work the initial step of Gabor's
two-step imaging process4 's was carried out digi-
tally, while the final image-forming step was per-
formed optically. We discuss here the converse
problem, namely the digital formation of images
from electronically detected holograms. In this
case it is the first step of Gabor's process which is
optical and the second step which is digital.
The motivations for considering electronic detec-
tion and digital image formation are not trivial
ones. There exist important applications6 in which
it is desirable to detect holograms of very weak
objects of small angular subtense. If the object is
weak, it is imperative that the hologram be de-
tected with maximum sensitivity. Hence, in order
to achieve maximum signal-to-noise ratio in the
*This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research.
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I August 1967
IC. Zwikker, Physica 6,361 (1926).
2C. A. Hampel, Ed., Rare Metals Handbook (Reinhold Publish-
ing Corporation, Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 1961), 2nd
ed., p. 205.
3P. Duwez,]. Appl. Phys. 22, 1174 (1951).
4]. D. Fast,]. Appl. Phys. 23,350 (1952).
5R. G. Bedford,]. Appl. Phys. 36, 113 (1965).
6N. H. Krikorian and T. C. Wallace,]. Electrochem. Soc. III,
1431 (1964).
7E. G. Brock, Phys. Rev. 100, 1619 (1955).
BE. U. Condon, Ed., Handbook of Physics (McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., New York, 1958), Chap. 6, p. 56.
"G. Barnes, Phys. Rev. 97, 1579 (1955).
1°F. Ashworth, "Field Emission Microscopy" in Advances in
Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. III, 1951, L. Marston, Ed.
11]. F. Nicholas, An Atlas of Models of Crystal Surfaces (Gordon
and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1965).
12W. P. Dyke, et aI., Phys. Rev. 91, 1043 (1953).
law. G. Burgers, Physica 1,561 (1933-34).
J. W. Goodman and R. W. Lawrence
Stanford Electronics Laboratories
Stanford, California
(Received 19 May 1967; in final form 26 June 1967)
reconstructed image, an extremely senSItive elec-
tronic detector, such as an image orthicon, can be
preferable to photographic film. If the object is of
small angular subtense, the spatial resolution re-
quirements can be quite modest, and electronic
detection is entirely feasible.
Electronic detection of holograms has been ac-
complished previously by Enloe et al.,7 whose
motivations were somewhat different from those
outlined above. A vidicon was used as the detector,
and a TV monitor was photographed to obtain a
hologram transparency, from which an image was
obtained optically. In high-precision imagery,
this approach has the disadvantage that degrada-
tions are introduced by monitor distortions and
by dust specks, lens aberrations, film-grain noise,
etc., present during the reconstruction process.
Thus it would appear desirable to digitize the de-
tector output at the earliest possible opportunity
(when the signal-to-noise ratio is highest), and to
perform the image-forming operations with high
precision on a digital computer.
77
 Volume 11, Number 3 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 1 August 1967

We report here on preliminary results obtained

with a vidicon detector and a PDP-6 computer. The
object is a photographic transparency of the letter
"P," back-lighted through a diffuser by a He-Ne
laser. The reference is supplied as a point source
coplanar with the object, in the so-called "lensless
Fourier transform" geometry.H The pattern cf in-
terference between the reference and object waves
is directly detected on the photosensitive surface
of the vidicon (lens assembly removed). The output
of the vidicon is sampled in a 256 X 256 array, and
quantized to eight grey levels. To avoid aliasing
errors, the object-reference-detector geometry is
specifically chosen to assure that the maximum
spatial frequency in the pattern of interference is Fig. 1. Scope display of hologram stored in computer
sampled four times per period. memory.
The PDP-6 computer is programmed to perform
a two-dimensional Fourier transform of the 256 X
256 array, and to take the squared modulus of the
result. A Cooley-Tukey algorithm9 is employed,
allowing the image to be obtained with 5 min of
computation, a time which compares favorably
with the processing time generally required to ob-
tain a photographic hologram in the conventional
manner. Approximately 52,000 36-bit words of
storage were utilized to perform the computation.
The computer output is presented optically on a
scope display.
Figure 1 shows a photograph of a CRT display
of the electronically detected hologram, as stored
in the computer memory. The coarse fringes run-
ning at approximately 45° are introduced by second
reflections from a glass window which precedes
the conductive signal plate at the front of the Fig. 2. Scope display of images formed by digital computa-
vidicon. These fringes are undesired, the structure tion.
of real interest being the very fine irregular fringes
which are barely resolvable.
Figure 2 shows a photograph of a CRT display
of the twin images obtained by digital computation.
Much of the granularity of the images can be at-
tributed to the so-called "speckle" effect,lO which
is present in any image of an object illuminated
with coherent light through a diffuser. The two
bright spots at about 45° are caused by the second-
reflection fringes described previously. The bright
cross in the center of the image, which is par-
ticularly extended in the horizontal direction, is an
indication of the presence of some unexpected form
of interference which remains coherent from scan
to scan. The origin of this interference is not yet
certain, but the suspected cause is the periodic wire
mesh through which the electron beam passes on its
way to the photoconductive target in the vidicon. Fig. 3. Images obtained optically from a photographic
Finally, for comparison purposes, Fig. 3 shows hologram.

78
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 Volume 11, Number 3 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 1 August 1967

the holographic images obtained in the more usual
fashion, by recording the interference pattern on
photographic film and reconstructing the image
optically. A detailed comparison of Figs. 2 and 3
reveals that the major features of images obtained
optically are duplicated in the digitally computed
Image.
We thank the Stanford Artificial Intelligence
Group, and in particular Lester D. Earnest, for
generously donating time on the PDP-6 computer.
lB. R. Brown and A. W. Lohmann, Appl. Opt. 5, 967 (1966).
Symposium on Modem Optics. Polytechnic Press, Brooklyn, N. Y.
(in print).
3 J. J. Burch, Proc. IEEE 55, 599 (1967).
'D. Gabor, Nature 161,77 (1948);Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)AI97,
454 (1949); Proc. Phys. Soc. 864,449 (1951).
"E. N. Leith and]. Upatnieks,]. Opt. Soc. Am. 52, 1123 (1962);
]. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1377 (1963);]. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 1295 (1964).
·Woods Hole Summer Study, Restoration of Atmospherically
Degraded Images, Vol. 1, National Academy of Sciences, Wash-
ington, D. C. (1966).
1L. H. Enloe, J. A. Murphy, and C. B. Rubinstein, Bell System
Tech.]. 45, 335 (1966).
"G. W. Stroke, An Introduction to Coherent Optics and Holog-
raphy (Academic Press, New York, 1966), p. 120.
9 J. W. Cooley and]. W. Tukey, Mathematics of Computation

2L. B. Lesem, P. M. Hirsch, and J. A. Jordan, Jr., "Computer 19, 297 (1965).
Generation and Reconstruction of Holograms," in Proc. of the lOT. J. Skinner,]. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1350A (1963).

THE FARADAY EFFECT AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN TERBIUM

ALUMINA SILICATE GLASS*
Melvin Daybell,t W. C. Overton, Jr., and H. L. Laquer
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California
Los Alamos, New Mexico
(Received 24 May 1967; in final form 23 June 1967)

The Faraday effect has been studied in a high Verdet-constant terbia-alumina-silicate glass containing 58% Tb 2 0 a
by weight at a number of temperatures down to 2.08°K using the 6328 A light from a helium-neon laser. The
glass is found to be antiferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of -1.16°K. At 2.08°K the observed rotation
as a function of HIT fits the Becquerel equation 8 = A tanh (J.L,H I kT) + BH, where J.L,. is 3.5 Bohr magnetons.
Because of this small Curie temperature the low-field Verdet constant above liquid nitrogen temperatures follows
the simple Curie law within experimental error.

The magneto-optic properties of glasses contain-
ing rare-earth ions are of interest in several re-
spects. Not only are they of intrinsic concern to the
theories of magnetism I-a and ion chemistry,2;l but
they give rise to a number of practical applications
of the glasses as well. At very low temperatures
certain glasses, particularly those with cerous phos-
phate fractions, have proved useful as tools in the
experimental study of the intermediate state of
superconducting films and slabs. 4 - s In these ex-
periments the distribution of the Faraday rotation
for reflected light over the area of the glass in con-
tact with the film or slab provides a measure of the
distribution of magnetic flux penetrating through
the superconductor.
The alumina silicate glasses with rare-earth frac-
tions hold the promise of being better for these
experiments than the phosphate glasses because
*Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission.
tSupported by Associated Western Universities.
the former appear to have fewer optical flaws.
Robinson and GraF have measured the Faraday
effect in alumina silicate glasses containing 58%
by weight of the oxides of Tb, Pr, and Dy at room
temperature. These measurements have subse-
quently been extended to liquid-nitrogen temper-
atures. H The Verdet constant V was found to be
strongly wavelength dependent in the range from
0.4 J.L to 1.7 J.L. the rotation at 0.4 J.L being about ten
times that at 1.5 J.L.
The purpose of this Letter is to report low-tem-
perature measurements of the Faraday effect in a
Tb20a-AI20a-Si02 glass having about the same
composition as that used by Robinson and Graf. 7
The sample. a glass disc 0.3 em thick and 2 em in
diam. was loaned to one of us (MD) by Dr. M. C.
Cox of the American Optical Company.
In the experiments we used a liquid-nitrogen-
cooled magnet and Dewar setup developed by
Laquer. 9 The largest fiel.ds used in these particular
runs were about 16 kOe.
The light source was a helium-neon laser oper-

79
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