Tips To Mechanical Engineer

Graphic Communications,
Vasant, Bramhagiri Society, Jail Road, Nashik Road 422101 [India], Tel: +91-253-2410381 Email: graphcom_nsk@yahoo.com / graphcomnsk@gmail.com Web Site: http://www.box.net/mechdesign
These tips in details are available in Handbook this is just to brush up .. While working in industry for last 20 years, I found youngster has forgotten many basic things. We all are required to read books on fundamental principals..We dont know when we are going to require the knowledge we learned in past .. Lets be prepared in the edge of RoboticsWorking Experience can not be excuse for brushing your knowledge.
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Document Created by: Mahesh P Deshmukh. Mobile: 91-9922626781 This document is sole property of Graphic Communications and can not be created or published without written permission, under the copyright act.
Machinery Foundation
Definition of foundation:
A foundation generally may be defined as the base or support upon which anything may rest. A building for example is supported by a base (concrete or other strong material) at its lowest point; it is this base which is termed as foundation. There are certain fundamental requirements which are common to all machinery foundations, and these are follows:
They must carry the applied load without any settlement or crushing. They must maintain true alignment with any power communication mechanism. They must absorb all the vibrations and noise which may be caused by inertia or unbalanced force.
Safe Load on various substances Substance Tons / ft

Made up of ground Quick sand, alluvial soil etc Soft clay Ordinary earth Clay in thick bed or dry Soft friable rock Hard coarse gravel Clay in thick beds, dry Ordinary rock Firm coarse sand and gravel Hard compact rock 0.5 0.5 to 1 1 to 2 1.5 to 2 2 to 4 3 to 5 4 to 7 4 to 6 5 to 15 6 to 8 20 to 30
Safe Load on foundations material Material Tons/ft

Portland Cement, Concrete 5:1 Portland Cement, Concrete 10:1 Concrete, 1:3:6 @ 60 days Concrete, 1:2:4 @ 60 days Ordinary Mortar Bricks in ordinary mortar Bricks in cement mortar Blue bricks in cement mortar Portland cement and sand mortar 1:3 Granite 15 7.5 6 10 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.75 15 72
Excavation necessary should be in every case be continued until a fine and fine and
solid sub soil has been found or this be impossible other methods such as piling or other strengthening may have to be restored to. If you are confused contact qualified Civil Engineer and avoids guess work.
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Foundations for heavy machinery are generally constructed of Solid Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Structural Steel.
Gas and Oil Engine Foundation:
Center Of Crankshaft Center Of Engine Floor
Rock
How to calculate Load on foundation? Load on foundation = Dead Load + Vacuum Load (for condensing units) + Wt. of foundation members + impact load Foundation Bolt or anchor bolts are squiring the machine rigidity to its foundation. Normally the foundation sizes are given in installation manual of machine to be installed.
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Power, Torque and Work

Work = Force X Distance Power = Work / Time Horse Power (HP) = FNR2 / 33000 = FNR / 5252 where F = Force, N = rpm, R = radius Torque = F x R, HP = TN / 5252 Refer Machinery Hand Book for more detailed explanations.
D F Work = F x D
F/2 D F Work = (F/2) x D Small Gear Large Gear Pulley F = HP x 5252 / (NxR) Where HP = horse power of motor N = rpm of motor R = radius of gear [PCD] in feet
Motor W Page 4 of 11
Belts and Pulleys:

Belt is defined as continues strip or band utilize for transmission of power from one pulley to another pulley. Generally belts are made up of Lather, Rubber, Cotton, Manila , Hemp, Steel. The pulley transmit power is called as driver pulley and which receive the power is called as driven pulley. The tendency of slipping, especially under heavy loads is often beneficial in that it will absorb a portion of shock of suddenly applied loads and thus protect, to some extend both driving and driven machine. Tanned or water proofed lather belts, fabric or rubber belts may be selected to meet particularly any atmospheric condition. In the installation of lather belts, precaution should be taken to put flesh side on the outside and the grain and smooth side towards pulley. V belt is endless belt, running on V formed grooves formed into the pulley surface. The belt speed in feet/min = x pulley diameter in inch x rpm / 12 Length of open belts = ( D/2) + ( d /2) + 2{C + [(D-d)/2]} Where D = diameter of large pulley, d = diameter of small pulley, C = center distance between pulley.
C For Cross belts the Length = [ + (x/90)] [ (D+d) / 2] + 2 C cos = in radians.
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Strength of Belts
T2
T1 HP = (T2-T1) x V / 33000 Where V = x D x N D = pulley diameter N = revolution per min = 3.141572 Belt Width Bw = HP x 800 / V
Pulley Diameter Vs Belt Thickness

Type of Belt
Light Single Medium Single Heavy Single Light Double Medium Double Heavy Double Medium Three ply Heavy Three ply
Thickness (inch)
1/8 to 5/32 5/32 to 3/16 3/16 to 7/32 to 9/32 5/16 3/8 9/16
Min Diameter of Pulley (inch)

3 4 5 6 10 16 30 36
Millwrights Rule: 1. A single belt 1 inch wide running @ 800 ft/min will deliver approximately 1 HP 2. A double belt 1 inch wide running @ 500 ft/min will deliver approximately 1 HP
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Belt Joints
Method of making joints: 1. Cementing 2. Lacing which may sub divided into various classes such as lap, butt, apron joints 3. Patented hook and plates
Drive arrangement and Belt Maintenance

Horizontal drives are always preferred. The sag of the upper side tends to increase the arc of contact of pulley. This sag should be 1 inch for every 10 ft. of the center distance between the shafts. Vertical drive should be avoided when the lower pulley is smaller. The best arrangement is 45. Necessary Information for estimate and recommendation of Belt Drive
H.P. Size of both pulley Speed in RPM Shaft Center distance Belt open or close Type and position of idler if used Inclination of drive (Angle in Deg.) Slack Side of belt (Top or Bottom) Type of pulley (stepped or flanged) Nature of drive, type of machinery Load fluctuation etc.
Belt Maintenance: Keep the belts tight, taking up of slack belts, running in new belts, cleaning of dirty belts, dressing of belts, maintenance of belt guards
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Shafts, coupling and bearing:

Rotating members may, however, be classified roughly according to the particular purpose for which they are intended as; 1. Axles loaded transversely and subjected principally to bending. 2. Shafts subjected to torsion or combination of torsion and bending. 3. Spindles which are directly carry a tool for actually doing work and as such must have accurate motion. Shaft subjected to torsional stress only. Factor of safety: For head shaft = 15, line shaft = 10, countershaft = 7 Allowable stress in steel shaft for above factors is approx. 4000, 6000, and 8500 respectively. Shaft Dia
d = 4.3 (HP/N) d = 3.75 (HP/N) d = 3.36 (HP/N)
Type of Shaft
Head Shaft Pulley carrying line shaft. Short outer shafts
Shaft subjected to bending only. Y = P x L / (3 x E x I) Y = P x L / (48 x E x I) Y = 5 W x L / (384 x E x I) Where Y = maximum deflection of beam in inches P = load in pounds W = total uniform load in pounds L = length of beam E = modulus of elasticity pounds/inch For cantilever beam For concentrated load at middle For uniformly distributed load
Shaft Coupling
Shaft coupling are used to fasten together the ends of two shafts so that the motion from one shaft may be transmitted to other. Coupling may be classified according to their function as permanent coupling, release coupling. Flange coupling: n = 3+ (D/2) Where n = no of bolts D = diameter of shaft in inch. Page 8 of 11
Universal coupling: Used when power transmitted is inclined or declined to the plane of one shaft. Main application is in automobile.
Bearing:
Bearing may be divided into two general classes as Journal Bearing. Thrust Bearing. Refer Manufacturers Catalog for installation and maintenance of the Bearing.
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Calculation tips for Mechanical Engineers

Electrical Formulae
Required
Amp when HP is known Amp when Kilowatt known Amp when KVA is known Kilowatt KVA HP output
DC Single Phase
(HP x 746) / (E x EFF) KW x 1000 / E (HP x 746) / (E x EFF x PF) KW x 1000 / (E x PF) KVA x 1000 / E I x E x PF / 1000 I x E / 1000 I x E x EFF x PF / 746
AC Two-phase [4 wire]
(HP x 746) / (2 x E x EFF x PF) KW x 1000/ (E x PF x 2) KVA x 1000 / (2 x E) I x E x PF x 2 / 1000 I x E x 2 / 1000 I x E x EFF x PF x 2 / 746
Three phase
(HP x 746) / (1.73 x E x EFF x PF) KW x 1000 / (E x PF x 1.73) KVA x 1000 / (1.73 x E) I x E x PF x 1.73 / 1000 I x E x 1.73/ 1000 I x E x EFF x PF x 1.73 / 746
I x E / 1000 I x E x EFF / 746
Where I = Amp, E = Volt, EFF = Efficiency expressed as decimal, HP = Horsepower, PF = Power factor, KW = Kilowatt, KVA = Kilovolt amp
Brake HP
Brake HP = PV / 33000 Where P = Weight in pounds L = length of lever arm in feet from the center of shaft N = rpm V = 2 x x L x N = velocity at point in feet/min @ distance L
Water HP
Water HP = Q x W x H / 550 Where Q = water flow [ft/ sec] W = wt of cubic unit of water [lbs / ft]
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Engine HP
Engine HP = PLAN x K / 33000 Where P = effective pressure acting on piston L = length of stroke A = Area of piston in inch N = No of working stroke / min K = coefficient equal to times number of cylinders in gas engines and in double acting steam engines 2 times the number of revolution.
Boiler HP
The equivalent evaporation of 34.5 lbs of water /hr from feed water temperature of 212F into dry stem at the same temp is defined as boiler HP. However, since the actual operating conditions of boiler are seldom from and at 212F a factor is needed to convert the rating from the actual conditions to what be from and at 212F. This is called factor of evaporation and equals to the ratio of heat required to generate one pound of steam under actual conditions to that required to make one pound of steam from and at 212F C = (5/9) (F -32)
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Graphic Communications,

Safe Load on various substances Substance Tons / ft

Safe Load on foundations material Material Tons/ft

Gas and Oil Engine Foundation:

Center Of Crankshaft Center Of Engine Floor

Power, Torque and Work

Belts and Pulleys:

C For Cross belts the Length = [ + (x/90)] [ (D+d) / 2] + 2 C cos = in radians.

Pulley Diameter Vs Belt Thickness

Min Diameter of Pulley (inch)

Drive arrangement and Belt Maintenance

Shafts, coupling and bearing:

Calculation tips for Mechanical Engineers

I x E / 1000 I x E x EFF / 746

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