Module 1

The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under

the full control and supervision of the State.

With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be
alienated.

Only the Government, represented by the Director of Lands, or the Secretary of

Agriculture and Natural Resources, can bring an action to cancel a void certificate
of title issued pursuant to a void patent.

Module 2

A title emanating from a free patent which was secured through fraud does not
become indefeasible, precisely because the patent from whence the title sprung is
itself void and of no effect whatsoever.

An action for reconveyance of registered land based on an implied trust prescribes

in ten years and it is from the date of issuance of such title that the effective
assertion of adverse title for purposes of the statute of limitations is counted.