CAM 11 Test 3: The story of Silk

The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China to the present day

Silk is a fine, smooth mềm mượt material produced from the cocoons – soft protective shells – that are made
by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae). Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler of
China in about 3000 BC, who discovered silkworms. One account lời kể, bản ghi chép of the story goes that as
she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she discovered that silkworms were responsible for Là
nguyên nhân; gây ra the destruction sự phá hoại of several mulberry trees. She collected a number of cocoons and
sat down to have a rest. It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that
she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel bung ra, tách ra into a fine thread sợi tơ, sợi chỉ . Lei
Tzu found that she could wind cuộn, quấn this thread around her fingers. Subsequently rồi sau đó , she persuaded
her husband to allow her to rear nuôi silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees. She also devised sáng chế, phát
minh a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong
enough to be woven into fabric vải . While it is unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly known that
silk cultivation trồng trọt, sản xuất has existed in China for several millennia.

Originally, silkworm farming was solely chỉ restricted chỉ dành cho to women, and it was they who were
responsible for the growing, harvesting thu hoạch and weaving dệt . Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status,
and originally, only royalty hoàng gia were entitled to trao quyền have clothes made of silk. The rules
were gradually dần dần, từ từ relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 AD),
even peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to wear silk. Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206
BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency tiền tệ . Government officials were
paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk. Silk was also used
as diplomatic thuộc/liên quan tới ngoại giao gifts by the emperor. Fishing lines, bowstrings, musical instruments and
paper were all made using silk. The earliest indication of silk paper being used was discovered in the tomb
of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD.

Demand for this exotic đẹp đẽ/lạ kì fabric eventually created the lucrative có lợi, sinh lợi trade route now known as
the Silk Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wool to the East. It was named the Silk
Road after its most precious quý giá commodity hàng hóa, mặt hàng , which was considered to be worth có giá trị more
than gold. The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometres from Eastern China to the Mediterranean Sea,
following the Great Wall of China, climbing the Pamir mountain range, crossing modern-day Afghanistan
and going on to the Middle East, with a major trading market in Damascus. From there,
the merchandise hàng hóa was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea. Few merchants travelled the entire
route; goods were handled buôn bán mostly by a series of middlemen.

With the mulberry silkworm being native to China, the country was the world’s sole producer of silk for many
hundreds of years. The secret of silk-making eventually cuối cùng reached the rest of the world via the
Byzantine Empire, which ruled over thống trị, điều hành the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North
Africa and the Middle East during the period 330—1453 AD. According to another legend, monks working
for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled buôn lậu silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-
day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed cất giấu inside hollow rỗng bamboo walking canes. The Byzantines were as
secretive as the Chinese, however, and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a
strict imperial monopoly độc quyền . Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered chinh phục/xâm
chiếm Persia, capturing giành được, chiếm được their magnificent tuyệt đẹp silks in the process.

Silk production thus spread lan truyền khắp, truyền bá through Africa, Sicily and Spain as the Arabs swept through
these lands. Andalusia in southern Spain was Europe’s main silk-producing centre in the tenth century. By
the thirteenth century, however, Italy had become Europe’s leader in silk production and export sự xuất khẩu .
Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. Even now, silk
processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed đáng quý/đáng tôn trọng reputation danh
tiếng .

The nineteenth century and industrialisation sự công nghiệp hóa saw the downfall sự suy thoái of the European silk
industry. Cheaper Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated tạo điều kiện thuận lợi by the opening of
the Suez Canal, was one of the many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth century,
new manmade do con người làm ra, nhân tạo fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what had traditionally
been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars, which interrupted làm gián đoạn the
supply of raw material nguyên liệu thô from Japan, also stifled kìm hãm the European silk industry. After the
Second World War, Japan’s silk production was restored, with improved production and quality of raw silk.
Japan was to remain the world’s biggest producer of raw silk, and practically the only major exporter of raw
silk, until the 1970s. However, in more recent decades, China has gradually recaptured its position as the
world’s biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn. Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk
are produced in the world, and almost two thirds of that production takes place in China.

account (n) /ə'kaʊnt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

lời kể, bản ghi chép =a written or spoken description of something that has happened

Ví dụ:

 an [account] of the trip

Ghi chú:

In passage: One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she

discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees.

capture (v) /'kæptʃər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giành được, chiếm được =to succeed in getting control or possession of something that other people are

also trying to get

Ví dụ:

 The Democratic Party candidate [captured] 70 percent of the vote.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in

the process.

commodity (n) /kə'mɒdɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hàng hóa, mặt hàng =a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold

Ví dụ:

 One big [commodity] that Canada exports is oil.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be

worth more than gold.

conceal (v) /kən'siːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cất giấu =to hide somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 He had a microphone [concealed] in his pocket.

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to another legend, monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled

silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow

bamboo walking canes.

conquer (v) /'kɒŋkər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chinh phục/xâm chiếm =to take control of a country or city and its people by force

Ví dụ:

 The Spanish [conquered] the New World in the 16th century.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in

the process.

cultivation (n) /ˌkʌltɪ'veɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trồng trọt, sản xuất =the action of cultivating land, or the state of being cultivated
Ví dụ:

 The [cultivation] of wheat required the most fertile lands.

Ghi chú:

In passage: While it is unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly known that silk cultivation has

existed in China for several millennia.

currency (n) /'kʌrənsɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tiền tệ =the system of money that a country uses

Ví dụ:

 The [currency] has lost so much of its value that barter has become the preferred way of doing

business.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as

a unit of currency.

destruction (n) /dɪ'strʌkʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự phá hoại =the act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed

Ví dụ:

 Unusually high winds left a trail of [destruction] over the area.

Ghi chú:

In passage: One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she

discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees.

devise (v) /dɪ'vaɪz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sáng chế, phát minh =to invent something new or a new way of doing something

Ví dụ:

 Scientists have [devised] a method of recycling the contaminated oil.

Ghi chú:

In passage: She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that

they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric

diplomatic (adj) /ˌdɪplə'mætɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc/liên quan tới ngoại giao =connected with managing relations between countries

Ví dụ:

 All [diplomatic] attempts at a peaceful solution to the crisis have been fruitless.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Silk was also used as diplomatic gifts by the emperor.

downfall (n) /'daʊnfɔːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự suy thoái =the loss of a person’s money, power, social position, etc.; the thing that causes this

Ví dụ:

 Rampant corruption brought about the [downfall] of the government.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry.

entitle (v) /ɪn'taɪtl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trao quyền =[often passive] to give somebody the right to have or to do something

Ví dụ:

 The employer is [entitled] to ask for references.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally, only royalty were entitled to have

clothes made of silk.

esteemed (adj) /ɪ'stiːmd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đáng quý/đáng tôn trọng =highly respected

Ví dụ:

 It is my honor to introduce our [esteemed] senator.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Even now, silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed

reputation.

eventually (adv) /ɪ'ventʃʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cuối cùng =at the end of a period of time or a series of events

Ví dụ:

 After a long search, they [eventually] found the missing papers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The secret of silk-making eventually reached the rest of the world via the Byzantine Empire,

which ruled over the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the

period 330—1453 AD.

exotic (adj) /ɪg'zɒtɪk/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

đẹp đẽ/lạ kì =from or in another country, especially a tropical one; seeming exciting and unusual because it

seems to be connected with foreign countries

Ví dụ:

 She has rather a penchant for [exotic] clothes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk

Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wool to the East.

export (n) /ɪk'spɔːt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự xuất khẩu =the selling and transporting of goods to another country

Ví dụ:

 Coffee [exports] earn Brazil many millions of pounds a year.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the thirteenth century, however, Italy had become Europe’s leader in silk production and

export

fabric (n) /'fæbrɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

vải =material made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc., used for making clothes, curtains, etc. and for

covering furniture

Ví dụ:

 The [fabric] is woven on these machines.

Ghi chú:

In passage: She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that

they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric

facilitate (v) /fə'sɪlɪteɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tạo điều kiện thuận lợi =to make an action or a process possible or easier

Ví dụ:

 The current structure does not [facilitate] efficient work flow.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Cheaper Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal,

was one of the many factors driving the trend.

gradually (adv) /'grædʒʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dần dần, từ từ =slowly, over a long period of time

Ví dụ:

 Those who disagreed with the director's viewpoint were [gradually] edged out of the company.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The rules were gradually relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty (1644—

1911 AD), even peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to wear silk.

handle (v) /'hændl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

buôn bán =to buy or sell something

Ví dụ:
  We only [handle] cosmetics that have not been tested on animals.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Few merchants travelled the entire route; goods were handled mostly by a series of

middlemen.

harvest (v) /'hɑːvɪst/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thu hoạch =to cut and gather a crop; to catch a number of animals or fish to eat

Ví dụ:

 In the US, winter wheat is [harvested] in the early summer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were

responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving.

hollow (adj) /'hɒləʊ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

rỗng =having a hole or empty space inside

Ví dụ:

 The [hollow] glass tank contains hot mercury vapour.

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to another legend, monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled

silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow

bamboo walking canes.

industrialization (n) /ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪ'zeɪʃn/ UK

US
Định nghĩa:

sự công nghiệp hóa =the process of developing industries in a country or an area

Ví dụ:

 They created a range of products in this new and alien environment but ultimately struggled with

the [industrialization] within the ceramics industry.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry.

interrupt (v) /ˌɪntə'rʌpt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

làm gián đoạn =to stop something for a short time

Ví dụ:

 We [interrupt] this programme to bring you an important news bulletin.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the

European silk industry.

lucrative (adj) /'luːkrətɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có lợi, sinh lợi =producing a large amount of money; making a large profit

Ví dụ:

 She advised us to look abroad for more [lucrative] business ventures.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk

Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wool to the East.
magnificent (adj) /mæg'nɪfɪsnt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

tuyệt đẹp =extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise

Ví dụ:

 a [magnificent] view

Ghi chú:

In passage: Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in

the process.

manmade (adj) /ˈmænˈmeɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

do con người làm ra, nhân tạo =made by people; not natural

Ví dụ:

 All study sites show evidence of past fires, probably attributable to both natural and [man-made]

causes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what

had traditionally been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes.

merchandise (n) /'m3ːtʃəndaɪz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hàng hóa =goods that are bought or sold; goods that are for sale in a shop

Ví dụ:

 This store has a wide selection of [merchandise] for sale.

Ghi chú:

In passage: From there, the merchandise was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea
monopoly (n) /mə'nɒpəlɪ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

độc quyền =the complete control of trade in particular goods or the supply of a particular service; a type of

goods or a service that is controlled in this way

Ví dụ:

 There are laws to stop companies becoming [monopolies].

Ghi chú:

In passage: The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese, however, and for many centuries the

weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly.

precious (adj) /'preʃəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

quý giá =of great value because of being rare, expensive, or important

Ví dụ:

 Clean water is a [precious] commodity in many parts of the world.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be

worth more than gold.

raw material (n) /rɔː mə'tɪərɪəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nguyên liệu thô =a basic material that is used to make a product

Ví dụ:

 The cost of [raw materials] was going up.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the

European silk industry.

rear (v) /rɪər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nuôi =to keep and breed (= produce young from) animals or birds, for example on a farm

Ví dụ:

 The young crocodiles were [reared] indoors at a constant temperature of 32°C.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Subsequently, she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of

mulberry trees.

reputation (n) /ˌrepjʊ'teɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

danh tiếng =the opinion that people have about what somebody/something is like, based on what has

happened in the past

Ví dụ:

 She has a [reputation] for open-mindedness and original thinking.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Even now, silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed

reputation.

responsible for (adj) /rɪ'spɒnsəbl

fɔːr/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

Là nguyên nhân; gây ra =being the cause of something

Ví dụ:
  An investigation into the contamination of the water supply revealed that fracking was [responsible].

Ghi chú:

In passage: One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she

discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees.

restricted (adj) /rɪ'strɪktɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chỉ dành cho =limited, especially by official rules, laws, etc

Ví dụ:

 Membership is [restricted] to (= it is only for) chief executive officers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were

responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving.

royalty (n) /'roɪəltɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hoàng gia =one or more members of a royal family

Ví dụ:

 Her father is descended from Greek [royalty].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally, only royalty were entitled to have

clothes made of silk.

rule over (phr v) /ruːl 'əʊvər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thống trị, điều hành =To exercise absolute authority or control over someone or something
Ví dụ:

 He had visions of [ruling over] the company when he took the promotion, but he actually had very

little power in running the day-to-day operations.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The secret of silk-making eventually reached the rest of the world via the Byzantine Empire,

which ruled over the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the

period 330—1453 AD.

smooth (adj) /smuːð/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mềm mượt =completely flat and even, without any rough areas or holes

Ví dụ:

 This cream makes even the roughest hands silky [smooth].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the cocoons – soft protective shells – that are

made by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae).

smuggle (v) /'smʌgl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

buôn lậu =to take, send or bring goods or people secretly and illegally into or out of a country, etc.

Ví dụ:

 Four more Britons were jailed in France yesterday for trying to [smuggle] illegal immigrants into

England.

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to another legend, monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled

silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow

bamboo walking canes.

solely (adv) /'səʊlɪ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

chỉ =only; not involving somebody/something else

Ví dụ:

 The administration's energy plan is focused [solely] on drilling for oil.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were

responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving.

spread (v) /spred/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

lan truyền khắp, truyền bá =to affect or make something affect, be known by, or be used by more and more

people

Ví dụ:

 The virus is [spread] through contact with blood and other body fluids.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Silk production thus spread through Africa, Sicily and Spain as the Arabs swept through these

lands.

stifle (v) /'staɪfəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kìm hãm =to prevent something from happening; to prevent a feeling from being expressed

Ví dụ:

 We should be encouraging new ideas, not [stifling] them.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the

European silk industry.

subsequently (adv) /'sʌbsɪkwəntlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

rồi sau đó =afterwards; later; after something else has happened

Ví dụ:

 In 1982 he was arrested and [subsequently] convicted on drug trafficking charges.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Subsequently, she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of

mulberry trees.

thread (n) /θred/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sợi tơ, sợi chỉ =a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth

Ví dụ:

 It takes practice to use a needle and [thread] well.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had

collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread.

unravel (v) /ʌn'rævəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bung ra, tách ra =to separate into threads, or to separate the fibers of a thread, rope, or cloth

Ví dụ:

 The stairway carpet is so frayed it [threatens] to unravel.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had

collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread.

weave (v) /wiːv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dệt =to make cloth, a carpet, a basket, etc. by crossing threads or narrow pieces of material across, over

and under each other by hand or on a machine called a loom

Ví dụ:

 It takes great skill to [weave] a basket from/out of rushes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were

responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving.

wind (v) /waɪnd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cuộn, quấn =to wrap or twist something around itself or something else

Ví dụ:

 He [wound] a small bandage round her finger.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers.

worth (adj) /w3ːθ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có giá trị =having a value in money, etc.

Ví dụ:
  Thieves broke the shop window and carried off jewellery [worth] thousands of pounds.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be

worth more than gold.

CAM 11 Test 3: Great Migrations

Animal migration sự di cư , however it is defined định nghĩa , is far more than just the movement of animals. It can
loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals – often in an annual hằng năm cycle – that
may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It
suggests inherited được thừa hưởng instinct bản năng . The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics
that apply, in varying degrees and combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged kéo dài movements
that carry animals outside familiar habitats môi trường sống ; they tend to be linear theo đường thẳng , not zigzaggy;
they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand
special allocations sự phân bổ of energy. And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense cao độ, mãnh
liệt attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by temptations sự cám
dỗ and undeterred không nản chí by challenges that would turn other animals aside.

An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will take
no notice of không chú ý đến a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way. While local
gulls will dive voraciously ngấu nghiến for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists kiềm chế,
cưỡng lại distraction because it is driven điều khiển at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we
humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is determined lập trình/xác định to reach its
destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the
journey; its undivided trọn vẹn, hoàn toàn intent ý định, mục đích is arrival.

Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged cùng đổ về, hội tụ ,
will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in
which it can successfully hatch ấp trứng and rear offspring con cái .

But migration is a complex phức tạp issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts
of animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American pronghorn
and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts:
‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again’. Generally the reason
for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek tìm kiếm resources that aren’t available within a single
area year-round quanh năm suốt tháng .

But daily vertical theo chiều dọc movements by zooplankton in the ocean – upward by night to seek food,
downward by day to escape predators kẻ săn mồi – can also be considered migration. So can the movement
of aphids when, having depleted làm cạn kiệt the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly
onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate phức tạp, khó hiểu than
Berger’s, citing those five features đặc điểm, nét đặc trưng that distinguish phân biệt migration from other forms of
movement. They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive nhạy cảm to blue light (from
the sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected
from tender mềm, non young leaves) when it’s appropriate phù hợp, thích hợp to land. Birds will fatten themselves
with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it
focuses attention on what the phenomenon hiện tượng of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of
the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution sự tiến hóa has
produced them all.

Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental có hại, bất lợi cho impact on animal migration. The
pronghorn, which resembles giống, tương tự với an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land
mammal of the New World. One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton
National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a
river, and down onto the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown
clear of snow. These pronghorn are notable đáng chú ý for the invariance of their migration route and
the severity sự khắc nghiệt of its constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t pass through each of the three
during their spring migration, they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass through
again in autumn, escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in
the deep snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from
predators, traverse băng qua, đi qua high, open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the
bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide,
filled with private homes. Increasing development is leading toward a crisis sự khủng hoảng for the pronghorn,
threatening to choke off their passageway.

Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park
Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve bảo tồn, duy trì lâu dài migrational behaviours, not just
species and habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes
across its land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can
control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the
challenge is complicated further – by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders,
more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can
continue their journeying a while longer.

allocation (n) /ˌælə'keɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự phân bổ =the action or process of distributing something.

Ví dụ:

 The government has made supplementary [allocations] to food and fuel subsidies.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be

linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and

arrival; they demand special allocations of energy.

annual (adj) /'ænjʊəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hằng năm =happening or done once every year

Ví dụ:

 The government have just launched their [annual] Christmas campaign to stop drunken driving.

Ghi chú:
In passage: It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals – often in an annual

cycle – that may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey.

appropriate (adj) /ə'prəʊprɪeɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phù hợp, thích hợp =suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances

Ví dụ:

 Please complete the [appropriate] parts of this form and return it as soon as possible.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the

sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young

leaves) when it’s appropriate to land.

complex (adj) /'kɒmpleks/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phức tạp =made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand

Ví dụ:

 It's a very [complex] issue to which there is no straightforward answer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what

sorts of animals they study.

converge (v) /kən'v3ːdʒ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cùng đổ về, hội tụ =to move towards a place from different directions and meett

Ví dụ:
  The paths all [converge] at the main gate of the park.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged,

will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in

which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

crisis (n) /'kraɪsɪs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự khủng hoảng =a time of great danger, difficulty or doubt when problems must be solved or important

decisions must be made

Ví dụ:

 The government is attempting to solve the debt [crisis] through spending cuts.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off

their passageway.

define (v) /dɪ'faɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

định nghĩa =to describe or show the nature or range of somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 The borderline between friendship and intimacy is often hard to [define].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals.

deplete (v) /dɪ'pliːt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
làm cạn kiệt =to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a

large amount

Ví dụ:

 If we continue to [deplete] the earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the

environment.

Ghi chú:

In passage: So can the movement of aphids when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant,

their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

determine (v) /dɪ't3ːmɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

lập trình/xác định =to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen

Ví dụ:

 The number of staff we can take on will be [determined] by how much money we're allowed to

spend.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In other words, it is determined to reach its destination.

detrimental (adj) /ˌdetrɪ'mentl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có hại, bất lợi cho =harmful

Ví dụ:

 These chemicals have a [detrimental] effect/impact on the environment.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animal migration.

distinguish (v) /dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

phân biệt =to recognize the difference between two people or things

Ví dụ:

 It's not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that [distinguishes] him from other tenors.

Ghi chú:

In passage: His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration

from other forms of movement.

drive (v) /draɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

điều khiển =to force someone or something to go somewhere or do something

Ví dụ:

 They used dogs to [drive] the sheep into a pen.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of

something we humans find admirable: larger purpose.

evolution (n) /ˌiːvə'luːʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự tiến hóa =the slow steady development of plants, animals, etc. during the history of the earth, as they

adapt to changes in their environment

Ví dụ:

 The new telescope has helped us to understand more about the [evolution] of the universe.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon

of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers

towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

feature (n) /'fiːtʃər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đặc điểm, nét đặc trưng =something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing

Ví dụ:

 The town's main [features] are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.

Ghi chú:

In passage: His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration

from other forms of movement.

habitat (n) /'hæbɪtæt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

môi trường sống =the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

Ví dụ:

 With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural [habitat].

Ghi chú:

In passage: They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be

linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and

arrival; they demand special allocations of energy.

hatch (v) /hætʃ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ấp trứng =to make a young bird, fish, insect, etc. come out of an egg

Ví dụ:
  The female must find a warm place to [hatch] her eggs.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged,

will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in

which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

inherited (adj) /ɪn'herɪtɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

được thừa hưởng =to have qualities, physical features, etc. that are similar to those of your parents,

grandparents, etc.

Ví dụ:

 inherited money/property/wealth

Ghi chú:

In passage: It suggests inherited instinct.

instinct (n) /ˌɪn'stɪŋkt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bản năng =a natural quality that makes people and animals tend to behave in a particular way using the

knowledge and abilities that they were born with rather than thought or training

Ví dụ:

 It is [instinct] that tells the birds when to begin their migration.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It suggests inherited instinct.

intense (adj) /ɪn'tens/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
cao độ, mãnh liệt =very great; very strong

Ví dụ:

 The President is under [intense] pressure to resign.

Ghi chú:

In passage: And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission,

which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals

aside.

intent (n) /ɪn'tent/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ý định, mục đích =what you intend to do

Ví dụ:

 She was charged with possessing weapons with [intent] to endanger life.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.

intricate (adj) /'ɪntrɪkət/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phức tạp, khó hiểu =having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together

Ví dụ:

 He describes an [intricate] system for charting progress.

Ghi chú:

In passage: His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration

from other forms of movement.

linear (adj) /'lɪnɪər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

theo đường thẳng =of or in lines

Ví dụ:

 The garden has very [linear] paths.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be

linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and

arrival; they demand special allocations of energy.

migration (n) /maɪ'greɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự di cư =the movement every year of large numbers of birds or animals from one place to another

Ví dụ:

 Some old roads follow the paths of seasonal animal [migrations].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals.

notable (adj) /'nəʊtəbl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đáng chú ý =deserving to be noticed or to receive attention; important

Ví dụ:

 This attractive building is particularly [notable] for its woodland setting.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its

constriction at three bottlenecks.

offspring (n) /'ɒfsprɪŋ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

con cái =the young of an animal or plant

Ví dụ:

 In the case of the guinea pig, the number of [offspring] varies between two and five.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged,

will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in

which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

phenomenon (n) /fɪ'nɒmɪnən/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hiện tượng =a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood

Ví dụ:

 There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent [phenomenon].

Ghi chú:

In passage: The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon

of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers

towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

predator (n) /'predətər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kẻ săn mồi =an animal that kills and eats other animals

Ví dụ:

 The lack of a shell leaves the larvae unprotected against [predators].

Ghi chú:
In passage: But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean – upward by night to seek food,

downward by day to escape predators – can also be considered migration.

preserve (v) /prɪ'z3ːv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bảo tồn, duy trì lâu dài =to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept

Ví dụ:

 He was insistent on [preserving] the integrity of the brand.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s

National Park Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just

species and habitats.

prolonged (adj) /prə'lɒŋd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kéo dài =continuing for a long time

Ví dụ:

 In many parts of the country, frosts were severe and [prolonged].

Ghi chú:

In passage: They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be

linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and

arrival; they demand special allocations of energy.

resemble (v) /rɪ'zembl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giống, tương tự với =to look like or be similar to another person or thing

Ví dụ:
  The finished model should [resemble] the one in the picture.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The pronghorn, which resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land

mammal of the New World.

resist (v) /rɪ'zɪst/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kiềm chế, cưỡng lại =to stop yourself from having something you like or doing something you very much

want to do

Ví dụ:

 She couldn't [resist] laughing at him in those clothes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of

something we humans find admirable: larger purpose.

seek (v) /siːk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tìm kiếm =to try to obtain or achieve something

Ví dụ:

 Hundreds of dissidents are [seeking] refuge/asylum in the US embassy.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that

aren’t available within a single area year-round.

sensitive (adj) /'sensətɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
nhạy cảm =reacting quickly or more than usual to something

Ví dụ:

 He was very [sensitive] about his scar and thought everyone was staring at him.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the

sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young

leaves) when it’s appropriate to land.

severity (n) /sɪ'verɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự khắc nghiệt =the fact of being extremely difficult and requiring a lot of skill or ability

Ví dụ:

 The [severity] of the task ahead became apparent.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its

constriction at three bottlenecks.

take no notice of (phrase) /teɪk nəʊ 'nəʊtɪs

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

không chú ý đến =pay no attention to someone or something

Ví dụ:

 I was so distracted with thoughts of tomorrow's exam that I [took no notice of] where I was walking

and stepped right out into the road!

Ghi chú:

In passage: An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic

circle, will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way.
temptation (n) /temp'teɪʃn/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

sự cám dỗ =a thing that makes somebody want to do or have something that they know is bad or wrong

Ví dụ:

 He knew it was wrong to steal, but the money just lying there was too great a [temptation].

Ghi chú:

In passage: And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission,

which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals

aside.

tender (adj) /'tendər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mềm, non =easily hurt or damaged

Ví dụ:

 My arm was very [tender] after the injection.

Ghi chú:

In passage: They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the

sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young

leaves) when it’s appropriate to land.

traverse (v) /'træv3ːs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

băng qua, đi qua =to cross an area of land or water

Ví dụ:

 The guests are obliged to [traverse] a vast hall.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high,

open shoulders of land, where they can see and run.

undeterred (adj) /ˌʌndɪ't3ːd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

không nản chí =if somebody is undeterred by something, they do not allow it to stop them from doing

something

Ví dụ:

 If they want more to eat, then they can just work longer hours, [undeterred] by disability or

unemployment.

Ghi chú:

In passage: And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission,

which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals

aside.

undivided (adj) /ˌʌndɪ'vaɪdɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trọn vẹn, hoàn toàn =total; complete; not divided

Ví dụ:

 Just as soon as I’ve finished this letter, I’ll give you my [undivided] attention.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.

vertical (adj) /'v3ːtɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

theo chiều dọc =going straight up or down from a level surface or from top to bottom in a picture, etc.
Ví dụ:

 Rotate it slowly from the horizontal into a [vertical] position.

Ghi chú:

In passage: But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean – upward by night to seek food,

downward by day to escape predators – can also be considered migration.

voraciously (adv) /və'reɪʃəslɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ngấu nghiến =in a way that involves eating or wanting large amounts of food

Ví dụ:

 Catching the fish was easy since they always seemed [voraciously] hungry.

Ghi chú:

In passage: While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on.

year-round (adv) /year-round*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

quanh năm suốt tháng =during the whole of the year

Ví dụ:

 While programs may be available [year-round], there are generally more programs offered in the

spring months.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that

aren’t available within a single area year-round.

CAM 11 Test 3: Preface to ‘How to the other half

thinks?’ Adventures in mathematical reasoning
A
Occasionally thỉnh thoảng, đôi khi , in some difficult musical compositions, there are beautiful, but easy parts –
parts so simple a beginner could play them. So it is with mathematics as well. There are some discoveries
in advanced nâng cao mathematics that do not depend on specialized chuyên môn knowledge, not even thậm
chí on algebra đại số , geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little arithmetic số học ,
such as ‘the sum of two odd lẻ numbers is even’, and common sense. Each of the eight chapters in this
book illustrates minh họa, làm rõ this phenomenon. Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning lập luận .

The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary cơ bản arithmetic, and sometimes not even
that. Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate Đánh giá
đúng, hiểu rõ giá trị the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical theo lôgic; hợp lý ,
yet intuitive mang tính trực giác , style of thinking.

One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and enjoy
real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking. I want to reveal tiết lộ not only
some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more importantly, the reasoning behind them.

In that respect trên phương diện đó, trong phạm vi đó , this book differs from most books on mathematics written for
the general public. Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Others describe important
applications of mathematics. Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume giả định that the reader
is adept giỏi, thành thạo in using algebra.

I hope this book will help bridge that notorious mang tiếng xấu gap thu hẹp khoảng cách that separates chia tách the two
cultures: the humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain
(analytical, numerical). As the chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and
numerical; intuition plays a significant role đóng vai trò quan trọng . The alleged được cho là, bị cho là gap can
be narrowed Thu hẹp, làm hẹp lại or completely overcome khắc phục, vượt qua by anyone, in part because each of us
is far from using the full capacity khả năng tiếp thu, khả năng thu nhận of either side of the brain. To illustrate our
human potential, I cite đưa ví dụ về a structural engineer who is an artist, an electrical engineer who is an opera
singer, an opera singer who published mathematical research, and a mathematician who publishes short
stories.

Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had
to omit bỏ qua the mathematics, although it provides the foundation nền tảng of their theories. The reader must
remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant, since the appropriate language for
describing the details in much of science is mathematics, whether the subject is expanding universe,
subatomic particles, or chromosomes. Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched
intuitively, when a part of the physical universe is finally understood, its description often looks like a page in
a mathematics text.

Still, the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning. This book presents
the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking, which involves sustained, step-by-step analysis,
experiments, and insights. You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a
newspaper. It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out tiến hành, thực
hiện experiments.

As I wrote, I kept in mind luôn ghi nhớ two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they
were turned off làm mất hứng by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and
mathematics aficionados người yêu mến, người hâm mộ cuồng nhiệt , who will find much that is new throughout the
book.

This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen rèn giũa their analytical skills kỹ năng phân tích . Many
careers, such as law and medicine, require extended, precise chính xác analysis. Each chapter offers practice
in following a sustained and closely argued line of thought. That mathematics can develop this skill is shown
by these two testimonials:

A physician wrote, ‘The discipline sự rèn luyện trí óc of analytical thought processes [in mathematics] prepared
me extremely well for medical school. In medicine one is faced with a problem which must be thoroughly
analyzed before a solution can be found. The process is similar to doing mathematics.’

A lawyer made the same point, “Although I had no background nền tảng, kinh nghiệm in law – not even one
political science course — I did well at one of the best law schools. I attribute cho rằng, quy cho much of my
success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and, in particular, theorems, how to
analyze complicated principles Nguyên lý, nguyên tắc . Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master sử dụng
thành thạo, nắm vững the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’

I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to remarkable phi thường,
xuất sắc solutions and purely đơn thuần là/chỉ là theoretical thuộc lý thuyết discoveries find unanticipated Không dự kiến
trước, bất ngờ applications sự ứng dụng .

adept (adj) /'ædept/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giỏi, thành thạo =good at doing something that is quite difficult

Ví dụ:

 Tamsin Palmer gave a technically [adept] performance on the piano.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using

algebra.

advanced (adj) /əd'vɑːnst/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nâng cao =at a high or difficult level

Ví dụ:

 He hopes to pursue an [advanced] degree in economics.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.
aficionado (n) /əˌfiʃjəˈnɑˌdoʊ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

người yêu mến, người hâm mộ cuồng nhiệt =a person who likes a particular sport, activity or subject very

much and knows a lot about it

Ví dụ:

 Jazz [aficionados] gathered at the Hollywood Bowl last night for a tribute concert.

Ghi chú:

In passage: As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they were

turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will find

much that is new throughout the book.

algebra (n) /'ældʒɪbrə/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đại số =a type of mathematics in which letters and symbols are used to represent quantities

Ví dụ:

 She had survived [algebra] in the tenth grade, barely managing a B after a flurry of good test

scores at the end of the school year.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.

alleged (adj) /ə'ledʒd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

được cho là, bị cho là =said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you

have no proof
Ví dụ:

 He is being hunted by police for his [alleged] involvement in several murders.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of

us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.

analytical skill (phrase) /ˌænə'lɪtɪkl

skɪl/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

kỹ năng phân tích =the ability to quickly identify cause and effect relationships

Ví dụ:

 [Analytical skills] are problem-solving qualities that any person must have in the work environment

Ghi chú:

In passage: This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills

application (n) /ˌæplɪ'keɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự ứng dụng =the practical use of something, especially a theory, discovery, etc.

Ví dụ:

 The new technology has many [applications].

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to

remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

appreciate (v) /ə'priːʃɪeɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
Đánh giá đúng, hiểu rõ giá trị =to recognize the good qualities of somebody/something

Ví dụ:

 Over the years he came to [appreciate] the beauty and tranquillity of the river.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate

the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.

arithmetic (n) /ə'rɪθmətɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

số học =the type of mathematics that deals with the adding, multiplying, etc. of numbers

Ví dụ:

 She was taught reading, writing and [arithmetic] at the village school.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.

assume (v) /ə'sjuːm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giả định =to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it

Ví dụ:

 We can't [assume] the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using

algebra.
attribute (v) /ə'trɪbjuːt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

cho rằng, quy cho =to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing

Ví dụ:

 Her success can be [attributed] to three main factors.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I attribute much of my success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and,

in particular, theorems, how to analyze complicated principles.

background (n) /'bækgraʊnd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nền tảng, kinh nghiệm =your experience of education

Ví dụ:

 As well as a sound [background] in economics and statistics, the candidate must demonstrate an

ability to communicate effectively.

Ghi chú:

In passage: A lawyer made the same point, “Although I had no background in law – not even one political

science course — I did well at one of the best law schools.

bridge the gap (idiom) /brɪdʒ ðə gæp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thu hẹp khoảng cách =to reduce or get rid of the differences that exist between two things or groups of

people

Ví dụ:

 The new degree course aims to [bridge the gap between] education and industry.

Ghi chú:
In passage: I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the

humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical,

numerical).

capacity (n) /kə'pæsɪtɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khả năng tiếp thu, khả năng thu nhận =the ability to understand or to do something

Ví dụ:

 He suffered a stroke in 2008, which left him unable to speak, but his mental [capacity] wasn't

affected.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of

us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.

carry out (phr v) /'kærɪ aʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tiến hành, thực hiện =to do something that you have said you will do or have been asked to do

Ví dụ:

 Extensive tests have been [carried out] on the patient.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.

cite (v) /saɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đưa ví dụ về =to mention something as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying

Ví dụ:
  He [cited] his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown.

Ghi chú:

In passage: To illustrate our human potential, I cite a structural engineer who is an artist, an electrical

engineer who is an opera singer, an opera singer who published mathematical research, and a

mathematician who publishes short stories.

discipline (n) /'dɪsɪplɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự rèn luyện trí óc =a method of training your mind or body or of controlling your behaviour; an area of

activity where this is necessary

Ví dụ:

 Yoga is a good [discipline] for learning to relax.

Ghi chú:

In passage: A physician wrote, ‘The discipline of analytical thought processes [in mathematics] prepared me

extremely well for medical school.

elementary (adj) /ˌelɪ'mentərɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cơ bản =of the most basic kind

Ví dụ:

 This book contains a series of [elementary] exercises for learners.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic, and sometimes not even

that.

even (adj) /'iːvn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thậm chí =used to show that something is surprising, unusual, unexpected, or extreme

Ví dụ:

 I don't [even] know where it is.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.

foundation (n) /faʊn'deɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nền tảng =a principle, an idea or a fact that something is based on and that it grows from

Ví dụ:

 This agreement laid a sound [foundation] for future cooperation between the two countries.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily

had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.

illustrate (v) /'ɪləstreɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

minh họa, làm rõ =to make the meaning of something clearer by using examples, pictures, etc.

Ví dụ:

 The incident graphically [illustrates] just how dangerous the situation in the war zone has become.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon. Anyone can understand

every step in the reasoning.

in that respect (phrase) /ɪn ðæt
rɪ'spekt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

trên phương diện đó, trong phạm vi đó =in that matter

Ví dụ:

 The children are not unintelligent–in fact, they seem quite normal [in that respect].

Ghi chú:

In passage: In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public.

intuitive (adj) /ɪn'tjuːɪtɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mang tính trực giác =(of ideas) obtained by using your feelings rather than by considering the facts

Ví dụ:

 Some students have an [intuitive] grasp of mathematical concepts.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate

the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.

keep in mind (idiom) /kiːp ɪn maɪnd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

luôn ghi nhớ =to remember somebody/something; to remember or consider that…

Ví dụ:

 Of course, repair work is expensive and you have to [keep that in mind].

Ghi chú:
In passage: As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they were

turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will find

much that is new throughout the book.

logical (adj) /'lɒdʒɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

theo lôgic; hợp lý =following or able to follow the rules of logic in which ideas or facts are based on other

true ideas or facts

Ví dụ:

 Students need the ability to construct a [logical] argument.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate

the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.

master (v) /'mɑːstər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sử dụng thành thạo, nắm vững =to learn or understand something completely

Ví dụ:

 She lived in Italy for several years but never quite [mastered] the language.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master the legal principles in a way that most

others cannot.

narrow (v) /'nærəʊ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Thu hẹp, làm hẹp lại =to become or make something more limited in range or extent

Ví dụ:
  They have [narrowed] the focus of the investigation, to concentrate on younger adults.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of

us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.

notorious (adj) /nəʊ'tɔːrɪəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mang tiếng xấu =widely and unfavorably known

Ví dụ:

 The canal is [notorious] for its pollution.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the

humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical,

numerical).

occasionally (adv) /ə'keɪʒənəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thỉnh thoảng, đôi khi =sometimes but not often

Ví dụ:

 The celebrations usually lasted a week but [occasionally] went on longer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, there are beautiful, but easy parts – parts

so simple a beginner could play them.

odd (adj) /ɒd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
lẻ =that cannot be divided exactly by the number two

Ví dụ:

 The houses on this side of the street all have [odd] numbers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.

omit (v) /ə'mɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bỏ qua =to not include something/somebody, either deliberately or because you have forgotten it/them

Ví dụ:

 Some important details were deliberately [omitted] from the report.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily

had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.

overcome (v) /ˌəʊvə'kʌm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khắc phục, vượt qua =to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from

achieving something

Ví dụ:

 The plan was designed to help women and minorities [overcome] discrimination in the workplace.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of

us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.
play a significant role (phrase) /pleɪ eɪ
sɪg'nɪfɪkənt rəʊl/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

đóng vai trò quan trọng =to be involved in something, especially in a way that is important.

Ví dụ:

 Regional managers [play a significant role] in developing a strategic framework.

Ghi chú:

In passage: As the chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and numerical;

intuition plays a significant role.

precise (adj) /prɪ'saɪs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chính xác =clear and accurate

Ví dụ:

 Machine-readable passports will permit [precise] identity-checking.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Many careers, such as law and medicine, require extended, precise analysis.

principle (n) /'prɪnsəpl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Nguyên lý, nguyên tắc =a law, a rule or a theory that something is based on

Ví dụ:

 The organization works on the [principle] that all members have the same rights.

Ghi chú:
In passage: I attribute much of my success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and,

in particular, theorems, how to analyze complicated principles.

purely (adv) /'pjʊəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đơn thuần là/chỉ là =only; completely

Ví dụ:

 We made this decision [purely] for financial reasons.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to

remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

reasoning (n) /'riːzənɪŋ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

lập luận =the process of thinking about things in a logical way; opinions and ideas that are based on logical

thinking

Ví dụ:

 The [reasoning] behind her conclusion is impossible to fault.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon. Anyone can understand

every step in the reasoning.

remarkable (adj) /rɪ'mɑːkəbl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phi thường, xuất sắc =unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice

Ví dụ:
  The workmanship which went into some of these pieces of furniture was truly [remarkable].

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to

remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

reveal (v) /rɪ'viːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tiết lộ =to show something that previously could not be seen

Ví dụ:

 Excavations at these sites have [revealed] impressive stone structures.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more importantly, the

reasoning behind them.

separate (v) /'seprət/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chia tách =to move apart; to make people or things move apart

Ví dụ:

 At school they always tried to [separate] Jane and me because we were troublemakers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the

humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical,

numerical).

sharpen (v) /'ʃɑːpən/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
rèn giũa =to become or make something better, more effective, etc. than before

Ví dụ:

 She's doing a course to [sharpen] her business skills.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills

specialized (adj) /'speʃəlaɪzd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chuyên môn =designed or developed for a particular purpose or area of knowledge

Ví dụ:

 The hospital is unable to provide the highly [specialized] care needed by very sick babies.

Ghi chú:

In passage: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized

knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little

arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense.

theoretical (adj) /θɪə'retɪkl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thuộc lý thuyết =connected with the ideas and principles on which a particular subject is based, rather than

with practice and experiment

Ví dụ:

 The threat of climate change is no longer merely [theoretical].

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to

remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

turn off (phr v) /t3ːn ɒf/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

làm mất hứng =to make somebody feel bored or not interested

Ví dụ:

 People had been [turned off] by both candidates in the election.

Ghi chú:

In passage: As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they were

turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will find

much that is new throughout the book.

unanticipated (adj) /ˌʌnæn'tɪsɪpeɪtɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Không dự kiến trước, bất ngờ =that you have not expected or predicted

Ví dụ:

 The theater has been hit with a sudden and [unanticipated] loss in ticket revenue from the

decrease in tourism.

Ghi chú:

In passage: I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to

remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.