CHEmicAL EQUILIBRIUM. x | Revensible Reactons: A seachown in which boty forward ond leackwasd neachow OCCU Simp thane ously - R A+ B® — C+D — —_ Ry Rs Rale 9 Forward heactou Ro = Rate 4 wa tlward reackoy Bynawnte Equi libsium a (PT) Constant Iw a Closed fyusiew when sale 5 Soravoan d anal back ward heachonw becomes eqvoal 5 Ay narnre equrli bom esta blishect: Re = kp. Aale fonwand Dynamic Batkward equi liosivm: Timee [Fhe dy narnic equi libsiom 2 he Conte ialion 4 Aeackonts and products Aemaings unchanged: = Produc t+ toneenatiow r \ ' Rea tauts Time: ¥ eq. x To Hyd he tencemlatow at equiliomum ‘ke’ walue ig used: ke = Lhaoduets_] equilibsow Te [ Reac tomts | _ constant: cae ] conceemla how where ( Ta la?) ke is tae anato oy concentaatiow gh Produck = Ove toncemiahou reactants No fined vomit , vnit depends ow neacton:* Expression. 4 ke and th oni Pe qm == RS ke= [fad 1 { React 1 ke= {e1t$] {e141 * the mole aabo 9 Aeactants & — Faodtuck wilh weume the Powe 9 cach wncemilatn mH miw Hag) t lhig= SaEE9) Q-Aa =a anal mkvw a (a) =a ke = {uz on [21 {12 a ARE b) unit (4) a af . ~ No vnik kee a7 OAS Lowits ove = 1) aS02 +04 > 250319 (. 4) eawtel out) 9 n) Nat 3M 2 OND ig)eq Naryt Bhai = ania 2 kee C Nha] fu] f] acts ghtw = tae [a") Le aoe’ (ay =2 AS0. + 02 = A403 (so. ’[or] al Nadu == &N0.. dnoed BY ee {Noa} [nro4) =3 5 m6). dm “ue Aw -mi¥ Naw + Sta — ANH ay ke \ Prod] { React] a ees [yn] {2 Tue Tal (ay unit = dm * mi a” (st. ¥ A502 y+ O81) = 2603 14) ne fe 2 (Sa kez (#021 [ $0a]* [0°] out = aa ada” ~e In ‘ke? ex prewniow 5 solids toncempahor mag's | Aematns tonstavt , so Solid one nok included in ke cee Ps +. =— "Fina 1 fe i == Mes + Pep kez _1fe7?J Tag*] [Fe]te 1 find ovk the Ke A a hseac How whew = Q-16 mo) 4 $03, d:001IB MM Or ae? alen? and 0-46 mma $02 5 t v ren ol 2 1S fe at equili bstum: 2$0a 4+ Oa => 4803. 2 ke { sos) [so.]*[02} lec= (218) . (0) "(ooo -l ke = 8812-5 wwl- dm nec a+r Bm CrdD bles Suita) v v ° © one Cp om ; re i No] jequvi equili Y v v 4 L f = wo Bee ro Oo ° ~ ~ =by. 2. Initial moles (1) Ce nob 4-0-6 Ww moles (ce) whew 1-0 mol 4 CaHEoOH and 1-0 mol 4 Utz OPH one mixed at wonstant lermperatuse anak allowed to reach equi lilo~tum- Ae equili batuw 0-6 mA an eslew is darmed Colutale te and tnd its units: the total volume Q mixlne 1s Sadwn ACs toon = 2 Co Hs OH = 1UMslootans +1tbd Leo 1°o oO oO O+0-6 0+0-4 equililowow oy oy Ob a6 res (E) & £ £ £ kez (3 ew (SA) 2 = lo) = a-as (o-4)~ No owt’eK 3 Whew 3-2 mole» | He is Aeacléd wily 12 mole 4 Ta iw a Sealed COntaine. At eqvililbsium Ob rol g HT is formed: Te tote volume is aSoum?. find ke. 2 1000 kez Car] [wil Ta] Hac Tay AUT gy I 3-2 2 Oo Tz — UI — ur 06 c 3-2-0-3 a-03 O+06 n= 0-3 E a4 0-4 ot Ha — HT OAs oar Oat ,o— 2 2 n— of ex (7468) neo a4 oF (24) (S50) kes (* 2 0.138 No onit (a4) (09 luni ove tavtel): Step s to Calewlale Ice. i) | wale ex paw ow v) Mace 1,C,E lable to Find eq moles w) divide eq. moles wily volume 5 if volume t ? is not given Suppose. Volume ous Vv: iv) Pub these wonc- in Ke ex pnessidv* | Calolatiow im volving kee {(b) The carbon monoxide for use in the production of methanol may be formed by reacting ‘carbon dioxide with hydrogen. CO,(g) + H,(g) = CO() + H,0(9) ‘Amixture containing 0.70mol of CO,, 0.70mol of H,, 0.30mol of CO and 0.30 mol of H,O was placed in a 1 dm? flask and allowed to come to equilibrium at 1200. Calclate tne amount, in moles, ofeach substance present inthe equilum mature at ‘200 J € K = 1.44.t 1200K —— 4co, + 4H, = co + HO inital 070070 030 0.30 - (co) [4a] [co] ta} hee Te be the Change iu miler Oh COL Wusumed OMe 0-24 owe O-lue C 0-F-% 0-9-4 O3tu 0-34H E ouss onss osus sus buys (o340)~ (o9-~) ~ V2 40-34% oO y-w ralot-x) = O33 +% OBY-12H% = OF te OB4Y-o-3= “ut 12% OSYs DAN ae OSY 5 OASWe Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to produce ammonia. Nag) + 3H:{g) = 2NH3(9) ‘A mixture of 2.00mol of nitrogen, 6.00mol of hydrogen and 2.40mol of ammonia is allowed to reach equilibrium in a sealed vessel of volume 1,dm’. It was found that 2.32mol of nitrogen were present in the equilibrium mixture. —_— ‘What is the value of K.? . a — —~ Na + 3la = ANH Na — to 1 4-00 6-00 a-4uo 0:32 — %& c 240-32 640-46 2-Up - 0-64 n= 0% ie 2-32 6-46 16 Na — NH3 1 T 1 — r 03a— ™ x X= 0-64 ke (Nt) 4 2 ae) -3 [uel [m] — (aaa) leawy’ + 9 tox Cae oe (4[42) equililonuw tonstaut y Ie Ke J : Kp { \ tontenlration Pontial Paomure (?) ay (9) only iw eee + Solids oe wot involved: kee [P14 ae kp < GEODOTS PrenetantB8D31g) = A8Dayy 4 O3cqy atm, fasta) le P Ke a [$02] [fo] . fox fs [s0.1” F eos Mac t Oatay 240... + & Clay —a@ gC lalagy ‘4 ke kp Lmyco 1 (084 Poy { tb} fe, — o> k ye onty gov (aq) on Gas) es¢ Equililomunn Constant fom pantal Phessuse + kp lonty inv gave) Expnevriow $ kp = of Paoduct Fantial Phessue Pontial frensure 4 Reactant ‘ ? Pontial Phesoue 5 #£ kp = Geen unit= atm F Porcal- Reactant e4 N29) + Stag) == AnH 19) & f, ay Nig (atm) Ep= ; Fisg aw Fits wh > ore ega Na Ou jg & N02 4) (ate) > atn kp= fron Fran unit= (Ry = Pa- Ans Ley (ater) latre) ~Dalton's law Pano: 4 Portia’ Praemsuse- mB Toa Te total paewume in a nix We q gas ik equal to Ye sum 4 poottal Premuse- A+B ° ° + 440 — 28,0 Gas Gan A & Satn Satw 34+5= Zatw Ale Pi a ° Rie JN Nap ° Na O02 o 0 ° Pre Nate 0a d o a) go) Qo. {0 Caludaleé Pontial Paewwe PP = mole Aaction x Pr—+t+ Tohal fremue [five Mole hackion 3- indvidual mile at eq, ——> “zc? Total mies ak &- sum 4 all mole hathow = 1.a ww) i) Sipe to ind ep wale expaevsrow 6} Kp- Mate 1,056 table to find eq. mole fd wwle hactow - ( ind =) at eq, Portial Prerswe ( PP = vole hachiow x Pr) fuk all the valves in kp- EXPEND:8) 1 Aa total pressure o(0 aim, dinitrogen tetraoxide is 50% dissociated at a temperature of 60°C, according to the following equation. NO, = 2NO, ‘What is the value of the equilibrium constant, K,, for this reaction at 60°C? Kp a mS 3 Nady == aN0z ° \s 1 1-0 ° osm eo 1-0 orl & os a = VS PPnsoy = OF = 0-334 x4 Vs PP wor = 1 = 0-b66E xt TF 2 zu eps Fro (0-663) Pandy (0-330 kp= 1332 ()en ‘ep? elon to gases 2 ————~ 4 SS oe M4 O15) + ACtaig p BN 7 0214) ay) Ss Ae 4x1 Pa & Sook , Fo"). 4 imi hal amoout 9 On 4) has Aeacled - Calwlale lp & stale its units. ‘Tne givem ex pnessiow 4 kp ie 3 Monks kp = for ~ =, Pos P-P= wale x Pr oa Cn Re 1 J acla == Oa ind sod) Tot sol T * ° [TCE o l-oF oro 3S & o3 035 = 068 03s , — 41X10, re 0-3 10 coe (es *! ), C2 = 22 x B obs (= i s (oe Or = 0S i xin 06 eps eee umt= fa- Acip - Base. Equiliona RRRHE NIUS Meco a ACIDS g- x Substance Haak digsotale to foam +. . 7 Wo iow iw aqueous Soluhow Base s ee Substances hat Seact wit HT ios hom aud +0 form wald- Ht + ow —> HOu ALKALI #- (wala sowble bave) # Svogtomes dittocitE in wal& to form OH ioveBaonsled_— Lowony Fucony t= Paoton = H* on ion: Rud — Proltow donow Base > Proton acceptor. weak Auds Weale Bose Pon tially Aissoecale Pox Halty At ssoegale es aN S + CiytooH == CHatoo +H —___ gb dyarmait equili osm jonie equilibwa lonjug al? Bor » (AeA) * The paskele lyr ae an aud donale it Fao ton: + = Hx — > 4H + X lonjvgale oase- Lonjugale aud [Basc) x Tre paubele form whew a base accept Paoton- + AB + ut —» ABH ton jugalé aud.hewaal equakow 4 weal aud- HAO tt) (OHO OS Hap' + AD acid Bowe tow) accel: Cony’ base “4 HCOOH + HC1O; = HOOKS + ClO, Bone aud tonj aval tovy - bane eq HaSOy t HNO3 SOW + thNOs” aud Bare couj tous accel’ bonepu and ‘Tiiahon Curve: Aud + Bore —» Sait * tro Rud + Altali —> Salk + ho ON oe CrVa Tihahouw Ey De PH (0-2) Bare put ui) swong Rod Sou Bone Nevbiali'sabiow pie + 9H lp-2) pul 8-) Siiong = Aad weale Base — NewhaliZahion pH 67 prs) pH (u-14) Weal aad $s Bone Newhalsqho- part pula-6) pu (8-1) weak aul weale Bore Neulialteahion pi: 9 Suing acd 4 ©), atlse Ape oem pH swat Bane Naov 8 ee FP 9 Ke bo wm eb ayo 208 added lem? Gvy = C2V2e “Nay +4AKCl —> Nac! +10 = = WpAf (a0) =. (y1) V2 4Hint [ Diffusion) ' High 9 lower LECHATELIERS Pec Le <= Wo the condi Hows Ca syslere in equililosivm one Changed » the posi tow. 4 equili oAtum move so os tO edute Rak Cham qe i Prewure only iw g.aves) n__| Temperatue in| COMCem Vatiow wn Calaty st — No Change in eq position: ettece of Phessuie ow eq: positow: Paw no) moles 4 Jase x PT — with owt the positiow 9 equili losin fowonds lens mdjewlers A gaser - « PL — will shift the position 4 equililosi um towards more moleales a gasespr 4 a a ——_— — i) Nag 3 Ha gy = aNND y) PL PT —> Iw molewle 4 gan ID che ) fo the oppose the chavge fu frome PL — me wile ules (vackwad) , so a4 to © ppose tac cravge iw prem = _— 2 eq QS03 ig) == A508 (5) + 0a () ZY a e4 a HTig) = M219) > 12) os u NO ey eck [Change 1 Sore molewles JONEA PA (ley mdlevete) 2 a — 1 r cg »q0is + allrig) = Naf to4y + Oa 19) x PY ( roone -wwdleutes} =9) A+ B = Prodvet a endo- (endo) deck ‘Terap tease 5 ke valve deveare. RY fomord olinechow 2éstect Temperature 8— (Twp) a a EO lempe D © Lu TT — emdo-(dinectiow) — en emery absolo Ae lease Ty > exo- (dine ov.) fomoaa: exo (TY) exo = A + B = cr Dd ptz OF 90 endo ( T7) ewdo (11) eee Pita = Ras Du= ido a eto (13) Tempeatue ie Aepeud on equililoow ! Const —'lep! f Iec! of exo: i Predoet aS _ = ?P \—, React ——— 2 Oe) gs TT “eed (edo) ESfeck 4 toncenfatow 2- (niet) Diffusion C4) PIS) = Placa + Cha egy Ove + Cit