Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

BI 2: C S H TNG CA THNG MI IN T
Thng mi in t hiu mt cch n gin chnh l vic tin hnh cc hot ng thng mi bng cc phng tin in t c s dng n cc cng c thanh ton in t trn mi trng Internet. Chnh v vy pht trin thng mi in t phi xy dng v pht trin mt c s h tng k thut hay chnh l xy dng xng sng cho thng mi in t. Xy dng c s h tng k thut thng mi in t bao gm xy dng v pht trin mng Internet, cng c thanh ton trc tuyn, c bit quan tm ti xy dng c s h tng bo mt trong thng mi in t. Ngoi ra y l mt lnh vc hon ton mi nhng li pht trin nhanh nn bn cnh xy dng c s h tng k thut cn phi tp trung xy dng c s h tng php l nhm to hnh lang cho pht trin thng mi in t.
Mc tiu Ni dung

Sau khi hc xong bi hc, bn s nm c: C s h tng lut php: Bao gm lut mu v thng mi in t UNCITRAL y l ngun lut u tin ca t chc quc t v l ngun lut mu cho xy dng cc ngun lut ca cc quc gia trn th gii; Lut ch k in t v mt s tp qun thng mi. C s h tng k thut: Internet, intranel, extranel, world wide web. C s h tng thanh ton: C s h tng th thanh ton, cc gii php thanh ton Bo mt trong thng mi in t

C s h tng php l Lut v thng mi in t Lut v ch k in t Tp qun v thng mi in t Quyn s hu tr tu C s h tng k thut Internet Intranet Extranet World wide web C s h tng thanh ton Bo mt trong thng mi in t

Thi lng hc

5 tit

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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

TNH HUNG KHI NG BI

Tnh hung: Li ch ca mng Extranet ca General Motor GM l cng ty hng u th gii v sn xut xe t. Nhng yu cu chi tit v nguyn liu cn thit s c gi bng email ti cc nh cung cp tim nng, cc nh cung cp ny sau s a ra gi thu, v GM s la chn ngi thng nu nh cung cp a ra gi thp. Nu tt c cc gi thu u qu cao, vng mi thu th hai hoc th ba s c m ra. Trong vi trng hp, qu trnh ny ko di hng tun, thm ch hng thng trc khi GM tin rng t c mt hp ng tt nht c v gi c v cht lng. Nhng chi ph chun b cho vic ra gi thu khin nhiu nh thu khng th a ra li mi, do vic s lng nh cung cp tham gia t hn s lng ti u dn ti vic GM s phi tr gi cao hn. gii quyt vn lin kt gia cc nh phn phi v cung cp, GM thit lp mt h thng Extranet c gi l ANX (Automotive Network Exchange). H thng ANX - c cc nh sn xut t khc ng h pht trin thnh website trao i gia cc consortium covisint.com. Trong phin bn u gi ngc online u tin, GM mua c mt lng ln ti kh bng cao su dng cho t. Gi GM phi tr thp hn gi cng ty tr cho sn phm tng t trc kia bng hnh thc u thu truyn thng.

Cu hi Li ch m General Motor c khi s dng mng Extranet?

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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

2.1.

C s h tng php l

Thng mi in t ngy cng pht trin th yu cu xy dng c s php l li ngy cng cp thit m bo cho pht trin thng mi in t c bn vng. UNCITRAL, WIPO v y ban Chu u l nhng t chc nng ng trong vic ban hnh cc lut mu, vn bn quy phm v hng dn quc t lin quan ti hot ng thng mi in t.

2.1.1.

Lut v thng mi in t

Lut mu v thng mi in t (Model Law on Electronic Commerce) Lut mu v Thng mi in t c y ban Lin hip quc v Lut thng mi quc t (UNCITRAL) ban hnh vo ngy 12/06/1996 v c sa i b sung iu 5 vo nm 1998. Lut mu thng mi in t UNCITRAL ban hnh nhm mc ch n gin ha cc hot ng thng mi in t bng cch cung cp cc qui nh v lut php c chp thun rng ri trn qui m quc t v c th c cc quc gia s dng trong vic ci thin h thng lut php trong mi trng in t. Mc tiu ca lut mu v thng mi in t l gip cc quc gia hon thin c s php l cho cc giao dch in t cng nh ng vai tr l ngun lut tham kho gii thch cho cc cng c quc t v l cng c gii quyt cc tranh chp trong lnh vc thng mi in t. Tt c cc quc gia cn xem vic s dng lut mu nh ti liu tham kho trc khi ban hnh cc o lut mi hoc sa i cc quy nh hin hnh, phi tnh n s cn thit phi m bo s thng nht ca cc quy nh php lut v s dng cc phng tin truyn thng v lu gi thng tin mi thay th cho cc ti liu bng giy. Lut mu c chia lm hai phn vi 17 iu khon:
o

Phn I l nhng vn chung ca thng mi in t, bao gm 15 iu, c phn b trong 3 chng. Chng I gm 4 iu a ra cc iu khon chung nh a ra cc lnh vc ng dng, cc nh ngha v thng mi in t, cng nh vic p dng theo tng hp ng c th.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Chng II gm 6 iu v vic p dng cc qui nh lut php i vi thng ip d liu. Trong , iu 5 l cng nhn php l i vi cc thng ip d liu. Chng III gm 5 iu cp ti vic trao i cc thng ip d liu. o Phn II ni v thng mi in t trong tng lnh vc c th gm 2 iu lin quan ti vic chuyn ch hng ha. iu 16 quy nh cc hnh vi lin quan n hp ng vn ti hng ho, iu 17 lin quan ti cc chng t vn chuyn hng ho. Cc ngun lut v thng mi in t ca EU Xt v tc pht trin v ng dng thng mi in t trn th gii th lin minh Chu u ng ngay sau M, g khng l trong lnh vc thng mi in t. Cc quc gia trong lin minh Chu u c nhng o lut thng mi in t ring ca quc gia mnh. Ngy 8/6/2000 lin minh Chu u c ban hnh mt ch th v thng mi in t s 2000/31/EC. Mc ch ca vic ban hnh ch th l nhm thng nht h thng lut php ca cc nc thnh vin thc y hot ng thng mi gia cc quc gia thnh vin. Lut thng nht v giao dch in t ca M (UETA) Lut thng nht v giao dch in t ca M gm c 21 iu khon iu chnh cc vn v bn ghi in t v ch k in t; hp ng in t, trng ti; bn gc; thi gian nhn gi cc cc bn ghi in t; vai tr ca c quan chnh ph trong vic chp nhn hay cm. Lut giao dch in t ca Vit Nam Theo xu th pht trin thng mi in t ca cc quc gia v khu vc, vo cui nm 2005, Vit Nam cng ban hnh Lut giao dch in t. Lut giao dch in t ca Vit Nam cp ti: Gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu in t, gi tr php l ca ch k in t v chng t in t; hp ng in t; giao dch in t ca cc c quan nh nc; bo mt, an ton, an ninh; s hu tr tu trong giao dch in t thuc cc lnh vc dn s, thng mi, hnh chnh v cc lnh vc khc. Lut giao dch in t Vit Nam gm 8 chng, 54 iu. Trong iu 4 ca lut giao dch in t a ra mt s nh ngha: Giao dch in t l cc giao dch bng cc phng tin in t trong Phng tin in t l phng tin hot ng da trn cng ngh in, in t, k thut s, t tnh, truyn dn khng dy, quang hc, in t hoc cng ngh tng t. Lut giao dch in t nm 2005 ln u tin chp nhn gi tr php l ca cc thng ip d liu in t v chng t in t. Theo lut giao dch: Thng ip d liu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v c lu tr bng phng tin in t. Sau khi Lut giao dch in t i vo hiu lc c 3 thng th Vit Nam ban hnh Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP vo ngy 9/6/2006. Ngh nh 57 tha nhn chng t in t c gi tr php l tng ng vi chng t truyn thng trong vic giao kt, thc hin hp ng. Ngh nh ny l c s gii quyt cc tranh chp, bo v hp php cc bn tham gia vo cc hot ng thng mi in t.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Ngoi Lut giao dch in t v Ngh nh v thng mi in t, Vit Nam cn ban hnh mt s ngh nh iu chnh chi tit cho tng lnh vc trong qu trnh trin khai hot ng thng mi in t nh: Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh v Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP v giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng cng mt s cc thng t nhm hng dn chi tit cho tng hot ng lnh vc trong hot ng giao dch in t .
2.1.2. Lut v ch k in t

Lut mu v ch k in t c y ban Lin hip quc v Lut thng mi quc t (UNCITRAL) ban hnh vo ngy 5/7/2001. Mc ch ca vic ban hnh Lut mu ch k in t l nhm mc ch em li mt khun kh php l iu chnh i vi vic s dng ch k in t. Lut mu v ch k in t l tiu chun nh gi k thut gia ch k in t v ch k vit tay. Lut mu c cch tip cn vi cc vn cng ngh mt cch trung lp, trnh s dng nhng t ng k thut chuyn ngnh. Lut mu cn l cc qui nh c bn xc nh trch nhim v ngha v ca ngi k, ngi nhn v bn th ba tham gia vo qu trnh k in t. Lut mu ch k in t c xy dng trn nn tng iu 7 ca Lut mu v thng mi in t ca UNCITRAL. Lut mu v ch k in t gm 12 iu khon. Theo th Ch k in t l cc d liu di dng in t, c k hoc c lin quan mt cch logic ti cc thng ip d liu, ch k in t dng nhn ra ngi k thng ip d liu hoc s nht tr ca ngi k trong thng ip d liu [iu 2]. Theo Lut ch k in t ca M, nh ngha ch k in t mt cch chi tit l: Ch k in t l m thanh, hnh nh hay qu trnh, c gn v c lin quan ti hp ng hoc bt c bn ghi v c k hay ghi bi mt ngi. Ch k in t hn ch k vit tay ch n c th c s dng bi c nhn hoc c quan thm nh nhn ra ai l ngi gi thng ip hoc ai l ngi k vo thng ip. Ch k s ch l mt phn ca ch k in t.
Ch

Th nht, Lut mu v ch k in t cung cp cc tiu chun nhn ra u l ch k in t v mt php l m khng quan tm ti cng ngh c s dng. Th hai, Lut mu ch k in t khng gii quyt cc vn lin quan ti trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia vo h thng k in t. Vic quy trch nhim cho cc bn s c p dng theo cc vn bn lut php khc. Lut mu ch a ra cc tiu chun nh gi vic tham gia ca cc bn, bao gm ngi k, c quan cung cp dch v chng thc, bn xc thc. Th ba, quan trng nht, Lut mu ny khng nh rng ch k in t c chc nng tng ng ch k vit tay.

Lut mu v ch k in t l ngun lut tham kho chung cho cc quc gia v iu chnh ch k in t trong cc thng ip d liu. Ngoi ra, cc quc gia cng ban hnh nhng vn bn qui phm php lut ring iu chnh ch k s.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

M ban hnh Lut ch k in t trong cc giao dch thng mi ton cu v quc gia vo nm 2000; Lut ch k s v thm nh ch k in t; Lut giao dch in t thng nht o y ban Chu u a ra ch th v ch k in t s 1999/93/EC gm 15 iu. y ban Chu u cng cng nhn ch k in t l tng ng nh ch vit. Ch k in t c vai tr chng minh bn gc ca thng ip, chng minh liu thng ip c b thay i hay khng v s dng cc m ha m bo tnh bo mt ca thng ip. Ngoi ra cc nc trong khu vc y ban Chu u cng c nhng vn bn php qui ring ca quc gia iu chnh ch k in t. Nh Anh c lut giao dch in t nm 2000, cc qui nh v ch k in t nm 2002. c c Lut ch k in t c ban hnh vo nm 2001 v sa i vo nm 2005. o Nht Bn ban hnh vn bn php Lut lin quan ti ch k in t v chng thc ch k in t vo nm 2000. o Vit Nam ban hnh cc vn bn php lut iu chnh v ch k in t nh Lut giao dch in t nm 2006; Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP v vic thi hnh Lut giao dch in t v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. Trong Lut giao dch in t 2006 c hn ring mt chng 3 cp n vn ch k in t v chng thc ch k in t. Trong chng ny c cp ti gi tr php l ca ch k in t (gm 7 iu t iu 21 n iu 27); Dch v chng thc ch k in t (gm 4 iu t iu 28 n iu 31); Qun l chng thc ch k in t (iu 32). Theo lut giao dch in t ca Vit Nam Ch k in t c to lp di dng t, ch, s, k hiu, m thanh hoc cc hnh thc khc bng phng tin in t, gn lin hoc kt hp mt cch lgic vi thng ip d liu, c kh nng xc nhn ngi k thng ip d liu v xc nhn s chp thun ca ngi i vi ni dung thng ip d liu c k. Tm li, vic ch k in t c chp nhn v mt gi tr php l theo qui nh ca Lut mu v ch k in t ca y ban lin hip quc gip cho hot ng thng mi gia cc quc gia ngy cng pht trin v qui m, gi tr. Ch k in t c chp nhn v mt gi tr php l cng ng ngha vi vic chp nhn gi tr php l ca cc hp ng in t.
o

2.1.3.

Tp qun v thng mi in t

Incoterms 2000 c sa i t Incoterms 1990, im mi ca Incoterms 2000 l tha nhn gi tr php l ca cc chng t in t. Trong cc iu khon lin quan ti trch nhim ngi bn v vic cung cp chng t th c cp ti vic chp nhn, thay th cc
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

chng t di dng vn bn giy bng cc chng t di dng thng ip d liu in t EDI, tuy nhin cc bn tham gia hot ng thng mi quc t phi c tha thun vi nhau t trc. eUCP: Cng vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t, cc giao dch in t ngy cng tr nn ph bin vi vic in t ho cc chng t ni chung v chng t thanh ton quc t ni ring; iu ny lm ny sinh nhu cu c mt tiu chun quc t iu chnh vic s dng cc chng t in t trong thanh ton quc t. Ngy 1/4/2002 bn ph trng eUCP c ban hnh bn cnh nhng sa i UCP500 vi mc ch b sung thm nhng khi nim mi ph hp hn vi mi trng kinh doanh in t nh: chng t c nh ngha m rng bao gm bn ghi in t; a im xut trnh i vi cc chng t in t c m rng thm gm a ch in t; ch k truyn thng c m rng bao gm c ch k in t. Bn cnh , eUCP gii quyt hu ht cc vn c bn lin quan n xut trnh chng t in t nh: Hnh thc ca cc chng t in t; Phng thc xut trnh; Thc hin chp nhn hay t chi cc chng t in t; Quy nh v bn gc ca chng t in t; Gii php khi ngn hng khng x l c chng t hay khi chng t b h hng... Trn thc t, eUCP khng thay th UCP500 m l mt b phn b sung ca UCP500 hon thin hot ng thanh ton quc t. Vic p dng eUCP ch c hiu lc khi trong th tn dng cho php xut trnh chng t in t. Tuy nhin, trong eUCP khng quy nh c th dng no ca chng t in t l dng chun. eUCP khng quy nh c th v phng tin xut trnh chng t in t. Vn ny cng cho cc bn linh hot tho thun. eUCP khng qui nh r u l phng tin in t, dng chng t in t nhng li quy nh r rng rng tt c cc chng t cn phi c chng thc bng ch k s ha qua c th xc nh ngi k v ni dung trong chng t l nguyn vn, khng b thay i trong qu trnh gi v nhn. Thng thng, c 2 phng php m bo thc hin vic chng thc cc chng t:
o

Phng php ring: Yu cu cc bn to chng t trn trang web ca ngn hng hay t chc chng thc. lm c iu ny, bn s dng phi c lp t thit b, phn mm v cung cp password, smartcard, hay cc phng tin an ton khc xc nhn c nhn hay t chc to lp chng t. Khi cc chng t c to lp xong, ngi to lp cn thng bo cho ngn hng ngn hng kho ni dung ca vn bn. C th tham kho mt m hnh in hnh ti website Global Trade and Advisory: http://www.maxtrad.com

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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Phng php chung: S dng ch k in t k vo cc chng t. Chng t in t c th l file Word, Excel, Acrobat hay file nh... Nu ch mt k t trong file b thay i sau khi k, ch k in t coi nh khng c gi tr mc d vn c th m c chng t . Ch k in t c cp km theo chng thc in t, chng thc ny thng c cp di dng th thng minh (smart card). C th tham kho v th thng minh Identrus ti website: http://www.identrus.com. Nh vy, cc chng t in t cn c k m bo xc nh ngi k v ni dung khng thay i sau khi k in t. Ngi mua nn ch r phng thc chng thc mong mun ngn hng c ch nh c th kim tra c chng t. Trong trng hp ngn hng khng th xc thc c chng t, iu 5 (f) ca eUCP cp trc tip vn ny, mt chng t in t khng th chng thc c th coi nh cha c xut trnh. Nh vy, chng t b coi l cha hp l.
o

Khi c cp chng thc in t, ngi s dng c cp km theo phn mm k in t; thc cht y l mt phn mm m ho vn bn in t nhm xc nh ngi to ra vn bn v ng thi m bo ni dung chng t khng b thay i trong qu trnh gi v nhn. C nhiu t chc chng thc cung cp cc chng thc in t nh vy. eUCP khng quy nh c th v t chc chng thc, do cc bn lin quan c th t tho thun v phng thc chng thc v t chc chng thc no c chp nhn cp cc chng thc in t. Tm li, thng mi in t tuy cn non tr nhng tc pht trin nhanh. Th trng trong hot ng thng mi in t l khng bin gii, mi thnh phn u c th tham gia vo. Chnh v vy, cng vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t s c nhiu vn pht sinh, v nhng pht sinh tp trung lin quan n chng t in t v ch k in t.
2.1.4. Quyn s hu tr tu

Theo t chc s hu tr tu ca th gii (WIPO) th ti sn tr tu chnh l nhng sng to ca con ngi: pht minh, tc phm vn hc, tc phm hi ha, v hnh nh tn, biu tng v nhng thit k c s dng vo mc ch thng mi. Bo h quyn s hu tr tu chnh l bo v cc c nhn hay t chc to ra nhng sn phm nu trn. Bo h quyn s hu tr tu l mt vn v cng quan trng trong nn kinh t tri thc nhm to mt mi trng lnh mnh cho pht trin thng mi in t. Bo v quyn s hu tr tu trong thng mi in t phi bao trm 4 lnh vc sau y: Bn quyn: l tt c nhng vn m chnh ph ngn cm: o Sao chp li mt tc phm, d mt phn hay ton b, o Cung cp hay trng by nhng tc phm ny ra cng chng di mi hnh thc. Bo v bn quyn ton cu l vn c cc t chc quc t rt quan tm. Cng c Berne v bo v bn quyn cc tc phm vn hc v ngh thut c xem l s khi u cho bo v quyn s hu tr tu. Cng c Berne c ban hnh vo nm 1886. Hin nay c 157 quc gia trn th gii k kt tham gia
32

Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

cng c Berne. Theo cng c Berne, bn quyn ca mi tc phm ngh thut s c ko di ti thiu l 50 nm sau khi tc gi mt. Ngoi ra, mi quc gia thnh vin c th t qui nh ring cho quc gia mnh v thi gian tc quyn cho mi tc phm. Bn cnh cng c Berne cn c cng c tc quyn th gii do Lin hip quc ban hnh. Cng c ny cng ging cng c Berne trong vic bo v quyn tc gi thuc quc gia. Theo cng c ny th mi tc phm s c bo h bn quyn trong sut cuc i tc gi cng vi 25 nm sau khi tc gi mt. Bn quyn ch c hiu lc trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Thng bn quyn ch c hiu lc trong khong mt s nm nht nh sau khi tc gi mt. Ti M theo lut m rng v bn quyn ca Sonny Bono, bn quyn s c ko di thm 70 nm sau khi tc gi mt. M l quc gia u tin trin khai hot ng thng mi in t v l quc gia thnh cng nht trong lnh vc ny. c c thnh cng nh vy l nh quc gia ny sm nhn ra vai tr bo h bn quyn trn Internet. Ti Vit Nam, chnh ph cng sm nhn ra c vai tr ca bo h bn quyn trong nn kinh t s. Vit Nam tham gia cng c Berne vo 10/2004. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh Lut S hu tr tu vo ngy 25/11/2005 v c hiu lc vo ngy 1/7/2006. Lut S hu tr tu 2006 ch yu tp trung cho bo h quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng nghip, ging cy trng. Ph bin nht hin nay ti nc ta l vn vi phm bn quyn phn mm. Ngoi ra cn c vic sao chp tc phm in sch, lm sch lu, bn quyn tc phm m nhc Trong khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng, Vit Nam ang ng th ba ch sau Trung Quc v Indonesia v vi phm bn quyn phn mm. Trc thc trng vi phm bn quyn nh vy th ngy 22/2/2007, Th tng Chnh ph ra Ngh nh s 04/2007/CT-TTg v tng cng bo v bn quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my tnh. Thng hiu Bo h thng hiu tc l bo h nhng hnh nh c s dng nhn ra hng ha dch v ca mt doanh nghip bao gm hnh nh, t ng, con s c v mu sc cng nh nhng nhn dng khc. Thng hiu phi c ng k ti mt nc c lut php bo h. Thng hiu i ng k phi khc bit, nguyn gc v khng gy nhm ln. Thng hiu s c bo h trong khong thi gian ng k. Lut s hu tr tu ca WIPO l ngun lut u tin iu chnh cc hot ng lin quan ti thng hiu. Trong phn thng hiu ca ngun lut c a ra khi nim thng hiu l g cng nh cc thut ng chung. Mt thc t hin nay l cc sn phm nhi tn thng hiu v kiu dng ang c bn trn lan. Ti M c ban hnh iu lut Dilution vo nm 1995
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

bo h nhng thng hiu ni ting. Vic mua bn, nhp khu hng ha vi phm thng hiu cng nh vic s dng thng hiu di bt c hnh thc no m khng c php s b quy l ti phm. Trong lnh vc thng mi in t cn xut hin mt khi nim mi l tn min. Bo v thng hiu trong lnh vc thng mi in t cn bao gm c bo h tn min ca chnh doanh nghip, t chc. Hin nay c hin tng cybersquatting tc l cc t chc c nhn ng k tn min sau bn nhng tn min ny vi gi cao hn. Hin trn cc trang web u gi ni ting nh Ebay ta d dng thy cc li giao bn tn min. Nhng cng ty ln nh Christian Dior, Nike, Deutsche Bank v thm ch l Microsoft phi u tranh hay phi mua li nhng tn min c lin quan ti tn cng ty. Nm 1999, M ban hnh mt o lut v bo v ngi tiu dng chng li cybesquatting nhm bo h cho cc tn min c thng hiu ca cc doanh nghip. Lut s hu tr tu ca WIPO s gip gii quyt nhng tranh chp lin quan ti vic ang k tn min trng vi nhng thng hiu v cng ty c t trc. Nm 1999 l nm u tin WIPO gii quyt mt v tranh chp v tn min theo Chnh sch gii quyt tranh chp v tn min thng nht (Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy UDRP) nh sau:
Tranh chp tn min Sting.com

Nm 2000, Gordon Summer, ngi c trn 20 nm biu din m nhc vi ngh danh l Sting kin ra WIPO khi c mt ngi n ng Georgia s hu tn min sting.com v rao bn tn min ny cho ng vi gi 25000 la. i vi nhng v kin nh vy th c n 80% trng hp, t chc WIPO s phn quyt c li cho ch s hu thng hiu . Tuy nhin trong v ny WIPO cho rng sting l mt t chung v s dng ph bin, cng nh c nhiu ngha hn l ch nhn ra tn mt nhc s. Chnh v vy t chc phn quyt ng nhc s thua kin. Nhng sau phn quyt bt li th nhc s sting b mt trao i vi ngi n ng Georgia s hu trang web mang tn mnh.

Ti Vit Nam, vic s dng tn min c qui nh trong khon 3 iu 68 Lut Cng ngh thng tin v im d khon 1 iu 130 ca Lut S hu tr tu. Theo khon 3 iu 68 Lut Cng ngh thng tin quy nh: T chc, c nhn s dng tn min quc gia Vit Nam .vn phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v mc ch s dng v tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin ng k v bo m vic ng k, s dng tn min quc gia khng xm phm cc quyn, li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn khc c trc ngy ng k. Cn theo im d khon 1 iu 130 Lut S hu tr tu, hnh vi ng k, chim gi quyn s dng hoc s dng tn min trng hoc tng t gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu, tn thng mi c bo h ca ngi khc hoc ch dn a l m mnh khng c quyn s dng nhm mc ch chim gi tn min, li dng hoc lm thit hi n uy tn, danh ting ca nhn hiu, tn thng mi, ch dn a l tng ng b coi l hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Sng ch L mt gii php k thut mang tinh mi m v nguyn l k thut, tnh sng to, c th p dng c. Quyn sng ch mang tnh c quyn v mt tng hay mt pht kin. Hin nay cc quc gia ang p dng lut s hu tr tu ca quc gia iu chnh cc hot ng lin quan ti sng ch. Ngoi ra cc quc gia cn p dng cc ngun lut iu chnh khc nh lut s hu tr tu ca WIPO, hip nh v thng mi v s hu tr tu (TRIPS). Vng i ca cc sng ch ph thuc rt nhiu vo cng ngh, nn thi gian bo h sng ch thng khng ko di lu. Theo lut s hu tr tu ca WIPO th cc sng ch c thi gian bo h l 20 nm. Cn ti M thi gian bo h sng ch l 17 nm, Anh l 20 nm. Sau khi ht thi gian ng k bo h sng ch th sng ch ny c th s dng bi bt c ai.
V d

Mt trong nhng sng ch ni ting trong lnh vc thng mi in t phi k ti sng ch v phng thc tin hnh mua hng ch bng mt ln kch chut ca amazon.com. Nm 1999 cng ty kin i th cnh tranh l Barnes & Noble v nhi cng ngh ca mnh vo hot ng kinh doanh. Tuy nhin th Amazon thua trong v kin ny. Mt sng ch ni ting th hai na trong lnh vc thng mi in t l sng ch ca Priceline v k thut t gi theo gi ca bn. Cng ngh ny cho php mi ngi c th mua v my bay gi r ti trang web priceline.com. Priceline c nhim v tm kim nhng nh cung cp c mc gi bng hoc thp hn. Nm 2001, Priceline.com kin Expedia.com v s dng m hnh kinh doanh u gi ny. Kt qu l Expedia.com phi tr tin cho Priceline.com c th s dng m hnh kinh doanh ny.

Cc site Fan v Hate: y l mt phn ca hin tng t xut bn trn web bao gm blog. Cc site Fan c th tc ng ti bo h s hu tr tu. V d mt s ngi sao chp phim hoc chng trnh tivi v to ra cc site cnh tranh vi cc site ca cc nh sn xut phim v chng trnh tivi. Cc nh sn xut c th kin nhng c nhn ny v yu cu cc c nhn ng ca website nhng nhng site mi li c m ra vi hnh thc tng t. Tng t nh vy, cc site Hate c th s dn ti nhiu vn tiu cc cho cc cng ty. C nhiu site Hate nh hng trc tip ti cc tp on ln nh Wal-Mart, Microsoft, Nike. Cc site Hate ny thng l cc site cyberbashing - tc l site c tn min ging vi tn cc t chc, c nhn. i vi cc hot ng trn s c lut s hu tr tu v bn quyn ca cc quc gia iu chnh. Tm li, phm vi thng mi l rng ln trn khp ton cu, khng b gii hn v khng gian v thi gian. Nn bt c mt vi phm no v quyn s hu tr tu nh
35

Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

bn quyn; nhi v n cp thng hiu, tn min; bt chc nhng sng ch cng s nh hng nhanh chng v lan ta ti cc hot ng khc trong thng mi in t. Do vy, vic cp nht nhng vn bn php lut v s hu tr tu cng nh ban hnh mi cc vn bn iu chnh tng lnh vc trong thng mi in t nh tn min s gip cho hot ng thng mi in t pht trin lnh mnh.
2.2. 2.2.1. C s h tng k thut Internet

Internet l mng my tnh ln nht trn th gii, mng ca cc mng. y l mng giao tip ton cu, gip kt ni mi ngi trong mng LAN li vi nhau thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v Internet. Cu trc ca mng Internet l m chnh v vy mi my tnh ca cc hng khc nhau u c th truy cp kt ni vi n c. Chi ph kt ni my tnh vi mng Internet hin nay vn cn cao i vi phn ln dn s th gii. H thng Internet truyn thng tin theo kiu chuyn gi d liu (packet switching) da trn mt giao thc lin mng c chun ha (giao thc IP). Mng Internet mang li rt nhiu tin ch cho ngi s dng, mt trong cc tin ch ph thng ca Internet l h thng th in t (email), tr chuyn trc tuyn (chat), cng c tm kim (search engine), cc dch v ti chnh tin t trc tuyn, v cc dch v v y t gio dc nh cha bnh t xa hoc t chc cc lp hc o. Hin nay trn Internet c cha ng mt khi lng thng tin khng l. kt ni vi Internet th c th dng dialup thng qua in thoi, ng truyn bng thng rng ADSL, thit b khng dy (wireless), v tinh hay qua in thoi cm tay.
2.2.2. Mng ni b (Intranet)

Mng Intranet hay cn gi l WAN, mng ni b cng ty l mt mng kt ni trong ni b cng ty rt hiu qu v chi ph thp chia s thng tin. Mng Intranet c s dng trnh duyt web v cc giao thc qua Internet nh TCP/IP, FTP, Telnet, HTML v HTTP. Do mng Intranet tch hp vi Internet nn thng tin t Intranet c th chia s gia cc phng ban c s dng cng ngh khc nhau cng nh gia nhng ngi tiu dng bn ngoi cng ty. Intranet c xem l cch hiu qu nht cung cp thng tin ni b doanh nghip do vic cung cp thng tin bng vn bn gia cc phng ban thng rt mt thi gian v tn km. Intranet khc Extranet ch n gii hn ch trong nhn vin ca mt t chc, trong khi Extranet cho php khch hng, nh cung cp v cc thnh phn khc truy cp khi c s ng . Tm li, vic s dng mng Intranet gip kt ni ngi lao ng vi cp lnh o vi nhau; t ng ha cc hot ng trong ni b doanh nghip; cho php cc thnh vin trong doanh nghip c
36

Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

th tip cn d dng v nhanh chng vi cc ngun lc quan trng ca mnh c bit nhng kin thc cng nh kinh nghim ca cc ng nghip trong doanh nghip; gip cc cp lnh o c th qun l tt nhn vin; y cng l c s cho pht trin h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip; gip doanh nghip c th qun tr thng tin ni b hiu qu c s h tr ca my tnh; l cng c tch hp gn kt tng chu trnh ca doanh nghip li vi nhau. Tuy nhin, mi lo ngi cc doanh nghip tin hnh trin khai mng Intranet lo lng v vn an ninh. bo v mng Intranet th cc doanh nghip hin nay thng s dng cc phn mm m ha, kha cng khai, cc chng thc s, tng la.
2.2.3. Mng i ngoi (Extranet)

L mng kt ni gia cng ty vi cc nh cung cp, i tc kinh doanh hay vi bt c ngi dng no c trao quyn. Mt cng ty c th xy dng mt mng Extranet ring cho khch hng, nh cung cp, nh cung ng. Hay l cc cng ty trong cng mt ngnh c th xy dng mt mng Extranet cng tc v nhng li ch chung. Cc bn tham gia vo mng Extranet s truy cp vo c s d liu, file hay bt c thng tin no c lu trong my tnh c kt ni vi mng Extranet. Mng Extranet s dng cc giao thc TCP/IP kt ni cc mng Intranet ca cc khu vc khc nhau li vi nhau. Extranet gip kt ni mng Intranet ca mt doanh nghip vi mng Intranet ca ca cc i tc kinh doanh, cc nh cung cp, cc t chc ti chnh, chnh ph v khch hng.
Vn phng trong nc Vn phng

Phng bn hng

trong nc

Dch v mng ni b Dch v

mng ni b

Nh cung cp
Hot ng kim ton

Nh cung cp
Nh cung cung cp vin thng

Tng la

Nh cung cp vin thng

Ngi dng di ng
My ch ni b

Ngi dng di ng

Truy cp an ton t xa

V mng Extranet cho php kt ni cc doanh nghip li vi nhau thng qua mng Internet nn y l mt mng m v linh hot, rt ph hp cho m hnh thng mi in t B2B. tng hiu qu an ton, cc cng ty ch chia s mt phn no c s d liu ca doanh nghip vi cc i tc kinh doanh v hon ton tch bit mng Extranet vi mng Intranet. Li ch ca vic s dng mng Extranet l c th trao i d liu vi mt khi lng ln bng cch s dng ng dng trao i d liu in t (EDI); nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, chia s thng tin v sn phm vi qui m ln vi cc nh bn bun; cng tc vi cc cng ty khc nhm pht trin doanh nghip; tin hnh
37

Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

o to cho i tc; s dng dch v do cng ty khc cung cp nh ng dng ngn hng in t; chia s thng tin c ch trn din rng. Tuy nhin bn cnh th mng Extranet cng c nhng mt hn ch nh chi ph trin khai mng Extranet cn rt cao; e da i vi bo mt thng tin trong mng Extranet l ln.
2.2.4. WWW (world wide web cc trang web)

World wide web chnh l h thng cc chng t kt ni siu vn bn HTML hay n gin chnh l cc trang web. Ban u web ch c s dng trong cng ng cc nh khoa hc, c rt t ngi khng thuc cng ng ny c phn mm c th c c cc chng t HTML. Mosaic l trnh duyt web u tin cho php c cc chng t HTML v gi y vn ang c dng vi mt s trang web. n nm 1994, trnh duyt Netscape c xy dng. Trnh duyt Netscape cng pht trin trn c s trnh duyt Mosaic. Microsoft xy dng v pht trin mt trnh duyt web Internet Explorer ngay sau thnh cng ca Netscape. Cho n hm nay c rt nhiu trnh duyt web c to ra nh Firefox, Safari, Opera, Google chorme nhng Internet Explorer vn ang thng lnh th trng trnh duyt ngy nay (88,9% theo BBC).

Fire Fox

Safari

IE IE

0pera Mini 4.1 beta Google Chrome

World wide web cho php chia s, pht tn thng tin qua mng Internet mt cch d dng v nhanh chng. Hin nay s lng cc website tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Internet v World wide web c nhng im chung v ring: y u l h thng trao i d liu ton cu. Internet bao gm c phn cng v phn mm nhm kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau. Trong khi web ch l mt ng dng phn mm cho php mi ngi giao tip thng qua Internet.
2.3. C s h tng thanh ton

Chc nng quan trng nht ca cc trang web thng mi in t chnh l vic tin hnh hot ng thanh ton trc tuyn thng qua mng Internet. Thanh ton trong lnh vc thng mi in t c th di nhiu hnh thc. Theo Evans v Schmalensee nh gi xem hnh thc thanh ton in t no c s dng nhiu nht phi da trn nhng nhn t sau: Tnh c lp: Mt vi hnh thc thanh ton in t phi s dng n phn mm v phn cng ring bit tin hnh thanh ton. Hu ht tt c cc hnh thc thanh ton in t u yu cu ngi bn phi ci t nhng phn mm chuyn bit
38

Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

c th cho php khch hng thc hin thanh ton trc tuyn. V thng th cc hnh thc thanh ton ny khng c cc t chc ng h. Kt ni v Di chuyn: Tt c cc hnh thc thanh ton in t u chy trn mt h thng ring bit nhm kt ni vi h thng v ng dng ca cc doanh nghip khc. Thanh ton in t thng phi c kt ni vi nhng ng dng c sn v my tnh s h tr lm vic ny. An ninh: Ngi bn trc khi tin hnh mt hnh thc thanh ton in t thng t t ra nhng cu hi nh: Vic chuyn tin c mc an ton n u? Kt qu ca qu trnh chuyn tin nh th no? Hay nu ri ro ca ngi bn ln hn ri ro i vi ngi mua th hnh thc thanh ton no l khng c chp thun? Liu hnh thc thanh ton c d b gi mo hay khng? Kh nng ln theo du vt: Nu ngi mua thanh ton bng tin mt th ngi bn s rt kh khn bit c tin thanh ton ang khu vc no, trong khi nu thanh ton bng th tn dng hay sc th ngi bn c th c c cu tr li tin. Thanh ton: Hu ht ngi bn ch chp thun th tn dng i vi nhng n hng t nh ti ln. Vi hng ha c chi ph qu nh (ch vi la) th th tn dng s khng c s dng. Ngoi ra, th tn dng s khng c dng i vi nhng n hng c gi tr qu ln nh vic mua mt chic my bay. D dng: i vi hnh thc thanh ton in t B2C, th tn dng l phng tin s dng nhiu nht. Cn i vi thanh ton in t B2B, cu hi t ra l liu hnh thc thanh ton no c th c dng cho c hnh thc mua sm offline hin c. Ph giao dch: Nu s dng th tn dng thanh ton th ngi bn phi tr ph giao dch ln ti 3% gi tr n hng. iu ny s khin cho nhng ngi mua vi gi tr hng thp s tm mt hnh thc thanh ton thay th khc vi mc ph thp hn. Quy nh: Tt c hnh thc thanh ton u tun theo qui tc ca quc t, quc gia. Thm ch khi c mt hnh thc thanh ton mi c gii thiu th n cng phi tun th nghim ngt theo cc qui nh hin hnh. PayPal l gii php thanh ton b cho l vi phm cc qui nh trong lnh vc ngn hng. Hin nay c bn hnh thc thanh ton ph bin c trong lnh vc thng mi truyn thng v thng mi in t B2C, l tin, sc, th tn dng, th ghi n. Th tn dng l hnh thc thanh ton trc tuyn ph bin v pht trin nht hin nay. 85% ngi tiu dng trn th gii s dng th tn dng mua hng trc tuyn. Ring ti M con s ny l 96%. Loi hnh thanh ton trc tuyn ph bin th hai trn th gii l tin in t do cc cng ty cung cp. Tin in t dng mua sm hng ha v dch v, tuy nhin n khng th chuyn thnh tin mt.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Thanh ton in t hin nay pht trin rt nhanh trn th gii, c bit l cc nc pht trin. Cc nc ang pht trin ang rt c gng xy dng c s h tng thanh ton tt theo kp vi cc nc pht trin nhm y nhanh hn na hot ng thng mi quc t khng ch gia cc t chc vi nhau m cn gia cc c nhn c lp. Hn na, thanh ton in t gip cho vic trin khai dch v cng in t tr nn d dng hn. Thng qua cc phng tin thanh ton in t ngi dn c th tin hnh tr ph, l ph, ng thu Hot ng thanh ton in t tin hnh hon ton qua cc phng tin in t, chnh v vy, trong hot ng c thm ch th th ba khng th thiu c l cc trung gian. Cc trung gian trong thanh ton in t c th l ngn hng, cc c quan cung cp gii php thanh ton. Trong thanh ton in t cc bn tin hnh hot ng thanh ton m khng cn gp g nhau trc tip nn ri ro trong thanh ton l cao hn nhiu so vi hnh thc thanh ton thng thng: Ri ro i vi ngi mua: Thng tin c nhn c th b ngi bn s dng sai mc ch, hay thng tin v ti khon th b n cp nhm mc ch sai tri khi k xu c tnh truy cp vo h thng thng tin. Ri ro i vi ngi bn: C khi khch hng ca cng ty l i th cnh tranh tham gia vo nhm mc ch tham kho gi; khch hng c th l nhng k gi mo mua hng, nhn hng m khng thanh ton; khch hng cng c th l nhng tin tc xu truy cp vo vi mc ch lm gim uy tn doanh nghip, thay i d liu khch hng, thay i thng tin v gi, n trm thng tin khch hng. Ri ro i vi cc nh trung gian: Thng tin th thanh ton ca khch hng b mt; khch hng khng tr tin (thng l i vi th tn dng) Ri ro i vi x hi: Nhiu hot ng thanh ton in t l nhm mc ch ra tin. T nhng ri ro nu trn pht trin hot ng thanh ton in t th i hi phi xy dng mt c s h tng m bo nhng yu cu sau: m bo an ton: H thng thanh ton phi c kh nng bo mt cao, k xu khng th tn cng vo h thng thng tin th v c s d liu ca ngi bn vi mc ch xu. Linh hot: S dng nhng cng c thanh ton in t khc nhau cho tng hon cnh khc nhau trnh c ri ro. Gn gi vi h thng my tnh: Nhm gim thiu chi ph cho cc giao dch n mc ti thiu nht. Pht trin thanh ton in t trc ht phi pht trin c s h tng k thut bao gm: c s h tng trin khai hot ng thanh ton in t, song hnh vi n l pht trin h tng bo mt. Xy dng h tng k thut thanh ton in t chnh l vic xy dng h thng th thanh ton, gii php thanh ton trc tuyn. Hin nay h tng th thanh ton pht trin vi tc chng mt do n em li nhiu tin ch cho x hi trong c cc giao dch trc tuyn v truyn thng.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Hnh 2.1: Quy trnh giao dch bng th thanh ton trong thng mi in t

Ngoi s dng cc loi th trong thanh ton in t ra th ngi tiu dng cn c th s dng cc gii php thanh ton trc tuyn nh: tin in t, v in t, ha n in t. Cc gii php thanh ton nh v in t, tin in t, hay th thanh ton gip cho cc ch th tham gia vo thng mi in t c th thanh ton trc tuyn. Tuy nhin, c mt thc t hin nay l cc thng tin thanh ton ca ch th thng xuyn b n cp vi mc ch khng tt, c hin tng ra tin thng qua vic s dng tin in t...Chnh v vy, bn cnh vic pht trin c s h tng k thut cho thanh ton in t th cn phi ch trng ti xy dng c s h tng bo mt thanh ton gip cho hot ng thanh ton in t tin hnh d dng, minh bch.
2.4. 2.4.1. Bo mt trong thng mi in t: Mt s vn an ninh lin quan ti hoat ng thng mi in t

Phishing k gi mo L mt loi ti phm cng ngh cao s dng email, tin nhn popup hay trang web la ngi dng cung cp cc thng tin c nhn nhy cm nh th tn dng, mt khu, s ti khon ngn hng. Thng thng cc tin tc thng gi mo l cc cng ty ni ting yu cu khch hng cung cp nhng thng tin nhy cm ny. K gi mo thng hng ti phishing nhng khch hng ca ngn hng v ngi tiu dng thng mua sm trc tuyn. Vo 17/12/2003 mt s khch hng ca eBay nhn uc email vi thng bo rng hin ti ti khon ca h tm ngng hot ng cho ti khi h kch vo ng link c cung cp trong email v cp nht thng tin v th tn dng, cng vi cc thng tin c nhn khc nh ngy sinh, tn thi con gi ca m, s Pin ca th ATM. ng link trong a ch email kt ni ti trang web ca ebay nhng y khng phi l trang web tht ca ebay m ch l mt trang web gi mo c logo v hnh thc ging vi trang web ebay tht.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

PayPal l mt trang web gii php thanh ton v cng l i tng thng xuyn b gi mo. K gi mo Paypal xy ng URL ci trang ging URL ca Paypal bng cch s dng k hiu @ (http://paypal.com@218.36.41.188/fl/login.html). Thng th cc server b qua cc k t trc @ v ch s dng nhng k t sau n. Nh vy l khch hng ch c th nhn thy ng link trong mail nh http://paypal.com. Chnh v vy m khch hng khng nhn ra c l mnh ang b tn cng t cc tin tc v cung cp nhng thng tin c nhn v ti khon. K trm trn mng (sniffer) L mt dng chng trnh theo di, nghe trm, gim st s di chuyn ca thng tin trn mng. Khi s dng vo nhng mc ch hp php th n c th gip pht hin ra cc im yu ca mng, nhng ngc li nu s dng vi mc ch bt hp php th tr thnh mt mi him ha ln v rt kh pht hin. K trm s dng phn mm xem ln th in t hay c cc thng ip cha m ha c lu trn mng. Vic s dng chng trnh xem ln ny s gip tn trm ly c cc thng tin b mt ca t chc, c nhn nh mt khu, s th tn dng, b mt kinh doanh... Pht tn virus Thng thng nhng tn trm s gi cc tp file c cha virus qua email, hay ng link c ch virus qua tin nhn offline ti cc c nhn. Khi cc c nhn kch hot vo ng link v cc file th virus s t ng pht tn trong my tnh v tm ti cc ngc ngch c cha thng tin quan trng ca t chc, c nhn v n trm chng vi mc ch bt hp php. Nu virus ny truy cp c vo c s d liu ca cc t chc th n c th lm thay i ni dng d liu, c khi cn lm ngng tr ton b hot ng ca h thng thng tin ca t chc dn ti mt uy tn ca doanh nghip. Tn cng t chi dch v (DOS Denial Of Service attack, DDOS Distributed DOS hay DR DOS) L kiu tn cng khin mt h thng my tnh hoc mt mng b qu ti, dn ti khng th cung cp dch v hoc phi dng hot ng Nhng cuc tn cng DoS c th l nguyn nhn khin cho mng my tnh ngng hot ng v trong thi gian , ngi s dng s khng th truy cp vo cc website thng mi in t. Nhng tn cng ny cng ng ngha vi nhng khon chi ph rt ln v trong thi gian website ngng hot ng, khch hng khng th thc hin cc giao dch mua bn. ng thi, s gin on hot ng ny s nh hng n uy tn v ting tm ca doanh nghip, nhng iu khng d dng g ly li c. V tn cng DOS in hnh u tin xy ra vo thng 2 2000, cc hot ng tn cng lin tc khin hng lot website trn th gii ngng hot ng trong nhiu gi, trong c nhng website hng u nh eBay ngng hot ng trong 5 gi, Amazon gn 4 gi, CNN gn 3.5 gi, E-Trade gn 3 gi, Yahoo v Buy.com v ZDNet cng ngng hot ng t 3 n 4 gi. Ngay c ngi khng l Microsoft cng tng phi
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

gnh chu hu qu ca nhng cuc tn cng ny. Vit Nam, cng c rt nhiu doanh nghip b tn cng di hnh thc ny.
Tai ha v DDoS

Mi vic ang tin trin ht sc tt p vi chin lc kinh doanh TMT ca Vietco. pht trin hn, ngy 4/3/2006, sau khi lut Giao dch in t c hiu lc c ba ngy, cng ty c phn Vit C quyt nh t chc mt cuc hi tho vi hn 60 i l in thoi di ng ti TP. HCM nhm y mnh vic hp tc TMT. Nhng ti hm trc , ngy 3/3/2006, ban lnh o Vit C pht hin ra site Vietco.com b tn cng t chi dch v vi mt mc khng khip. Sn giao dch ny lp tc b qu ti v khng th truy cp. Kt qu l sng hm sau cuc hi tho phi demo bng my chiu. Nhng cha ht, tip sau Vietco li b tn cng vi cng ln hn nhiu ln. B phn k thut tm mi cch chng nhng v hiu. Cng ty chuyn Server lin tc ln cc h thng khc, nhng khng th duy tr qu hai ting. Mi IP to ra khong 10 ngn truy xut vo h thng, v c hng ngn IP (ch yu n t Vit Nam) cng hng vo Vietco.com mt lc. Lng truy xut ny ln gp nhiu ln kh nng p ng ti a ca h thng, v khng th chng v mt k thut. Kh nng hnh ng chi xu ny l ca mt i th cnh tranh. V k tn cng l mt ngi rt chuyn nghip v chun b k. Hu qu l t ngy 3/3/2006 cho ti nay, hn 40 nhn vin ca Vit C ngi chi xi nc, ton b hot ng thng mi b nh tr. i ng k thut th tc trc ngy m m khng c hiu qu. Chi ph cho mi ngy hot ng ca cng ty l 3 triu ng. T khi b DDoS, cng ty Vietco phi chi khong t 50 70 triu ng cho tin thu t vn, chi ph i server lin tc Nh vy, vi s pht trin thng mi in t v cng ngh thng tin, s lng tin tc cng ngy cng tng. Mc ch chnh ca cc tin tc vn l n cp cc thng tin c nhn v thng tin v ti khon tn dng. Tuy nhin c mt s tin tc thm nhp vo my tnh, c s d liu ca nn nhn khng v mc ch n cp thng tin, mc ch chnh l lm thay i d liu vi mc ch lm mt uy tn mt ai hay mt t chc no . Hoc cng c th lm gin on hot ng kinh doanh ca nn nhn 1. Nu hnh thc tn cng DDOS trong trng hp ca VietCo 2. Cc gii php m VietCo lm khc phc tn cng ny. 2.4.2. Cc gii php cho hot ng bo mt trong thng mi in t:

Tng la (Firewall) Tng la l mt thnh phn ca mng, gm phn mm hoc phn cng hoc kt hp c phn mm v phn cng, cho php nhng ngi s dng mng my tnh ca mt t chc c th truy cp ti nguyn ca cc mng khc (v d, mng Internet), nhng ng thi ngn cm nhng ngi s dng khc, khng c php t bn ngoi truy cp vo mng my tnh ca t chc. Mt bc tng la c nhng c im sau: Tt c cc lung thng tin t bn trong mng my tnh ca t chc i ra ngoi v ngc li u phi i qua thit b hay phn mm ny. Ch cc lung thng tin c php v tun th ng quy nh v an ton mng my tnh ca t chc mi c php i qua.

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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

V c bn, tng la cho php nhng ngi s dng mng my tnh bn trong tng la c bo v nhng vn c kh nng truy cp ton b cc dch v bn ngoi mng; ng thi ngn chn v ch cho php mt s cc truy cp t bn ngoi vo mng trn c s kim tra tn v mt khu ca ngi s dng, a ch IP hoc tn min (domain name)
V D

Mt nh sn xut ch cho php nhng ngi s dng c tn min thuc cc cng ty i tc l khch hng lu nm truy cp vo website ca h mua hng. Nh vy, cng vic ca bc tng la l thit lp mt ro chn gia trong v ngoi mng my tnh ca t chc. Tng la bo v mng my tnh ca t chc trnh khi nhng tn thng do tin tc, nhng ngi t m t bn ngoi tn cng. Tt c thng ip c gi n v gi i u c tng la kim tra i chiu vi nhng quy nh v an ton do t chc xc lp.

Cc tng la ph bin hin nay gm: Windows XP Personal firewall, Microsoft ISA server (a chc nng), Checkpoint. Mng ring o (VPN) Theo cch truyn thng, lin lc vi cng ty c th thc hin thng qua mt ng truyn ring hoc thng qua mt ng quay s ti modem hoc ti mt my ch truy cp t xa (RAS Remote Access Server), my ch ny cho php kt ni trc tip ti mng LAN ca cng ty. u im ca vic thu ng truyn ring l gim thiu kh nng b hacker nghe trm cc lin lc, tuy nhin chi ph li cao. Do , doanh nghip c th tham kho mt gii php kinh t hn l s dng mng ring o. Mng ring o s dng mng Internet truyn ti thng tin nhng vn duy tr s b mt bng cch s dng thut m kha ( m giao dch, xc minh tnh chn thc m bo rng thng tin khng b truy xut tri php v thng tin n t nhng ngun tin cy) v qun l quyn truy cp xc nh danh tnh ca bt k ai s dng mng ny.

Hn na, mt mng ring o cng c th c s dng h tr nhng lin lc gia cc chi nhnh v tr s cng ty v nhng lin lc gia cc cng nhn lu ng vi tr s lm vic ca h. S lng cc doanh nghip s dng hnh thc ny ngy cng tng, iu ny th hin doanh s ca th trng dch v mng ring o ton th gii, nm 2005 t mc 23 t USD v ha hn s tng thm 22% trong vng 3 nm ti.

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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

S dng cc gii php m ha m ha cc thng tin quan trng M ho thng tin l qu trnh chuyn cc vn bn hay cc ti liu gc thnh cc vn bn di dng mt m bng cch s dng mt thut m ha. Mt phn mm m ha s thc hin hai cng on: th nht l to ra mt cha kha v th hai l s dng cha kha cng thut m ha m ha vn bn hoc gii m. C hai k thut c bn thng c s dng m ho thng tin l m ho kho n s dng mt kho b mt v m ho kp s dng hai kha gm kho cng khai v kha b mt. Tnh bo mt trong phng php m ha kha b mt ph thuc rt ln vo cha kha b mt. Ngoi ra, s dng phng php m ho kho b mt, doanh nghip rt kh c th thc hin vic phn phi an ton cc m kho b mt vi hng ngn khch hng trc tuyn ca mnh trn nhng mng thng tin rng ln. V doanh nghip s phi b ra nhng chi ph khng nh cho vic to mt m kho ring v chuyn m kho ti mt khch hng bt k trn mng Internet khi h c nhu cu giao dch vi doanh nghip. V d, mt trong cc hnh thc n gin ca kha b mt l password kha v m kha cc vn bn word, excel hay power point.
Kha chnh Kha chnh

Thng ip

M ha

Thut ton mt m

Gii m

Thng ip

Ngi gi

Ngi nhn

K thut m ha kp s dng kho cng khai v kha b mt. K thut m ho ny s dng hai kho khc nhau trong qu trnh m ho v gii m: mt kho dng m ho thng ip v mt kho khc dng gii m. Hai m kho ny c quan h vi nhau v mt thut ton sao cho d liu c m ho bng kho ny s c gii m bng kho kia. Nh vy, k thut m ha ny m bo tnh ring t v bo mt. Ngoi ra k thut ny cng m bo tnh ton vn, v mt khi thng ip m ha b xm phm, qu trnh gii m s khng thc hin c. S dng ch k s: V mt cng ngh, ch k s l mt thng ip d liu c m ha gn km theo mt thng ip d liu khc nhm xc thc ngi gi thng ip . Qu trnh k v xc nhn ch k nh sau: Ngi gi dng mt phn mm x l chuyn thng ip d liu in t thnh mt thng ip tm tt (Message Digest). Ngi gi m ho bn tm tt thng ip bng kha b mt ca mnh (s dng phn mm b mt c c quan chng thc cp) to thnh mt ch k in t. Ngi gi tip tc gn km ch k in t ny vi thng ip d liu ban u v gi mt cch an ton qua mng cho ngi nhn.
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Bi 2: C s h tng ca thng mi in t

Sau khi nhn c, ngi nhn s dng kho cng khai ca ngi gi gii m ch k in t thnh bn tm tt thng ip. Ngi nhn so snh hai bn tm tt thng ip ny. Nu chng ging nhau tc l ch k in t l xc thc v thng ip khng b thay i trn ng truyn i. Ngoi ra, ch k in t c th c gn thm mt nhn thi gian: sau mt thi gian nht nh quy nh bi nhn , ch k in t gc s khng cn hiu lc, ng thi nhn thi gian cng l cng c xc nh thi im k. S dng phong b s (Digital Envelope): To lp mt phong b s l mt qu trnh m ho s dng kho cng khai ca ngi nhn (phn mm cng khai ca ngi nhn, phn mm ny cng do c quan chng thc cp cho ngi nhn, v c ngi nhn thng bo cho cc i tc bit s dng khi h mun gi thng ip cho mnh). Kha b mt ny c dng m ho ton b thng tin m ngi gi mun gi cho ngi nhn, kha ny m bo ch c duy nht ngi nhn l ngi m c thng ip c. Chng th s ha (Digital Certificate) Nu mt bn phi c m ha cng khai ca bn th 2 c th tin hnh m ha v gi thng ip cho bn , m ha cng khai ny s c ly u v liu bn ny c th m bo nh danh chnh xc ca bn th 2 khng? Chng th in t xc minh rng ngi cm gi m kha cng cng hoc m kha b mt chnh l ngi ch ca m kha . Bn th ba, C quan chng thc, s pht hnh chng th in t cho cc bn tham gia. Ni dung chng th in t bao gm: tn, m kho cng khai, s th t ca chng thc in t, thi hn hiu lc, ch k ca c quan chng nhn (tn ca c quan chng nhn c th c m ho bng m kho ring ca c quan chng nhn) v cc thng tin nhn dng khc. Cc chng th ny c s dng xc minh tnh chn thc ca website (website certificate), ca c nhn (personal certificate) v ca cc cng ty phn mm (software publisher certificate).

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TM LC CUI BI

Lut mu v thng mi in t ca y ban Lin hip quc v Lut Thng mi ra i m ng, to c s nn tng cho pht trin thng mi in t trn th gii. y l c s cho cc quc gia tham kho trong vic xy dng khung php l ph hp vi hon cnh ca quc gia nhng khng i ngc vi cc qui tc quc t. Phm vi thng mi l rng ln trn khp ton cu, khng b gii hn v khng gian v thi gian nn bt c mt vi phm no cng s nh hng nhanh chng v lan ta ti cc hot ng khc trong thng mi in t. Do vy, vic cp nht nhng vn bn php lut cng nh ban hnh mi cc vn bn iu chnh tng lnh vc trong thng mi in t s gip cho hot ng thng mi in t pht trin lnh mnh. Song song vi vic pht trin h tng cho thng mi in t th vn bo mt lun l yu t ct li trong thng mi in t, c bit l bo mt thng tin c nhn cho ngi tiu dng trn mng. Hin nay c rt nhiu bin php bo mt trong phi k ti b m ha thng ip nh ch k s, phong b s, chng th s hoc c th s dng tng la hay dng ring mt mng o VPN.

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CU HI THO LUN:

1. C s h tng php l v Thng mi in t ca Vit Nam c c im g? 2. Nhng kh khn v hn ch g khi xy dng c s h tng cho s pht trin thng mi in t? 3. Lut mu v Thng mi in t c hay khng quy nh nh thu i vi cc hng ha c mua bn qua mng? Nu c th quy nh nh th no? 4. Theo Lut v Ch k in t, Ch k in t c quy nh nh th no? 5. Nu mt s tp qun trong thng mi in t. 6. Cc loi quyn s hu tr tu? 7. Mng Intranet khc vi mng Lan nh th no? Mng LAN c th tr thnh mng Intranet c khng? 8. Doanh nghip s dng mng Extranet vo nhng hot ng no? Cho mt v d c th trn th gii v ti Vit Nam. 9. thanh ton in t pht trin, nh nc v doanh nghip cn phi p ng nhng iu kin g? 10. Nu nhng nhn t xc nh xem hnh thc thanh ton in t no c s dng nhiu nht. 11. Th no l bo mt trong thng mi in t? 12. Nu mt s ri ro v bo mt trong qu trnh tin hnh thng mi in t. 13. Nu mt s gii php bo mt trong thng mi in t. 14. Nu vi tr ca kha b mt v kha cng khai. 15. T chi dch v (DDOS) l g?

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