4.1 ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (ENGLISH) THEOREM STATEMENT ‘ACCEPTABLE REASONS) LINES "The adjacent angles on a stmight line are supplementary. Ze on asir line T?the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these angles form a straight line. adj 2's supp The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 3601. 2s rounda plORZS inary Vertically opposite angles are equal ver opp 2's = TFAB CD, then the alternate angles are equal alt 5; AB] CD TFAB | CD, then the corresponding angles are qual conesp 25; ABCD TFAB | CD, then the eo-interior angles are supplementary. co-int 25; ABCD then the lines are parallel. Trike alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the Tines [alt 2's = are parallel IF the corresponding angles belween two lines are equal, thon the | corresp 2% — lines are parallel. TT the co-interior angles between two lines are supplementary, | coint Z's supp TRIANGLES "The inlerior angles of a tangle are supplementary. Zaumia AORsimof Zs mh OR Int 2's. "The exterior angle of triangle is equal lo the sum of the interior opposite angles. ext Zs ofA "The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles Wangle are Ze opp equal sides ihe equal angles in an isosceles triangle are ‘Sidks opp equal 25 Tnaright-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to | Pythagoras OR the sum of the squares of the other two sides. ‘Theorem of Pythagoras Tithe square of the longest side in a tangle is equal to the sum of Converse Pythagoras the squares of the other two sides then the triangle is right-angled. | OR Converse Theorem of Pythagoras If thrce sides off one triangle are respectively equal to three sides | SSS of another triangle, the triangles are congruent Tf two sides and an included angle of one triangle are SASORSZS respectively equal to two sides and an included angle of another triangle, the triangles are congruent. Trio angles and one side of one Wiangle are respectively equal] AAS OR 22S to two angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the triangles are congrucal. Thin two right-angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of | RUS OR 9HS cone triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other, the triangles are congruentTHEOREM STATEMENT “ACCEPTABLE REASON(S) "The line segment joining the midpoinis of two sides of a wiangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side “Midpt Theorem ‘The line drawn from the midpoint of ene side of a wiangle, | parallel to another side, bisects the third side. Tine through midpt to 2 side ‘A line drawn parallel to one side ofa triangle divides the other Tine J one side oF Al two sides proportionally. oR prop theorem: name [lines Tha line divides two sides ofa tangle im the same proportion, | line divides two sides of Aim prop then the line is parallel tothe third side. IF two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar). T) 4's OR equiangular As Ifthe corresponding sides of twa triangles are proportional, then the triangles are equiangular (and consequently the tangles are similar). ‘Sides of Bin prop TF triangles (or parallclograms) arc on the same base (or om Bases (of equal length) and between the sare parallel lines, then the triangles (or parallelograms) have equal areas. Same base; same height OR equal bases; equal height ‘CIRCLES, "Thi tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radiusi/diameter oF the circle at the point of contact. tan Indie tan diameter fa line is drawn perpendicalar to a radius/diameter atthe point where the radiusdiameter meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the circle, TineL dius OR comverse fan L radius OR converse tan Ldiameter "The Tine drawn from the centre of = chord is perpendicular to the chord. Tete the midpoint Fa Tine from contre to midptof chord “The line drawn from the centre of chord bisects the chord. role perpendicular to @ Tine from contre to chord "The perpendicular bisector af a chord passes through the centre of| the circle; perp bisector oF chord "The angle sublended by an arc at the contre oF a circles double the size of the angle subtended by the same are at the circle (an the same side of the chord as the centre) Zateene= 26a wt circumference “The angle subtended by the diameter atthe circumference of the circle is 90 Zs in semi-circle OR diameter subtends right angle OR ein 30 Tike angle subiended by a chord at the cireumference of the circle is 905, then the chord is a diameter chord subiends 907 OR converse 2's in semi-circle “Angles subiended by a chord of the cicle, on the same Side of the chord, are equal Ze in the same seg Ifa line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at wo points on the same side of the line segment, them the four points are concyelic. Tine subiends equal 2s OR converse 2's in the same seg Equal chords subiend equall angles at the circumference of the circle. ‘equal chords; equal 2 Equal chords subiend equall angles at the centre of the circle. ‘equal chords; equal 25 Equal chords in equal circles subiend equal angles at the circumference of the circles. ‘equal circles; equal chords; equal zsTHEOREM STATEMENT “ACCEPTABLE REASONS) Equal chords in equal circles subiend equal angles af the cenire of the circles. ‘equal circles; equal chords; equal 2s ‘The opposite angles of eyelie quadiilateral are supplementary ‘Opp 2s of eyelic quad Ifthe opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is eyelic. ‘Opp 2's quad supp OR converse opp 2's of eyelic quad ‘The exterior angle of a cycle quadelateral is equal to the interior opposite angle ext Z of eyelic quad Ifthe exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior ‘opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. ext = intopp 2 OR converse ext ¢ of eyclic quad ‘Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length “Tans from common ptOR ‘Tans from same pt ‘The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment, Tan chord theorem Ifa line is drawn through the end-point ofa chord, making with the chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then the line isa tangent to the circle ‘converse tan chord theorem OR between line and chord ‘QUADRITATERALS ‘The interior angles of a quadeilateral add up to 360. Sum oF 28 in quad “The opposite sides ofa parallelogram are parallel. ‘opp sides of [im the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the ‘opp sides of quad are quadrilateral is parallelogram. “The opposite sides ofa parallelogram are equal ia length. ‘opp sides of em Ifthe opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal , then the ‘opp sides of quad are quadrilateral is a parallelogram. oR converse opp sides of a parm ‘The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal opp 2's af jim Ifthe opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the opp 2's of quad are = OR quadrilateral is a parallelogearn. converse opp angles of a parm “The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other Gag of jm Ifthe diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the diags of quad bisect each other quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR converse diags of a parm fone pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ‘Bie Of opp sides = and | ‘The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. lag bisect area of fam ‘The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. iags of rhombus “The diagonals of a thombus bisect the interior angles. “All four sides of rhombus are equal in length, ‘All four sides of a square are equal in length. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length, ‘The diagonals of a kite intersect at ightangles. ‘A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal diag of kite ‘A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles diag of kite