Miguel Félix Mata-Rivera

Roberto Zagal-Flores
Cristian Barria-Huidobro (Eds.)

Communications in Computer and Information Science 1906

Telematics and Computing

12th International Congress, WITCOM 2023
Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, November 13–17, 2023
Proceedings
 Contents

A Decision Tree as an Explainable Artificial Intelligence Technique

for Identifying Agricultural Production Predictor Variables in Mexico . . . . . . . . . 1
Héctor M. Ruiz-Juárez, Juliana Castillo-Araujo,
Mauricio Gabriel Orozco-del-Castillo, Nora Leticia Cuevas-Cuevas,
Francisco Cárdenas-Pimentel, and Raúl Cáceres-Escalante

APOS is Not Enough: Towards a More Appropriate Way to Estimate

Computational Complexity in CIC Decimation Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
David Ernesto Troncoso Romero, Julio César Ramírez Pacheco,
José Antonio León Borges, and Homero Toral Cruz

Shape-Based Object Detection for Industrial Process Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Manuel Matuz-Cruz, Enrique Quezada-Próspero,
Andrea Ramos-Córdova, Dante Mújica-Vargas,
and Christian García-Aquino

Power- and Speed-Efficient Compressed Sensing Encoder via Multiplexed

Stabilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
David Ernesto Troncoso Romero, Daniel Sergio Martínez-Ramírez,
Yolanda Pérez-Pimentel, and Ismael Osuna-Galán

Classical Artificial Neural Networks and Seismology, Basic Steps

for Training Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Israel Reyes-Ramírez, Eric Gómez Serrano,
Octavio Sebastián Hernández Pérez-Riveroll, Álvaro Anzueto Ríos,
and Jorge Fonseca Campos

Fractals and Wavelet Fisher’s Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Julio César Ramírez Pacheco, David Ernesto Troncoso Romero,
Homero Toral Cruz, and José Antonio León Borges

Firewall System for the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Martín Roberto Flores Eslava, Juan Carlos Herrera Lozada,
Miguel Hernández Bolaños, and Jacobo Sandoval Gutiérrez

Multimedia Technology and Smart Cities; an Inevitable Combination

of Urban Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Hugo Isaac Galván Alvarez, Hector Hugo Zepeda Peña,
María del Consuelo Cortes Velázquez,
and Claudia Patricia Figueroa Ypiña
xii Contents

Air Quality Measurement System Using Open Hardware and IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Rodrigo Vázquez-López, Juan Carlos Herrera-Lozada,
Jacobo Sandoval-Gutiérrez, Mauricio Olguin-Carbajal,
and Miguel Hernández-Bolaños

Reduction of Energy Consumption in a WSN by Means of Quantum

Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Carlos Antonio Ayala Tlalolini, Víctor Barrera-Figueroa,
and Yunia Verónica García-Tejeda

A Novel Method Based on Gunnar Farneback Method, Mathematical

Morphology, and Artificial Vision for Flow Analysis in Electrochemical
Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Daniel A. Gutiérrez-Jiménez, Sebastián Salazar-Colores,
Fernando F. Rivera, and José Trinidad López-Maldonado

Search Space Reduction in Road Networks for the Ambulance Location

and Allocation Optimization Problems: A Real Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Miguel Medina-Perez, Valeria Karina Legaria-Santiago,
Giovanni Guzmán, and Magdalena Saldana-Perez

Development of a Web-Based Calculator to Simulate Link Budget

for Mobile Communications Systems at Urban Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
G. E. Casillas-Aviña, C. A. López-Balcázar, G. A. Yáñez-Casas,
J. J. Hernández-Gómez, J. M. Arao-Quiroz, and M. F. Mata-Rivera

Scientific Information Management System for Multidisciplinary Teams . . . . . . 199

Gomez-Miranda Pilar, Romero-Lujambio Jose-Fausto,
Aguíñiga-García Sergio, and Garay-Jimenez Laura-Ivoone

Air Quality Prediction in Smart Cities Using Wireless Sensor Network

and Associative Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Mario Aldape-Pérez, Amadeo-José Argüelles-Cruz,
Alejandro Rodríguez-Molina, and Miguel-Gabriel Villarreal-Cervantes

User Interface of Digital Platforms Used TDHA Patients: Case Study

in Educational Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Diana C. Burbano G and Jaime Antonio Álvarez

Recognition of Pollen-Carrying Bees Using Convolutional Neural

Networks and Digital Image Processing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Josué Emmanuel Pat-Cetina, Mauricio Gabriel Orozco-del-Castillo,
Karime Alejandra López-Puerto, Carlos Bermejo-Sabbagh,
and Nora Leticia Cuevas-Cuevas
 Contents xiii

Enhancing Air Quality Monitoring in Mexico City: A Hybrid

Sensor-Machine Learning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Camilo Israel Chávez Galván, Roberto Zagal, Miguel Felix Mata,
Fabio Duarte, Simone Mora, Amadeo Arguelles, and Martina Mazzarello

Multi-labeling of Malware Samples Using Behavior Reports and Fuzzy

Hashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Rolando Sánchez-Fraga, Raúl Acosta-Bermejo,
and Eleazar Aguirre-Anaya

Computational Simulation Applied to 3.5 GHz Band Microstrip Yagi

Array Antenna Design for 5G Technology Mobile Wireless Device . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Salvador Ricardo Meneses González
and Rita Trinidad Rodríguez Márquez

3D Point Cloud Outliers and Noise Reduction Using Neural Networks . . . . . . . . 323
Luis-Rogelio Roman-Rivera, Jesus Carlos Pedraza-Ortega,
Israel Sotelo-Rodríguez, Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González,
and Manuel Toledano-Ayala

Development and Coding of a Data Framing Protocol for IoT/LPWAN

Networks Based on 8-Bit Processing Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
F. Ramírez-López, G. A. Yáñez-Casas, C. A. López-Balcázar,
J. J. Hernández-Gómez, R. de-la-Rosa-Rábago,
and C. Couder-Castañeda

Performance Analysis of Variable Packet Transmission Policies

in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Isaac Villalobos, Mario E. Rivero-Angeles, and Izlian Y. Orea-Flores

About a Sentiment Analysis Technique on Twitter and Its Application

to Regional Tourism in Quintana Roo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Osuna-Galan Ismael, Perez-Pimentel Yolanda,
and León-Borges Jose Antonio

Comparative Study of Pattern Recognition Techniques in the Classification

of Vertebral Column Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Alam Gabriel Rojas-López, Abril Valeria Uriarte-Arcia,
Alejandro Rodríguez-Molina, and Miguel Gabriel Villarreal-Cervantes

Security Verification of Instant Messaging Cryptographic Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Gloria O. Olivares Ménez, Kevin A. Delgado Vargas,
Felipe Bernstein Mery, and Gina Gallegos-García
xiv Contents

Elaboration of an Information System to Improve Operational Discipline

in PEMEX with LAGS Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Vladimir Avalos-Bravo, Meliton Flores Ledesma,
and Denisse Guadalupe Melo Lugo

ICIS: A Model for Context-Based Classification of Sensitive Personal

Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Sara De Jesus Sanchez, Eleazar Aguirre Anaya, Hiram Calvo,
Jorge Enrique Coyac Torres, and Raul Acosta Bermejo

Transformational Leadership in Universities During the Pandemic

by SARS-CoV-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Jesus Antonio Alvarez-Cedillo, Ma. Teresa Sarabia-Alonso,
and Teodoro Alvarez-Sanchez

Detection of Mental Health Symptoms in the Written Language

of Undergraduate Students Using a Microblogging Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Ivan Madera-Torres, Mauricio Gabriel Orozco-del-Castillo,
Sara Nelly Moreno-Cimé, Carlos Bermejo-Sabbagh,
and Nora Leticia Cuevas-Cuevas

Neural Network-Based Load Identification for Residential Electrical

Installations. A Review and an Online Experimental Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Gerardo Arno Sonck-Martinez, Abraham Efrain Rodríguez-Mata,
Jesus Alfonso Medrano-Hermosillo, Rogelio Baray-Arana,
Efren Morales-Estrada, and Victor Alejandro Gonzalez-Huitron

Interactions in the Digital Learning Ecosystem in Teacher Learning

Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Diana C. Burbano G and Jaime A. Álvarez

CRAG: A Guideline to Perform a Cybersecurity Risk Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Isaac D. Sánchez-García, Tomás San Feliu Gilabert,
and Jose A. Calvo-Manzano

Adversarial Attack Versus a Bio-Inspired Defensive Method for Image

Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Oscar Garcia-Porras, Sebastián Salazar-Colores,
E. Ulises Moya-Sánchez, and Abraham Sánchez-Pérez

Technological Tools for Inventory Control in Fac Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Clara Burbano Gonzalez, Lorieth Bocanegra Jurado,
Valentina Rodiguez Caviedes, Emavi, Victor Rodriguez Yáñez,
and Marco Fidel Súarez

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

 Reduction of Energy Consumption
in a WSN by Means of Quantum
Entanglement

Carlos Antonio Ayala Tlalolini1 , Vı́ctor Barrera-Figueroa2(B) ,

and Yunia Verónica Garcı́a-Tejeda 3
1
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ingenierı́a en Telemática, UPIITA, Av. IPN No.
2580 Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
cayalat1601@alumno.ipn.mx
2
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación,
UPIITA, Av. IPN No. 2580 Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City,
Mexico
vbarreraf@ipn.mx
3
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Academia de Ciencias Básicas, UPIITA, Av. IPN
No. 2580 Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
ygarciat@ipn.mx

Abstract. In this work we consider the effect of quantum entanglement

regarding the reduction of energy in a wireless sensor network (WSN).
Such theoretical networks are intended to use the phenomenon of quan-
tum entanglement to reduce the overall energy consumption. As such the
study allows to estimate the effective energy reduction and to compare
with the energy consumption by a classical WSN.

Keywords: Quantum entanglement · Wireless Sensor Network ·

Energy consumption

1 Introduction
Let us consider a group of particles that somehow share spatial proximity, inter-
act, or even were generated during an experiment. If the quantum state of each
particle of the group cannot be described independently from the state of the
others, even if they are far away each other, we say that the particles are entan-
gled. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement is the key feature of quantum
mechanics, it is a property that cannot be found in classical physics and has no
thorough explanation in our current framework of knowledge [14].
The measurements of the physical properties of entangled particles may
be correlated. These include position, momentum, spin, and polarization. For
instance, if a pair of entangled particles is generated such that their total spin
is zero, and the spin of one particle is, say, up |↑ with respect to an axis, then

c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

M. F. Mata-Rivera et al. (Eds.): WITCOM 2023, CCIS 1906, pp. 122–132, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45316-8_10
 Reduction of Energy in a WSN by Quantum Entanglement 123

the spin of the other particle measured in the same axis is down |↓. Any mea-
surement performed on one entangled particle will affect the entangled system
as a whole.
The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics establishes that the
effect of measuring occurs instantly [22, p. 133]. Prior a measurement, a wave
function involves all the possible outcomes, but at the moment of measuring the
wave function changes suddenly and discontinuously so that the apparatus reg-
isters only one of those outcomes. It is said that the wave function has collapsed
to the outcome registered by the apparatus. On the other hand, the many-worlds
interpretation establishes that a universal wave function satisfies the same deter-
ministic, reversible laws at all the times, and in particular there is no such a
thing like a wave function collapse associated to a measurement [6]. Regardless
the interpretation of quantum mechanics, all of them agree that entanglement
produces correlation between the measurements, and that the mutual informa-
tion between the entangled particles can be exploited, however any transmission
of information at faster-than-light speed is impossible (see, e.g. [11, 13, 17, 25]).
In recent years there has been a great revolution in quantum computing,
which unlike traditional bit-based computing uses quantum bits also called
Qubits. The impact that quantum computing exerts on today’s technology is
becoming increasingly apparent. Several properties distinguish the quantum
computing, one of them is the superposition of states of a Qubit. Unlike classi-
cal bits, which only have one state (either ON or OFF), Qubits can have mixed
states (a little OFF and a little ON, for instance). Quantum entanglement allows
the state of a Qubit to modify the state of another one. The properties Qubits
have lead to logic gates and therefore quantum circuits, which can be used in the
construction of future quantum computers and nanoscale devices [4]. Quantum
computing has recently been applied in different applications such as: detection
and measurement of fields and computer security [1, 12] just to mention a few.
A wireless sensor network (WSN for short) is a network formed by a large
number of low-cost sensor nodes which are provided with a supply of limited
power. The nodes share information with a sink node, which is in charge of
gathering all the information and its processing before sending it to a base sta-
tion. The energy of the nodes can be recharged once the sink node is idle [9]. The
nodes can also be recharged by means other methods, for instance by wireless
energy transfer and charging technologies to efficiently deliver the energy to the
depleted nodes [21]. In any case, if the recharge of the nodes is frequent this
could interrupt important processes in the network.
The inefficient use the energy of the network represents a problem. The aim
of this work is to optimize the time life of a WSN without having to disconnect
the nodes or dismantle the network to recharge the batteries, at least not so
frequently. Also note that implementing a wireless energy transfer could inter-
rupt the flow of information of the nodes to the sink, since a node will be online
once its energy exceeds a certain threshold. Hence this method should also be
avoided if the information possesses certain priority of transmission. Moreover,
some works have considered using mobile chargers [9] or using the spanning tree
124 C. A. A. Tlalolini et al.

construction algorithm [16]. However, in this work the phenomenon of quan-

tum entanglement to reduce the energy consumption is propounded. Quantum
entanglement has been used in magnetometry and interferometry [1], in the
development of nanoscale devices [4], and in data security [12].
The use of WSNs in real-world applications is continuously increasing, so
that to improve their performance, several improvement metrics can be consid-
ered. One of the most important is the lifetime and reliability of the network
(see, e.g. [3, 5, 15, 18]. The present work raises the possibility of using quantum
entanglement to save energy in WSNs. Note that this issue has not yet addressed
in the literature up to our best knowledge. Nonetheless quantum computing has
been used in applications such genetic programming [24], health medicine [10],
grid security [8], software security [2], security in WSNs [19], location systems
[23, 26]. Other engineering applications of quantum entanglement can be found
in [7].
The outline of this work is as follows. In Sect. 2 we describe the network under
analysis and define the Markov chains for the states of the nodes. In Sect. 3 we
design an arbitrary WSN and simulate its performance according to the Markov
chains previously defined. In Sect. 4 we analyze the WSN equipped by quan-
tum entanglement in the nodes. Finally in Sect. 5 we provide some concluding
comments.

2 Description of the Network

On considering the quantum entanglement in a network it is important to note
that such a phenomenon does not have an equivalent in the classical world.
Hence, if the nodes of a network are equipped with quantum entanglement,
we have to consider that the network possesses different properties. The more
relevant are superposition of states, and no-cloning principle.
Regarding the incorporation of the quantum entanglement in a WSN we can
say that indeed a reduction of the energy consumption is possible. Moreover, we
have the hypothesis that energy reduction does not depend on the topology of
the network. Energy reduction can be achieved in linear sensor networks (LSN
for short) in which nodes are located collinearly, usually with a fixed distance
between nodes. Other topologies such as mesh or star topology are able to achieve
energy reduction via quantum entanglement. In such networks the nodes are
not located linearly but keep a regular ordering. These topologies provide extra
redundancy in the interconnection of the nodes, which in turn reduces the loss
of information. Finally, a network in which nodes are placed randomly are also
subjected to energy reduction via quantum entanglement. This is the case of the
network shown in Fig. 1.
In order to study the energy consumption in a WSN we have to consider
that each node comprises a power supply, some kind of sensor, a processing
subsystem, and a communication subsystem. Excluding the power supply, the
rest of the components consume energy while performing their duties.
 Reduction of Energy in a WSN by Quantum Entanglement 125

Fig. 1. A WSN with nodes placed randomly.

The sensor is responsible of sensing some physical variable. The electric signal
of the sensor can be converted to a digital format if needed by an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC for short). Next, the information from the sensor can be
processed in a CPU of a microcontroller or microprocessor. The energy consumed
by the sensor includes the sampling of the physical variable, conditioning of the
electrical signal, and the analog-to-digital conversion.
The processing subsystem includes a central processing unit (CPU) of a
microcontroller (MCU) or microprocessor (MPU) with certain amount of mem-
ory. This subsystem is in charge of processing the information and to provide
the intelligence to the node. The energy used in processing the signals depends
on the state of the CPU: active state, when the CPU processes the signals; and
passive state, when the CPU is in idle state.
The communication subsystem is the main energy consumer in a node. The
further away the nodes are located, the more energy is used for establishing a
wireless link. The communication subsystem may consume mW to W to power
the transceiver, in comparison to the μW or even nW of power used by the
MCU or MPU. On this basis, we can establish the following settings for defining
a Markov chain:

– The state of a node is represented by a state variable S i , which can be either

0 (node OFF) or 1 (node ON).
– E0 is the initial energy of a node.
– ei is the residual energy of a node, where 0 < e i < E0 .
– ETX is the amount of energy needed for transmitting information.
– ERX is the amount of energy needed for receiving information.
– Esleep is the amount of energy consumed in the Sleep mode.
126 C. A. A. Tlalolini et al.

– pe is the transmission probability.

– ρ, is the probability of changing the state of the node from OFF to ON.
– If Si = 0 ⇒ Si = 1, then PTX = pe , and PRX = 1 − pe .
– If Si = 1 ⇒ Si = 0, then PTX = 0, and PRX = 0.
If the node is in the OFF state (Si = 0), it can change to ON or Sleep state.
Similarly, if the node is in the ON state (S i = 1), it can change to OFF or Sleep
state.

Fig. 2. Markov chain for a node in the OFF state.

Regarding Fig. 2, a node in the OFF state has the following transitions:
– e11 − ERX , in this transition the node is turned ON and is able to receive with
probability ρ (1 − pe ).
– e11 − ETX , in this transition the node is turned ON and is able to transmit
with probability ρpe .
– e01 − Esleep , the node remains in the sleep mode, and the state of the node
does not change with probability 1 − ρ.

Fig. 3. Markov chain for a node in the ON state.

Regarding Fig. 3, a node in the ON state has the following transitions:

– e11 − ERX , in this transition the node remains in the same ON state and is
able to receive with probability (1 − ρ) (1 − pe ).
– e11 − ETX , in this transition the node remains in the same ON state and is
able to transmit with probability (1 − ρ) pe .
– e01 − Esleep , the node turns OFF and stay in the sleep mode.
 Reduction of Energy in a WSN by Quantum Entanglement 127

3 Simulation and Results

The simulation was carried out using MATLAB. Let us consider a set of 50 nodes
that define a topology for a WSN, as is shown in Fig. 4. Each node is associated
to an index. Node 1 represents an arbitrary node, while Node 2 is a sink node.
The positions of these nodes are fixed, and these nodes are chosen so that they
are far away each other. The rest of the nodes are distributed randomly on a
rectangle of 1000 × 1000 m2 . On considering this WSN as a classical network, it
is equipped by the slotted ALOHA protocol, but as a modern network the nodes
are equipped by quantum entanglement.

Fig. 4. Route in a WSN: packages are sent from Node 1 to the sink Node 2. (Color
figure online)

The objective is to determine the energy consumption of the network in

both cases: as a classical network and as a modern network. The process of
transmission from Node 1 to Node 2 is defined by the flowchart of Fig. 5.
On the basis of the previous flowchart the network was simulated. Node 1
tries to transmit to a neighbor node. If the communication is not accomplished,
that node is removed from the list of neighboring nodes; such a node is then
called a “dead node” since it does not participate in the communication. Dead
nodes are indicated by blue dots. On the other hand, if a node can be linked to
a neighbor a successful transmission is indicated by a green dot, but if collision
of packets occurs during the simulation that node is indicated by a red dot, as
is shown in Fig. 4. These red dots are also disconnected from the networks since
they could not accomplish a successful communication. The simulation consisted
of sending 11280 packets. The resulting route in the network for this simulation
consisted of 8 nodes, namely 1 → 24 → 8 → 47 → 4 → 27 → 34 → 2.
128 C. A. A. Tlalolini et al.

Fig. 5. Flowchart of activities for an arbitrary WSN.

The simulation shows that there exist successful tries when sending informa-
tion, but also collisions when trying to reach the Node 2. Recall that E TX and
ERX denote the energy needed for transmitting and receiving a packet, respec-
tively. Since 8 nodes were involved in the route, the energy used to transmit a
single packet to the Node 2 via the route is

Eroute = etotal − 7ETX + 7ERX .

Note that the Node 1 transmits only, while the Node 2 (the sink) receives only,
for this reason we have seven units of energy in each case. In a more general case
in which κ is the number of nodes forming a route, the energy used to transmit
a single packet to the Node 2 via that route is

Eroute = etotal − (κ − 1) (ETX + ERX ) .

This is a quite ideal expression since no collisions are taken into account
during the transmission. However if collisions are considered an extra amount
of energy is used for retransmitting, but not so when receiving. If ι denotes the
number of nodes that had collisions, the expression for the energy takes the form

Eroute = etotal − (κ − 1) (ETX + ERX ) − ιETX .

 Reduction of Energy in a WSN by Quantum Entanglement 129

On considering the leakage energy in a node, that is the energy consumed by

a node that stays in the sleep mode the previous equation takes the form

Eroute = etotal − (κ − 1) (ETX + ERX ) − ιETX − ( − 1) (κ − 1) Esleep . (1)

where  is the total number of nodes of the network.

4 Nodes Equipped by Quantum Entanglement

Now, for generating quantum entanglement between the nodes of the network,
it is necessary to use the circuit of Fig. 6 for each pair of nodes. Here X and H
are the corresponding logical gates in the quantum realm. By H we denote a
Hadamard gate, and X is a CNOT gate [20].

Fig. 6. Quantum circuit

Next, the teleportation was simulated by making 1024 transmissions. In this

way, we obtained the 4 states and their respective probabilities, as is shown in
the histogram of Fig. 7. The three binary digits in each bar of the histogram
correspond to the states of the three Qubits q 0 , q1 , q2 of the previous circuit. For
instance the state 100 means that q0 is in the up state, while q1 and q2 are in
the down state.
Let us assume that the nodes of the network are equipped by quantum entan-
glement, and suppose that we want to transmit from one node, which is referred
to by Alice, to another node that is referred to by Bob. A spin emphup state |↑
is sent via an external uniform magnetic field, which is parallel to the z axis.
The corresponding Hamiltonian is given by

Hs = gσz ,

where g denotes a positive constant, and σ z is the Pauli spin matrix. The ground
state of the system is the down state |↓, whose eigen-energy is −g. The excited
state of the system is the up state |↑, whose eigen-energy is +g.
130 C. A. A. Tlalolini et al.

Fig. 7. Histogram of states.

A shrinking state in Alice or Bob from a Bell pair shared by Alice and
Bob for QT (Quantum Teleportation) is the state of maximum entropy, whose
average energy is zero. Hence, we have to provide to both Alice and Bob an
average energy +g to their spins for generating a Bell pair from two spins in
the fundamental state via a global operation. Bob must to provide an additional
energy +g to its spin to receive the spin up from Alice by means quantum
teleportation. Therefore, the total energy at the input of Bob is equal to +2g
whence Bob should make the respective local preparation.
Owing to the nature of the quantum teleportation protocol used in the net-
work, the energy used to transmit a single packet in a given route is

Eroute = etotal − (κ − 1) (ETX + ERX ) − ιETX .

Note that it is similar to the expression for the classical network, but the nodes of
the quantum network do not fall in the sleep mode. Hence the quantum network
provides an effective reduction of energy by comparing this expression with (1).
Then, one way to send the packets from the nodes of the network by incor-
porating quantum entanglement is by means of quantum teleportation of energy
(QET for short) in spin chains using local excitations with negative energy and
entanglement between ground states. It will result in preserved causality and con-
servation of local energy. Spin chains are made up of many one-dimensionally
arranged spins. There exist short-range interactions between spins, and the
Hamiltonian is obtained by summing up the terms of all local interactions. If
the ground states of the spins in the chain are not degenerated and the tem-
poral scales are short, then the dynamical evolution due to the Hamiltonian is
negligible.
Let us denote the different between the largest and shortest eigen-energies
by ΔE. The scale of time is assumed to satisfy
1
t .
ΔE
 Reduction of Energy in a WSN by Quantum Entanglement 131

By assuming this condition, it is valid to consider that the time evolution oper-
ator behaves like e−iHs t ∼ I. In order for the previous expression to hold, the
supplied energy Ein should be less than ΔE in the spin chain of the transmitter,
1
t .
Ein

5 Conclusions

As is shown in this work, using quantum entanglement in a wireless sensor

network may reduce the average energy consumption. Even in the simplest net-
work, namely a LSN, the energy consumption may be significant. The analysis of
the energy consumption of such a quantum network required a slightly broader
analysis, however the conclusions are fairly simple. The implementation of such
a quantum property could involve several challenges.
The quantum entanglement provides security to the network due to the
superposition of states. However, such a quantum technology implies a fairly
significant economic expenses nowadays. For isntance, it is well-known that in
order to construct a quantum computer it is necessary to keep that system at a
temperature close to the absolute zero, which may represent technological and
economical challenges. Notwithstanding, the advantages of incorporating quan-
tum entanglement in a WSN could compensate for such challenges.
Some international companies already are heading for what is called “quan-
tum supremacy”. However the advantages of incorporating such technologies
should be shared with all stakeholders for the sake of a commonwealth.

Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful with Professors Adriana Natalia

Ramı́rez Salazar, Michel Galaxia Miranda Sánchez, and Mario Eduardo Rivero Ángeles.

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Submission 3339
Title Reduction of energy consumption in a WSN by means of quantum entanglement

Paper: (Jun 11, 18:55 GMT) (previous versions)

Quantum entanglement
Author keywords Wireless sensor networks
energy consumption
In this work we consider the effect of quantum entanglement regarding the reduction of energy in a wireless sensor network
(WSN). Such theoretical networks are intended to use the phenomenon of quantum entanglement to reduce the overall
Abstract
energy consumption. As such the study allows to estimate the effective energy reduction and to compare with the energy
consumption by a classical WSN.
Submitted Jun 09, 00:44 GMT
Last update Jun 11, 05:49 GMT

Authors
first last
email country affiliation Web page corresponding?
name name
Instituto
Politécnico
Nacional,
Barrera UPIITA,
Víctor vbarreraf@ipn.mx Mexico https://sites.google.com/view/vbarrerafigueroa/ ✔
Figueroa Sección de
Estudios de
Posgrado e
Investigación
Instituto
Politécnico
Nacional,
Yunia García
ygarciat@ipn.mx Mexico UPIITA,
Verónica Tejeda
Academia de
Ciencias
Básicas
Instituto
Carlos Ayala Politécnico
whatchdogman@gmail.com Mexico
Antonio Tlalolini Nacional,
UPIITA

Reviews
Review 1
Overall 2: (accept)
evaluation The abstract section provides a general description of the study, but could be clearer and more
precise in presenting the objectives and results.

The keywords chosen are appropriate and adequately summarize the main themes of the document.

The introduction establishes the context and objectives of the study, but could be improved
in terms of clarity and justification of the problem addressed. It would be beneficial to provide more background and a stronger
justification to highlight the importance of the topic and its relevance in the field of wireless sensor networks.

https://easychair.org/conferences/submission?a=31121539&submission=6569510 1/3
9/1/24, 21:55 WITCOM 2023 Submission 3339

Chapter 1 is a solid introduction to the topic of WSNs. It provides an adequate overview and sets the context needed to
understand the rest of the work. It would be beneficial to expand on some of the points mentioned, such as specific challenges
and existing approaches, to provide a more complete picture of the current state of WSNs. In addition, the inclusion of examples
or case studies could be considered to illustrate the applicability and impact of WSNs in real life.

Chapter 2 is a valuable resource for understanding the challenges and strategies related to
power consumption in wireless sensor networks. It provides a solid foundation of knowledge
and presents various techniques that can help address this issue. It would be useful to include more examples and case studies
to illustrate the practical application of the proposed strategies. In addition, the latest research and developments in this field
could be
further explored to keep content up-to-date and relevant.

Chapter 3 provides relevant information on the simulation of a wireless sensor network and the analysis of power consumption.
The results presented help to understand the impact of quantum entanglement compared to a classical network. However, the
explanation and presentation of the results could be improved to facilitate a clearer understanding. It would be useful to provide a
more thorough discussion of the implications and conclusions drawn from the simulation findings.

Chapter 4 provides an interesting insight into the use of quantum entanglement in wireless sensor networks. The simulation of
quantum teleportation and the results presented help to
understand the aspects related to energy and packet transmission in a quantum network; however, the explanation and
discussion could be improved to provide a clearer and more
detailed understanding of the concepts presented. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to
further explore the challenges and practical implications of implementing quantum
entanglement in a wireless sensor network.

The conclusion provides a satisfactory summary of the work and raises important considerations regarding the implementation of
quantum entanglement in wireless sensor networks. It effectively highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with
quantum technologies, while emphasizing the need for widespread access to these advancements. To further strengthen the
conclusion, it could have expanded on the specific advantages and limitations of quantum entanglement in WSNs. Nonetheless,
the conclusion serves as a reasonable ending to the study and prompts further discussion on the practical applications of
quantum entanglement in the context of wireless sensor networks.

The references should be numbered in order of appearance; it is not appropriate to start with
reference 14 and leave reference 1 after reference 25. This aspect needs to be corrected.

The document meets the requirements for approval, although there are some areas for improvement and others that need to be
corrected. However, with the necessary revisions made, this document is approved.

Review 2
1: (weak accept)
This work focuses on investigating the impact of quantum entanglement on energy reduction in a wireless sensor network
(WSN). The purpose of this theoretical study is to utilize quantum entanglement to decrease overall energy consumption in
WSNs. The research aims to estimate the effective energy reduction and compare it with the energy consumption in a classical
WSN.

General comments:

-What specific properties need to be considered when incorporating quantum entanglement in a sensor network?
Overall
Discuss if energy reduction possible in different topologies of wireless sensor networks, such as linear, mesh, or star topologies,
evaluation
through quantum entanglement?

-Discuss regarding limitations in the effective communication distance due to the properties of quantum entanglement.

-Discuss and compare different topologies of quantum wireless sensor networks to identify the most efficient ones in terms of
energy reduction.

-Explore potential applications and specific scenarios where quantum entanglement in wireless sensor networks can offer
significant advantages.
- Mention the cost and economic feasibility of implementing quantum wireless sensor networks compared to classical wireless
sensor networks.

Review 3
Overall 1: (weak accept)
evaluation This research centers around exploring the influence of quantum entanglement on minimizing energy usage in a wireless sensor
network (WSN). The primary objective of this theoretical investigation is to leverage quantum entanglement as a means to
reduce the overall energy consumption within WSNs.

https://easychair.org/conferences/submission?a=31121539&submission=6569510 2/3
9/1/24, 21:55 WITCOM 2023 Submission 3339

My general comments to improve the paper are

Improve the quality of images ( Figure 1 appears pixeled)

Please provide more background and a stronger justification to highlight the importance of the topic and its relevance in the field
of wireless sensor networks.

Include in state of art what are specific challenges and existing approaches, to provide a more complete picture of the current
state of WSNs. In addition, the inclusion of examples or case studies could be considered to illustrate the applicability and
impact of WSNs in real life.

In results presented , the explanation could be improved providing a more thorough discussion of the implications and
conclusions drawn from the simulation findings.

The conclusion effectively highlights the potential benefits. To further strengthen the conclusion, it could have expanded on the
specific advantages and limitations of quantum entanglement in WSNs. Nonetheless, the conclusion serves as a reasonable
ending to the study and prompts further discussion on the practical applications of quantum entanglement in the context of
wireless sensor networks.

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